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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http : //books . google . com/ FL IHLD hi Bound MAR1897 Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC ^*- *^i/v>:' y/^J^ -^^^:^A^;^4f'// 6^z//^^^/^. * . '>-.■• , .V A«4 <- >*.-a. .'Vm Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THB Catj^elrral €'^ut^t& OP GREAT BRITAIN. ILLUSTRATED WITB A SERIES OF HIGHLY-FINISHED ENGRAVINGS, Bacliibitiii( genend aod parUcuUr Vkws, Onnmd Plam* and all the artUtectwal Fcatarai i Oroamenti in the Tarkmt Stylet oTBoildlnf In onr €ccle0ia0tual €tit£[ce0. BY JAMES 8T0RER. *j ealle enjlaj *j ealle pihtpije meo pnboo hif tempel. alp&bo. IN FOUR VOLUME f. VOL. III. Hotrtiott: PUBUSHBDBY RIVINGTONS; MURRAY; HATCHARD; CLARKB; TAYLOR; AND SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES. MDCCCXVIU COB* Frinter» 10^ little Carter Ltoe» 8c Pinl'a. Digitized by VjOOQ IC V s Digitized by VjOOQ IC HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES or THB CATHEDRAL CHURCHES AND SEE OF %iaf0m tc e^ot>mtts* M.BE diocess of Lichfield and Coventry was one of the first which ori- ginated solely with the Saxon Christians. Prior to the arrival of those warriors, we have no authentic records of the existence or state of Lichfield, nor has any reason been assigned why it so early became the seat of episcopal authority. The monkish tale of the massacre of above a thousand Christians, who were the converts of a St. Amphibalus (t. e. the cloak of St. Alban), in the year 986, has long been con- signed to the nursery of papal superstition. It could not therefore have attracted the attention of the Christian missionaries among the Mercians, in consequence, as alleged, of being the place of a martyrdom*, which never existed, and which was not even thought of till many centuries later. A better cause for its becomii^ the abode of pious Christians, may be found in its peculiar situation. From the observations and historical elucidations of the late rev. S. Shaw, it is unquestionable that Lichfield was in the immediate vicinity of druidical and other pagan temples. The high grounds, the adjacent forest of Cannock, the central situation, the numerous articles of antiquity found in the dis- trict, all contribute to prove that this city, or its environs, must have been the site of religious structures, and the theatre of devotion for time immemorial. That it was near the seat of the arch-druid of Bri- tain seems extremely probable. When the Saxon idolatry had risen on the ruins of its predecessors, it was usual, as at Godmundingbam, to establish the Saxon rites in the same vicinity. The early Christian missionaries, in like manner, always endeavoured to find an abode somewhat contiguous to that of the Flamens, in order that the people might be able to see, compare, and reflect on their different characters and principles. Hence we have a very satisfactory cause, and also reasons deduced from the best established historical facts, for the se- * In proof of its being a lioly tite, it Iim b«en fngeniootly observed, tb«t " a distance of •0 fuds mott to the north woald liave placed the building on the Mmmit of the hill, when ti» great labour of levelling the ground, which appears to have been employed, might have been spared;** but it is impossible to form any conjecture what was the itmctnie of the ground erhd the h u iW g was not perhaps half the present di mea tims. M Digitized by VjOOQ IC UCtotEiD ClTllBMlL^ [^.D. 700. lection of this city to be the episcopal sec of the kinfdom of Mercia. The same circumstances will account for the nam^ of Lichfield * being entirely Saxon. When the prince of Mercia \?as converted to Christianity f about 650> his first efforts were directed to favour its votaries at Lich- field. It is« however, to the victorious Oswy, king of Northumber- land, that we owe the regular ^eatabHsktteBt of Christian worship in Lichfield and its erection into an episcopal see. This monarch is said to have built a church here about 656, for the Mercian Christians ; and that Duina or Dwiua, one of the four Scots divines who accom- pat)}ed Peada from Northumberland, was nominated the first bislu^. Dtvitia was succeed^ hy CMtidh fn 658, by TfunAiere, the fim Eng- lishman, in 660, and Jatttmah, in 663. fn '609 Ceadda, or Cedda, since called St. Chad, became bishop of Lichfield. This wonder- working person, tnost gcfncft-ally knc/wnas the god of mineral wdls, waa translated to ^ork in about tiirce years sffttt". It appears most pro- bal)le, that before the rdgn off this tnergcfticpr^te, tii«re was no ca- 'tliedral t i biiilt, or rather^edicated, a church in LicJbfield to St. Peter, whither lie removed the bones § of rith WAter,** and then gfAfks a meuilng on the tai. «lf«lassamptioni Itislikewiie not very compatible with Its coaoomitant appell*tia«»< field, which always appears in the name of this city. t All that is antheatlcally rttoided retpeairfg'tMs CMfveVaMn laimentMMd In tkte '*6ia- phical and Historical Description of Peterburg,** to which the reader is referred. t Wharton observes, ■*^nullam tamMi cathediamsi^ecetum*8edem sibi posltain hiboeroit. In monasteriis vitam ageri content!.** Dr. Wilkes in the Monast. Angl. ascribes the building of the first church here to'Peada.the son-in-hur of Oswy,-aBd all«gaa-tlMtttaa>rwas oane in Lkhfleld belbre the time of G«dda» ** for DUmm being a^prlast-and aat a bi ihtp, ^^a^ w«|l be supposed to have lived as a chaplaki in the king*s palaoe, as-we -koww aNerdidh>^-«fter<4B that of AlfVed, and the rather, because no other fimJlj irai at that timr Irsaamn ffhriiliMM - I According to Bede, Ceadda was erigtnally burieil at 6towt,-« fact whlnh n— a CoHnI against the opinion of there being at that period so very few place* of Christian worship. Digitized by VjOOQ IC A.D. IIOS.] STAPFOmDflHIKB. '^ the StatioD of St Chadd, the east part of which wat called BUsw, where thia (irelate used to pray and preach to the people. [And hit well. still remains (1816) in an adjacent garden.] This place was, perhaps, only large enough to contain the bishop's family. The other was in the west part, and was dedicated to the blessed Virgin Mary, lying between Leman Sych and WayeliiFe.** The Mercian kings WuU fere and Celred were also buried at Lichfield, the former in 675 and tbe latter in 716. From this time till the reign of the powerful Ofii, this cathedral wmA see continued to flourish ; religion was protreCed nod disseniinated throughout the whole kingdom of Mercia. So rapidly, indeed, bad die Christian faith been diiused, that we find archbishop Theodore holding a synod in 673 to deUberate on erecting new dio* eesara ; bat whedier that of Mercia was actually divided at thb period is not so easily determined. Winfrid, acoording to Florence, opposed tbm division of hb bishopric, for which he was deposed by the great Theodore. But it has been obserred by Jeneficial to society, but the means of effecdnf it are no more justifiable f than those adopted by the monkish pielatet. In this case, however, the monks, as usual, discovered great firmness | when the bishop found that they would not surrender their rights^ be proceeded with an armed force, a battle ensued, and he " received a wound on his head near the high altar with a holy cross." The pope's Iq^te, William bishop of £ly, the worthy repre se ntative of a power which has since assumed the character of infallibility, immediately issued an order for expelling the monks and introducing secular canons ! The monkish writers assure us, that the bishop of Coventry and Lidi- field repented this heinous transgression ; but the facts are not Tery favourable to this assertion, as the monks did not recover their pro* perty till after his death. Yet, no sooner were the Benedktkiet re- stored to their priory, than they evinced how little raisfortone had humbled their pride or improved their Christian character. Supersti- tion, indeed, in all ages is neither influenced by reason nor piety, and it is not surprising that it acknowledges no authority but that of phy- sical power, or that it should be equally as indocile and barbarous in the 19th as in the 13th centuiy. The chapter of Coventry soon arrogated precedence over that of Lichfield, and after much litigatioa it was finally agreed, during the reign of Henry III. that the bishop should be alternately chosen by these chapters, and that in the epis- copal title Coventry should precede Lichfield. This r^ulation con- tinued, in part, till the rebellion. In the d3d of Henry VIII. an act * Pope Alexander decreed that this monastery should not be subject to any diocesan antbo* lity, nor to any judiciary power whateter, and that the monks ahould baTe liberty to elect aa •biwt when and wherever they pleased. t The immediate cause of their expulsion was their obstinate opposition to the remoftal of the see to Uchfleld. The bishop's residence had added considerably to their consequence, and although their chief lost the name of abbot, and became only prior subordinate to the bishop, yet he still retained, lilce the abbots, his ranlc as a baron of parliament. The monka had Uke> wise the ascendanqr in electing a bishop, a privilege which was eageriy sought and obstinately maintained during sereral ages. The acute penetration, however, of the bishop (Nnnant) although expressed in terms not veiy grateful to modem refinement, deserves attention, as it la evident that he had a perfect conception of the character and disposition of this pestiferooa nee, whoae prindples and practices have been too well known to the world, whether as idolatroiu Jews, Pharisees, fHars, monks, round-heads, or modem fanatics. In 1 ige this enlightened pre> late strenuously assisted archbishop Baldwin to repress the rapacity and amUtion of themonki, and in a solemn convocation exclaimed, " That the monks should be sent to the devil i and if they would follow his advice, in a little time there should not be one monk in England.** Nn- aant's equivocal loyalty to king Richard, however, it a stigma on his character which la euitr extenuated than erased. ' Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1540.] WASWICKSBnKB. of parHameDt decreed, that '* the dean and chapter of Lichfield shoald be for ever the entire and sole chapter of the bishopric of Coventry mad Idchtield, whereof the prior and convent of the dissolved priory of Coventry were heretofore the moiety or half part.** At the resto- ration, when " the truly excellent Hacket*' was appointed to this see, he, in consequence of the political conduct of these cities, gave the precedence in titular designation to Lichfield, and his successors have oonfirmed his decision. Having traced the history of this see, from the introduction of Chritdanity to the present age, we have now to notice the origin, pro- gress, and actual condition of cathedral churches. Of the cathedral and priory of Coventry very little remain^ ; but as the former was never the •ee of a reformed prelate, its ruins are the less interesting to a protes- taat antiquary. Nevertheless, its elegance as a work of art and early ingeooity must ever €xcite the liveliest regret that some means were sot adopted to shield it from the destructive ravages of time *. In the reign of king Stephen, according to Malmesbury, Lichfield was but '' a small village, much inferior to a city. The country around it was ootered with trees, and a rivulet run near it. The old church stood no record of hit baildingt or improvementt now remaiot. The hiduttry and zeal of the monkt in eflEu:ing all memorialt of the monii* otnce and benefactions of their enemiet^ are too well known to expect any account of the labours and improrementt of Niinant. It it there- fore more a tubject of regret than turprtte that the firtt aotiMStic re- cord of the act of building the cathedral thould ascend no earlier thao the 19th of Henry III. when we find a grant of this monarch to te dean and chapter of Lichfield^ to take stone for building thehr church out of the forett of Hopwas*. Three years after, in 1238, he ordered his forester, Hugo de Loges, to continue this permission^ provided no iijory was done to the forest. " Tbougfa this grant and order were directed to the dean and chapter, we must suppose that the bishop Stavensby f, Sta?enesae, or de Wendoc (a Welchman, who wit ap- pointed to this see when at Rome by pope Honoriot), had the chief hand in obtaining it and directing the work.*' How long these wofkt were continued it not known. From thete documentt both Dugdale and Wilket concluded that the cathedral wat then entirely built. Thit conclution it tnocettfnlly oppugned by Mr. Shaw, who obtervet, that ** the dxprettioo md fm k rie mm eoeksue, teemt to imply that the grant wat for the use of the hbtic already built, and that it wat only for tome repairs or additiont, though probably contiderabi j ooet.'* To thit we may add, that if the c«the« dral had been entirely built from the foundation at thit period, te king could not have been lett liberal to Lichfield than he was to odier taet, and most atsnredly would ha^ giren tome additional favour to the new estabtisbmcDt. Some record also either of the dedication or consecration, or of both, must in all probability, have survived the wreck of tiose, and proclaimed at least the royal beneficence. Under these circamstanoes, since *' there are no documents in the archives of this cathedral/* to enable us ^' to decide with oertahnty when and by whom the present beautiful fabric was erected,'*' we are obliged to infer that the prindpai part of die original walls of the nave and transept were the works of CliBton and his tuccettort, the memory of whose good deeds has been obliterated by monkish vengeance, and that the re-edifications carried on dnring the reign of Henry 111. amounted only to repairs and changes in the architectural features of thit venerable building. Another circumttance^ which hat been dit- ♦ At that time the forest of Hopwu approadied Tery »«» the dty, and the qnany where this itone wu nlsed ww visible fh>m the London rond to Streety. It U a red eend-ttonc, aad that near the nirikce Is too fHable to endure the weather. t This bishop founded what is now called the Friers In lMt» In the so«ith^weit part of the dty, whkh was denroyed by Are in ifloi, bat rebiiUt. aad c»ntiiuied UU the |«ienl dbiotat^ W Digitized by VjOOQ IC A, O. 14S0.] gTiiPFOHQf HIRJB* cimed at IcngA bytbebittoriaaof StafibrcUhife» merits p^trticoIarcQQ^ sid and the weit to tbe south.*' '' I can^Ql but allow/' continues tbe learned Plot t> '' that this great declination of tbe cboreb of Iiicbfield from the e^uinoclial east omst be some hie* Biisb to it ; unless it may be thougbt that its pious founder, Roger de Clinton, i^hui reading tbe 14tb and 15th of Isaiah, with Hieronymus Magias, did rightly ej^poond the sides of the north not to be due east, but some distanoa from it northward, and that the throne qf God night be placed there, aqd for this cause set bis church industriously ao. Howeyar it ware, I am sure his successor, Walter Langton, who fwuided our lady*s cbapel beyopd the choir 150 years after, thooght it ill placed, baring rectified the mistake of bis predecessqr, and built it * poiociBg more eastward $ whence it i|, that the walls of the chape) stand qui^ beril to those of the church." la the raign of Edward J. Walter de Iiangton t , lord treasurer and keeper of tbe seal, was consecrated bishop of Idchfield, and the city still exhibits the effects of his munificence. He cleared the ditch round the Close, and encompassed it with a strong wall i built the great bridge over the Minster-pool, re-edified the castle or palace at £ccleshal, a palace in the Strand, iKmdoUf and the manor bouse at Sbutborrow, or Ueywood. He expended 20001. on a shrine for St. Cedda ; ga?e the vicars* bouse in tbe Close, augmented their salary, vaulted the roof, the transept, and commenced building St. Mary's chapel, but died before it was finished. He gave the old episcopal house to the vicars choral, erected a new palace for his successors, and also houses for the dean and chapter, and presented a birge quantity of plate to tbe church, as well as to the vicars. Sishop Heyworth was also a great benefactor to * A ttTOBg presuBiftifc pfoof Uwt Uie kctual bailding tUll ftandt on itt original Saxoa ffMmdfttion. t Tlii« auUior provei « tlMttiie mora tpocbd prewnce of th« Deity being wdently believed to be In tbe eesteni port of the worU, was the trae original of thil Christian cotton) ; ootwith- •tandiog wbat U allegod by Damodua, that pope Vigilint inetitated this practice to ilUtinguish the Chriattons ftroro other aects, the MohammedaBt wonhipping toorard tlie south* and the Jevt tooord the weet. Nor did the ChrletiaM only pray toward the east, but upon thia account alao h«Ut their ch«Mhea, and buUt their altars auitable to this purpose. Hence Belethius thought H abeolotely nce esia r y that a ehoich should be built to the equinoctial east, and hot toward the mmmet solstice, as aone say and do.^ f>toft fiUu Stti0Bir4». t This distinguished prelate and virtuous statesman had the irmness to reprove the extrar vagance oTBdward II. when prince of Wales, who in return basely revenged this heroic mora- lity by persecuting the bishop after he ascended the* throne. When this monarch's excesses hail CNstod a comWnatloo of the nobles and dcrgy to check his extravagance, and depose his infa- ■Bots fiworlte, Peter Oaveatone, bishop Langton refused to take any part in it, and magnani- ■MQsiy disdained to revenge private injuries by making war on his sovereign. The king, on Mgrining Ms anthovlly, evinced his gratitude for this exalted conduct, by rcstoriag to the biahop the propetty whiflh he bad depriv«l him of, and irith it hU oAcr. Digitized by VjOOQ IC LICRflBLD CATflBDR4L, [a.D. 1645. this cathedral ; and Falkr *, id his history, attributes to him the final coropletiOD of the edifice in its present character. It is certain^ how- eyer, that he built the hospital, or alms-houses, in Bacon-street, and that his successor, bishop William Smith, in 14d2, erected St. John's hospital. Leland, who lived near this period, says " the whole Close was newly dyked and walled by bishop Langton, who made a |^te at the west part, a lesser at the south-east, and the bishop's palace at the east end. The glory of the cathedral church is the work at the west end, exceedingly costly and fair. There be three stone pyramids, two in the west end and one in the middle. (See pi. 8.) The library f was erected by Thos. Heywood, dean. The prebendaries houses in the Close, buildcd by divers men, be very feyre. The choristers have a goodly house, lately builded by bishop Blythe.*' ErdeswidL, who wrote his Survey of Staffordshire in the days of the famed and pious EUazbeUi, observes, " In the Close there is a goodly church, if I should say one of the fairest and best repaired in England, being thoroughly builded and finished, which few are, I think I should speak nO otherwise than the truth ; wherein be also a great number of very fair monuments of the bishops and other clergymen, besides divers other noblemen, &c. The west part is at the end also exceeding finely and cunningly set forth, with a great number of tabernacles, and in the same the images or pictures of the prophets, apostles, kings of Judah, and divers other kings of this land ; so well embossed, and so lively cut, that it is a great pleasure for any man that takes delight to see rarities to behold them.*' The dreadful desolation which this cathedral sufiered during the siege of the Close by the parliamentary army, cannot be passed over in silence, and were not the facts so well authenticated, they would stagger * In the time of this prdate, remarlct this fkcetiuus writer, '* the cathedral of Lichfield was In the vertical height thereof, being (though not angmeated In the essentials) bean- tifled in the ornamentals thereof. Indeed the west fWmt is a statelj &brick, adorned with ex- quisite imagerie, which I suspect our age Is so fkr from being able to imitate the workmanship* that it understandeth not the histoiy thereof. But also, it is now in a pitiliil use, indeed, almost beaten down to the ground in our ciTil dissenttons.*** Some of the statues were repaired or re- placed by the erer-memorable bishop Hacket. Time, however, has again been no less destrac- tive than the hammers of fanatics, and in 1749 several were removed by order of the dean and chapter. In the centre, at the top of this west fhmt, stands the statue of Charles II. who con- tributed timber, &c. towards repairing the edifice i it is the work of sir William Wilson, origl. nally a stone-mason at Sutton Coldfield. This statue, it is preramed, occupies the situation of an ancient one of Adam or Christ, as both sides of the towers were adorned with figures of the pa- triarchs. Exactly over the top of thebeautlAil porch is a figure of a bishop, supposed to be St* Chad. Within this porch stood Moses, Aaron, the Evangelists, with the gospels in their hands, the Virgin and child, &c. which were formeriy richly painted and gilded. At the top of the central pillar is a figure between two cherubs, with open arms } but Stukeley, the acute Pen- nant, Mr. Shaw, and others, have given discordant opinions whether it was designed for God the Father or Son, and it it now too much mutilated to determine. t This excellent roan, in I4S9, gave 40l. towards building a library of brick, near the dean's house, which has since been removed. His successor, Dr. Yotton, also gave 100 marks for the same purpose^ and the library was completed in his time. It likewise received consi- derable assistance from dean Collingwood, who di«d In 1519, and who is memorable *' as b^ng the first among the deans that preached a sennoa of half an hour eveiy Sunday to the peopte." At this period oar duirchaboiiiMled la great and good laei, whotetaleataaiidlaboan prepared Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1661.] STAFFORDSHIRE. belief *. It appears that MOO cannon shot and 1 500 hand grenades wera discharged at it -, these battered domi the central spire^ and defaced the admirable west front. The damage, howerer, committed by these imple- ments of death did not terminate in exterior injury ; the organs, worth 9001. were broken in pieces ; the vicars' seats, estimated at 6001. burnt ; lord Paget*s tomb, which was executed in Italy, defaced, amounting to TOO/. ; the whole building was unroofed, the lead cast into bullets, and the bells into cannon f. On '' the morning of the 16th June, 1660, the clerks- vicars of the cathedral entered the chapter-house, and there said service ; this, with the vestry, were the only places in the church that had a roof to shelter them.*' The " most moderate estimate of the damage to the building, on this disgraceful occasion, was 14,000/. -, an immense sum in those days." The honour of restoring this fine edifice was reserved for the great and good bishop Hacket |, who being ap* pointed to this see, immediately commenced repairing the cathedral. ''The very morning after.hb arrival in Lichfield be roused his servants by break of day, set his own coach horses with teams, and hired la- bourers, to remove the rubbish, and laid the first hand to the work he the w^ for the feformation. The preaching of •eruoiUf and formation of a library, that at oooe diasemlnated iEno«1ed§e and focUitated the acquisition of leAroing, which Anally tri- umphed over raperstition and ignorance. At present this library contains mach carious and valuable lore. The MS. called St. Chad's Gospels, is of considerable antiquity, and ** illu- minated with tereral extraordinary drawings.** Here Is also a fine Koran* which ** was taken firon the Turks ^it the siege of Buda; it was the gift of the late bishop Lloyd to the rer. Beiga- aia Marshall, prebendary of Lichfield, who gave It to this library June 18, 1S43." Among other MSS. is a copy of pope Nicholas's Valor, &c. The late reverend and learned antiquaiy, J>r. a. Pegge, bequeathed It 100 volumes, an act more worthy of Imitation than the modem posthumous avarice, which accumulates boolcs only to enrich by Uielr sale some ignorant heir* The public library is now kept over the chapter- house. The private one of the rev. Mr. White, contains some of the most rare productions of the graphic art, and several of his vrtnoMs an considered unique, though his liberality far exceeds their curiosity, great as it is. From this C3H|uisite treasure, which required no little learning and taste to collect, we have derived mndi original and valuable information, and we are convinced that no one can see it without being de- lighted and instructed. Canon Newling possesses a fine collection of heraldical MSS. and books. * Ik is a remarkaUe fisct, that nearly all the persons who distinguished themselves in this work of destraction, met violent deaths ; the gunner, who shot down the steeple, was afterwards killed by the accidental discharge of hb own gun i colonel Danvers, who stripped the lead off the foof , ^ckins, the founder, who broke the bells, &c. all sufcred a tremendous retributl C4TBBDftAL. [a. D. 1795* meditated. By bit larg« oontribiitioD8» the benefkctioiis of tbe dean . and chapter, and the money arising from his assiduity in soliciting the aid of every gentleman in the diocess, and almost every stranger that ratted the cathedral, he is said to have raised several thousand pounds. In eight years he restored the beauty of the cathedral, to the admira* tion of the country,** at an expense of about ddOO^. of which he ad« ▼anced 1683<. 1£«. out of his own purse. The roof of the building was then covered with lead, but decaying with time, and the funds of the es«* tablishment being very limited, it has since been covered with slates. Between 1788 and 1795, above 80002 ^. were expended in repairing and altering the edifice, under the direction of the late Mr. James Wyatt. The chancel and lady chapel itere annexed to the choir, but the dispo- sition of the windows, and height of the ceiling, were not perhaps quite so favourable for this ingenious architect to diminish the visual dis- tance of the altar, by the judicious management of light and shade, as at Salbbury. Still, however, it is much easier to censure than to reme- dy discrepancies t; and it must be admitted that there is a union of sub- limity, grandeur, and indefinite extension, which admirably harmo- nizes with the feelings and sentiments proper for devotional exercises. In removing tbe incongruous screen which formerly separated tbe choir from tbe lady chapel, the original exquisite screen, erected by bishop Langton, was discovered behind it, but in so mutilated a condition from tbe brutal ravages of the rebels, that bishop Hacket*s artists de- spaired of being able to repair it. This however was effected by Mr. Wyatt, who by means of cement succeeded in restoring the mutilated sculpture, and appropriated one part of it to the new altar-piece, and the reominder composes the admirable sereen at the west entrance of the choir, which supports tbe organ. In the niches of this restored screen are the stalls of the dean, precentor, and two other canons. The remaining staUs are the work of bishop Hacket, and erected at the expense of tbe nobility and gentry whose names they bear. The pews and pulpit were designed by Mr. Wyatt. ' The external parts of this noble pile have experienced as much change as the internal -, and it may be said that the hand of desolation has been raised against them in every possible character, whether from « See Geat. Maf • Vols. «» fcc. t We cannot, however* concur with a veiy nspee^bte writer, thftt « bj th« renoTaloT tte altar-acreen the church has been deprived of an interesting relic of antiquity, the choir of ma appropriate termination, and of that uniformity and proportion it orig inaily poaaessed i its com* plete indosure (having a glased window at the west end) liliewise deprivfs it of that good affect, which a partial view of the nave and aisles, aided by the magic of light and air, must foimarly have produced." There is certainly more of feeling than taste or critical judgment in thcae observation*, as the eflha referred to above is now evidently produced in a higher degree than fbnneriy. Nor can we greaUy lament the removal of the statues of the han*lnoUd Mudatont, '8t.ChriBtophcfwithCkiiaC9nhi»tbonldon, li«. M 4eciU»d by PtMunt. (*) Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1808.] ftT4FF0RD8BIBB. iht e]emeDt8> the caprice of fasbion, or tbe demoniac fury of war. On the outside of tbe transept are still seen some Saxon buttresses and mouldings^ and the windows have apparently been altered from tbe circular to tbe pointed form. In tbe north aisle adjoining tbe choir^ in tbe north and south portals, and about tbe building now used for the bisbop^s ccmsistorj court*, which is among tbe most ancient parts of the fabric, are ornaments belonging to Saxon architecture^ and very similar to those seen in Canterbury Cathedral. In the aparv ment over the consistory court, and which is now used for the regis- try of the dean and chapter, there are also many vestiges of Saxon omamenu, although the building has been greatly altered by tbe addition of pinnacles, tabernacles, &c. tbe work of subsequent ages. From tbe upper story of this building a curious gallery opens into the south aisle of the church. " The nave," says Mr. Wild, " is a very beantifiil specimen of that purity of style which the pointed arcbitac- tnre was beginning to acquire about the middle of tbe thirteenth cen- tury. The leaf which decorates the upper windows, the triforia and stringing course, and the dog-tooth ornament which occurs in tbe windows of tbe aisles, seem to limit its construction to that period, and render it probable that tbe works presumed to have been begun by Alexander de Savensby in tbe transept, were continued almost witb« oat intermission throughout this western part of the fabric^. Tbe elegance and relative proportion,*' continues the same ingenious artist and author, " of the principal west entrance $, render it equal, if not su- perior, to any existing specimens of this style of architecture.** Ac- cording to Whitelocke, (Anglia Sacra,) bishop Langton*s body was deposited in his tomb in 1360, at the south side of tbe high altar ; and it is most probable that tbe lady chapel, now tbe chancel, was finished at tbe same time by his successor Roger Norbridge or Northborough. It is said that ten of its pillars supported as many statues of Virgins. Before noticing tbe numerous and interesting monuments in tbe cathedral, or tbe dignitaries who have successively occupied this anci- ent see and church, it may be proper to take a cursory view of the beantifiil ''storied windows, richly dight,*' which now '' reflect a dim religious light*' on the " tombs of tbe hallowed dead.** Lichfield pre* * Bgaeidi thecaiMbtory k Avanlt or ttaderorafl, now «trd m a MiNilclire by Uie noUe fluBlly of Fftget, a loyal and warrior lineage, whose actual kaad (the maiiqnU of Anglesca)* tea reeaatly eanrad aiUiUoaal and never-fading laMrelt on tbe neoMkrable fields of Waterloo. • t The potaodeal Or. Milatr attiibatM the nave to Sttwentby, but Mr. Wild thinks U later. t It ia also my jodicfcoasly obserfcd, that the loas of tbe statues in the west front is to be •q^etled •* m hnvisg been aicUtectarally eaaential to tbe ooapositkm, wbkh sufbrs ffram tbe MMoftlMirboldfelicraBdsbttdowi indeed scnlpture in this style of afcbUectoreahouldrafcly fcaconaldered as meieiy an accesaory caibaUisbaent, since it seems, nsnally, as in tbe praaeiiit JnstBTf, to have g cecr aed Um whole desifn« and to have nscassariiy formed a constitiMit pmofiu** Wild^Uart.«ftheAnfaltatt.oftheGifttaednlCbttNdi«f,UciaMd»ISIS,p*t* Digitized by VjOOQ IC LICBFIBLD CATHBORAL^ [a. D. 1810 sentB perhaps a greater variety of stained glass than any other cathe- dral in Britain. The use and beaaty of such lights were early known and felt here -, but the sieges, captures, and re-captures of the Close * during the civil wars, occasioned almost their total d^truction. To the taste and liberality of sir Brooke Boothby, bart. who purchased the richly painted windows otHeckenrode abbeyf, in the bishopric of Liege, on its dissolution by the French republicans, and generously trans- ferred all the vast advantages of his purchase to the dean and chapter of Lichfield, we are indebted for the beautiful stained glass which fills seven of the large windows at the east end of the cathedral. The arrangement of the paintings is very judicious ; the scriptural subjects are placed at the east end, and in the windows immediately adjoining on the south side ; the portraits, and other fanciful subjects, whose silly designs extort the tribute of reason to the magical powers of art, are very properly placed on the north side of the edifice. Beginning at the north-east window, which so finely reflects a May rooming's sun, we find in the first compartment " the annunciation to the virgb by the angel, and her consequent visit to Elizabeth,** in the style of the Fle- intsh school; above it are '^ Jesus crowned with thorns, derided, and beaten,** and '* Jesus scourged.'* The east window, over the altar- piece, contains only two subjects, which are highly appropriate ; " Je- sus with the two disciples at Emmaus,** and over it " the ascension;" both finely executed. The south-east window exhibits " the apprehen- sion of Jesus after his agony in the garden ;** " Jesus enters Jerusalem, and the Greeks are brought to him ;** and '' Jesus washes his disciples, feet, and then taketh the pascal supper with them ; Judas goes out to betray him.*' Some paru of these paintings have sufiered by time, but * The CloM bu been nippTled with water from M aplehay, about a mile and a half diftant, ^nce the 19th century. Thomas Bromley bestowed to the church two fountains for ever for the annual payment of 16«. 4d, } and in 1899 this privilege was disputed by Thomas Albemarle about the passage of the water through his lands. It was however compromised, and the dean and chapter were allowed to alter and enlarge the pipes, and fence the springs with a wall, gratis. Robert de Kynttecote and Agnes de Sparrow, his wife (at this period women did not take the wune of their husbands), also granted permission to take the pipes through their orchard or grounds near the west gate of the Close. Hence the good citizens of Uchfldd for one of the flrst comforts of life, good water, have so long had occasion to respect and esteem Maplehay. Here is a noble mansion, the residence of John Atkinson, esq. whidk overlooking the dty and the vene* table spires of its cathedral, commands one of the most enchanting prospecu that can be oon- eeircd. The grounds about it are laid out with great judgment, and the interior amngements are elegant and superb. It contains many choice paintings by the most esteemed ancient masters i Mid the proprietor is likewise happy in po sses sing a family equally remarkable for superior in* tellectual and personal accomplishments. t This abbey was founded in 1189, by Compte de Loos, and vras esteemed one of the richest and most magnificent in the NetBerlands. The designs are from the best Italian models, and the dates in the glass are between 1530 and IMO. The whole pnrdutse omsisted of 340 pieces, each about M hnches square, besides a large quantity of tracery and Aragments, for the sum of fOOL The expense of imfiorting, in ISOS, fitting up, &c. amounted in the whole to about lOOOl. which, considering the fandftil prices since given for such glass, is now worth ten times that sum. For some curious particulars respecting Liege, see Deschamps ** Essals sur le Ms d« liege, et sar set Luix fondanMBtales i*^ and *< Lettres sur la HoUande,** torn. U. 1780. C»J Digitized by VjOOQ IC JL. D. 181^.] 8TAFF01D8H1RI. they are still ioteresting. The first window from the east end in the south side, represents *' the incredulity of Thomas reproved j" " the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the Apostles j" and " the day of jodgroent}** which are admirable specimens of human ingenuity. The second south window conUins " Filate delivering Jesus to be croci- fied," and " the resurrection of Jesus j" above these are, *' Jesus go- ing forth to crucifixion,** and " the body of Jesus taken down from the cross ;'* these designs are embellished with architectural ornaments, and are deemed to be taken from the Venetian school. The third win- dow in this south side of the chancel is of Englbh formation, and is not inaptly called the bithop*s window, as it contains the arras of nine- teen protestant prelates of this see*. The entire expense of this win- dow amounted to 2262. of which 1632. were liberally contributed by the present bishop. The *' prebendal window," which is directly opposite on the north side of the chancel, is divided into three compartments } the first contains the arms of the deans and residentiaries f, the second and third those of the prebendaries. These heraldic windows, and the diq>osition of the foreign glass, &c. were designed by the rev. W . O. Rowland, and the staining executed by Mr. John Betton, both of Shrewsbury, There are two other windows east of the prebendal one, which are called " the portrait windows,*' and composed of theHecken- rode glass ; they contain ten pieces, but are of very secondary interest in consequence of their loQai character. The tales of St. Bernard, and the virgin bedewing his lips with milk, are too gross. The figures of St. John the evangelist and the baptist, are very pleasing. The portraits of cardinal Evrard de la Marck, prince bishop of Liege in 1505, of Floris and Maximilian, counts of Egmont, John count of Horn, and his lady, * These dittingvithed divlnet are T. Benthan, W. Orerton, O. Abbot, Bk. Neile, J. Over- ■D, T. Mortoo, Rob. Wright, A. Frewen, i. Hacket, T. Wood, W. Llojrd, J. Hough, £. GbaBdler, Bie. Snalbrooke, hon. F. C!orawaUU, J. Egertoii, hon. B. North, Ric. Hardr, and the hon. Jamet CorawallU, the preaent bbhop, *' to who«e pateraal care and exertions tlii« dmrdi is indebted for an act of parliament, by which the fund appropriated so the fabric (be- IbremisenMy deficient} was so increased as to enable the dean and chapter to purchase these Bagaiicent ornaments of foreign glass ) and by whose munificence the expense of staining this heraldic window was prindpally defrayed,** besides his liberal subscription ofaotX. for repairing the choir. Of these pretetes, ** three \miTt engaged In the translation of the Bible, published by foyal authority. Bishop Bentham by queen Elixabeth ; archbishop Abbot t» S. , treasarer} Mr. Wm. Brereton, 4th, Mr. R. Nares, 5th, and Mr. J. Newling, 6th real- This window also contains the arms of the dam and chapter, and those of 17 pre- For more particulars see a very judicious '* Short Account of Lichfield Cathedral, aoR pi«tk«larly of the Painted Glass with which its Windows are adorned*'* Lomajc, istu Digitized by VjOOQ IC LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL, [a.D. 1815. are gorgeously executed. The German glass has been lately fitted inta the t>vo eastern windows, terminating the north and south aisles adjoin* ing the choir. The great window in the north-end of the transept, has also been enriched with English glass, designed and executed by tbesame excellent artists, at the expense of Dr. Woodhouse, the present deaa. It contains the chief founders and patrons of this sacred edifice, king Oswy, St. Cedda, king Offa, Stephen king of England, bishop de Clin* ton, king Richard I. king John, and bishops Langton and Hacket*. The designs were taken from the best original representations of these worthies, byJ. J.Halls, esq.; and the architectural ornaments were delineated by the rer. Mr. Rowland. The great west window having been destroyed during the rebellion, was restored at the expense of James 11. when only duke of York, and was latterly filled with stained glass, the work of Brookes, and the gift of dean Addenbrooke. In die centre of the circular part are the arms of that prince. The great south window of the transept is now the only one which still imperativdy callt on the liberal spi rit of some public benefactor to immortalixe his name, by making it correspond with the elegant one so generously given by liean Woodhousef . In the chantries there were originally many fine specimens of glass-painting ; yet they have not only been all lost^, but even die very existence of the seventeen chantries in this cathedral, enomerated by Dugdale, is now unknovm. Some vestiges of them remain in the * The Inscription on this prate's tomb is highly canons, uid in many respecu veiy degant and Interesting. It contains, perhaps, more of history and biographical cha racte r than any other inscription of modem times. Bishop Haclcet was a dramatic poet of no mean rmlnmcn before entering into orders, and was the author of Loyote, a play exposing the Jeraits, which iras twice performed i>efore Jamea 1. This fact is alluded to in the inscription, which iMannfbv- tonately been misconceived ) and it b observed, he is " a rare example of the poet preceding the dhrine." As all monumental inscriptions are, or should be, calculated for the benett of the public, it is much to be wished that a spirited translation of this was made and affixed on the excellent prelate's tomb, as an instance of precept and example to the Bnfliah reader. His exposition of papal superstitions and the artifices of the Babylon harlot, sboold also he rendered more familiar to the British public. For an acconat of tliia, and same other moem mcnts in the cathedral, see Gmt. Mag, vol. Ixri. for 17S6> t We cannot terminate this brief sketch without paying oar humUe tribnte of respect and gratitude to the present Dean. Before his elevation to this high office, it was his incemant aaA almost unassisted care to separate and arrange the countless fragmenu of painted gtais that arrived from the Continent, in many huge wooden cases. The labour attendant npon this week, and the pictorial knowledge required to form It into thase regular aul^ects whkh now dwnwate the chmr windows, are almost Indescribable. Since Dr. Woodhouae*s aoceasion to the d can aiy» his attention both to the internal decoration and external repair of his church has bem anr^ Bkitting. The deep trench that, except in front, snrrounds the cathedral, has w o n d erfh U y pn- •erved it fix>m dampnesa ; but the dean's great object was to remove the ceasmon objectiaa that the choir was too narrow for ita length. The year 1815 has behcM the ncoompUahOMnt eC thia important and difficult attidnmeat. After a year's secession ftom choral aervtoe, though not fpMa parochial, the choir has been recently opraed ; the large massive stalls of carved wood, whkh with the diortoters* seats projected Into the choir, are now entir^ removed i the stalb am l»- serted wilAta the arches, which are richly and appropriately decorated, and a width mt/aal to that of the former hidy choir is thus gained, with extreme ingenuity, but with gnat expense. No eye can behold this extraordinary improveasent without instant ddight i no heart caa ^- proach it without quickened feeling i no mind can contemplate it without relighwa gmtltnde. t Many fragments of antiquities were carefully collected and p ies er te d fay the la«e Mr. ercene, noconnuof whkhiare to be found in the Qcatkman*s Megaainr, and ta Chan's iktf^ fordshire. (OJ Digitized by VjOOQ iC A. D. 1815.] tTAPFORDSBIU. cut atsk of the transept, and in three vaults on the south side of the chancel *, From the splendid memorials of ancient greatness in the windows, we naturally turn to the humble but more durable records of departed excellence in marble. Few cathedrab can boast of possessing so many distinguish^ characters, and still fewer where the monumental inscrip- tions are so singularly elegant, pathetic, and generally interesting f. DiTines, whose labours have extended that greatest of earthly blessings, a knowledge of the gospel to distant nations ; moralists, who have con- trihuted to humaniae mankind ; philos<^hers, who have instructed theh* fsUow-men -, poets and artists, who have amused the tasteful or the gay ; and warriors, who have ever been victorious iu the cause of loyalty, jus- tice, and the welfare of society ; all of them are recorded on the walls «f this catiwdraU and most of them wara either bom or educated in this city. Of all the tablets and mofuunents in the cathedral, there is not perhaps one which is more unworthy itssubject than ^ttt indifierent httst and vapid inscription ta commemorate Dr. Samuel Johnson {. As • Hh iKtiMl HitMMmtmt of Uib catkednl la Mt very dllereDt Itom its origiiial iutS- tatioa, MM it wM^nerer disgraced by nookish idolatries. It Is gofcraed by adean and reei- dentiary canons, who hold hebdonadary and other chapters. Like all other cathedrals it has a precentor (the first on record was Walter Durdent in iiso^ aiterwards bishop), chancellor (in« stitnted aboot 19M), treasurer (aboot 1149), fcc There are ift minor canons* five of whon are ftiett*s<^rtears, and wven are l^-flcars} a sacrist, sub^sacrist, organist, eight choristen, fcc HW d i a oe ss oaotaitis the sffchdcacomrics of Coventry, Staflbrd, Derby, and Salop } but there Is »e afcMenan Mfy<«clw«l boys. The same artist has displayed the dclica<9 of his taste in a modest tribute to the memory of Mrs. Buckeridge. With mingled emotions we view the costly monument exe- «Med by B noun to commemorate the poetical nasne of Seward, fkther and daughter. A stUl live- llarfeMnK arast srtM on viewing Mrs. Inge's sculptured tribute to the memory of <• Lady Mary Wie idfj ! Mevttgttv, iHto so happily Intwiduc e d fromTuricey the salutaiy art of inoculating the MMM-pes.** It la hnpessible to think of this most elegant of female writers, without experi> «Ktog the Seeped lef^ that the voice of eavim the accounts given by the Ita- Jkraefed S p an ish writers fespecMly MaflH, Aldicte, and Mayans), of the aaanner in which the aittin wsMjfimm.d bytli^oths, a^Che origin ofthemodernSuropean languages, docs net admit nitWL^mM,$ MHllttappensto be perMnrfly known by the writer of this note, that his know- ledge ws taw e yMy s upti a iM t^' the Saxon and dfher northern languages, although his *' JU- a <iue Is 48 feet lone, 27 browl, and SS high. ^ DSSCRIFTlOir OF THK PLATBS. PUtM 1 . The South End of the Transept, and the great Southern Entrance. On the east side Is the monument of an ecclesiastic ; but for whom erected, or whether placed here from vaai^ or humility is not now known. Fart of the south-west tower is also seen here ) but thle side of the cathedral is so confined with buildings that no fUll-length view of it can be taken. PkM ft. Interior of the cliapter*house : the columns supporting the surrounding arcade have been partly destroyed, but are here restored -, the capitals of the central clustered ooloaui supporting the roof are beautifully pienxd. PlaM S. Interior of the North End of the Transept, with the great Window so exquisitely ea- rlched with fine portraits by the present dean Woodbouse ; one of the clustered piers whkh support the great tower, part of the nave, trifuria and basement arcade in the aisle, are seen. Kate 4. North-east view of the Lady Chapel with its elegant lancet windows % the North Aisle of the Choir, great Tower and Spire, Cjiapter-house, and Spire of the north* west tower are liere represented. Plate ft. North Aisle of the nave. West Side of the northern transept, with Its peculiar but* tresses, the Tower and Spire i to the east Is seen the Chapter-bouse. PfeCe 0. A distant but whole-length north-cast View of the Cathedral finom Mr. sheriff Hewitt*^ garden. Among the houses in the fore-ground the windows to the right are those of the rev« Mr. White's choice library ) over them in the distance is the celebrated Barrowcop-hill. Plate 7. The episcopal Falaoe, now the residence of sir Charles Oakeley. It was built, a^ cording to Mr. Harwood, by bishop Wood. The grounds are tastefully disposed, and from the elevated terrace, surmounted with lofty trees, which appears on the left, a lovdy prospect of 'the adjoining countiy is obtained. The parish church of St. Michael is seen in the distance. PUku 8. A direct View of the West Front, and the principal entrance into the cathedral. Tke whole of this front was originally decorated with statues, which are now almost entifely d^ •troyed. The great central window was Ailed with stained glass by dean Addenbvooke. PUku 0, Is the Frontispiece to Vol. Ill . It exhibits the principal west entniioe* whkh to a v»- tibttle richly onMuncntcd with itttaet under ranoptne, ftc. fcc (q) Digitized by VjOOQ IC Of Mtrdm. DvriiMi or Diana 655 Cellach 657 Trumhere 660 Jaruroan 663 Of LickJItU. Ceadda or Chad Winfrid or Wulfrid 672 Saxnlf or Seaxwulf 976 Hedda or Eat bead 691 Aldwin or Eadwine 721 WitUorWieW 737 Heniel or Cemele 752 Cijthfrid or Cutbred 764 Berthun 768 HigibertorSi^bert 785 Alduir (archbishop) 786 Here win 81 S AthelwaJd 831 Humbert 857 KinebertorKenferth 867 TunbrithorBunifritb 890 Alia or JEXmn 920 Eli^ar or Al%ar 944 Kinsius 96O Winsius 974 Mlfe^uM or EJfeth 992 Godwin 1007 I-eofgan 1090 Brithmar 1027 William 1 140 Richard de Balam 1 1 65 Wiltiam II. Richard II90 Bertram 1193 Ralph Nevill 1214 Wm. de Manchester 1222 R. de Seinpriiigham 1254 John de I>erby 1280 Stephen Segrave 1320 Roger de Cuvenis 1325 John Casey 1328 Richard Fits-Ralph 1337 Simon de Brebly or Borislcy 1349 John dcBokingham 1349 Anthony Rous 1364 Laur. de Ibbesti'ke 1368 LICHFIELD. BISHOPS. Wulfius or U16us 1088 Leofwin io54 Of Ch§»ter. Peter 1067 Of Coventry i^ UchJieUt. Kobert de Lymiey IO86 8e6 yacant* R. Peche or Peccam 1 121 Roger de Clinton 1129 Walter Durdent 1149 Richard Peche 1161 G. laPucelle 1183 Huj^h de Nunant 1185 8 Jeff, de Muschamp 1199 W. Grey elected, but Set Vacant Six Vean, William de ComhuU 1215 Alex, de SUTcntby 1224 Hugh de PateshuU 1239 Roger deWenham 1245 Roger de Moleud or Longspee 1257 Walter de Langton 1276 Rog. de Northburgh 1322 Robert de Stretton 1360 Walter Skirlaw 1385 Richard ScroM J386 John Burghill John Keterick 1415 William Heyworth 1420 DEANS. Francis St. Sabine 1371 Wm. de Packitigton 1381 Thomas de Stretton 1 390 Robert Wolvedon 1426 JohndeVerney 1432 Thomas Heywood 1457 John Yotton (3) 1492 Ralph CoUingwood 1512 James Denton 1521 Richard Sampson 1532 Rich. Williams, de-1536 posed for marrying J. Rambridge, depo-1554 sed for superstition Lawr. Nowell (4) 1559 George Boieyn 1576 James Montague 1603 William Booth 1447 Nicholas Close 1452 R. Bolars or Butler 1453 John Halse or Hales 1459 William Smith 1492 John Arundel 1496 Jeffrey Blithe 1503 Rowland Lee 1534 Richard Sampson 1543 Ralph Bane (1) 1554 Thomas Bentham 1556 William Overton 1579 George Abbot (2) 1602 Richard Neill 1610 John Overall 1614 Thomas Morton 1618 Robert Wright 1632 Accepted Pre wen 1644 Of LichJUU ^ Coventry, John Hacket 1661 Thomas Wood 1671 William Lloyd 1692 John Hough 1699 Edward Chandler 17 IT Rich. Smalbrooke 1730 Hon. F. CornwalUs 1749 John Egerton 1768 Hon. B. North 1771 Richard Hurd 1774 Hon.J. C0RNHALLI8 1781 William Tooker (5) 1604 Walter Curie 1620 Augustine Lindsell 1628 John Warner 1633 Samuel Fell 1637 Griffith Higgs 1638 William Paul 1661 Thomas Wood 1663 Matthew Smallwood I67I Lane. Addison (6) 1683 William Binckes 1703 Jonath. Kimberley 1713 Wm. Walmisley 1720 Nicholas Penny 1731 John Addenbrook 1745 Baptist Proby 1776 J. C. WOODIIOUSB 1807 (I) This OBerdleM Ugot wm appointed by Kt of paritement to give the ncnment to quern BUxabeth, bvt reftiaed, and was thereby depoMd. He is odd to bate died in lSft9» at Itlington, London, bat be muat liave Minic to merited obecurity, ai hit name does not appear in the regic- tcroftlmt parish, paUisbcd by Mr. Nelson in the Hi$t. f> Aptiq, qf Alioffoa.— (9) Translated to Canieibwy i in addltioo to the misfortune of having killed a man, which prerented him from eAdattog in his arcblei^scopal character, be was not possessed of amiable dispositions or much Christian mildness. See list of archbishops, p. k Ic.— (S) He gave lands to the cathedral to sup* port for ever, either a clergyman to preach the gospel without charge in the adjacent parishes, or aLLD. who should ptoad gratuitously the causes of the poor in the consistory court.— (4) He " was a iunoQS antlquaiy and restorer of the Saxon tongue i he instructed William Lambarde In aottqutties."— (5) ** Am excellent Orerlan and Latinist, an able divine, a person of great gravity and piety, and vrell read in curious and critical authors.**— (0) Father of the Essayist, and author «fThivcls \n Barbary, Im^ IHssertatioo on the ** Present Sute of the Jews, fcc.** £ml^w^^^^, ■ N. Sd Hoe, for Horde, read Hivd. (rj Digitized by VjOOQ IC INDEX TO LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL *** The itaUc Utten imdUaU tkepagei marked at the hoitom of the left $Uet Mm, (a)(h) Sfe, and the Utter N for note. Amphibtlat, tale of, c— Adolph, uchbith. aflichfleld, c^AtklMon, taq. hU residence, m N.— Aldrete, a Spanish philelogitt, copied by H. Tooke, p N.— Addbon, dean, tomb of, f .^Addenbrook, dean, ghres stained glass, o. — Altar-scraen, femoral of. Us cflbcts, Ie.— Ani^esea, marqals of, L^Altenttlons, mo- dem, in tbe cathedral, judidoos, k. Bede's orthography of Uchfleld, b N ^Bald- win, archbishop, restrains the monies, rfN.— Benedictines, Incorrigible, ib%— Blyth, bishop, a builder, JU—Boothby, sir Broke, purchases stained glass, a.— Bishops' window, « & N ) list of, r.— Backredge, dr. arms o^ «) Mrs. moaament of, p N.— Betton, Mr. glass stain- cr^ HH^Bromley, T. gave two fountains to the cathedral, m N.— Bane, bishop, a bigot. 9.— Biarrowcop-hlll, view of, pi. 6.— B. Brookes erected the stained glass in west window, o. Christian missionaries, a.— Conversions by, »«-Ccadda, or Chad, lb.) hU will, ci his shrine, g-.^-Corentiy became a see, lb.} monks oi; turbulent and ezpdled, dj dissolution of its prioiy, «) loss of its precedency in the episcopal title, lb.; iu cathedral desolated, ib. R.— Clinton, bishop, a builder, • and /.— Churches, why built east and west, |r N.— Comwallis, present bishop, his beaefhctions to the cathedral, a N ; an author, ^.^Close, siege of, hkii damages of, lb.— Chaacdlor, Arst instituted, p N.— Caaons, secular, intro- duced at Coventry, d.— Chester, made the see of Lichfield diocess, c— Characters, distin- guished in Lichfield, p.— CoUingwood, dean, the first preacher, AN. Dwina, a Scot's missionary, and first bishop, k.— Dugdale, enooeous conclusion of, /.-> Durandus, error of, g N.— DUnensioasof the cathedral, 9.— Descbamp, his Essai, kc, m N. ->-]>eans, list of, r.— Dhtrslons of Pnrtcy, character of, p N.— Destruction of the cathe- dial, Jkl(L Edward II. reproved, f N { his revenge and repentance, ib..— Erdeswick, author of the survey, 9tc. Jk— Ethelwald, bishop, founded a religious esublishment at Lichfield, e. Flamens, contrasted with Christian priests, «.-^Ftewen, accepted bishop, a royal man with a puritanical name, his arms, a. — Friars founded, /Nv-Fuller, hU account of Lichfield cathedral, Jk N.-»Fanatics, dN. Godiva, lady, foundress of Coventry priory, c.^OodwIn ascribes the building of the cathe- dral to Clinton, e.— Oodmundingfaam, Idola- tiy at, a.— Oroves, Mrs. elegant lines on her tomb, p N.— Oastrell, Mrs. do. ib.— Oroand- plan of the cathedral, pi. 10. History of Lichfield, conAiscd, c.—Hopwat, forest of, yielded stone, /.— Heyworth, bp. completed the cathedral, ft.— Heywood, dean, built a library, lb.— Hacket, bp. his Christian fortitnde, ib. N. ) his activity only equalled by his liberality, k i erected new stalls, lb. j an ex- Calient author, who exposed superstition, o N. -^Heckenrode abbey, stained glass of, now in Lichfield cathedral, m.— Halls, J, J. esq. de- signed the portraiu in stained glass, e.— Rone Tooke, the only detractor of dr. Johnson, ji N. ; hisplagiarisme.&cib.— Harwood,Mr. hit- toriaa of Lichfield, pi. 7. } his account ot tba episcopal palace, 9.— Halse, bp. h patron oC learning, ib. James I. his translators, a 1 II. repaired west window, o.--J^/V^ - £'L^ .^T^/rn-\ K'/^-/y>^./.. U. /V'v//.^A /<:...?rv//;,,^y .;'l','. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC \ttL*.- 1 it^i h .rhtTHf^J.'.ivit* .>Ktj rttrnr.'te' .'.J' Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC JUXl*f^JM.:e.i Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC .■WJM<<.<3Kt Ji9.4^/W«-<»»« -& tut miv^r 'twh ^"aaferSek^S^T^V^^^ ^*««rt>- «m «^ ^,. lad ei^ ^- I, f ^*? ' ^■^»'** o^wsii*. -twtjMH** p#u»* ^.^^^ uwf Tic^ wi^ -^^""^ r ^"*^*" ""=»^ tie uS»^ ir t.j* jr^-4 ti**.^^, ' B» — '** » f Digitized by Google iiTiiiii ^ ^i_^^- : Digitized by VjOOQ IC LICHFIEILB CATHEBRAl- Shewing ^te groining ot'-^Sacf. I Digitized by GoQgl Wj!,.*-- Digitized by VjOOQ IC OP THE BISHOPS OF LINCOLN. liiMCOLN was only created the see of the diocese in the 1 1th cen- tury, previous to that period the Bishops were seated at Leicester, Sidnascester, and Dorchester ; and as accurate and detailed accounts of these prelates are given in Godwin, Le Neve, Browne Willis, &e. it is not necessaij to repeat them here, nor is it intended to do mare than notice those Bishops who have been celebrated for their sanctity, and whose actions are particularly connected with the history of the fabric* Remigius, a monk of Fescamp in Normandy, was appointed Bishop of Dorchester in 1067, he was the last Bishop who sat in that place, and the first that fixed his chair at Lincoln. He was a man of most zealous and active spirit, and applied himself with great eaamestness to the erection of his cathedral ; he exercised the most extensive charity, during one portion of the year feeding a thousand poor parsons, clothing many who were maimed and infirm ; he was also an assiduous preacher, and diligently discharged the duties of his important station. The church commenced and partly completed by Remigius, was not, however, perfected and dedicated, till the rule of the succeeding Bishop, Robert Bloet ; he bestowed very considerable sums on the fabric works ; added 21 prebends to his predecessor's foundation, and presented many rich and costly ornaments to his Cathedral. Dying suddenly in 1123, his body was buried in the upper transept, nigh unto the place where his effigy is painted, together with three other prelates, his immediate successors. In 1124, this noble church was much injured by conflagration, but it was splendidly repaired by Bishojp Alexander, and such was his zeal for the beauty of the Temple, that he made it the most glo- rious church in the whole country. In 1186, the saintly and venerable Hugh, Prior of Whiteham, was consecrated the sixth Bishop of this see. It is impossible in this work to enumerate, much less to describe, the many pious works and great miracles performed by this devout servant of God. They may be found at length in a scarce but most edifying work entitled, *' Fuga saeculi," or a holy hatred to the world, cQutaining the lives of 1 7 holy confessors of Christ. The whole of the front choir, east transept, with its chapels, chapter house, and eastern side of the great transept, were aU erected during the life of this good Bishop, ^d such was his earnest zeal in this great work, that, when seized with mortal sickness in London,* he occupied himself a considerable * He expired in the episeopal hoase then belongiog to the lee of Lincoln, which waiiltnated on tlie aice of the present Lincoln's inn, which derives lis appellaitun from IL This palace was alienated from the aee by that wretched lool of the state Henry Holbeach, i^ho was preferred to this bldioprlck by the planderiuf courtiers of Bdwartl the Vlth, for the ezpres* pnrpose of impoTeriiMnf its rtTenoes for their benefit. Digitized by VjOOQ IC time in gmng his parting inatnictionft to the master of the £abrii% for its completion. Finding himself near his extremity, and aeeiDg the priests and monks who were with him weeping bitterly, he sought with interrupted speeches, but grave and affectionate withal, to comfort them, and laying his right hand on each one, he recom- mended them to ditine custody ; and bow his feeble voice began quite to faO, when he willed that a cross of hallowed ashes should be sprinkled on the floor, and that a service should be said in the manner of a Quire; and as soon as they came to that verse Clamabit ad me et ego exaudivi eum, cum ipso sum in tribuiatione, cannBg himself to be lifted firom his bed» he stretdied his withered limb» upon the said cross, and happily expired, in the year of our Lord 1200, of his age 60, and of his episcopal charge 15. Thus died one of the most holy Bishops of the Bngluh church, whsse Eiety and skiH command veneration even in this faithless age ; inr im the Bishop, Architect, and Saint, were united, and ^ chord* irhich he had adorned whUe living by his sanotity and mwiifieeneer was blessed after his decease by the increased favour 4>f Almqghty Ood, wh6 fk^quently manifested his omnipotent power at the shxine of his faithful and accepted servant. After solemnly lying in state for some days the body was broaghil down to Lincoln ; on approaching the cHy the two kings, Joim of England, and William 6f Scotland, who were then present, came forth to meet it w!th a noble train, and submitting thmr shoulden to the venerable bier, the Scottish king who loved him dearly, poured forth a flood of tears. After that the e^eqnies were niost smemnly celebrated in the Cathedral, the two kings, three archbishops, four- teen bishops, more than one hundred abbots, and many eark and barons being present, and assisting with great devotion. Subsequently, his sacred relics Were iifidosed in a superi> shxine of pure gold, which stood in the eastern end of the church, near unto Dalison's tomb, where they were continoally visited by the faithful, with great devotion and benefit. Bat even the sanctity of this good bishop could not protect his remains ftom the sacrilegious hands of Henry the Ylllth's commissioners. The relics were dis- persed, find the shrine demolished in 1540, while the clergy of the Cathedral appear to have delivered up the sacred vessels and orna- ments, iHthout even a protest against this outrage on religion. The famous Robert Grostete was consecrated Bishop in 1235 — he was a native of Stradbrook in Suffolk, and bom of humble but holy parents. He distinguished himself greatly in the universities of Oxford and Paris, in the former of which he delivered Lectures on Philosophy and Divinity. His learning and piety recommended him to the notice of Hugh de Welles, Bishop of Lincoln, who gave him a prebend in the Cathedral diurch. In 1210, he became Archdeacon of Chester, and in 1220, Archdeacon of Wilts ; in 1224, he was made Doctor of Divinity, and in 1282, Archdeacon of Lei- cester. Upon the death of Hugh de Welles, the Chapter, with one Digitized by VjOOQ IC ram, elected, him hk successor, and their choice wns readily con- finned by the holy see and the king. ' r At this period most scandalous abuses had crept into the church, which produced the most destructive effects on religion. £ngUsh benefices were frequently bestowed on non-resident Italians, or sold to the highest bidder, while mere tonsured boys were collated to dignities and important offices. Grostete fired with holy zeal, had long viewed these atrocious practices with grief and indignation, and soon after his preferment to the see of Lincoln, an occasion offered, bv which he was enabled to stand forth an uncompromising cham^ pioB of ecclesiastical discipline, and to offer an effectual opposition to the temporal usurpations of the Holy See. The circumstainces of the case are detailed at length by Matthew Paris, and there is no reason to doubt that Grostete acted throughout this difficult and important dispute, with the greatest moderation combined with firmness ; nor did he for a moment forget the canonical obedience he owed to the successors of St. Peter, while he eminently reproved the vices and errors of the man. His conduct on this trying occa^ sion was such as might have been expected from every Catholic Bidiop throughout Christendom who had the spiritual welfare of his dei^ and people at heart* It has not been unusual with modem Protestant writers to consider this great and ffood man as an enemy to the Holy See, and they have wannly eulogised him under this impression, but were they to examine his actions and works with due attention, they would not fail to perceive, that his attacks were made on ahwes not prmciples, and although, like a good shepherd j - he was willing to lay down his life in de&nce of his flock, he would have suffered with equal constancy, rather than have violated his canonical obedience to the Mother Church of Bome, or aided in the unhappy schism that has separated England from Catholic com- munion. He presided oye^ir his diocese with the most vigilant attention, taking care to have the parochial churches well supplied with vigi* knt pasUNTS, and exhibiting, in his own conduct, a bright example of the manner in which the Episcopal duties should be discharged. He died at Buckden, in 1253, and such was his reputation for sanctity, that his canonization wa» proposed some years aftel' hii decease. John D*Alderby, chancellor of this church and canon of St. DsTid^s, was consecrated June 12, 1300. He was remarkable for great piety and devotion, and, although not canonized, was venerated by the people after his decease. A ^rine of pure silver was erected over his tomb in the south transept. Browne Willis mentions his havine seen a draft of this shrine in Lord Hatton's MSS. It was demolished and melted in 1540. Cardinal Beaufort had the tem^poralities restored to him in 1398, and in 1404, was translated to Winchester, being the first bishop of Digitized by VjOOQ IC Lincoln who diose to leave hia tee for any other ; by his wiH he gare ^6200. to the fabric of the Cathedral. Richard Fleming, founder of Lincoln College, Oxford, had the temporalities rentored, May 23, 1 420. In the early part of hia life he appears to have been partially infected with the wickliffe heresy. But he snbsec^uently retracted those novel opinions, and ever after remained a faithful witness of Catholic truth. And having exposed the danger of the error and subtleties propagated by this sect, he took an active and xealous part in their suppression. He was trans- lated to TorV by proviso of the holy see, in 1429, but being oDposed both by the Crown and chapter of that Cathedral, he returned to his see. He died at his palace at Sleford, Jan. 25 « 1430, and was buried under a high tomb on the north side of the eastern end. WilHam Smith, co-founder of Braxenose College, Oxford, having long been successively Dean of St. Stephen's Chapel, Archdeacon of Surrey, and Bishop of Litchfield, was translated to this see in 1496. He died in 1513, and was buried under a slab, inlaid with his effi^ in brass, near the great western door of his Cathedral. By his wiB he left many costly vestments and ornaments to hia College chapel of Brazenose, a very curious inventory of which is given at length in Browne WiUis's account of the Bishops of Lincoln. Thomas Wolsey, the celebrated Cardinal, was consecrated to this see in March, 1514, and was translated to York in the Michaelmas following. When this sudden translation is compared with the edifying assiduity of the more antient bishops, in the government and for the welfare of their dioceses, it is but too erident, that Wolsey entered on this office, rather as a source of emolument, than with a view of discharging its high and important functions, for the good of souls and advancement of religion. John Longland, sometime principal of Magdalen Hall, was con- secrated to this see in 1521. like his predecessors. Bishops Atwater, Smith, and Russel, he gave many costly vestments to his cathechul, and laid out considerable sums on the episcopal palace at Wobum. He also erected the small chantry chapel at the eastern end of the cathedral which bears his name ; but dying at Wobum, was buried in Eaton College chapeL He was a man of great leanling, but in fulfilling the difficult office of Confessor to Henry the Ylllth, he was much blamed for aiding in the divorce between that monarch and his Queen Katharine. If this charge is well founded, he is answerable for much of that dismal ruin which fell upon his church under his successor, the commencement of which may be attributed to that fatal measure. With Longland doses the history of Lincoln's glory. Soon w(re its noble prc^perties to be curtailed, its riches and fairest ornaments despoiled, and even the remains of its sainted dead, the relics of the very bishops who raised i|s stupendous vaults and towersy despised and treated with barbarous indignity. Henry Holbeach, is the name odious in the annals of Lincoln, Digitized by VjOOQ IC being originally prior rf Worcester, he bftBelv surrendered, and was made first Dean for his compliance, afterwaros, being found a willing tool for the iniqnitons purposes of the State, was advanced by Henry to the see of Rochester, and thence by the courtiers, in the first year of Edward the Vlth, to Lincoln. Here, ere he had been a month in possesion, he confiscated all the principal manors belonging to the church, the names of which are printed in Rymer*S Foederaf TOl. XT. p. 66. He also alienated for ever the Episcopal palace at London, and not leaving his successors so much as one palace, except that at liaeoln. In the first year of this man's promotion, the great spire which crowned the centre tower wss destroyed by a hurricane, and a great portion of the parochial churches in the city fell to decay and ruin, during the rule or rather misrule of this unworthy bishop ; dying lu 1551, he was obscurely buried in the cathedral without memorial. He appears to have been equally faithless to God as to his diocese, although originally a monk, and of course vowed to chastity, he married a woman of the name of Joan, who proved his will, Oct. 5, 1551. It is most heart-rending to reflect that the ruin of our glorious churches, and the impoverishment of our sees, was not effected by the invasion of a foreign enemy, or even unauthorised intruders, but by the base compliance of the legitimate clergy to the overbearing power of the State. Abbey after abbey was vacated, and given up to axe and ruin, by retiring pensioned abbots^ and Cathedral lands were surrendered to courtiers and lay plundereirs, by the very men who should have shed the last drop of their blood, on tbe pavement of their sanctuaries, like that glorious martyr St. Thomas, sooner than have betrayed the sacred trust which they vowed so solemnly to fulfil. Holbeach was succeeded by John Taylor, a miserable puritan of the Genevan school, who was consecrated according to the new ordinal of Edward the Vlth, in 1552, but his consecration being deemed invalid on the accession of Queen Mary, he was deprived, and John White, warden of Wvkeham*s college^ at Winchester, was duly consecrated in 1554. He was afterwards translated to Win* cheater, but being deprived on the accession of Elizabeth, he retired to South Wamborough, Hampshire, where he lived in great sanctity till his death in. 1559. On his translation Thomas Watson was consecrated with the consent of the holy see, in August, 1557; be immediately applied himself to the recovering of the antient pos- sessions of his dioceses ; he procured the restoration of many rich vestments, plate, and other furniture, which had belonged to the Cathedral, and on Nov. 9, 1557, he obtained several estates in lieu of those which had been plundered 10 years before ; he likewise got the patronage or advowson of above 100 benefices. But all these, together with what Bishop White had got restored to Win* Digitized by VjOOQ IC Chester, were taken away by Queen Elizabeth, who was as sacrD^oiu a plunderer as her father. Watson being a faithful witness of the Catholic fSeiith, and a zealous advocate of the ancient discipline of the Church of England, was deprived by Elizabeth, on June 25, 1559, and committed to close custody in or about London, after remaining a prisoner there for about 20 years, he was conveyed to Wisbeacb in the Isle of Ely, where this faithful confessor died in confinement, and was buried in the parish church. Nicholas Bullingham was intruded in this see on the deprivation of Bishop Watson, he immediately gave up all his predecessors had gained to it, and alienated for ever the college of Thornton with its estates; in 1570, he was translated to Worcester. Although a virulent protestant, he does not appear to have made scripture his rule of faith, for being a bishop he is described in his epitaph as having been twice tnarried in God's /ear,* Thomas Cooper succeeded on the translation of Bullingham, he is chiefly remarkable as having been most unfortunate in the selection of his wife. William Wickam and William Chaderton leased out many lands to their wives. This latter was so hampered by these leases, that he professed himself unable to reside or keep up the palace at Buckden. His successor, William Barlow, having no family to provide for, gave much in charity, and was a ereat benefactor to St. John's College, Cambridge, he was esteemed a learned and pious man, and died much regretted. During the time that Thomas Winniff held the see, that terrible scourge, the great rebellion broke out ; he lived to see his palace at Lincoln demolished and his manor of Buckden, with all the revenues of the see, taken from him ; he died at Lamborn in Esaex. Thomas Barlow, Archdeacon of Oxford, was elected in 1695 ; he was so infected with Calvinistic heresies, that he never visited any pftrt of his diocesD* tiar did he ever see the Cathedral church. He was commooJy colled the Bishop of Buckden, where he mostly lived; and like other puritans, who, who for the sake of emoluments, accept ofHces which they profess to condemn, he was very careless nf die muntmeDti belonging to the see, and a great dilapidater of hia palace. After the abdication of James the Ilnd, he was very for- ward in expelling from the English Church the little life which remained in it, by depriving the non-juring clergy of their benefices. As the period which has intervenea between the ejection of these conscientioua men and the present time, may with propriety be termed the dark a^es of the Anglican Church, it is useless to seek ID the lives or actions of the moaem Bishops of Lincoln any thing p^nicukrly edifyiog or worthy of comment, but we may hope and * Browne Willis •nci^t« that this expression^ may poMlbly refer ti> his having beca yoked tu twu cbarchrt, u( vUich he !>peut tbc fuiiuue^ by Kiviag up the esiales. Digitized by VjOOQ IC tnBt tfait better thingt are in store, and that the soander riews of ^beolosy, which are now taught in the chief oniyersi^ of this land, maj be the means of raising up a race x>f men, who may prote themselves worthy successors of the saintly Hugh, and who armed, as in olden days, with apostolical jurisdiction, may expel the wolves who derovr the flock, and raise the smres and ehimcels of antiquity, on the roins of the conventicles and the preaching houses which disfigure this venerable, and once truly Catholic city. The Cathedral church of Lincoln stands on a most oommanding elevation, upwards of 200 feet above the level of the river ; from whatev^ point it is approached its e£fect is truly grand ; the lofty towers ana highpitdied roofs and gables, presenting varied combina* tions equally striking; when coming from Boston by the rhrerWttham, we have the whole of its glorious eastern end and chapter house, its double transepts with the southern rose window, a long succession of buttresses and pinnacles, surmounted by the high ro(& and lofty towers, the ruins of the Episcopal palace and other antient buildings, interspersed with trees and gardens, standing immediately beneath the sooth side, and terminating the steep ascent from the lower city covered with gardens and builmngs. When appiiMching frt>m the contrary direction to the one just described, the three towers are grouped together, the vast central one i^ppearing to stand between those of the western end in a pyra- midical form, while the great west frt>nt extending on either side of the nave, and terminated by two octagon turrets or rather towers, pre- sents an elevation unrivalled in England for its grand proportions ; the north and south approaches are scarcdy less strilans ; in the latter we see the minster in solemn grandeur, standing high above the city and neighbouring churches, of which it indeed seems the mother and head, while from the latter, for many miles, it appears rising «bove the horizon in all its amazing length, its vast Ime of rooh only broken by the towers. If this wonderful church in its present state produces so sur- prising an effect, how truly glorious must it have appeared, when these towers were surmounted by lofty spires, the centre one being an elevation almost equal to that of Salisbury ; this spire, which was constructed of timber covered with lead, was destroyed by a tempest in the year 1547, and under the rule of the first bishop who had abjured the antient faith, and, as Browne Willis observes, was a forerunner of the calamities that were about to fidl on this antient and hitherto flourishing see ; tbis disaster happened at a time when faith and devotion were at a wretchedly low ebb, and men were rather occupied in unrooflng and stripping the temples of God, than raising spires in his honour, and the tower of Lincoln has remained ever since curtailed of its beautiftd termination. It vriU scarcely, however, be credited, that the two western spires which had withstood the violence of tempests for centuries, and esc^ed the civil commotions, were at length demolished by cnrder Digitized by VjOOQ IC 8 of the chapter (in the •arly part o/ihepreient century), who ecHsdd not hare felt more Teneration for the charch of which they were t^ unworthy gnardiana, than a party of Cromwellian troopers. The clergy had indeed ordered their demolition some years previous, hut there then remained some sparks of antient Teneration for the elorious church among the people, and the citizens were filled with in- dignation at the very mention of the proposed demolition, and their remonstrances, which were even accompanied with tumult and menaces, had the desired effect, and the idea of their removal was then abandoned. When, however, their destruction was finally deter- mined in these later times, protestant apathy had been e£&ctually estabhshed among the people, they had become as indifferent as the clergy, more than half probably professed Dissenters, and if the whole nave had been demolished, it would have produced but little commotion ; indeed it was seriously contemplated about that tiane to take down the high pitched roofs, which constitute one of the greatest beauties of the building, and to substitute flat ones in their st^, fortunately the difficulty of supporting the gable ends pre- vailed against the adoption of this improvement, or Lincoln would have been denuded indeed. It is hardly possible for us to conceive how such a monstrous idea could have been seriously entertained for one moment ; but we had no Oxford or Camden Societies in those days, and the only ideas that the generality of men entertained about architecture, were derived from vile Pi^an works which were ezdn- sively studied, while our national art uty despised and neglected. The havoc which the clei^ have constantly made on the finest monu- ments of antient art which they have under their controul, is quite sufficient to prove that their ordinary course of studies is quite insufficient to instill any real feelings or just appreciation of Chriatian art. Those who have allowed the churches of England to perish through apathy, or to be ruined by innovations, are for the most part men of family and fortune, and have received what is termed a liberal education, gone through the usual routine of studies at the public seminaries, and perhaps attained to academic honours. Yet with all this, they have been barbarously ignorant of, and indifferent to. the noblest works this country has achieved ; fatal as the great schism and revolution have proved, the peaceful rule of the estab- lishment has been scarcely less so, year after year some screen is suppressed, some roof plastered, some porch demolished, some stained window or tiled floor removed, some brass displaced, some doorway cut, and when a repair was decided on, the whole carved work and fittings of some venerable edifice were not unfrequently sawed up for fire wood, or a noble chancel shortened or perhaps demolished altogether, to save the cost of preserving it, and this was indeed the true cause which deprived Lincoln Minster of its spires, they needed repair, and with all the revenues of the vast church, not one man stood forth to save the cross surmounted fanes, which antient piety had reared to God, towards which for centuries the distant Digitized by VjOOQ IC iwhahiUpti of the country tot miks aroea^ » ^ ^om of Btorm aiid dMiger> tamed with pioos revereooe* m they breathed a prayer for protection, and which had gladdened the heurt of many a weary pilmm to the shrine of Ueaaed Hng^ aa tl^ rose to hia delighted aii^t, aind guided him to the fulfihnent of his tows. Bat a Tisit to Linoohi at the present time is accompanied with much that is most painful to the Catholic mind. The remaining beauty of this once yenerable city is now fast passiug away. Daring the great schism nearly 40 of its parochial churches were saffiered to go to decay and ruin> and many of those which were spared, have been either rebuilt in a vile manner or woefully muti- lated» still some antient gates and many gable roofs remained. Yenmtble building of Ecclesiastical character, and towers and chan- eels» were to be (ustinguished rising above the habitations of men, and down to a very late period the city possessed most interesting traces of its original character. But alaa I the case is now sadly altered ; this unhappy place seems literally to breed Dissenters, huge piles of red brick pierced with sash windows and flat pedimental fronts are seen at every turn, while centenaiy men and Calvinistic sectaries have raised burlesqoea of pointed deaign, even more dis- gusting than the legitimate pfreaching room style. To what a very unnatural state must architecture have fallen, when a WesleYan^ Baptist, or one of the 150 denominations, dares to point an arch of his miserable eonventide in the city of St. Hu^ and under the very walls of one of the noblest chorches in Clmatendon ; but this is not all, high mannm of factory buildinga and chimneys have already overtopped the towers of the parochial churehea, while the wbirl of machinery and fizs of steam overpowers the sweet sounds of our Ladyes bells. In place of oriels and gables we have third rate editions of Regent street monstrosities standiop; on iron stilts and plate dass, andoverloadedwithhideouscompo-imitatiQns of pagan design. But we will turn from this lamentable theme to the con- templation of the glorious Minster itself, which, although shorn of much of its former glory, still stands a witness of old Catholic excel- lence and modem degeneracy. Immediately on passing under the vaulted gateway leading from the castle hill to the close, the western end is seen rising in all its grandeor. Had the whole of this front been erected in the lancet style, its e£Pect would have been greatly increased, aa the plain Norman arches and piers of the original church which remain in the centre, do not harmonize with the truly beautiful arcades which flank them, and the cons^tency of this portion of the church is still further injured by three nerpendiculfur tracery windows intro- duced within the Norman arcnes,'*' The lower part of the towers * Owing to the nanU for Urge whidowt which prevailed in the 19th centary, vaoj of oar iacst dHirdiee were sadly mntllatcd, the original lancet windows at the western ends of both WhHby Abbey and Tynemooth Priory, were cot away for the purpose of iotrodocing huge pefpendicolaT lights, occnpying the whole width of the nave, and which most hJivt greyly Digitized by VjOOQ IC 10 irhich rise rather itbmpUy itom the west frmit are iJso •f 8, and even a pulpit* have been erected at the eastern end of the choir, featheml bonnets and shawls, blue coats and fiowered waistcoats, are seen in place of hoods and copes ; a surplice reader and a few singing boys are all that are left of the antient choral ministers ; the eastern end, once so glorious, i^^iears desolation itself, a mere table under a wretched picture being the substitute of one of our noblest altars reared by England in the days of her antient faith. The Presbytery or eastern end of the minster, extending three bays beyond the altar screen, may be described as the finest example of enriched early work in England. The spandrils, caps, corbels, bosses, cusps, &c. are decorated with images and combinations o£ foliage exquisitely wrought. The images of angels playing on musical instruments in the spandrils of triforium arches, are so grand in design, and executed with such consummate skill that a modern writer actually pronounced them, in the height of his admira- tion, worthy of the present age ! ! ! This sapient critic little thinking that it would be difficult indeed in these enlightened times to find an artist who could imitate, much less design such wonderful efibrta of christian art. The images which adorn the southern porch are still superiorto these, as they represent beings and subjects of a higher class: the divine Redeemer is seen seated in majesty, surrounded by angels, and in the act of pronouncing the awful sentence on the souls of the departed who are rising firom their graves, and con- ducted by demons on one side to endless perdition, or received by angels into everlasting felicity. This impressive subject is admirably treated, and in the arch which surrounds it are a series of images in highly relieved foliage of surpassing beauty, and marvellous execution. On the shafts on either side of the doorway are images of a large size miserably mutilated, but of great merit. The doorway is divided into two equal spaces by an upright pillar, and there can be but little doubt that this division (which constanW^occurs in doorways where it could not be needed for support, ai»rnere it was * Tbecostom of preaching in choirtisqnitea modern innoration ; many persons yet living in CallHHlral towns remember the practice of hearing sermons exclaslvely iu the nave, and till within a very recent period, the choirs of many great churches were used exclusively for the purpose of offering np prayer and lands to God. Digitized by VjOOQ IC iDOst inoonvenient for egress of proceMions, was introduced in mystical allusion to the s^Muration of the fidthf ol from the wicked in the last doom, so powerfdtly represented in the poorch just described* The two sepulchral chapels on either side of this porch> erected by bishops Russell and Longland, although exceedingly beantiful in themselves are injudiciously placed with reference to ihe main build- ing, and much injury was occasioned to the original structure when the lower tier of arches was cut away to receive them. On the opposite side is the chantry and tomb of Bishop Fleming, hi aeoordance with the spirit of humility, his effigy is twice repre- sented above in full pontificals, and beneath as an emaciated figure encompaased by a wmding sheet ; this latter, of which th&re are many similar examples of the same period, has given occasion to the vergers (those caterers for the marvellous to amuse the volgar,) to propagate an absurd story that the good bishop died while en- deavouring to fost forty days and nights. It is almost needless to add thai there is not the sHghtest foundation whatever for this idea* and it is most refHrehensible for the dignitaries of the church to allow their servants to calumniate the memory of the antient bishops for the purpose of amusing that brutal class of visitors who are induced " io go to the big ekurek to Mee the man that doytd foiuting^** and to whom the edifice itself would not be sufficiently attractive to induce them to expend a shilling for viewing it. While on this topic it may not be amiss to mention that very lately the following remarks were usually made by the persons who shewed the church. Pointing to the triforium : *^ That ere is the place where the monkB and fnnu used to walk." On shewing a hole m the pavement where an iron stanchion had been antiently fixed : '* This here is the place where they used to make their bows to the Virgin in the time of the Romans y* Each person was then invited to scrape his foot in the place till a sort of groove was worn in the pavement. These things may be possibly amended since the writer of these pages was staying at Lincoln, but at all events, they will serve as liints to the clergy of other Cathedrals, where equally absurd stories respecting the antient discipline of the English church are circ;ilated, to look more narrowly to the conduct of their subordinate officers, in these respects, of which they are probably ignorant. It would be more seemly if the present verger of Lincoln did not wear his hat within the sacred edifice, and especially in the immediate vicinity of the sltar. But to return, in this portion of the minster are several other tombs of great beauty and mterest, and h^re stood the precious shrine of blessed Hugh, till its spoliation by the sacrilegious com- missions in the reign of Henry VIH. The minutest details of this Presbytery are worthy of care^ study, the mouldings are all of the purest forms, and admirably arranged for light and shadow ; no por- * At York OM tbewinf; the erypc, " ibU Is wl.ere the matt oied to be, and a proper plae§ it it for a deed o/darkmm." • Digitized by VjOOQ IC 16 tion of the walls is left plain, but the whole is enridied by arches, shafts, panelling, and scroll work ; each of the external battresses are corbelled to receive fifteen images ; but these were either never completed or have long since been destroyed, they would add very ccmsiderably to the exterior richness of this portion of the church, and it would be a glorious work, graduaUy to fill these niches with images of prophets, apostles, saints, and martyrs, executed with all the severity and devotion of christian art. The flying buttresses which resist the lateral thrust of the clerestory are by no means commensurate in design with the rest of the work, they are plain, meag^ and rest badly asainst both waU and lower buttresses with which they appear to have little connection; had they a steeper pitch of copein^, and greater substance with more enrichment, they would be mfinitely improved ; they appear particularly defective in the first view of the church from the s. s. and it u most surprising how an architect of such consummate skill as the designer of this end could have failed in so important a point as the flying buttresses, which under more skilfal treatment might have been converted into most el^ant features of the design. Having now noticed, as for as the limited nature of this descrip- tion will admit, the principal portions of the church itself, we will now proceed to those interesting adiuncts, the cloisters and chapter house. The cloisters, of which only three alleys are remaining, (the fourth having been demolished during the last century for the purpose of erecting a library of miserable design,) contain some most interesting details and sepulchral monuments ; they appear to have been erected during the early part of the fourteenth century, and are approached from a doorway in the n. e. transept by a small cloister of the same style vaulted in stone : the cloisters them- selves are groined with oaken ribs, but the walls and buttresses having been forced out, it is highly probable that they were also originally vaulted with stone, which, having given way, to avoid the labour of rebuilding the wall, were afterwardb restored with wood. The carved bosses which are worked in solid blocks of oak are truly beautiftil, the drapery and attitude of several figures have never been surpassed for grace and dignity at any period of art, while the foliage presents the most exquisite and varied design. The whole of the tracery windows were doubtless originally filled with stained glass, but this has long since disappeared, and the cloisters themselves are in a most shamefully neelected state ; thev are now actually used as a mere receptacle for lumber and rubbish, and these from having been most carelessly deposited hare broken to fragments many highly interesting sepulchral slabs, which cover the graves of antient ecclesiastics formeriy belonging to the minster. Several of these stones, which are of large dimensions, were formerly inlaid with engraved brass, the outline of which is quite perfect and sufficiently distinct to enable us to judge of their antient beauty. In some instances our blessed Lord with St. Mary and St. Jolm Digitized by VjOOQ IC 17 standing by his side, was depicted in the centre qaatrefArch, caieiiarlan,dimensioiu and uae ofo. Burgess, Dr. bp. of St. David**, proves that Christianity was introduced into Britain aboot io, C| that the Britons professed pure Chris- tiaiiity, the converted Saxons adulterated, &c. lb. N.— Bloet, bp. finished Lin. oath. j| a pro- iigate man, ib. s why called the swineherd of Stow, ib. — ^Bishops, papal, altered chapels and duirches, fhMn vanity, or to be deified, m.— Britain, owes her science to protestantism, p— Bells, ki beU-tower, 9.— Britons, ancient, and Saxons, cN. Camden's etymon of Uncoln, a.-^olonies, Soman, condition of, b N.— Church, built of stone, in Uncoln, about G98, c.^Christians, difference b etwee n the British and Saxon, c, and M.— Classical Journal, No. W, Oxford P. Isaay, c N.—Cath. Immt, k; rebuilt with an mchedroof.ib.} erection of its different parts', lb. ; new work of, /} dimensions of, 9. — Chap- ter-house, places similar to, N. — Ducarel, his erroneous opinions of the Nor- mans refuted, h V. — Devils, Outhlac's, of Croyland, described, t N. English nobleman, architects, observed by Fonx, «. N.— Espin, Mr. P. S. A. his accurate measurements of the cathedral, o} testimony to h'ts talenu, 9. Tigures, grotesque and pagan, description of, in the west front, «.— Francis, St. ludicrous tak of his receiving the five marks, never contrMlicted by historians, a N.; no nails ever in the feet of Christ, ib.— Font, ancient {plsie70.9- Grecian stairs, true name of, a.— Ores, stone composing the cath. walls, a.— <3ibbon*s mis- represenutions, 6.— Galilee, or porch, incor- rectly so called, o.^Greathead, or Coply, bp. his admirable character, a protestant in papal times, Pi abortiveness of the pope's ven- geance, ib. ; monkish tale of his ghost kill- iog s pope, ib. ; prepared the way for Wick- Cffe, ib. Hendy's Oxford Prise Essay, abuses of Christianity, N.— Hugh, the Borgundian, bp. no Norman, yet an architect, k and I N. Jevi, reason of their accumulating at Lin- coln, 6 N., of the tribe of Naphtbali, ib.} their commercial journeying to Tyre, Rhodes, ind Lincoln, ib. ; monkish tale of their cruci- fying a child in Lincoln, m N . ; oppressed by H. IIl.«.-Invaders, the first, always make the |Ritest change in the manners of a country, k, i n wUr d'i ctyaoit of lincvbit «.« Lin- coln, British name of, « ; real origin of \U name, lb. ; derived from Lindus, in Rhodes, bi head of a Roman colony, ib. ; its early ci- vilisation and preparation for( hristianity, cf a Roman federal city, ib. N. ; Christians here long before Paulinus, ib.— Line. cath. |iart of the church of Mary Magdalen, d; certainly a Saxon work, although augmented by Remi- gius, ib. } different sutements of its found- ation, ib.and N. } its re-edifications, k. — ^Lin- coln, bishops of, their character, o; since tb« reformation, p. — Languages, modem Euro- pean, origin of, a.— Leicester, bishops of, e. — Legs broken at crucifixion, and bound with cords, but the feet not nailed, n N.— Lincoln- shire has produced great men, 9. Monks erased the writings of Greeks and Romans to insert the legends of their saints, c N. — Mosheim records the papal error ol crucifixion, a N.— Monuments judiciously re* moved, oN.} ofiener evince vanity than re- cord merit, ib. Nicbol, derived from Ltad. drtlos, or Lin. city, d.— Normans received many of their arts fhmi the English, ft N.j tradition to this effect, ib. } error of attributing English works to them, hi Inferior to the Saxons, ib. N.| more attached to war and plunder tlian peace- ful arts, lb. } pagan savages In lOth cen. k N. Paulinus only changed the ol^ects of Saxom worship from the daughters of Woden to Mary, &c. c, converted the Mercians to papal Christians, ib. — Pope's spiritual supremacy denied by a council, /.—Physiognomy, here- ditary, < N. } visible at Granada, in the de- scendants of the Greeks, ib. ; and in Nor- mandy, from the Danes, ib.— Proctors, arch- deacons substituted for, in Lincoln, aN.— Pidnters, their mistakes in making nail-holea in Christ's feet, a N. — Pavement, Roman, discovered in Lincoln, «.— Porch, or galilee, south-end of the transept, o. — Papists possess imagination, but no judgment, ^.—Popery extinguishes the intellectual faculties, p.— Plates, description of, 9,— Pope, tale of one killed by bp. Greathead's ghost, p. Remigius, description of his building, g>| not a Norman, ib. ; his colour i.dicates his Italian origin, k} his epitaph, 9 i archbp. of Rheims,g'N. •^Revenues of ecclesiastical fo- reigners double that of the English crown, m, —Relics deposited, with bell-ringing, in west* end of south belfry, o N . ' Sidnacester, bps. of, «.— Sacrament, papal, taken at every mass,/ N. — Southey's Es- priella*s letters, a N.— Stone-beam, elastic, measurement and use of, o.— Science diffused in society by the Reformation, p. • Tower, the great, falls, k j built by Greathd. ib. N.— Towers, west, taken down, cilisens at* tchmt. to, k N.— Tombs of Remigs. & Bloet, 9. Urns, pagan, made holy-water pots, a N. Worship, by the Sax. c.— Winchstr. blspk. of, removed to Dorchstr. e. — Worship of dead men, AN. — ^William, king, removed the cathe* drals to towiu,/.— W. Rufus's character, t N. —Walls, error respecting, m.— Wickllffe^ prgl ceded in rdonning by Qraathead^ f • Digitized by VjOOQ IC Of Sidnacester. Eadhed 678 Elhclwyn 679 Eadgar 701 Kinebcrt 780 Alwijch 732 Eadulf 750 Ceolulf 765 Ealdulf 797 Bri^tred 873 Jifttr which it wat vacant till united to Dorchester. Birinus 636 Afilbert 650 Totta, 1st. bishop of Leicester 7S7 Eadbert 764 Werenbert 768 Unwoaa 786 Rethun 806 Aldred 861 Ceolrcd 873 Halardus (last bishop of Leicester) Ceolwulf 905 Leofwin (united the sees of D. and S.) Atlnoth 960 Ascywii 995 Alfhelm 996 Eadnoth 1005 Eadheric 1017 Ralph 1092 Simon Bloet 1110 Ni^Uus 1123 Ph. de Harecourt 1141 Adelmus 1145 Richard FiU Neale 1184 Haimo 11B9 Rog;^r de Rolveston 11 95 William dc Tornay 1223 Rug. de Wescham 1245 Hy. de Le](in«:ton 1245 R. de Gravfsend 1254 Robert de Mariscis 1259 W. de Lexington 1263 Richard Mepham 1273 J^uhn de Maydeston 1275 Oliver Sutton 1276 Nicholas Heigham 1280 Phillip Willou^hby 1288 Jose, de Kirnington 1305 LINCOLN. BISHOPS. Eadnoth 11. 1034 Ulfus 1050 Wulfic 1053 Alexander (deposed) 1067 Remi^us, first bp. 1070 Of Lincoln, Remigius 1088 Robert Bloet 1092 Alexander 1123 Robert de Chesney 1147 Vacant Seventeen Veare. Geof.de Plantagenet 1 173 Wal. de Constantiis 1 183 HughdeGrenoble(l)l 186 Vacant Three Veare. William de Blois 1904 Vacant Two Years, Hugh de Wells 1209 Robt. Greathead (2) 1235 Henry Lexington 1254 Ric. de Gravesend 1258 Oliver Sutton 1280 John d'AIderby (3) 1300 Thomas le Bee 1319 Henry Burgbersh* 1320 Thomas le Bee 1342 John Gynewell 1347 Jn. Buckingham(4) 1363 Henry Beaufort (5) 1404 Philip Repingdon 1405 Richard Fleming(6) 1420 William Grey 1430 William Ahiwick 1436 DEANS. Rog. de Marti val 1310 H. de Mammesfeld 1316 Anthony Bee 1329 William Bateman 1340 John de Ufford 1344 Simon de Breislv 1348 John de Strethety 1862 John de Sbepey 1376 John Mackworth 1412 Robert Fleming 1451 George Fitz Hugh 1413 Geof. Simeon 1506 Thomas Wolsey 1508 John Constable 1514 George Henaage 1528 John Tailor 1548 Matthew Parker 1552 Francis Mallet 1554 John Whitgift 1571 William Wickbam 1577 Marm. Lumlej 1450 John Chid worth 1451 Thomas Scott 147| John Russet 1480 William Smith 1495 Thomas Wolsey (7) 151S William Atwater 1514 John Langland 1521 Henry Holbeach 1547 John Taylor (8) 1558 John White 1555 Thomas Watson 1557 Nic. BuUingham 1559 Thos. Cooper (9) 1570 William Wykeham 1584 Wm. Chaderton 1595 William Barlow 1608 Richard Ne.^1 1613 Geo. Mountain 1617 John Williams 1621 Thomas Winniffe 164L Robt. Sauiiderson 1660 Benjamin Laney 1669 William Fuller 1667 Thomas Barlow 1675 Thos. Tennison I69I James Gardiner 1695 William Wake 1705 Edm. Gibson 1715 Richard Reynolds 1725 John Thomas 1743 John Green 1761 Thos. Thurlow 1779 GeOROK TOMLINB 1787 Rilph Griffin 1584 John Reynolds 1593 William Cole 1599 Lawrance Staunton 1601 Roger Parker 161 J Anthony Topham ■ Michael Honey wood 1660 Daniel Brevint 1681 Samut>l Fuller 1695 Abraham Campion 1700 Richard Willis 1701 Robert Cannon 172V Edward Gee 1729 Edward Willes 1730 John Green '1756 Hon. Jas. Yorke 1763 Richard Cust 1789 RicbanI Kaye 1783 George Gordon 1794 (I) The Burgundlan who \% reputed to have been deified, la 1901 : he ordered the tomb o^ fair RoMmond to be removed from the choir of Godttow church, oUerring, ** that the house oC God ought not to be profaned by the body of a harlot.**— (9) Would have been made a god had be not beenaprotettant.— (S) Called a Saint, from hU tancUty.— (4) The pope. In revenge, tiaBs- lated him to Chester, which he refuse*!, and retired to Canterbury.— (5) The cardinal calebxmted by Shakespeare.— («) Was translated by the pope to York, but the chapter refusing to admit hin^ he returned to Lincoln, and the pope was obligied to revoke his bull*— (7) The famous caitiinaL— (S) Deprived for a time by bloody Maiy.— (9) The tutor of Camden, who praises Ua Ubcwlly^ « Famoas l^r dislcyslty to bU prince, and oppression of Um poor. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC 7^1 V«/^/// . i/,i,r,^/^ '<^i^//^v^//'. Digitized byCjOOQlC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VJ.OOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQIC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC . y^^ ^o/d/f/^-r V//iw.4^. _^v V /^/ ^^.//<4/^7/^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC JLIKCOILR CATHKIDMAJL, Sfiewvijj thf jrouun^ of tfu JL)of'. I .1 I 1 \ I I I — \ — r- J -"V a»P Biyf .*«PKr. . _ , . ^ <^.:%«^ tuWltr »WFW»i^ -WVKw. JL-TraiijCaiM^nr ,,..,. 'Jfe«,flmrti^njff if^mtJiiitf md sidi aisl£f , . , . . . . _ i-Tkefrmerfwaer77^}ietiima. \^ -. *Tkf ktU in^ f^:jt s-smc^ ^i.,.. LKasi»^.nm,idafl^ OOf^fl. TH/iinfl Am^^... ..... .. „.. Xi)' *wfc«j^jfjtadtSiKAam im^^^m^^m^wmM ^Jrmeftiit i^wtev Ms aarf, JMri* d»rf wJ* .fl^ ff^ W ; ^ Aorcn^in^. yti^ . .. ,..,.,. ,.,.*..,_,. ^ ^^07 i«d% » afar Abn/^ »-i*fw*r*fli>»Mii«a^^*^>/'ji»w^. .. * Wy «#•*(* ^ J' ft^;. , , .,/_,-..- '"^' - i^B^Uf^hftd. „„„- **iV^mirc jtanes- er oto Av ^«Jt meniwrvuL prelaies , ^^ »WT renwved. or despod'd .when th$ chunk was Mi»djcwuiffars bade. ... t . • -'^yvy (Uep well bel/>nffin^ to tht cathedral.- l^t-nHi;^^^^^ *.;■*■ The eattrwr length* of the auhedral is mrasureA' /horn, the kne a.a.te A§ eatrenuty of the two huitrefses e e Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC fflSTORY AND ANTIQUITIES or THB CATHEDRAL CHURCH AND SEE or 1 HE desolating band of time has swept away all authentic records of the first foundation of Laudaff cathedral. Tradition ascribes its origin to the British king Lucius, about A. D. 180^ and could we found a legitimate conclusion on the dubious data developed by the fatuous light of Welsh etymology, we should concur in the common opinion. If the name of the plac^ were really derived from Llan Taffi, i. e. the church on the Taff, it would sanction a presumptive argument in favour of its traditional antiquity : but, unfortunately, in the vague and ever varying orthography of the Welsh, the name is nearly as applicable to bishop Teliau*, Tileau, Taleu, &c. as to that of the river Taff, and may be just as reasonably called the church of Teliau as the church on the Taff. Nevertheless, it must be admitted that there are several cir- camstances which contribute to con6rm the ancient tradition, parti- cularly the dimensions and form of the original church, which was rtill extant till the beginning of the 12th century. Its simple structure, diminutive size, and without being erected in the form of a cross, are all evidences of its high antiquity. It bore evidently a strong analogy to the form of the Jewish synagogues*, and it is natural to suppose that 1 lo the liher LanAaven^, and other books, thii name is often written Teliaa, Telean,Tele*« nu, &c which have been corrupted into Teleaa. In South Wales many churches are dedicftted to St. Tetlo, and they are Icnown by the parish to which they belong bearing the name of Lou* Alo, Luaelot i. e. the church of St. Telio. Some writers allege, that Landnf is a corruption of ^Uo-or.diif, i. e. the church on thebanlcsof theTafT, as the walls of the chnrch-yaid were in pwt washed by a branch of that river. 9 In the early ages of Christianity a distinction was made, similar to the practice in conver* >U>a to Judaism, between the Jew, the Pagan, and the person or hearer under instruction to l>ecoine a Christian. We also know that the faithful always avoided any great familiarity or iotimate conversation with criminal or excommunicated persons, except to reform them, aa dimted I Cor. v. Hence the places of assembly, or first Christian churches, had four parti- tions similar to the four courts of the temple. In fh>nt was an area or cloistered court, east of it *as the building consisting of three parts. 1st, The porch, antechurch or narthex } the west end of this part was appropriated to common auditors for idle curiosity or serious inquiry, and ita caat end to catechumens and candidates. 9d, The inner narthex or church, properiy so called, the place of the faithful, consisting of a choir, chancel, solea or presbyterium, and ambo i the vest end of this part on its north and south sides was appropriated to the use of women, while the east end contained the deacons, presbyters, and elders of the church, with the pulpit or reading desk. Sd. The east end occupied by the altar, the communion instruments, and the ^iscopai throne. In the sooth or aouth-eMt of the narthex, or nnve, was generally placed tte Digitized by VjOOQ IC tANDAFP CATHBOBAL, [a. D. 49S. tbe first houses of Christian worship had more resemblaoce to the Jew* kh than pagan edifices. But the earliest authentic information respect- ing Landaff commences at the period when Dubricius, a native of West Wales, was ordained and consecrated bishop of Landaff, by Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, and Lupus, bishop of Troyes. ^Hts ordination and name prove that Christianity must have been then known and professed on the banks of the Taff, otherwise it would be difficult to account for his assumption of such a title. The Pelagian heresy was also overcome, and the new see of Landaff, by the permission and authority of king Mou- ric, or Meiric, was established, and the diocess extended over a very con- siderable region, containing 500 parishes. This monarch endowed it with large possessions, giving fisheries and other liberties and immuni- ties, free from all secular service, only daily prayers for the king. Seve- ral other kings likewise gave many churches with their appurtenances to the church of Landaff. All liberties and possessions were secured to it by apostolical authority, with a sufficient quantity of curses and excommunications against any one that should infringe them. After this, the king arose, and went round all the territory or diocess, per- forming the ceremonies mentioned in the note, ' while the bishop, pro- iMptUtery. Soch^ we may conclude, ««• Uie ditpMhion of Uic little caUiednl of landaff during the reigns of the Britons till the Norman inrasion. See a curious " Disconne concerning Lent» ahewing that most of our Christiao Ordinances are derived (torn the Jews," Itaio. 1O95. In Yareriand church. Isle of Wight, are the remains of a staircase eridently leading to a pulpit, which brings <* to remembrance the ambones or reading desks attached to the chJ Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. 0.512.] OLAVOROAirSHIRS. • fiting by tbe wealth placed at his disposal, founded several new chnrchet, consecrated David bishop of Bangor, and divided his faithful assistants 10 tbe manner best calculated to diffuse the light of religion amongst a people who had hitherto made but slender advances in civilization. This prelate placed the crown on the heads of Ambrosius and the cele- brated Arthur, whose son. Nod, gave certain lands by the river Taff to tbe church of Landaff. Dubricius ^ was promoted to the archbishop* ric of Caerleon in 513, and was succeeded by Teilo, who founded the cathedral church under the direction of Dyvrig. '' It is often," ob« serves sir R. C. Hoare, " in old writings, called Eglwys Teilo, Plwj Teilo, and Esgobaeth Teilo, the church, the see, the bishopric of Teilo. In the Triads, Teilo is joined with Dewi (St. David) and Pa* darn, under the appellation of the three holy visitors of Britain, because they went about preaching the Christian faith, without accepting any kind of reward ; but on the contrary expended their patrimonies in Ui Qourt, sod appointed two of hU disdplM, Lovll and the ftiithftil, to serve the coort* dbiribating meat and drink to all by meaaare, and suffldent, with the grace of the Boly Ghott, and that night and afterward* there was no nrarder committed in the court. TW Iciag being sensible that the evil' had been removed by the prayers of 8t. Teliao^ gsre to him three towns of his own patrimony. It fell out one day, that the swine Mooginf to a nma of Pennainn brolce Into a rkh man's com, whose name was Ttata<^ vbo Inding tlie swineherd at Pennalun, and going about to wound him with his party, he slew a child called Tiphe, nephew to St. Teliau. who interposed. Afterwards repenting, he begged paidon <^8t. Teliau, and, with the consent of king Aircol, gave himself and his two towns of Cihatoc and Fendedr in perpetual servitude to the church of LandadT.— One Cyngnain, of Dou* dciie; noMy bom, but poor and married, made so much use of his vHfe, that he had every year t chUd i and whereas they ought to have r^oiced, they were more grieved at it, because oftheir poverty, and fteqacat child-bearing, insomuch that they asked advice of St. Teliau, in their sim- plicity, about their nu»y children and want, and what to do in that case. St. Teliau told then he saw no other remedy but that they shoidd ahatain from carnal society. Accordingly thry ab- stsined seven years, till, being in despair with it, they cune together again, the woman con- ceived and brought forth seven sons { and thus as they were still unchristened, they carried them towards St. Teliau, saying, *• In an ill hour we took St. Teliaa*8 advice i we are 111 bur- dened J let us either drown or give them to him to take care of them.** St. Telian being abroad, foand this man at Rft-tHutri, by the river Tuf, drowning his children, whom he took from him balf dead, baptised and brought them up, placing them afterwards at Lann Teliau, otherwian csllcd Lndgfrgusr, because they lived upon nothing but Ash, for they daily found seven flshee «pon a rock or stone, provided by God, and therefore they were called Dt^fingrguyTf because they lad been ibood in the water and fed trith flsh, DibrugWffr, in the British language, signifying *atciy mm. St. Teliau coming to visit them, they there found the usual seven fishes upiams cpiscopns Laodavensis,etabindenon multopost translatus est ad archiprasulatum Urbia I>8ion«m in Sath Wallia per regem Aurdium Ambrosium, et duravit vir longevns in sede ipsd •Ridepiscopali usque ad teropora nobillssimi regis Britonum Arthuri, quern menu propria Mrmaaiit et coronatione benedixit. Rou. Warwick. Hoare. Dubricius was buried In the island ^flMI, bat hie asbet were removed to Landaff cathedral in II9Q, by Urban, ^e lived to a Digitized by VjOOQ IC LAt^DAPP (Cathedral, [a. o. 1130. alleTiating the wants of the poor : be was one of the most distin- guished saints of the I^ritish church, and lived in the latter part of the 5th and beginning of the 6th century.*' From this period till after the Norman invasion, very little is cor- rectly known respecting the see or prelates of Landaff, except that its bishop was one of the seven British prelates who attended the synod of Augustine, held at Oke, in Worcestershire. In 1107, Urban, archdeacon of LandafF, was raised to this see, and consecrated by archbishop Anselm. He found the bishopric in so deplorable a condition, and its revenues so reduced by the bad management of his predecessor (Herwald), that instead of affording a sufficient competency for the maintenance of twenty-four canons, thej ^erc scarcely adequate to the support of two ; and the church having suffered much during the incursions of the Normans in those parts, had nearly fallen to the ground. Stating this grievance to poi)e Calix- tus 11. at the council of Rheims, in 1119, he obtained from him cir- cular letters to the king, the archbishop, and his own diocesans, ear- nestly exhorting them to contribute towards the necessary repairs of the church, which was only twenty-eight feec long, fifteen broad, and twenty high. Having raised a considerable sum of money, be pulled down the old ruins, and commenced, in April 1120, a new stnlcture, which was 300 feet in length, eighty in breadth, and thirty in height. It was built with hewn stone, adorned with two lofty tur- rets on the western side, and a most splendid chapel, dedicated to our Lady. When the fabric of the cathedral was completed, he added residentiary houses for himself and his canons, and then devoted hit attention towards the recovery of the immense estates which had been unjustly usurped and alienated from the see by Bernard the Norman, bishop of St. David*s, and Richard, bishop of Hereford : but during the prosecution of these suits, he died on his journey to Rome, in 1 133» where sentence had been pronounced by the pope in his favour. It does not appear that the church received any very considerable additioji after the demise of this prelate for several centuries. Respecting the erection of Landaff cathedral, a question has arisen which merits some attention. It seems to have been taken as an un- questionable fact, either in consequence of then* military cruelties * or their obstinate nationality, that the Welsh have always been deficient great age, being 80 yean a bishop, and Anally, having rrsigned his archbishopric of Caer« leon, retired from the world to solitude and prayer in the island of Enlhi, now Bardtey. He left behind hiro some Latin declamations. 5 It is admirably observed by sir R. C. Hoare, bart. that '< the history of a brave people straggling for liberty and independence, must be interesting to every Briton ; but when, on perusing the annaU of this nation, we find them stained with a continued detail of the moat barbarous acts of rapine, murder, and devastaUon, that interest and syinpatby which ve ahoaM Digitized by VjOOQ IC A.D, 1130.] OLAMOB6AN8HISB. ID native genius ami skill in the arts, that they were incapable of erecting iDj splendid edifice, and that they were, and are, people of very limited iut ^llectual powers. Such general inferences, founded on supposed measuref of human intellect, are invariably false and injurious to all parties j they detract from merit and obstruct improvement on the one hand, while, on the other, they minister only to the weakest prejudices, and retard the progress of independent reason. It requires but little know? ledge of man to discover that the Welsh have been and are in pre* cisely the same state, with respect to intellectual endowments, as all other countries which have had but little commerce with their neigh- boars or distant nations. Diversity of character amongst every people is the result of foreign intermarriages, and not the exclusive endow* mept of one race or nation more than another ; it is a consequence of social civilization, which the propagation of the Christian religion hap exalted in Europe to a point unknown in the other quarters of the world. Hence we may discover the baseless fancy on which an entire system of moral, political, civil, and architectural history has beea founded. The rev. William Harris, ^ prebendary of Jjandaff, in 17^3, ascribed the building of the present cathedral, under the direction of Urban, to the Flemings^ and the hon. Daines Barrington considered the Welsh as unable to construct any work of defence beyond a ram- part of sods, before king £dward the first taught them tjbe art of for- tification. In this opinion he has been implicitly and blindly followed by nearly all the tourists and writers (except Malkin) on Wales. And Pin- kerton, in his various compilations, has fancied himself wondrous wise in giving caricature representations of this nation, and pronouncing dogmatically on the alleged stupidity of the Celts. The conclusion is so illogical, so irrex:oncileable with weH-known facts, and altoge- ther SQ contemptible, that it would be unworthy of notice did it not iDiDister to the indolence of the thoughtless scribbling tourist, and fos- ter the most injurious prejudices. " If (says Malkin) the ignorance of the pecq^le was so profound, and the population so scanty, that no na- tive prince or lord could have built Caerphilly ^ castle in the 13th cen- otberwlse feci for their cause, if guided by justice and hmnanity, is considerably lessened ; and ve no longer lament that a cause conducted on principles so revolting to human nature, should not hare been attended with more prosperous success.** Introduction to Giraldus de Barri's Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales, in 1188. 6 This gentleman, in a learned and ingenious paper on the Boman stations in South Wales, «*terre8, «• In those ages (about W17) the Flemings were the best master builders j* and they were concerned in the present work (Caerpbyli castle), as appears from some thin brass Flemish pieces which were lately found here, as well as at the late repairing of Landaff cathedral. This Is coaiirmed by Godwin, who, in his Lives of the Bishops, mentions bishop Poor, of Salisbury, ■oidiog abroad for workmen to erect the present stately beautiful cathedral much about the ■ame time j and when the old free-school of Leicester was taken down, within these 90 years, tbcj found under the foundation great numbers of Flemish brass coins.** Archaeologia, ii. 19. 7 South Wales was divided into Lordships Marchers; the lordship of Glamorgan was sub- '^vided into a great mimy petty lordship*, in every one of which their Iprds exercised jara rv;galia^ (ej . Digitized by VjOOQ IC LAHDAPF CATHBDRAL, [a . D. 1478. tuiy, where were the woriLmen found to design and execute the cathe- drals of Landaff and St. David's so long before ? Yet skill in construct- ing works of defence may be supposed, in a warlike and turbulent age, to have preceded the less obvious aud more recondite taste for ediOces of pious magnificence. If the church drew its architects and labourers from England or the continent, to perform what the natives were io* capable of accomplishing, surely thestate must have possessed some power to command or some opulence to entice the assistance it required.'* This silly imputation on the Welsh seems analogous to the once com* mon notion, that there were no stone edifices in England before the Norman invasion, and that the Sa3U>ns, a warrior race like the Britons, could do nothing but fight. Many illiterate pretenders to a knowledge of antiquities have triumphed in proclaiming this absurd assertion, ia the same manner as the talents of the Webb have been unjustly and ignorantly depreciated. An investigation of the Saxon annals has dis- abused the public in one important point, and no doubt a liberal publi- cation of the Webb antiquities Avill equally illustrate another. John Marshall, elected bishop in 1478, decorated the cathedral with a new altar-piece of free-stone, painted with roses and hyacinths alter- nately. The northern tower was built by Jasper, created duke of Bedford in 1485, and is the only one now remaining entire. (See pi. 1.) ^'The last alterations (observes the learned baronet above cited,) and innova- tions, I may add, took place about 1751,' when a Grecian temple resenring however to the rabject a right of appeal to the court of the chief lord, or, u he was termed, the lord parunoiuit. They, •• Independent tovereignt, had their pariiamtnts, coorts of justice, and other executive and jurisprudential offices, in which they, and not the king of England, were supreme. They did not hold of the crown, hut jMf fFadlaw, and were geoesally, for their greater safiety, in close alliance with the king of England, but not his suljecti^ excepting where they held baronies or estates in England. King Edward had no jurisdictioB at that time in Glamorgan. He could not possess an acre of land there but as a subject to the lord of the country. In subsequent ages, indeed, in consequence of intermarriages, the lordship of Glamorgan derolved on the king of England, who of course disposed of it at bb pleasure. By Heniy VII. it was united with others to the crown, which enabled Henry VIII. to incocponoe Wales and England. Edward I. conquered North Wales and the esutes of Dinevowr in South Wales} but the lordships marchers of Glamorgan and Pembroke, with those of Denbigh and Flint, and parts belonging to the carls of Chester and Shrewsbury, continued independent of the crown till incorporated by Henry VIII. These circumstances prove that it could not be Edward I. who built Caerphilly castle. From the historical documents deduced by Welsh •«- thors, it appears that John dc Bruse built it in 1Q91, and that it was subsequenUy angment«il by Ralph Mortimer, Hugh Spencer the son, &c. As to the lordship of Glamorgan, there are at iMst ftO ancient buildings still remaining in the district, universally understood to be the halls ip which the courts of legislation and justice were held for the respective petty lordships. They are now commonly called church houses, and belong to the parishes they happen to stand In* These halls are large rooms, to which the ascent is by stairs from vrithout. They are at present used as school^rooms, and occasionally for dancing, an amusem^t still very common in GU- moi^anshire, though now beginning to decline. Tlie ground-floor apartments under these balls are used as almshouses for the poor of the parish, and are in most instances about three In num. ber, in a few four, in some others only two. It also appears, by some ancient surveys and other accounts of the lordships in which they stand, that before the reformation a market was held in each of these halls every Sunday morning, till the tolling of the first bell, which was a notice for the mariiet to ceaM. The second bell was a signal of prepamtion for church, and the third lor the commencement of divine service, during which no door but the church door was allowed to be seen open. See AfUMn's South Wales. • <*FromUMiiiqairteewbkhIhi«ciMd«atUoda;iamiiiclbMd to Udiik that Woo4 Digitized by VjOOQ IC A, D. 1753.] OLAM0BOAN8HIRB. Started up within the walls of an elegant Gothic cathedral ; its unna- tural and unseemly appearance has been so often and so justly criticised and condemned, that I shall pass It over in that silence which it so amply merits. The ancient building presents a mixture of Saxon and Gothic architecture, but the latter preponderates : the western front is richly omaniented with lancet windows of various heights and dimen* sions : over the entrance doorway to this front is the figure in relief of a bishop, holding up one hand in the act of benediction, and in the other his pastoral staff, intended probably to represent either St. Da« bricius or St. Teilo ; in a more elevated part of this front is another figure sitting, with a book in one hand and the other uplifted. On the north and south sides of the building are two Saxon doorways (see pi. S), the latter very rich in its decorations ; on entering the west- em portal, the greater part of the nave and two side aisles appears in ruins : three Grotbic arches remain on each side, and from a fragment still left we perceive that the windows in the upper story were divided into three compartments, the centre arch the widest. The columns are taper and clustered, their capitals varied and very neatly sculp- tured, resembling the delicate foliage of the Corinthian order; many of the small heads, with which che rest of the arches terminate, are fiill of expression. The Italian facade of the present church inter- ' sects the ancient nave 3 and the choir has been completely Italianized ; the side aisles are Grothic, and the same light and airy style prevails in the lady's chapel, opposite which, behind the choir, is a Saxon arch, ' the only specimen I saw of thatorder^ excepting in the doorways before mentioned.*' The church has neither transept nor central tower. This is generally allowed to be the most ruinous cathedral church in South Britain. It suffered considerably during the rebellion in the reign of Henry IV. A violent storm, notwithstanding its low situa- tion, in 1703, also damaged the west end and other parts of the ruins. " It stands," observes Malkin, ^' as seems to have been the fashion in this part of the country [and in all the west of England] for buildings of great account, in a bottom, surrounded by rising grounds that over- look its highest battlements. It serves, therefore, neither as a beacon nor ornament to the neighbourhood ; but its situation, when you come to it, is awful and monastic, interspersed as it is with religious remains, and partially overhung with wood or clothed with ivy." It has indeed all the local advantages which seem to have attracted the attention of the first Christians in their selection of pious residences. Nevertheless the same writer concurs in the popular notion, that " the dedication of (the BaUi architect) was the designer of these ill-judged innovations : the date of 175ft, inscribed upon the keystone of the new door, ascertains the period in which they took place.** Hoare*s OinddttS» Itinerary, i. p. HO. Digitized by VjOOQ IC LAMDAPP CXTHEDfikh, [a.D. l/ST* St. Fagan^s chnrcb to Christian worship is much more aDcient than that of Landaff, according to the account both of the English and Welsh writers, none of whom place the arrival of this missionary later than the second century." Were there authentic evidence of this fact, according to the custom of the first missionaries, it would contribute to estat)Ush a belief in the great antiquity of Landaff^ as its contiguity to St. Fagan*s must have contributed to their mutual security. The castellated palace of the bishop was once " a residence suited to the dignity of the see 3 but nothing now remains, except part of the outer walls and a very stately gateway. This mansion is supposed to have been built at the same time with the cathedral, and to have been destroyed by Owen Glendower in the same rebellion by which that venerable edifice suffered. Jt probably was never rebuilt or repaired | nor does it appear that the bishop since that time has ever possessed a fixed residence at Landaff 3 the consequence of which is, that the chap- ter only assembles annually at the time of audit. The site of the palace DOW belougs to what is commonly called the court of Landaff, a man* •ion adjoining, and is formed into a garden. To those who look for the population and magnificence attending the episcopal stations in £agland, the appearance of a Welsh city Js attended with considerable surprize and disappointment ; and although the situation of Landaff ia beautiful, and has several elegant residences belonging to dignitariet and other gentlemen, the houses of the poorer people lying away from the traffic of the main road, and yet collected into a town, have unusu- ally little of that neatness and accommodation which either cleanly retirement or the more frequent intercourses of society afford. It is to be observed, that none of the houses in Landaff belong to the dignita- ries of the church in tlieir official capacity.*' The monuments^ in this cathedral are neither numerous nor in good condition : their actual positions will be found in the accompanying 9 Anong the tinguUr ancient, and perhaps laudable, cottoms of the people of Glamorgan- •Ure, may be noticed their funeral or sepulchral ceremonies. The late rev. W. Mason has cele- brated them in a very tender and pathetic «legy of somewhat unequal merit, written la m. churchyard of South Wales, in 1787. And round that fane the sons of totl repose. Who drove the ploughshare, or the sail whospx«ad 1 With wives, with children, all in measur'd rows. Two whiten'd flint stones maric their feet and head. While these between full many a simple flower. Pansy and pink, with languid beauty smile } The primrose opening at the twilight hour, And velvet tufts of fragrant camomile. For, more intent the smell than sight to please. Surviving love selects its vernal race Mason's Works, 1. p. IIS. The stones at each end of the graves are whitened with lime every Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide } and it is a very ancient and general practice to plant flowers on the graves, so that many dnircfayardt have something like the splendour of a rich and various parterre. Besides this, it is usual to^tKw the grates with flowiera and^vergreens, within the church as well as out Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1807J •LAMOROANSUIRB. ground plan. Sir R. C. Hoare fouod tbem so totally diflfmut from what they were when Browne Willis made his surrey in 17i7> that, in his Yaloable annoutions to Qiraldus, he was obliged to design an entire new plan. In the north aisle opposite the altar is a large-proportioned igure of a skeleton in a shroud^ under a Gothic niche, which has attracted considerable attention, and been much admired. " Many fanciful and ridiculous traditions/* observes the worthy baronet, '' have been attributed to similar efligies, which are very common in onr old churches, and were roost probably designed as emblems of mortality.** At the upper end of this northern aisle was the chapel of the Matthews* fimily, in which two fine alabaster monuments are still extant. The recumbent effigy of a knight in armour, booted and sparred, with a boa at his feet : the proportions of this figure are lai|;e, and are 4aid to represent David Matthew the €keat, who was standard- bearer to king £dward the 1 Vth, and was mordered at Neath, by some one of the TsrbcrviUe ftmily, with whom he was at variance. Opposite tbia chapel, and on the north side of the Lady chapel, is a very rich tomb, painted and gilded, representing a male and female figure in alabaster : the former clothed in armour, short hair, hands uplifted, and a Ikm of it, Uirice at least erery year, on the same principle of delicate retpect as the stones are whit- ened. Ko flowers or evergreens are permitted to be planted on grates hat such as arc sweet- scented. The pink, polyanthos, sweetwilllam, gilliSowers, carnations, aignionctte, tfayaic* hyssop, camomile, and rosemary, make up the pious drcorai ion of this contecratcd ground. TsUps, tumsolca, pionies, aneaooes, and many other beautiful flowers, are nerer planted on grsres because they are not sweet«scented. This tender custom however is sometimes conTcried hrto an instrument of satire ; so that where persons have been distinguished for their pride, va* Biiy, or any other uapopolar qnality, the neifhbours whom they mmy have olISnMlod plaat theat also by stealth upon their graves. The white rose is always planted on a virgin*s tomb, while tte red is appropriated to the grave of any person distinguished for goodness, and especially bene- volence of character. At Easter and Whitsuntide the graves art dressed, mooidcd up and wed* and always by the near relstivfcs of their inmates, but never by servants or hired persons. " In addition to theae customs, it may be otaerved,** aays Maikln (more judiciously thui usual with visiomry speculators on perfectability,) ** that when a young couple are to be married, their ways to the church are strewed with sweet-scented flowers and evergreens. When a young un- married person dies, bis or her way to the grave is also strewed with sweet flowers aad evergreens | and on such occasions it is the usual phrase, that those persons are going to their nuptial beda* not to their gvaves. There seems to be a remarkable coincidence bet wee n these people and the ancient Greeks, with respect to the avoiding of ill omens. None ever molest the flowors theft grow on graves ; for it is deemed a kind of sacrilege to do so. A relation or friend will occasion- ally take a pink, if it can be spared, or a sprig of thjrme, from the grave of a bek>ved or respected person, to wear it in remembrance } but they never take much, lest they should deface the growth on the grave. There is In the worid an unfeeling kind of false philosophy, which will treat such habits with ridicule. But theae etegaat and highly pathetic customs of Snoth Walee make the best impressions on the mind. What can be more affecting than to see all the youth efboch aesea in a village, and In every vlllafe throtigh which the corpse passes, dressed in their best apparel, and strewing with sweet-scented flowers the ways along which one of their beloved neighbours goes to his or her marriage bed 1 Whatever subdues the wild, harsh, and unruly pasdons to reaaon, to josiice, and to beneveleooe, dviUses in the moat proper sense of the word. In vain do we object that philosophy would refer these feelings of the heart to the sitper- ititioos pn^ndlces of ancient and unenlightened dajrs. Where pngudices of this sort involve thosewho entertain them in despondency or bigotry, they are the enemies of ear nature i but those superstitions, if such they be, are its friends, which lead the mind into a general suavity of leafier, bomwiity and kindness of sentiment, homility without servile adulation, seal in the service of our fellow-creatares according to our power and knowledge, lectitnde of action, and pmpriety orbebavioor." Malkin*s SmOi Wak$, ii. &IS-4. (ij Digitized by VjOOQ IC t AND AFP CATHBDKAL^ [a. D. I7l7* Bt his feet; the latter habited in long loose robes^ rich and singular head-dress^ and ruffles round her arms. Nine figures were once paiuted on the wall at the back of this monument, but the heads of two onlj are at present discernible. The base of this altar tomb is richly deco- rated with small figures, chiefly in religious habits ; in the centre are two holding a shield of arras^ on which Is a lion and a griffin, the coats of Morgan and Matthew; these figures have a singular ornament attached to their backs resembling wings. Round the edge of the tomb was an inscription to Christoph. Matthew and his wife, recorded by Willis. On the south side of the north aisle, opposite the chancel, are Che rudely-sculptured effigies of two prelates. At the north-east end of the south aisle is the figure of a female very finely sculptured in alabaster, habited in a long loose robe, which covers her feet, and veiled : at the back of this monument are the figures of two monks, holding an escutcheon of arms. The personage here represented is said to be Christian Audley, the wife, perhaps, of John lord Audley, a person of great property in these parts, who was very active in suppressing the in- surrection of Owen Glyndwr. On the south side of the cathedral it the chapter house, ** where,*' remarks sir Richard, '' 1 saw with regret the disjointed remains of a most elegant and costly tomb of alabaster, scattered about in the wildest disorder. It represents the effigies of a knight in armour, with hands uplifted, bearing a dagger on bis right side and a sword on his left ; his hand rests on a helmet, and his gaunt- lets lie by his right side : at his feet is a lion ; near him reposes a female, habited in long robes, with a curious head-dress : the base of this tomb was of the same materials, richly painted and decorated with small figures of knights and monks in separate niches.** This is proba- bly the monument attributed by Willis to sir William Matthew, of Arady, about a mile distant from Landaff. '' The different parts of this tine monument, though disjoined, are in a good state of preserva- tion, and might still be preserved.'* The church contains many other sepulchral monuments of less note, and amongst them two attributed by tradition to St. Dubric and St. Teilo, but on no good authority. Part of the site of the bishop's palace is now occupied by a large man- sion house belonging to the family of Matthew. At a short distance, on the north-west of the church, is a field called Llan-y -wraith, which contained some very extensive ruins of a building under the brow of a hill, and which were supposed by Wotton and others to be the remains of B castle belonging to the archdeacon of Landafi*, that was destroyed by Owen Glyndwr. These ruins extended forty-eight yards in length by twenty in breadth ; and it is certain that the palace or castle of the archdeacon must have been very magnificent, as^ in the reign of Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1812.] OLAMOROAMSHIRB. Henry II. that prioce was entf rtained at the residence of tbe archdea« con when bis majesty was on his expedition to Ireland. But all these edifices have passed away^ and from being the most splendid seat of episcopal dignity in Britain^ Landaff is now become the most destitute of almost every kind of clerical residence. An audit house, near tbe comer of the churchyard, was built for the chapter, which assembles once a year : in an apartment of this bouse is a library, founded by bnhop Davies since the restoration ; this worthy prelate gave it a fine collec- tion of the fathers from the ^ to tbe 8th century, a very fine copy of St. Chrysostom (the £ton edition) , with Bellarmines's Controversies, and several of the classics. There was a library belonging to tbe cathedral before the civil wars, but it was dispersed by the fanatic and ignorant rebels ; part of it, and great heaps of common prayer books, were burnt at Cardiff, in a manner evincing the most wanton malignity and dia- bolism. To add brutal insult to despotic fury, the cavaliers of the country, and the wives of several sequestered clergymen, were invited to the castle to warm themselves in a cold winter's day at the fire made of the books which were then burnt. It is not, therefore, surprising, that the tSkcts of such unparalleled depredations should still remain, and that scarcely any thing but the name of a cathedral now appears at Landaffl '* If," observes Wotton, just a century ago, *' there were not prayers read every day, and the ecclesiastical courts and offices thereunto belonging constantly held in it, and kept in the village just by, there would be very small signs of its being the mother church of so populous and wealthy a diocess." Unfortunately, the reading of prayers every day has long since been abandoned, and it is not even every Sunday that divine service is performed in the morning in English and intiie afternoon in Welsh, ** as was tbe custom. It is matter of serious regret and incalculable importance to the well being of society, that tiie cathedral service has here been entirely suspended above a century, 10 Were Uie senrice in tbe caUiedml conducted in a proper manner, and with a doe regard to the oatiooal character, neither religion, morality, nor common decency, would be to disgrace- Aillj ootraged by jumping, bellowing, and other methodiata. IHyden*! oouplet, - in his JUUgh Lmd, may well be applied to these people : «' The tender page with bony Atts was gall'd. And he waa gifted most that loudest bawl*d.** Malkin obserres, " It is very remarkable that great immoralities do not prerail in any part of Wales, not eten in places contiguous to large mannbctories, especially if the English lan- guage hiqipens to be but little spoken. One reason for this, probably is, that though there aic accounted to be about 9000 books in the Welsh language, there are none of immoral tendencies, Booe that pnq^agate principles of infidelity. Indeed, so alive are the common people to tbe dignity of their own literature, that it is probable no modem refinement in either branch of instruction would be tolerated, but would, on the contrary, expose its author to tbe indignation of his countrymen.** This is also partly attributed to their general acquaintance with their own legendary writinp, yet many singular and injurious superstitions prerail. ** It is a well knows fact," says Miss Spence, in her * Summer Excursions,* *' that whenever a new dove* cot Is built, the general belief of the oonntiy people (eten among the wcU educated) is, Uwt tbe owner will not •unrlTe the year." Digitized by VjOOQ IC LANDA7F CkTBEDJiAh, [/k. D. 18l6. and tbat the organ's solemn sound should be almost nnknown to the Welsh, who are naturally so fond of music. The Cromwellians, *' who only in destroying found ease to their relentless thoughts/* having desolated the place, there were no longer houses for the dignitaries to reside in ; and the subsequent poverty of the establishment has rendered it impossible to rebuild them. This state of things loudly calls on the legislature and the country gentlemen of the diocess to reflect on the consequences^ and resolve at once to commence the work of re-edifica- tion. The undertaking is worthy of the talents and principles of the present prelate who has so nobly> and, we must be pardoned for say- ing, successfully, defended the outworks of our admirable ecclesiastical establishment. Every day furnishes new evidence of the profundity of his premises and the irrefragable justness of his conclusions. Under the direction of such an able spiritual chieftain, we may yet live to tee Landaff cathedral placed in the same state of pioos and exalted devotion which distingubhes all our Bnglisb cathedrals. " The members of the cathedral,*' observes Willis, *' are a bishop, who in the statutes, it is said, is stiled qucui decanus, and has, besides the epMcopal throne, the decanal stall in the choir ; an archdeacon, treasurer, chancellor, and precentor, who wiib nine prebendaries, making in all fourteen, constitute the diapter. The other members are two priests- vicars, a school-master, verger, and bell-ringer. Here were, aliout 1696, four lay- vicars, an organist, four choristers, and a chief or Latin school- master ; but these were laid aside, to apply their stipends towards repairing the fabric of the cathedral.** A con- temporary writer, who cannot be suspected of any partiality either to religion or to its professors, earnestly expresses his wish that " the att- pends of the lay-vicars, organist, choristers, and Latin pedagogue bad accumulated till this time ; for the pains which the present chapter have taken in clearing away the rubbish, that the well*aculpturefl remains may be commodiously seen, together with a laudable anxiety for their preservation, as far as depends on them, all seem to argue that they would have carried on the line of the nave, if hot in a style of corresponding magnificence, at least with neatness and consistency.*' This most unimpeachable testimony in behalf of the good intentions of the chapter, sufficiently proves its want of resources ; and even the present bishop may have acquired some power,* and perhaps more exten- sive means, of being useful to his church ; but he certainly has not gained any pecuniary advantages by the change of the Margaret professorship for the prelacy of LandafT, which is the poorest see in the kingdom. The diocess extends over three fourths of Glamorganshire and nearly all Monmouthshire, and some parts of the adjoining counties. It ii all (mj Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. 6. 1388.] 6LAM0KGANSHIRB. Undef the eccleslastlcaV jurisdiction of tbe archdeacon of Landaff, and includies tbe deaneries of Liandaff^ Groneatb or Cowbridge, Aberga- venny, Nctberwent or Chepstow^ Newport and Usk, containing above 9SS chnrcbes and cbapels. Of tbe long scries of prelates wbo governed tbis see, many of tbem are particnlarly distinguished for tbeir zealous piety and secret devo^ tions. During tbe prelacy of Oudoceus, Odoceus or Owdoc, many Synods were held here to regulate the affairs of the church, which then acquired such immense wealth, so much so, that Crodwin observed^ ** if it enjoyed the tenth part of that with which it has been endowed, iSrst and last, it would be one of tbe richest churches in Christendom, whereas it hath now hardly sufficient to repair itself ; and the bishop- ric is grown nnto that low ebb, that divers benefices in tbe diocess yield more profit unto tbeir incumbents, than that unto the now bishop.*' Joseph was a pious good prelate, tvho died on a journey to Rome ; and bis successor, Herwald, filled the same .see forty-eight years, but left It reduced to insignificance and penury by tbe Norman wars. Urban, ks already stated, commenced the erection of tbe present walls. Nicho- las ap Gwrgant was stiled bishop of Glamorgan, and assisted at the consecration of Durdent, bishop of Coventry. It appears that bishop Godwin erroneously interposed one Geffrey, wbo was bishop of St. Asaph, between this prelate and Uttryd or Uutrid, in the see of Lan- daff. Hervey, prior of Abergaveuny, divided tbe church . dominions into fourteen prebends, as they still are, and appropriated to himself and bis successors tbe revenues which they now enjoy, and left tbe rest to the chapter, which was before his time united with the bishopric, . and tbe possession not severeil. Philip de Staunton, precentor of Wells, is omitted by Godwin, but introduced by Le Neve and Willis as succeeding W. de Breuse or Bruce, about the time that the earls of Gloucester and Hereford bad seized tbe possessions of tbe bishopric, and disposed of tbe church preferments as they thought proper. John of Monmouth was a liberal benefactor to his church, and made great exer- tions to obtain for it something like justice and equity, instead of in- cessant plunder and rapine. Fuller has recorded his merits among tbe Worthies of Monmouthshire. T. Rushook or Runshooke, was a Do- minican friar, confessor to Richard II. ; this circumstance led both to bis elevation and his fall ; for when the barons rose in arms against the king, be was banished tbe court, and his property confiscated, after he was translated to Chichester. William de Bottlesbam, D. D. was a preaching friar, greatly esteemed for his learning, but much more for his eloquence, which obtained him tbe favour of Richard II. and be was translated to Rochester. Bromfield^ a monk of St. Edmonds- Digitized by Google LANDAFP CATHEDRAL, [A. D. Jt^T^. bury, abbot of Silva Major^ near Boordeaax, and master of the din-, nity school in the pope's palace, was by papal provision raised to the see of Liandaff j he was a very learned man, but of a very *' pragmatical hmnour.** John Burghill or Brughill, another Dominican, and con- fessor to Richard II. was translated thence to Lichfield, where he *' deserved so well and so ^any ways of all orders of the church, that he was prayed for in the church publicly, as their greatest benefactor.'* Miles Solley is recorded by Grodwin as having built tbe chapel, hall, dining-room, and kitchen, to the episcopal palace. Creo. de Ategua or Atiga, a Spanish Dominican, and chaplain to queen Katherine, was raised by the pope to this see, which he probably occupied nearly twenty years, till tbe reformation had advanced too far to be obstructed by intrigue or superstition. R. Holgate supported the measures of the king, was raised to Landaff, and at the dissolution translated to York^ where he was deposed by the sanguinary Mary. Ant. Kitchin or Dnn- stan is reproached with having impoverished tbe see to his own advan« tage, and also with being a time-server ; but perhaps the latter accu* sation may have partly originated as a supposed consequence of the for- mer. U. Jones was the first Welshman preferred to this see during 300 years. William Morgan, another Welshman, became bishop of Lan- daff, and, with a conscientious regard for the eternal welfare of his countrymen, translated the Bible into the Welsh lai^uage. With bisb(^ F. Crodwin, every antiquary either is, or ought to be acquainted, however true churchmen may forget the zeal of his immediate succes- sor, whose puritanical principles, when unrestrained by some previous christian discipline, fully developed themselves in the conduct of his son, one of the most bigotted and virulent enemies of episcopacy under the parliamentary domination. Field was an author of several tracts, and translated to Hereford. Morgan Owen was raised to this see un- der the auspices of archbishop Laud ; but such was the heartfelt gra- titude which animated this ancient Briton, that he died suddenly on learning the tragical fate of his patron and benefactor. Hugh Lloyd, archdeacon of St. David's, for his in flexible fidelity, was raised to this see by Charles 11. The beneficence of bishop Davies, in founding a library, has already been noticed. The life of Dr. Beaw or Beawes^ was singularly chequered. When puritanism had infatuated the go- vernment and country, this divine, at the visitation in 1648, was expelled from New College, Oxford 5 he then went abroad and engaged in the military profession, in which he distinguished himself. On the restoration he returned to his country, was admitted with honour into his collie, and, in 1679, was raised to the see of Landaff, as a slight acknowledgment for his sufferings and virtues. Bishop Clavering was (0) Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1816.] OLAMORGANSHIKB. tnnslatdi to PeCerborongb ; be was one of oar most distingnisbed icbolare, Regius professor of Hebrew in Oxford, ami, according to Rtcbardsony in bis additions to Godwin^ a fellow of University Col- Ifj^, and canon of Cbrist Cburcb, altbough Chalmers makes btm a felbw of Lincoln. Harris was dean of Hereford and Wells ; the latter be beld in commendam. Mawson was translated to Cbicbester ; Gilbert, dean of Exeter, was soccessively translated to Salisbury and York . But tbe prelate, of wbom tbis see and kingdom must ever be proud, bas recently paid tbe debt of nature. Tbe veneration which delicacy denied to tbe living, may now be indulged to tbe memory of tbe deceased divine and philosopher ; and while time hallows bis im- perishable fame, posterity will progressively reap new advantages from bis exalted beneficent labours. As one of our first and best modem che- mists, be will long receive tbe grateful respect of our manufacturers and artizans, who have, in some cases, profited more perhaps by bis expe- riments than those of almost any other experimentalist. Few persons are now aware of tbe degraded state of all chemical knowledge when bttbop Watson's '* Chemical £ssays" first appeared ; tbe dreams of alchemy, tbe ravings of astrology, and the confusion of ignorance and superstition, filled nearly all the volumes then published on the subject of chemistry. His correct and luminous historical details, bis logical precision, admirable collection of facts and rejection of fables, syste- matical arrangement, and perspicuous conclusions illustrated by and founded on many altogether new and highly curious experiments, first gave tbe character of science to chemical researches, rendered them popular as tbe most useful and most delightful of all natural studies, and contributed to mature those Baconian habits of legitimate induction and correct thinking, which have happily expelled tbe mists of infide- lity from our shores, and made science, as tbe sister of truth, tbe fairest handmaid of religion, morality, and honour. To him are Cbaptal and many other French chemists, indebted for all that is truly scientific in tbeir voluminous works. His papers in tbe Philosophical Transactions, and particularly bis experiments on a thermometer with tbe bulb painted black, first suggested to tbe French chemists some of tbeir best expe- riments on light and beat, and prepared tbe way for those brilliant discoveries in '' physical optics," by British philosophers, which do honour to tbe age and to our country. When arrogant sciolism armed itself with tbe weapons of infidelity, it wan only to be combated by tbe light of reason and superior knowledge, with tbe shield of science. For tbisenviable service to humanity no man was better qualified than our late prelate : bis vast erudition, and bis familiar acquaintance with every kind of natural or physical and intellectual phenomena, enabled him to (PJ Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1816.] LANDAFP CATHBDRAL, OLAMORGANIHIRK. ubfold the analogies, delineate the similarity, and even, in some to demonstrate the identity of natural and revealed laws, thus giving a most triumphant and inoontroyertible answer to the cavils of deists and the perverse mania of atheists. His admirable and masterly. '' Apology for Christianity, in Letters to Thomas Paine/' made a much greater impression on the mind of that profligate wit, than his lordship^ could either hope or expect ; and it is afact within the personal knowle^e of the writer of this, that it laid the foundation for his sulisequent be- lief in and partial conversion to the faith of Christ, which the stubborn pride of authorship, even in his dying moments, would not allow him candidly to acknowledge. As a patriot also, no less than as a dirine and experimental philosopher, his lordship was distinguished in the roost difficult occasions. To appreciate, however, his lordship's talents and virtues, or delineate his character, would indeed require volumes | it is enough to observe, that he lived to a venerable old age, and witnessed the hand of retributive justice on the traitors to their coun- try as well as on the blasphemers of their God. Happily for his diocess and for the church of England, his successor is every way worthy his throne, and has already proved himself eminently quali- fied to combat successfully the malign spirit of levelling or of deism, in whatever new or plausible character it may assume. DiMBif sioirs or the cathedral. External Lengthy 370 feet ; Jnttmal length, 2A& feet. Ditto •Breadth of the MTe and its •isles, 70 feet ; ditto cHMncel ami iu nisles, (6 Height of the cieliog, 65; ditto of the aisles, 9S feet. Length ot the nave in ruins, about 70 fnet. OBSCRIPTlOlf or THB PLAVCt. Plate 1. North-etst Tiew of the Tower, shewing part of the Nave and the north entrance into its aisle, which is through a Saxon arch richly ornamented. The three lighu in the upper win- dow of the tower are composed of delicate stone tracery, consisting of losengcs filled with quatrefoils. Plate ft. A flne Saxon Door, leading Into the south aisle of the nave. It is a curitms and remark- able fact, that in addition to the usual Saxon omamenu, we find the exterior moolding a perfect and highly finished Grecian fret. Plate 9. Part of the Ruins of the ancient castellated palace of the bishops i the duster of square towers, covered with Ivy, formed the great entrance. In the distance appears the tower of the cathedral. Plate 4. East End of the Cathedral, which now exhibits a small modern round-headed window in the place of its ancient pointed one : those in the sides of the chancel are of much earlier date. This vlcW is taken near the banks of the river Taff, and affords some picturesque rustic scenery. Plau 5, Shews the ivy-dad Ruins of the South-west Tower, the fine Saxon Door leading into the ruined part of the nave, with part of the nave and side aisle of the church, as now detached IVom the dilapidated west end. It had formerly a great bell, called St. Peter, which was re- moved by Jasper duke of Bedford, taken to Exeter, and exchanged for five bells to his own tower. Place t bishop, 6. Cathedral, that of Landaff, the most minous of any in south Britain, gi all authentic re- cords of iu foundation lost, a i endowed by king Vonric or Meiric, b i the church fimnded byTdlo, a suffers much by the Nonnans», d; rebuilt of hewn stone by Herwald, ib. j its^ uchitecu and labourers supposed to hate been drawn trom England and the continent,/} its architecture a mixture of the Saxon and go- thic, f .—Ceremonies, funeral, of the people of Glamorganshire, * N.— Churches, form of the ancient Christian, «N. j original church of Landsff, iu strong analogy to the form of the aodent Jewish synagogues, a. Dabricios, first bishop of Landafl; h } burled In the island of Enlt, c N. } his ashes removed to Luidaff cathedral, ib.— DIocess contained MO perishes in the reign of king Mouric, ft.— Deaiis, list of r.— Dimensions of the cathe- dral, 9. Front, western, richly ornamented with lancet windows, f. Gfaunorganshire, foneial ceremonies prac- tised by the people of, * N.— Qlyndwr, Owen, destroyed the castle of the archdeacon of Lan- daff,jk. Harris, rev. William, author of a paper in the Archaeol. 00 theBoman stations In Wales, e K. { ascribes the building of the present csthedral to the Flemings, «.— Henry 11. en- tcitaiaed at the palace of the archdeacon of Lnidatf; I — Herwald, biihop. Alls the see for- ty-eight years, «; which he leaves reduced to iMigniflcance and penury by the Norman ws, ib.— Herrey, prior, divides the church dominions into fourteen prebends, «. — House, diapter, contidns the remains of an elegant •Isbaster tomb, *} described by sir R. C. Boare,ib. Idon, king, legend of, ft N.— Innovations, 01 judged, designed by Wood, the Bath archi- t*(t, /N.— John of Monmouth, a liberal bene- fcctor to his church, «| his merits recorded by Puller among the worthies of Monmouth- •bire,ib. Lsndaff, little known of its see or preUtes ftom the fifth century till after the Norman (evasion, dj beauty of iu situation, ft.— Le- gnds of Telian, ft N.— Library, founded by bishop B uries , l| contains a fine collection of ^fkthers, a very fine copy of St. Chrysos- toia, kc ib. Mtnfaall, bishop, erects a new altar-plece «f free stone./.— Mason, the late rev. William, cxtiact tnrn an degy written by him, ft N.— mmrktd at tk$ bottom of the Uft iido ; the Utter v. for note. Mathew, David, standard bearer to Edward IV. m a conviction of Its utility, *• and in attantloa to the wiahaa and prayers of the food people of this land." 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'. /r,^/'ly>f ..''/;.•/.. r'r.r,',y, I ,>/\ / that he was dissuaded by his friends ; and, in regard to his personal devo- tion, consented to use two altars, one for the idols of the Pagan Saxons, and one for Christ. Eorpwald, his successor, had more con- sistency in his belief; and his example produced many imitators amon^ his subjects. On his death, however, they relapsed into paganism, and the voice of truth was mute^ or heard only by the retired and thinking few, until the accession of his brother Sigeberhc, who had been banished into France. The reign of this prince affords a me- morable epoch in the annals of East Anglia. While oppr^ed by adversity, and residing in France as a banished man, he had found consolation in the doctrines of that religion which is the friend of the distressed } and, on his accession to power, he restored it throughout his realm with an ardour proportioned to the warmth of his pious gra- titude. But the system under which Christianity was received amongst the Anglo-Saxons was not yet the religion inculcated by the scrip- tures i — a position which, in the person of this king, was exempliSed in an injurious and degrading point of view. Unconscious that he should fulfil many of the necessary duties of a christian by an active performance of social obligations, Sigeberht abdicated his throne, and buried himself so deeply in monastic seclusion, that, on the occurrence of an alarming invasion, he was drawn from the retirement of the cloister by force ; and, when placed, as a shadowy pageant, at the head of his armed subjects, refused to wield a weapon of assault, and bore a wand in his hand. Thus voluntarily defenceless, he fell amongst sacrificed heaps of his discomfited people. But, however perverse and deformed might be the religious opU nioDS of Sigeberht, his employment of power, while he sat on the throne, was munificently directed to the spiritual, if not to the tem- poral, welfare of his subjects. He caused churches to be raised, and a public school to be built. Several monasteries, also, are said to have been founded through his piety and liberality. In the design of such works it would appear that he was aided by the counsel of mea who possessed more enlarged views, and a greater activity of benefi- cence, than himself. The principal of these was Felix, a Buigundiaa priest, whom he invited from France, and entrusted with the solemn charge of inculcating the tenets of Christianity, and superinteoding their progress. The persuasive eloquence and zealous exertions of this churchman, sustained by the royal example, succeeded in obtaining great numbers of converts ^ and a regular system of ecclesiastical government was speedily formed. The kingdom of East Anglia was constituted one extensive diocese, and Felix was appointed the first Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 870.] NOawiCH CATHBOBAL. bishop. lo the exercise of his new and important duties^ he evinced so much energy of character, that he triumphed over the adverse political circumstances of the time, and continued to preside over hit diocese after the death of the pious, but weak, prince, whose autho« rity had been instrumental in rendering Christianity the established religion of this district. He is believed to have sat as bishop for about seventeen years ; and, on his decease, A. D. 647, was canonized ; thus affording the first instance of a titular saint in the eastern divi« sion of the island. The two immediate successors of Felix forbore to interfere with the ecclesiastical arrangement which descended from a hand so sacred and revered ; but Bisus, or Bosa, third in succession from the sainted Ftlix, who was consecrated in the year 669, found his duties oppress sive as he sank into old age, and he divided the diocese into two parts, one of which was to comprise Suffolk, and to have its see at Dun- wich ', and the other to consist of Norfolk, with its see at North Elmham^. The annals of the East Anglian episcopacy, while subject to this division, are involved in great obscurity. £leven successive prelates are said to have presided over Sufiblk, and ten over Norfolk; but no authoritative intelligence can now be obtained concerning the acts, or character, of either of these bishops. East Anglia, indeed, experienced during those ages a change in its political circumstances fatally injurious to religious freedom, and repugnant to all such arts of civilization as were favourable to lettered record. The Danes, benighted in Pagan superstition, and trained to believe that bloodshed and rapine were human virtues, effected the conquest of this petty kingdom in the year 870, and were subsequently permitted to settle here, even by the great Alfred in the midst of his victories. Accord* ing to the tenour of the treaty under which this permission was granted, the unwelcome settlers were to embrace the christian faith ; and baptism was, therefore, received by them, as an unavoidable political obligation. They, however, proved, on every occasion in whh:h the Saxon sword was feebly wielded, that their professions of Christianity were merely nominal, and that they were anxipus to apostatize with rancorous fervour. In nearly every ecclesiastical 3 Danwkh. once a city of considerable commerce and opulence, but now reduced to the character of a troall and mean tillage, it situated on the sea-coatt of Suifolk. at the dUtancc of akmt fo«r miles from the town of Southwold. The present ruinous state of this town is en- tiiely caused by the repeated encroachmenU of the sea, which liave gradually undermined, and carried away, whole ranges of domestic buildings, and several churches with their attached 4 Elmbam, situated in the hundred of Launditch, Norfolk, speedily sank into vilUge liu- »mty when deserted by its bishop. Here are some few traces of a castellated structure, which was occasionally inhabited by the bishops of Norwkh in ages long subsequent to the translation of Uie sec from thU place. CO Digitized by VjOOQ IC KORWICU CATHEDRAL. [a.D. 1075» $jnod held so late as the tenth century, occnr laws against the exer- cise of Pagan ceremonies, which act as indubitahle testimonies of the pertinacity with which many of the Danes cherished the barharons superstition of their forefathers. Into so utter an ohlivion have fallen the ecclesiastical records of these distracted times, that some writers believe the two sees of Dunwich and Elmham to have remained un« occupied nearly a century ; but Wharton, with more appearance of probability, supposes the succession to have been unbroken^. Wybred, or Wired, who was consecrated about the year 871, re- united the two bishoprics, and seated himself at Elmham. The see remained at that place during a succession of thirteen prelates ; re- specting whom, however, little is recorded that evinces an active attention to their pastoral duties. But, whilst estimating their con« duct, we must not forget the peculiar difficulties under which they laboured. Refractory, and disdainfully illiterate, the Danes^ who constituted the predominating population of East Anglia, were steeled by prejudice and ferocity against the tenets of a simple and peaceful faith. Hopeless of ameliorating tempers so rugged, or disgusted with the spectacle of anti> christian associations, which neither argument nor the arm of power could effectually dissolve, two successive bishops of Elmham retired from their post, and fled to the pious, but in* glorious, shelter of monastic seclusion. Egelmare, or Ailmar, pre- sided over this see at th6 time of the Norman conquest ; but was expelled in the year 1070, in attention to the decree of a synod held at Winchester. It is not known that any serious crimes, or important omissions of duty, were laid to his charge -, nor were such errors, indeed, necessary to the expulsion, at that juncture, of a richly-beueficed ecclesiastic of Anglo-Saxon extraction. The con* queror, with obvious policy, and natural partiality cowards his coun- trymen, took speedy opportunities of supplanting with his own fol* lowers those churchmen who were attached to the ancient dynasty. Herfast, or Arfast, bis chaplain, who was afterwards chancellor of England, was now advanced to the bishopric, as successor of Egelmare. This active Norman speedily evinced all the ambitious spirit, and magnificence of views, which were characteristical of his nation. It will be remembered that an order was issued from London, by Lanfranc, in the year 1075, for the translation of episcopal sees from recluse villages to populous towns. In obsenr- ance of this decree, Herfast endeavoured to obtain possession of the wealthy abbey of Bury, with the intention of fixing there his pastoral residence i> and, when unable to execute this wish^ he moved his sea 5 Anglia Sacra, p. 480. Digitized by VjOOQIC A. O. 1119.] Nt)RWICH CATHEIXRAL. to Thetford, then the principal town within the limits of the Ea«t Anglian diocese^ and which is still marked by the ruins of ecclesias- tical and other edifices of great ancient splendour- At that place he is said to have built a cathedral church, in which he was himself afterwards buried. But no traces of such a structure are now distin- guishable. Herfast died in the year 1084, and was succeeded, as bishop of Thetford, by William Galsagus, who was also chaplain and chancellor to the king. This prelate, who amassed great wealth, chiefly through the bounty of his royal master, bequeathed the larger part of his property to the bishopric over which he had presided with exemplary activity. It is observable that the record termed Domes- day was compiled during his prelacy. This eminent benefactor to our diocese resigned his life and honours about the year 1091, and was succeeded by Herbert de Losing, or Lozinga, who acquired the •ee by purchase, the cost being iCl,900! — For the above, and other simoniacal practices, Herbert was cited to appear before the pope ; and, besides the forfeiture of his polluted staff and ring, was commanded, by way of penance, to build certain churches and monasteries. In performance of these acts of atonement, he commenced a new cathe- dral church at Norwich, and translated hither the see which had so often varied in situation before it found a durable resting-place. The foundation-stone of the new cathedral was laid A. D. 1096; and, shortly after, were begun the episcopal palace on the north side of the cathedral-church, and a monastery on the south. Sixty monks were placed in the latter building, whose foundation- deed was s^pied by the bishop, in the year 1101. Although the progress of these structures is not to be ascertained by positive record, we shall shew, in a future page, that the principal divisions of the cathedral, and part of the palace, bear evident marks of the architectural style which prevailed at this period, and are, therefore, confidently in- ferred to have been erected under the notice of the founder, who presided over this see for twenty-eight years, and died in 1119.-^ Having thus traced the see to the place of its permanent establish- ment, and noticed the foundation of that solemn pile which forms the architectural object of the present article, the purpose of com- pendious information will be best answered by a review of the most important actions in the lives of such succeeding prelates as are conspicuously identified with the interests of this diocese, by con- ducing towards the buildings of the cathedral, or are memorable for eminence of talent, and for the part which they took in public transactions. On the decease of bishop Herbert, there occurred a vacancy of Digitized by VjOOQ IC KORWICH CATHBD&AL. [A. D. 1288. three years; after which Eborard^ who had been chaplsuD to his pre- decessor, was advanced to this see. During his prelacy many Jews who were resident in Norwich experienced great severity of treatment; and, in return, they are said to have crucified a boy, named William, who was promptly proclaimed a martyr, and was canonized. Eborard founded the hospital and church of St. Paul^ in Norwich, and made large additions to the cathedral buildings. He was succeeded by William Turbus, who had been prior of Norwich, and who evinced the pride and bigotry of his temper and principles, by advocating the causie of that haughty churchman, Becket, archbishop of Canterbory. In the time of this prelacy (A. D. 1171) the cathedral was much damaged by an accidental fire. The injuries caused by this calamity were repaired by his successor, John of Oxford, who, likewise, added some almshouses to the episcopal convent. In the person of the sixth bishop of Norwich, we have a memorable instance of the acquiescence of king John in the wishes of the pontiff of Rome.^ Fandulf, who entered England as the pope's legate, and whose ia« trigues were greatly detrimental to the dignity and solid interests of the country, was promoted to this see, through the influence of that monarch ; and was consecrated in 12!22. He introduced na* merous Italians, his countrymen, to such benefices as were in his gift ; and obtained from the pope a grant of all the first fruits of the clergy of his diocese. * These, in observance of his example, were, likewise, claimed and enjoyed by his successors, until the altera- tions effected in ecclesiastical affairs by king Henry VIII. Walter de Suffield, consecrated A. D. 1244, improTed the buildings of his cathe- dral by the erection of a lady chapel, since demolished ; and alio built and endowed the hospital of St. Giles, in Norwich, for pilgrims and poor travellers. The prelacy of Roger Skeming was marked by various calamitiea, in which the cathedral and city almost equally shared. The former was much injured by fire, in the course of a serious contest which took place between the citizens and the monks ^ and, in the year 1266, the city of Norwich was plundered, and many of the inha- bitants murdered, by some of those desperate barons who had been deprived of their estates, as partizans of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, and who occupied a strong hold in the Isle of Ely. The cathedral was sufficiently repaired for the performance of divine service in 1278^ at which time it was again consecrated by bishop Middleton, in the presence of king Edward I. and queen Eleanor. Ralph de Walpole, elected to this see in 1288, contributed liberally to the buildings of the cathedral, and commenced the cloister hereafter to (fj Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1415.] HOBWICH CATHEDRAL. be noticed. la these works he was emalated by bis successor^ John Sahnon, who displayed great talent and integrity in the senrice of the state, ander the ill-fated monarch Edward 11. and filled the office of chancellor of England. William de Ayreminne, seventeenth bishop of Norwich, was also chancellor and treasnrer in the same reign. In the first year of Edward III. he obtaued a iiceuce to fortify his epis- copal palace and manor-houses, and to surround them with embattled stone walls. The annals of our diocese are disfigured by the name and fate of the succeeding prelate, Anthony de Beck ^; whose arro- gance and tyrrannous disposition are said to have incurred the hatred aod contempt of all parties and ranks. The mode in which the op- pressed inflicted vengeance, unhappily proves that they were so san- guinary and treacherous as scarcely to merit better treatment.— Poison, the vilest medium of assassination, was administered to him by his own servants, at the instigation, as is supposed, of the aggrieved monks. William Bateman, his worthy successor, was a native of Norwich; and is memorable for having founded and endowed Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; which collegiate institution was designed by him for the purpose of providing clergy for his own diocese. Thomas de Percy, fifth son of the second lord Percy, of Alnwick, was promoted to this see at the early age of twenty-two years ; and evinced the noble spirit of his illustrious house, by contributing largely to the repairs of the cathedral, particularly in the instance of re- building the steeple, or spire. Dying, A. D. 1369, he was succeeded by Henry de Spencer, who is known to posterity from his warlike temper, and for a spirit of religious intolerance which induced him to become one of the most active persecutors of the sect denominated Lollards. This martial prelate distinguished himself in the continental wars of his era, on the side of pope Urban VI. in opposition to Clement VII. and in behalf of hb sovereign, Richard II. against the French king. A durable and cucioas monument of the zeal with which he defended the pre- tensions of the infallible church, still exists, in the instance of the structure termed Erpingbam's Gate, erected by sir Thomas Erping- ham, in the way of penance for Lollardism^. Richard Courtenay, a member of the ancient family of that name long seated in Devonshire^ was honoured with the esteem of king Henry V. by whom he was employed in several embassies, and other state employments. He died before the town of Harfleor, during tbe siege of that place in 1415; — an ungracious spot for the decease of a minister of peace, and one 6 At a circumftaBce of anUqnariaD iDtelUgence, It may be remarked that de Beck U re- corded a« the first bUhop that caused hit own armt to be engraved on the epltcopal teal. 7 See thU building noticed, page (n) of the pretent article. Digitized by VjOOQ IC NORWICH CATHEDRAL. f A. D. 1536. that might create some saprise, if we failed to recollect that the clergy were, in the unlettered ages, frequently preferred, on account of their monopoly of erudition, to the office of political negotiators. William Alnwyk, or Alnwyke, installed at Norwich, in 1426, proved his attachment to this see, and the liberality of his disposition, by expending considerable sums on the repairs and embeUishment of his cathedral, and the palatial residence. Several succeeding prelates have, also, left to their biographers the pleasing task of commemo- rating acts of generosity and public spirit. Thomas Browne, trans- lated hither from Rochester, bequeathed a sum of money for the foundation of exhibitions for poor scholars, natives of this diocese, pursuing their studies at either of the universities. Walter Lyhart, or Hart, maintained twelve students at the university of Cam- bridge; and his architectural embellishments of our cathedral are still denoted by a sculptured hart, the rebus of his name. James Goldwell, prothonotary to the pope, and ambassador to the court of Home from king Edward IV. obtained from his holiness the grant of a perpetual indulgence, towards the repairs and decoration of his cathedral. According to the tenour of this papal grant, all per- sons who annually made offerings in this cathedral, on Trinity Sunday and Lady- day, were to be allowed pardon for the term of twelve years and forty days.* This precious boon appears to have had the desired effect; and, aided by a contribution from his own purse, and the further sura of 2,200 marks, obtained for dilapidations, of the executors of his predecessor, the bishop not only repaired the damages which the cathedral had sustained by a fire in the year 1463, but greatly improved the buildings; placing a new roof of stone on the choir, and erecting ornamental chantry chapels. Bishop Goldwell died in 1498; and, after one intervening prelate, who sat for little more than twelve months, was followed by Richard Nix, or Nykke, whose name is deservedly branded with obloquy by all protestant writers, and must be held in abhorrence by the temperate of every religious persuasion. It is stated by Fox that five persons were consigned to the flames, under his sentence, for differing in sentiment from the mode of Chris- tianity established by the civil power. Id obedience to the test de- creed by government, on a change in the regal notions, he took the oath denying the supremacy of the pope, but still intrigued in secret with the court of Rome. He lived to present a miserable spectacle of sublunary retribution. In his old age he became blind, and sank to a despised grave by tardy stages of extreme bodily decrepitude, and further oppressed with disasters of fortune produced by his own dupli- city and intolerance of disposition. rhj Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. O. 1560.] KORWICH CATHEDBAL. The page of faithful narration has yet to witness another stain.—* William Rugg, or Reppes, when fellow of Gonville Hall, Cambridge, was instrumental in advancing the views of Henry VIII. respecting the divorce of that monarch from Catherine of Arragon ; and was rewarded by a promotion to this see. He received the mitre, how- ever, under degrading circumstances. Previous to his installation, an •act of parliament was passed, separating the barony and revenues from the see, and annexing them to the priory of Hickling. In return, the barony and inferior revenues of Holm, were granted to the see. These inadequate revenues were injured by Rugg, to the extent of his opportunities, through the grants of long leases, annuities, and pensions. His proceedings were so flagrant, and his general demean- our so derogatory to the just dignity of the bishopric, that the gentry of h 18 diocese presented a remonstrance to king Edward VI. and he consented to resign, on receiving an annuity of £200*. The respecta- bility of the see was in some measure restored by the nomination of Thomas Thirlby, who was translated to this place from Westminster, being the only bishop that ever presided over that short-lived diocese. We are now arrived at the severe reign of Mary, the misguided queen who bears the whole weight of that censure for sanguinary religious persecution, which ought, in justice, to he shared by her tyrannous father. John Hopton, chaplain to the bigotted Mary, was promoted by her to the see of Norwich ; and evinced all the detestable cruelty £imiliar to the age, in his treatment of the protestants. From these mitred monks we turn with pleasure to John Parkburst, who had been preceptor to the good bishop Jewell, and was elected to this see in 1560. He passed the greater part of his time at the episcopal palace, which buildiug he is said to have much improved ; and appears to have obtained, by mildness, urbanity, and lettered elegance, a greater power over the public mind than could be derived from in- quisitorial rigour. Such were the prelates — chequered in character, but, in some in- stances, of exemplary worth— under whose domination the stately fabric of our cathedral church was progressively erected. As few alterations of importance have been effected during the sway of more e The following serere Hnet were published, In allotioa to the lubtervient temper, and tamillating poverty, of this bishop :— '* Poor Will, thou rugged art, and ragged all. Thy abbey cannot bless thee in such fame ; To keep a pallace fidr, and stately hall. When gone is thence, what should maintaine the same. First pwf thy debts, and hence return to ceU, And pray the blessed saint, whom thou dost serve. That others may maintaine tlie palltue well. For if tk is said by Blomefield to have erected the choir and its aisles, together with the tower and transepts. The prevailing character of these parts of the church (with an exception of the tower, which appears to be of later Norman) renders it probable that the chief fundamental por- tions of his work are still remaining, although some alterations and additions are evident, which display different modifications of the pointed^ or English, style. The present stone roof of the choir, con- sisting of fine groined- work, was erected by bishop Goldwell, in the time of Henry VIl. ; and the upper windows were contributed by the same prelate. The east end is semicircular, and, while it retains in the second ,ticr of arches the original Anglo-Norman work, consists^ in other respects, of additions and repairs. In this division of the church are the bishop's throne, of modem constmction ; and the chancellor's stall, composed of fragments of ancient carved wood, (U Digitized by VjOOQ IC NORWICH CATHEDRAL. [a. D. 1430. The cbapels of Jesus and St. Luke, each divided into two compart- ments, exhibit some peculiarities of architectural arrangemeDt^ and are interesting appendages to this part of the building. — ^The north and south transepts evince, in most parts, the simplicity of the Nor* man style 5 but the stone roofing to both was erected by bishop Nix, about the year 1 509. — The internal part of the tower is open to a considerable height, and is divided into ornamental compartments, comprising a gallery which leads to the battlements and spire, an arcade, or series of blank arches, and a range of windows producing^ the effect of that open fabric of stone-work termed a lanthorn. Bishop Eborard, the successor of Herbert de Losing, is said to have built the '' nave, or body of the church, and its two aisles, from the anti-choir, or rood-loft door, to the west end ».**— This part of the church is of narrow proportions, but still is august and impressive, from the dignified simplicity of its architectural character. We here behold, in long and uninjured succession, the semicircular arches of the Norman style, together with its massive piers, and appropriate ornaments, few and weighty. It is observable that the ancient part of the nave, although built at a later date than the choir, exhibits the same simple and ponderous character. The vaulting of this part of the cathedral was erected by bishop Lyhart, who was promoted to this see in 1445 ; and, like the stone roof in other parts of the church, is finely executed, and decorated with various pieces of sculpture. The screen across the nave was, also, erected by bishop Lyhart. This cathedral contains few monuments that are interesting to the antiquary, or to the lover of the arts, although most of our prelates, and many other persons of some historical note, have been buried within its walls. The only enriched monument, with a statue, at present in the cathedral, is commemorative of bishop Gold well, who died in 1498. — ^The cloister on the south side of the cathedral was begun by bishop de Walpole, in 1297 5 and, after various contribu- tions from succeeding bishops, and from the gentry of the diocese, was finished in the year 1430. The dimensions of this fine ambulatory are given in a future page 5 it may be here observed that the windows, which are forty-five in number, afford interesting specimens of the architectural styles which prevailed during the ages engaged in its completion. The inner roof is richly adorned with groining and sculp- ture. Two of the gates, which formerly assisted in securing the col- legiate precinct, are deserving of inspection, as curious and well-pre- served architectural specimens. St. Ethelbert*s, or St. Albert's, gate was 9 Bloroefleld't Histoiy of Norwich, ii. 1. Cm) Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1638.] NORWICH CATHEDRAL, erected at the charge of the citizens of Norwich, as an atonement for the injuries which they committed on the cathedral huildings during their tumultuous behaviour in the year 1372. Over the arched gate- way is a chapel, exhibiting the architectural style which obtained in the time of Edward 1. The £rpingham gate was erected by sir Thomas Erpingbam, towards the close of the fourteenth century, in expiation of his supposed religious error in favouring and disseminating the doctrines of Wicliff. Over the highly-enriched arch of this fine gate-house is a statue, in a kneeling posture, with the hands clasped, believed to represent the valiant and pious founder. — The bishop*t palace is situated on the north side of the cathedral, and is an exten- sive pile, erected by various prelates, in styles of architecture as dissi- milar as the manners of the ages in which they respectively flourished. Some subordinate parts exhibit the early Norman mode of building, and are, probably, the remains of the palatial edifice originally con- structed by Herbert de Losing. At the eastern end is the episcopal chapel, a structure destitute of architectural interest, erected by bishop Reynolds, in the seventeenth century. Such are the principal buildings appertaining to this see. Some further particulars connected with their history, are involved in a notice of the most distinguished prelates who have presided over our diocese since the era of the reformation. The mild doctrines of the protestant faith were ably preached, and their efficacious operation on the individual and social character illustrated in an exemplary manner, in the person of Richard Corbet, preferred to this see from the bi- shopric of Oxford, in 1632. Attached, from conviction and principle, to the church of which he formed a dignified member, he upheld her rights with firmness, but tolerated every devious opinion which was restrained within the bounds of morality and decorum. He is prin- cipally recollected for his virtues, but is well known as the " facetious and witty** author of a collection of ** Sundry Pieces of Poetry," printed after his decease. This worthy bishop died in 1635, and lies buried in the choir of the cathedral, near the altar-steps. An im- proved edition of his poems, with notes, and a memoir, by Mr. Gil- christ, was published in 1807. He was succeeded by Matthew Wren, father of the celebrated architect, who opposed, with a stronger but less judicious hand, the growing puritanical temper of the age. On the removal of bishop Wren to Ely, Richard Montague was pro- moted to this see. The literary productions of this prelate once attracted great notice, and produced a warfare of the pen, in which we are told " the king, the lords, and the commons were all en- gaged.** But, as these writings were chiefly of a controversial na- Digitized by VjOOQ IC NORWICH CATHEDRAL. [a. D. 1641. ture, they have shared the usaal fate of party effusions, and are now little known and less regarded. The attention and sympathy of the inquirer into episcopal history are naturally excited towards the churchman whose severe trial it was to wear the mitre during the rage of those civil wars in the seventeenth century, which produced fearful confusion to the civil state, and temporary ruin to the hierarchy. Joseph Hall was hishop of Norwich at that tremendoos juncture ; a man conspicuous for vigour of mind, cultivation of talent, and lihe- rality of disposition. In the early part of his life he had filled with honour several distinguished offices ; and his numerous writings evince his ability of discharging, with public. benefit, the important pastoral duties with which he was invested in advanced life**. Bnt strength of mind and extent of erudition were dangerous qua- lifications iu the esteem of the new political powers ; and he soon became a marked object of dread and dislike. After a confine- ment in the tower, he was expelled his see, and retired to the village of Heigham, near Norwich, where he continued to exercise the only privilege of which he was not bereft by anarchy — that of preaching the doctrine of mercy to the misguided, and of peace to allr-nntil relieved by death, in the eighty-second year of his age. In the domestic seclusion of the quiet village to which he retired, he had ample need of consolation from the faith which he taught ; for he was frequently disturbed with intelligence respecting the havoc com«> mitted by the deluded commonalty, in his cathedral and former epis- copal residence. An account of these ravages has been preserved by the bishop himself, in his curious treatise intituled '' Hard Measure;*' and he dwells with earnest regret on the injuries sustained by the win- dows, the sepulchral monuments, and the sculptured embellishments of the cathedral. The episcopal chapel was ultimately reduced to a state of ruin by its fanatical enemies, although they were, for a time, pursuaded to rest satisfied with decapUaiing such figures of canonized churchmen as were represented in the windows of stained glass". The palace, also, experienced great indignity and dilapidation. The hall of this building was first used as a place of puritanical meeting, and was afterwards pillaged and destroyed. Several other parts of the palace were divided into tenements, and let to poor families. Many of these evils admitted of no remedy; but considerable 10 The works of bUhop Hall hare been lately collected, and reprinted in ten fohimei octaro* with a memoir of the author, by the rer. Joaiah Pratt. • 11 It will be recollected that flgu ret often occur in ancient painted windows, which hare transparent glass substituted for the compartment originally representing the head. Such insunces of substitution proceed from the partial injury committed by the warlilce zealots of the serentcenth centmy. Digitized by VjOOQ IC ▲. D. 1805.] NORWICH CATHBDRAL. repairs iTere effected, where practicable, under the prelacy of Edward Reynolds, who was advanced to this see in the year 166Q. This bishop bad acted with the Presbyterian party in the time of the Common-Wealth, bat proved, in a more settled state of public affiurs, an exemplary dignitary of the national church. Sir Thomas Gooch^ bart. translated hither from Bristol, in 1738, is deserving of hononrabie commeiponition asiong the many excellent prelates who have adorned our see. By this bishop were instituted, in the year 1742, two societies hi Norfolk and Suffolk, for the benefit of dis- tressed widows and orphans of clergymen, who had possessed ecclesi- astical benefices in those counties. The cathedral underwent con* siderable repairs during this prelacy; and some alterations were at the same time made in the choir, and at the altar'*. The palace, likewise^ experienced judicious improvements. Further alterations were effected in the eastern part of the cathedral, under the direction of bishop Tonge> in the year 1763. Greorge Home, promoted to this see in 1790, was distinguished- by various writings tending to the advance* ment of sound religion and good morals. His '* Letters on Infidelity*' are very generally known, and much valued. Dying in 1792, he was succeeded by Charles Manners Sutton, who was promoted hence, in the year 1805, to the metropolitical see of Canterbury. In the same year Henry Bathurst, LL. D. was elected to the see of Norwich, and is the present amiable and respected prelate. Some few historical events connected with our cathedral church in the times of recent bishops, together with a statement of the extent of the diocese, are reserved for notice in these concluding para- graphs. — Ib the month of June 1801, a threatening fire broke out at the west end of the roof, but was fortunatel^it discovered and sup-* pressed before the occurrence of any serious damage. A repair of nearly the whole interior of the cathedral took place in 1806 1 at which time a wash, of one light colour, was bestowed on the stona roof, and other improvements were made, under the direction of the late Bfr. Wilkins, architect. Some repairs of the west front have been lately executed, under the care of Mr. Stone, of Norwich. The diocese of Norwich comprehends the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, together with eleven parishes in Cambridgeshire; and is divided into the four archdeaconries of Norfolk, Norwich, Sudbury, and Suffolk. The number of parishes comprised in these populous dis« tricts is believed to be about one thousand, three hundred, and fifty- is A nainnce of long prefslcnoe was luppretaed by this bishop. The common panne from Uie dose to the palace was, prerious to bis time, through the nave and north transept of the cathedral. He made a new entrance, and put a stop to this Indecorooa thoroughfares (p) Digitized by VjOOQ IC NORWICH CATHEDRAL. [a. D. 1818. three. It is worthy of remark that the hishop has a seat in the house of peers^ as ahbot of Holm, in consequence of the annexation of that abbacy to the bishopric of Norwich, in the reign of Henry VIII. The dean is the head of the chapter, which consists of six prebendaries^ by whom are annually elected the following officers : — a sub-dean ; a treasurer -, a commissary ; and a proctor. The under- named official persons, appertaining to the cathedral, are appointed hy the dean : — six petty, or minor, canons j a deacon j a reader of the epistles 3 a sacrist ; a precentor ; and a librarian. There are, likewise, an organist^ eight lay-clerks, or singing-men; a master and eight choristers ; a beadle ; two vergers ; and two .sub- sacrists, or bell-ringers. DIMENSIONS OP THE CATHEDRAL. LENGTH from east to west 411 feet; do. from west door to tlie choir 230 fieet; do. of the choir 165 feet; do. from thence to the entrance into St. Mary's chapel 35 feet: do. of the cross aisles trom north to south I91 feet.—BREADTH of the body and side aisles 71 feet^HEIGHT of the great steeple 313 fect^—CLOlSTEKS ; the width of the cloister, within the walls, is 14 feet inches ; the extent ot the eastein aisle. f>om nortli lo south, is 175 foet 2 inches ; 174 feet 9 inches from east to west on the north side; 173 feet 6 inches on the south side ; and I76 feet on the west. — H EIGH r ot the vaulting is nboui 15 feel.-- (For the dimeosions of Uie Cloisters we are indebted to ArchiUcturai Antiqfutiea, vol. iii ) DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Plate 1. Shews the South Transept, and part of the Cloister. Plate i. A View of the Choir, taken within its entrance from the nave. The groined Roof of this entrance appears above. On the right is the Bishop's Tlirone. Plate S. Kepresenu the greater part of the Exterior of the Nave, together with its South Aisle. In front are seen paru of the South and West Sides of the Clouter. Phue*, An Interior View of the Nave, with the Screen erected by bishop Lyhart, and the En^ trance to the Choir. The Organ appears above j and, in the distance, are seen parts of the Arches which support the great Tower. Plate i. The West End of the Cathedral. In the distant wall is the Door of Entrance to the Pftlace, made by order of bishop Gooch, to avoid passing though the Church. Plate 6. This view is taken on the bank of the river Yare, in the immediate vicinity of Bishopsgate Bridge, and shews the Cathedral, part of the City, and the elevated square Keep» or Tower, of the Castle. This latter structure (which is an interesting specimen of Saxon, or Norman, architecture) is now u«ied, with additional buildings, as a gaol for the county off Norfolk. Plata 7. Displays the East End of the Church, vrith the projecting Chapels dedicated to Jeaus and St. Luke } the Soutli Transept ; and the curious Norman Tower of this Cathedral, lur- ^mouuted by a lofty and elegant spire. Plates. Shews part of the Palace, together with the Episcopal Chapel, and an ancient Gateway* which is left standing as an ornament to the grounope a grant towards the lepain of the cathedral, ib.} greatly Im- proved the structure, ib.— Oooch, sir Thomas, p } many alterations and improvements made |»y him in the cathedral, Ib. Hall, bishop, filled this see in the time of Che civil wan, o} his character, ib. } expelled his see, Ib. — Helens, wife of Constant! us, her probable residence in the eastern part of Bri- tain noticed, «v— Herfast, bishop, if } wished to dbtain possession of the abbey of Bury, ib. } unable to execute this wish he moved the see to Thetford, d t } said to have built a cathedral there, e.— Hopton, bishop, chaplain to queen Mary, t} evinced much religious bigotry, ib.— Home, bishop, p. Lollsrdism, a gate erected by sirT. Brplng- ham by way of penance for, g n.— Losing, Herbert de, acquired the see by purchase, e} erected a cathedral church at Norwich, ib. i presided over this see twenty>eight years, ib.— Lyhart, bishop, his embellishments of the Cac thedral denoted by a sculptured Aorl, &• Middleton, bishop, consecrated the cathe- dral in 1278, /.—Monastery, built by bishop de Losing, «} sixty monks placed In the building, ib.— Montague, bishop^ «.— Monn- ments, this cathedral contains few that are interesting, m } one commemorative of bishop OoldweU, ib. Nix, or Nykke, bishop, A} Intrigued in se- cret with the court of Home, ib. } severely oppressed Mth disasten and bodily decrepi- tude, ib. Oxford, John of, repaired the cathedral after damages done by fire, /. Palace, episcopal, n } built at various times, Ib } reduced to a state of ruin In the civil wan, o.— Pandulph, bishop, entered England as pope's legate, /.— Psrkhurst, bishop, « } greatly improved the Episcopal palace, ib.— Percy, Thomas de, gi contributed largely to the re- paire of the cathedral, lb. } rebuilt the steeple, or spire, ib. Redwald, King of Esst Aaglia, «w— Reynolds, bishop, p } Rogg, or Reppes, bishop, Instru- mental in advancing the views of Henry YllU i} rewarded by a promotion to this see, ib. i severe lines in allusion to bis subservient tjcmper and poverty, ib.N. Salmon, bishop, ^f} filled the oflke of chan- cellor, ib.— See, divided by Bbus into two parts, c } annals of the diocese involved in great obscuri^ while subject to thU divUion, ib. } the two bUhoprics re-united }fy Wybred, who seated himself at Elmham, d} see trans- lated to Thetford by bishop Herfast, d e } and finally to Norwich, e.— Sigebehrt, king, b } restored chriftianity with pious seal, ib. ; whep at the head of hU armed sulgects ref^ised to fight, ib. f and fell amongst heaps of his people, ib. } several monasteries said to have been founded through his liberality, ib.— Skemii^-, bbhop, hb prelaqr marlud by vari- ous calamities, /.—Spencer Henry de, f } an active persecutor of the sect called Lcrilards, Ib. } distinguished himself in the contlnenut wan of his era, lb.— Suffield, Walter de, /} erected a bdy chapel, since demolbhed, ib. } Sutton, bishop, p. Thlrlby, bbhop, translated hither firom Westminster, i ; Turbus, bishop, successor to Eborard, /} advocated the cause of Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, ib. Walpole, Ralph de,/} contributed libenny to the buildings of the cathedral, ib. } com- menced the dobteraib.— Wren, bishop, a* Yonge, bbhop, p. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Of EUutAngUaf or Dun- wick. Felix 630 Thomis 648 Boniface 653 BiBuiy or Bom 669 Bee Divided. Dmnmiek, Etto Astwolph Radferth 734 Cuthwia Alberth Eglaf Heardred Alsin Tidferth Weremund Wybred North Ekmhmn. Bedwinus 673 Nortbbert 679 Headulac 731 Edelfrid 736 Lanferth 766 Atbelwolf 811 Unferth Sibba 816 Hunfert 884 Humbert, St. 8S6 Sees United. Elmhnm. Wybred Theodred I. TbeodredlL Albulf 963 Aiifric I. 966 Edelsune 975 In^U 1101 William Turbus Heliat Ricbard Ranulf Jobn EIric Tancred Girard Wm.de WaUbam Randulpb William Ode William Castleton 1538 Jobn Salisbury 1539 J. Cbrlstopberton 1554 Jobn Boxball 1557 John Harpsfield 1558 Jobn Salisbury 1560 Cieorg;e Gardi ner 1 573 Thomas Dove 1589 BISHOPS. 1* AlgarSt. 1013 Alwin 10«1 Aiifric 11. 1032 Aiifric HI. 1038 Stigand 1039 Grimketel 1040 Eg^elmare 1047 OfThetford. Herfast 1070 William Galta^rat 1086 Of Norwich, Herbert de Liosin^ 1094 Eborard, or Everard 1 ISl Wm. TurbuSy or Turber- ville 1146 Jobn de Oxford 1175 Jotm de Grey 1300 Pandulph 1S23 T. de BlumviUe 1S96 Ralph 1236 WilUam de Raleifb 1839 Walter de Suffield 1244 Simon de Waltone 1257 Roger de Skerning: 1266 Wm. de Middleton 1278 Ralph de Walpole 1288 John Salmoit 1299 Robert de Baldock 1325 W. de Ayreminne 1325 Anthony de Beck 1337 Wm. Bateman 1S43 Thomas Percy 1355 Henry de Spencer 1370 A. de Tnttlngton 1407 Richard Courtenay 1413 Jobn de Wakeryng 1416 William Alnwyk 1426 Thomas Browne 1436 PRIORS. Simon de Elmbam Roger de Skerning 1257 N. de Brampton 1265 Wm. de Bruroan 1270 Wm. de Kirkby 1272 H. de Lakenbam 1289 R. deljangeley Wm. de Claxton 1326 Simon Bozsun 1344 Laurence de Leek 1358 Nicholas de Hoo 1371 DEANS. John Jeggon G. Montgomery Edward Suckling John Hassal Jobn Crofts Herbert Astley John Sharp Henry Fairfu 1601 1603 1614 1628 1660 1660 1681 Walter Lybart 1445 James Goldwell 1478 T. Jan, or Jane 1499 Richard Niz 1501 William Rugg 1536 Thomas Thirlby 1550 John Hopton 1554 Ricbard Cox 1^59 Jobn Parkhurst 1560 Edmund Freke 1575 Edmund ScamUer 1584 William Redman 1594 John Jeggon 1603 John Overall 1618 Samuel Harsnet 1619 Francis White 1628 Richard Corbett 1633 Matthew Wren 1635 Richard Montague 1638 Joseph Hall 1641 Edward Reynolds 1660 Anthony Sparrow 1676- WiUiam Lloyd 1685 Jobn Moore 1691 Charles Trimnel 1707 Thomas Green 1731 John Leng 1723 William Baker 1737 Robert ButU 1733 Sir Thumas Goocb 1738 Samuel Lisle 1748 Thomas Hayter 1749 Philip Yonge 1767 Lewis Bagot 178» George Home 1790 C. Manners Sutton 1793 Henry Bathurst 1805 Alex, de Tottington Robert de Burnham 1407 William Worsted 1427 Jobn Hevelond 1436 JobnMolet 1453 Thomas Bosoun 1471 John Bonewell 1480 William Spinke 1488 Wm. Bacontborpe 1503 Robert Brond William Castleton 1529 Humph. Prideaux 1708 Thomas Cole IT34 Robert Butts 1731 John Baron 1733 Thomas Bullock 1739 Edward Townsend 1761 Philip Lloyd 1765 JotBPfl TURMBR 1790 (r) Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC /.-■;, • / '^y'^./7y^lc'- - r ^:-- ( ^v., , /■ i.-f/^/BAt, [4. D. 100^ ira§ made its director. As to the tale of a Welsh king Algar *, or ao carl of Leicester^ seeking this loTcly nun for a wife^ it is so iacousist- ent and contradictoiy, that none bttt minds inttred to superstition could listen to it. Yet it is alleged that no British kit^ ever after dared to enter Oxford ; and Matthew Paris mentions it as a proof of great con* rage in Henry III. that he despised, what he fery properly denominates, the supentitious opinion of its being unlawful for the kings of Eng- land to enter that city. A cotemporary writer -f, speaking of this le-> gend, observes, *^ At what period the ' kings of Britain' were first en- abled to overcome this panic we mt^ not informed ; but the great Al- fred chose the city for the residence of himself and his three sons*" This difficulty vanishes when we consider that the story and its conse- quences were fabricated long after the days of Alfred y and the St. Alban's monk has told us that Henry lU. was the first sovereign who dispelled the delusion. Of the history of this priory from the death of Frideswide till the ^ays of king Ethelred very little b known. Didan its founder, Safirida his wife, and Frideswide their daughter, were buried within its walls. Like all other religious establishments it became a source of great wealth to Oxford, attracted the attention of devotees, and whatever might be its hostility to Sovereigns, did not hesitate in accepting libe- ral donations and valoable bequests from the noble and wealthy through- out the kingdom. In 979, the year in which Ethelred was crowned, Oxford was destroyed by fire; but it does not iqipear whether Frideswide*s priory suffered in the general conflagration, as the nuns continued to occupy it till the memorable massacre on St. Brice*s day, Nov. 13, 1003, when it was burnt. Some writers date this burning in lOlS or 1015 ; but the latter took place at a subsequent massacre of the Danes, an^ appears to have been only a partial destruction. Ethelred, repenting % the desolation of the priory, began to rebuild it in 1004 : and from this period most authors agree in dating the origin of at least a part of the present edifice §. It appears unquestionable that the new building was completed prior to EUielred's flight to France in 1013, and consequently derived none of its architectural features from that circumstance. In 1009 the Danish king Sweine made an * Letand** account of thlt Algar it txaMlatcd *'0Qt of the lecmidc booke of Scata CArt- «fca. Alganu, one of the kings of Wales, a lecberas felow, lovid Fredeswkie.'* Other writers call him an earl of Leicester, an ominous nane, it appears, which lias been sacred to VeniM ih •Hages. . t Beauties of Oxfordshire. 9 See Carter's Ancient Architect. t It is by no means improbable that the tale of Algar being afflicted with bUodnets for threatening to bum the city, may liare been fabricated about this period, parUy with the view * tt preventing all future conflagrations, and of raising its finance by the gifts of the credulous. The monks, it seems, were as well convinced of the pecuniary adiantagea of working minclea in those days, as Simon Magus wu in the days of the Apostles* Digitized by VjOOQ IC ^ O. 1060.] OXFORD8HIXX. abortive attempt to set Are to Oxford ; and in 1012 another massacrt of tbe Danes took place. On this occasion the lady €raifihild> Sweine's aiater, and her husband Polingus, both hostages. Christian?, and friends to the English, were murdered by Edric, earl Godwin's uncle. Sweine threatened Uie most terrible vengeance ; - but it does not appear that it corresponded either with his power or his policy, and the Eng- lish were only plundered. Three years after, when Etfaelred had re- turned from France, he again meditated a general carnage of the Danes, and inviting them* to Oxford in 1015^, Edric, earl of Mercia, caused two nobles, Sigeferd and Morcar, to be slain. The Danes en- deavouring to defend themselves, were overpowered, and sought refuge in St. Frid's priory church, where they were burnt f. What injury the building sustaiAed on this occasion cannot be ascertained ; but it is reasonable to infer, that had it been very considerable, some notice would have been taken of its repairs. That it continued to be occupied by the nuns is well known, as in 1049 they were formally dispossessed by the monks of Abendon, who placed in it secular canons. Thb was one of the innumerable acts of lawless power^ and violation of botli moral and politictd justice, which in all subsequent ages marked the conduct of the Romish' church. No usurpation, no injustice or rob- bery could be more flagrant, than that of the monks of one con- vent assuming a right to seize the property and disinherit the propri- etors of a neighbouring one (. Yet the pope § not only allowed such things, but actually gave his authority (which however in a moral sense was equally invalid and usurped) for their perpetration. This usurpation and forced possession, indeed, were not of long duration ; but the unfortunate nuns w^re not restored, and the original founda- tion of Didan and Miss Fridefwide, with the subsequent grants of kfaig Ethelred^ to this priory, were totallf perverted. Ittyl060 the * PMhall corrects Raptn, who confQumds this maisacre with that of lOlft. t Kenneth Piarocb. Amtk^. Pethall, &c. It Is suted that the books and sacerdotal vest- aeats were burnt by the Oxonians to gnitify their fevenge and hatred to the insatiate Danes. t It Is alledged |hat we derived all onr chivalrous notions of gallantry to the fair sex from the wurlike Normans } and this act of the Saxon friars, unless, what is neither imposrihle nor Improbable, they made the FHdeswidc nuns their wives, would tend to conArm it. f About this period there were no less than three infaHfble popes in Rome, all possessing or claiming the keys of heaven at the same time: Syhresur lived at St. Peter's, Benedict at St. Mary's, and Gregory at the Lateran i all of them actuated by the most deadly bate to each ether, and "only in destroying found ease to their relentless thoughts.'* A Spanish poet, more witty than orthodox, described this papal trio as Cerberus l>arklng at the moon. Y As a specimen of the style and manner of these royal grants we subjoin the following;^ '*ThitprfoilSf» WQ»idUkin Hedington myn owne mputer Oset{foTd, Then mat VHdeswidc aUt thatfindome that amy fin mfiuter frelnbeu .... mid mike and mid «oew^ midtolmidmidteme,aMdwUh . . . 0/ Hedingdon, amf* AfoMtttuton.— The names of several other dakes, abboU, counts. &c. but that of no pope or foreign pot^tate are afllxed to this instrument, which was takem from the MSS. in the possession of Dr. Langbane. * The Augustins had no abbots till the fifteenth century. Fosbfoolce*s Brit. STonachlsm. t We may be able to estimate the moral character of founders of religious estaUishmenta, when it issuted that R. d'Oill was instigated to build and endow Oseney abbey by his eha$t wife Editha, the daughter of Fomus, and a imstreM to Henry 1. Roman Catholic writers speak with great delicacy of the prostitutes kept by Catholic princes, and not onfVeqnently deify them for their piety, while those of Protestant princes are treated with the most relentless severity. But morality and chastity are of no sex nor rank, and the mistress to the prince is just so much more despicable than the mistress to the peasant, as the one may have so much greater means of acquiring a knowledge of religious and moral duties thin the other. It is worthy of remark* that very few even of the good works of such characters ever have any permanency j and, as hs the case of Oseney abbey, they generally <* vanish like the baseless fabric of a nisloD, and Icme *Bot a wreck behind.** . CO Digitized by VjOOQ IC k.V, 1190.] OXFOXDSHUtB. £M of Oseney have no relation to the original huilding of Frideswide*8 priory ; and had it been either re-edified or greatly altered by this royal chaplain, the fact would certainly have been recorded among the '' great and good deeds'* of Guymond, wbo has had as many panegy- rists as biographers. Those, however, who can determine in what par- ticular year, month, and day of the moon each peculiar mode of archi- tecture began and terminated, may denominate this edifice Norman ; but those who well understand what the historians of that period have written, and can compare their accounts with the general state and condition of men and things, at the same time recollecting the inte- rested zeal of the invaders to extirpate or deface every memorandum of Saxon or English ingenuity, will not hesitate to pronounce it of an earlier * origin. The honour of building this edifice has been divided between Guy* mond, and his two immediate successors j but it is all mere conjec- ture, unsupported by any valid authority. £veu the real date of Guy- Btond*8 death is uncertain f, Dugdale stating it to have taken place in 1130. • Willb corrects him, and makes it in 1144 ; and lastly, Chal- mers says 1149. Camden praises his learning and religious zeal ; but had he been an architect also, it*is very unlikely that so much uncer- tainty respecting the period of his death should have remained. The second prior was Robert de Cricklade or Canutus, who was chancel- lor of Oxford about 1159. The third was Phillip, who died about 1190> during his priorshi)), in 1180, the relics of Frideswide were translated X with great ceremony and pomp. Prior Phillip also wrote a bo(^, giving an account of her miracles ; and it is probably to this author ( we owe the legendary traditions of her great chastity; her depriving her lover of his sight only to have the pleasure of as promptly ^ * " On the outside of the small towers, obserres the learned author of Muni. Antiq. at the cad of the north transept, and also at the west end, are found those unequal ornamental arches and pillars, or rather round pilasters, which appear on so many Saxon structures. The great door by which the church Is entered, as well as thai of the chapter-house, is truly Saxon. All the capitals of the pillars of the nave are varied one from another, and yet ar« elegant. There can be very little doubt but that the massy pillars of the nave in that part which was extended t» the vest (according to Willis about fifty feet), and which was pulled down to m^e room for the building of the college, were equally varied and well designed. The proportions also of the shafts of most of the pillars in this venerable stracture are superior. On the east side of the north transept the space between the pillars has been filled np with curious sVreens of Norman work of a anich later date ; but the little beautiful Saxon arches filling up the inner space within the •pan of each arch, found so uniformly in this edifice, supplying as it were the place of a transom stone, renudn as they were. Above them is work of the ageof Henry Vl/'-^Vol. iv. t There is the same uncertainty about the period of Frideswide*s death, one stating it at occurring in 73^, and another in 740. If no corr^ information exists on this head, what con* ftdence can be reposed in th^ legends detailing the miracles of this vestal goddess i t Whatever we vaaiy think of his science, we must at least allow him to have been an adept In the art of finance; and the revenues of his priory benefited more by the relics and mincki •f the first prioress Oianhy all the lands and grants it received (torn Didan and Etheired. 4 yid« Bromton, in^r Decern Scriptores. f F;id. eadem cekriuu qua perdiderat lumen acceyit. Will. Malmesbttr, Digitized by VjOOQ IC OXFOHD CATRSDXAL> A. D. 15S5, wtoring it ; crtHting, like Winifred, wells of fine water, &c. From this period till the reformation there were twenty-five more prion, very few of whom were distinguished for any thingbut their excessive licen- tiousness, luxury, and dilapidation of the priory's revenues. Nicholas de Hungerford, prior in 1362, was particularly notorious for his lawless expcbditure of the property entrusted to his superintendence. The last appointed prior was John Burton, who entefed this office in 1613 5 in 1518 took the degree of doctor in divinity: after being prior eleven years he resigned his charge to Wolsey for a salary of twenty marks a year, and in 1531 became abbot of Oseney. At the dissplution, which was authorized by the pope and exe« cuted by a Roman Catholic cardinal, no inventory of the furniture and religious implements of Frideswide's priory was made, as Wolsey took all into his own charge and direction, intending them for the use of the new college with his chapel, which was to take his name. But in " the General Ecclesiastical Survey, 26th Henry VIII. of the ma- nors, lands, tenements, rectories, and other spiritual and temporal possessions assigned to Henry VIII.'s college in Oxford," we find the revenues belonging to the late priory of St. Frideswide thus estimated : •' In the city of Oxford a net income of :£39 : 2 : 9 per annum, after deducting £8:7:3 paid annually to the steward, the abbot and con- vent of Abyngdon, the masters and fellows of New College, Maria Magdalene college, ' Brasnose,' &c. In the manor of Cuddwlow £\A : 2 : 8; the manor and rectory of Byndsey £18 3 part of Ascott 53*. 4d. J rectory of Church HUl £10 : 13 : 4 j rectory of FritweU £4 : 13 : 4 5 rectory of Elfelde 53s. 4d. after deducting 66%. 8d. for the vicar ; rectories of Hedington and Merston £17 : 13 : 4 ; Pe- dyngtop £21 : 7 : 7 J Cowley, Coldnorton, and Cuddesdon 42f . > ma- nor of Bolsbipton £7; rectory of Warnall, Bucks £6, deducting £4 for the vicar 3 manor of Overwynchyndon, Bucks jg27 j rectory of Okeley and BorstaU, Bucks £»: 18:45 Bryll, Bucks £11:7:3; manor of Huddon and Edington, Berks. £20, after paying Che dean and fellows of Wyusor college 40s. y manor of Knygtington, Berks ^5; I^bury, EdwUtonj and Multon Z6$.ed,', oUier parU, as the church of St. Egidus, the abbess of Godstow, &c. 7*. Total annual value oi the revenues and possessions of the priory of St. Frideswide £222 : 5 : 9*." Such is the official and authentic valuation j it may be proper to add, that Speed gave it at £224 : 4 : 8 j and the Rev. sir J. PeshaU f, from MS.estimate, at aff284 : 8 : 9, of which -£69 : 17 : H were in spiritualities, and the remainder in temporalities. * Comaunicftted tow bj J. Caky, eMi. F.A.S. keeper ©f the reconto to the Ao^nentalUm Oftcc, ft tentlemaa whow talents and soU In dURllilif » correct knowledge of the hUtofy «»• ntiqnItieeofhieooiiiitiywewcUkBowii, t HUU of 0x2^ P« »l« (fJ Digitized by VjOOQ IC JL.e. 1585.] . OXTOBDSBtBl. As tbere wa$ no ref ular*6arvey made of the piiory buildings Before its conversion into a college, its dimensions are not known. In* the *' Itintrarinm Willekni de Worcestre,*' the admeasarement of the church about 1443 is thus stated : ** Ecclesia Sanctss Frideswythe Jongitodo ejus conduct 100 gressus. Latitudo ejus continet SO gres- •us." If it were originally 100 paces long, the statement given by . canon Hutten and adopted by Willis, that Wolsey took three arches from its length at the west end, about fifty feet, and run '* a wall across between two pillars," cannot be correct, unless we 8up|M>8e ~ Worcester's paces to be only two instead of three feet, which is ex- tremely ipnprobable. Kennet and Peshall, indeed, seem perplexed re- 5H)ectii^ the real site of Fridcswide's priory ; the latter explicitly says that it " stood in the place where the chaplains* quadrangle of Christ church now stands.** This confusion has arisen fitun an- indiscrimi- nate use of t|ie word priory applied to Che whole buildings, including the church, as well as that p^rt appropriated to cells for the friars ; Imt there cannot be the least doubt, that a part of the priory church of St. Frideswide now forms the present cathedral. Tbat its nave was originally mtMh longer there is every reason to believe. A greater length * was indispensable to the performances of those numerous and pompous processions which friars so frequently made round the church, and also to an unrestrained communication with females f^ two things aeklom neglected in the construction of monastic edifices. The design of Wolsey/ however, was to have a most splendid college> where learning and taste should he equally cultivated. Not only the west end of Frideswjde's church and the west cloister, but also London college X were sacrificed to this great undertaking. On the SOth of March (Wood erroneously says July 15)y 1595, the foundation of cardinal college was laid with gi*eat pomp, in pre- tence of all the members of the university, and a vast assembly of * If Uite pTMiy wM wntt above ftfty feet longer than the pretent cathetlral, It would be a veiy strong pretuiqptive proof that it must have been built for women, and tbat neither prior Guymond nor any of his snccessors had added any thing to tlie work executed in the days of Stbelred and EdwaAl the Confessor.. Of thii^ however, there is no sufficient historical evidence to oppose to the statement given by William of Worcester. t This may appear incredible to English protestants, but it must be remembered tbat the design of such instltuUons was partly to convert women, and that the friars stationed round the church harangued the females assembled there. Since the reformation this practice, which con- tributed much more to coi^^ert maids into mothers than Infldels into believers, has been aban- doned ; and in the churches of Granada and Xerez de la Frontera the women and friars are prohibited fh>m conversing, by a mandate to that eff^'t written on boards, and affixed to the pillars in the aislea. ** Aquino se hablan las «ugeresn los Hayles.*' t This college, a place for the study of civil law, was removed. It is described as adjoining GtII School Lane on the north side, Frideswide's Lane on the south, and ihe site of the cardi- nal's college on the east and west. It was once a synagogue of the Jc^s, and on their expulsion in 1490, was converted Into a hall for students, b|r Mr. BumcU, provost and dean of Wells. It Afterwards became the property of Balliol college, and was called Burnell's Inn, or Balliol Hall. Daring th« reign of Henry IV. it was denominated Lon<{on college, fVora Klchard Clifl&rd, iishop of London, who wai ediicatdd there, and vms a great bcndiBi<^r to the honse, (i) Digitized by VjOOQ IC people. The cardtiuA made an address on but their names art worth retaining, as we seldom have an opportunity of noticing the architects employed in our ancient structures.*' It appears Uiat Wolsey was conscious of the inadequacy of the priory church, and that he only designed it as a temporary appendage to his college, having laid the foundation of another and mnch more BiagnificoAt structure, better suited to the grandeur of his views, and the impressive splendour which he conceived necessary to aiat profligate men into a sense of decorum. He knew and deplored the neseknce and depravity f which then disgraced all the religious and cenobitic institu- tions in the country. Had his reign been protracted, it is probable that he would have achieved some important reform. It is true, he has been accused of a contrary design, of a wish to concentrate all the smaU convents into a few large ones, in order more efiectuaHy to arrest the progress of knowledge, to give ignorance an imposing consequence, and to raise a few distinguished characters, whose learning and talents should enable them to repel the efibrts of the 'reformers, and not be- ^come dangerous to the church. In answer to this all^^tion, which may not be altogether unfounded, it is enough to observe that he was * Hiitoiy of the Colleget, Halli, and Public Bmldingt* In Oxford. t One or two instance* aelected as the least shocking to modem daUcacy, may give'the leader some idea of what the more infamous religious establishmenu must have been in that age» and also of the manner in which they were described. The abbot of Welbeck is repre- sented as a man that "vixit et Tivit in fomicaris amplexibus tenendo dlversas mulieres,**— who has lived and still lives in the arms of prostitution by keeping divers women. The visitors of Foantain*s abbey sute thus: "Pleas if your mastershippe to understand that the abbot of Fontans hith so gretely dilapidated his house, wasted the woddys, notoriously keeping of lioores, defamed a toto populo," &c. In the prioiy of Maiden Bradley, says Rich. Ligrtoa, •* whereat is an holy father prior, and hath but vl children, and but one dowghtei mariedc^ yet of the goods of the moiiasterie trysting shortly to manv the rest. His sones be tall men wayt* ting upon hym, and he, thank God, a none meddler with marritt women, bnt all with madcaa the fariest cowlde be gottyn. The pope co^sydeiying his frailUe, gave hym licens to kepe na liore, and hathe good writing smbpkmbo to discharge his conscience." See Burnett, Fosbrooke's Monachism, &c. The manner of "catching the abbot of Langden abbey with his whore,** cannot be cited here. Let the popish revilers of Heniy VUI« nad this, and rcmcnber, that they who are witho«| sin should throw thf Ant ttoQe, (hj Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. n. 1530.] OXfOBDtHtU. a man of real learning*, and conseqiiently possested a tolerant ^irit He wzB, indeed, arraigned as being inclined to favour tiie refbrmert, and perhaps not wholly without cante, as history furnishes no instance of a great and coltivated mind ever remaining orthodox in the papal £uth. Indeed all oar knowledge of the intellectual fiBtcnlties tends to prove tiie absolute impossibility of such a combination. But whatever were Wolsey*s motives, it is certain that the profligacy of the frian and nuns, particularly in the smaller foundations, had become so no- torious, and were so justly ridiculed by the reformers, that it was no longer possible to defend or tolerate them. Woiiey, conscious of the existence of the evils, prescribed the study of Lilly's Latin Grammar; and prepared suitable establishments for the diffusion of knowledge. We should not, indeed, be surprised at the extreme igno- rance of the friars and nuns, as very few of them could read. Many ieamed and ptoiw bishops, who attended grave coubcils, and made in- Adlible laws, were then in the same condition ! Had even the friars and nuns been disposed to read, they had no opportunity ; there were no bibles in their houses, no books of instruction except those contain- ing their daily devotions f, which were but little calculated to improve their minds, whatever influence they might have on their hearts. * Mr. ChalmeiB hat given inch ft correct ftnd impartial view of WdlMy's character, that It Merits notice here. << In the private conduct of this extraordinary nutn, while in the height of bit prosperity, we And a singular mixture of personal pride and public munificence. While his tmia of servants rivalled that of the king, and was eomposed oT many persons of rank and distinction, his house was a school where their sons were usefoliy educated, and initiated iw pobtic life. And while he was daxallng the eyes or insulting the feelings of the people by an oamaatiMi of gorgeous ftimitnre and equipage, such as exceeded the royal establishment Itself^ be was a general and libeml patron of literature, a man of consummate taste in works of art» clcfant hi his plans, and boundless in his expenses to execute them } and, in the midst of lax* vrious pleasures and pompous revellinp, he was meditating the advancement of science by a ■inniflcent use of those riches which he seemed to accumulate only for selfish purposes.**-* Brthpebserves, that no lord cha»cellor« ever: discovered greater Impartiality in bis decisions^ deeper penetration of judgment, or more enlarged knowledge of law or equity.**— Perhaps some •f his greatest defects might be traced to the consequence of his being made a bachelor of arts at Aiieen. Skakespear has said, •* horn his cradle he was a scholar, a ripe and good one." t The following is a list of the books usually contained in the larger religious houses before the reformation } of their literary merit it is unnecessary here to speak, i . A Legt»d, in which were lessons to be read at matins, and selected fkt>m the Apocrypha, Lives of the Saints, kc. e. The Ftitimlt containing suitable sermons for all the festivals. S. JntipkontTf containing an- thems, versSdes, collecu, hymns, responses, Ac. 4. A OradaU, or Grail, containing the grmiMei, or what were graidually sung after the epistle, office of sprinkling holy water, &c. i» A PmUer or Sawter, a psalm book. 6, A Troperf or book of sequences, called In EnglUh a Ippcr, and was used to swetr on. 7. An Ordbml, in which was ordered the manner of saying and solemnizinjg the cBctM i ftt>m its confusion it was called by the English the fye. 8. A JAssetf, or mass>book, containing the order of celebrating the mass. 9. A Afcuaal, or direc- tions for administering the sacraments. 10. A Bmiarif, a large book divided into parts, corre- sponding to the four seasons of the year. It was called In English a fsrraot and porial, 1 1. The PTfWker of Salisbury, containing prayen to the Virgin and St. Bridget. I8. Chtrfaloriam or Chartiflary, containing chartera of religious foundations; It was called in English leigmr book, ftem the French Itgri^ to bequeath. And IS. Mcartgrolcgf, calendar, &c. with the names of those receiving letten of fraternity. Besides the above, they had Lady Pmlun and Rotariet^ vrfalch consisted of 1M> Ave Marias and I ft Paternosters, and said to make together I ft parts of an ceAnaty crown, torrespondii^ to the number of David*s Psalms. There was also an Qftstyaiof •r BtmiicHoml, with forms of obedience to the pope. A CoqftetioiMl, containing rules (m oonfeasloB, oUUMiy of pricftt, 4m,*"8€C Smcr^ SuiftUjf^ the Mvmiik HorttUcch, <(c« Digitized by VjOOQ IC OXrORP CATHBDRAI., t^. D. 1531. FnuB the '' Journal Book of the Expenses of all the Buildiogs of Christ Churich^ 'Oxon.'* we sekct the following particulars^ as con- taining some historical data respecting the actual building; and alto of the manners of that age. ** It appeareth that the walks about Christ Church medowe were made of the earth that was digged from the ibundationof the college.*'— ^'^ Costs and expenses done there from jthe 14th day of Norember^ in the 9M year of the reign of our sove- reign lord king Henry 6, to the 29th of the same month. Quarries at Cotteswold^ Barrenton, Edincon> Burford, Old Stowe, Sherburne, Brokynton, Xaynton, and La)iibert*s and Friday's quarries. Paid to W. Frere, of Oxford, for new making and repairing the highway from Boll Shipton to Uedington-hills, fbr the more ready conveyance of stone, timber, &c. to the said works, iC34 : 8 : 5. Item, to William Hobbs and Richard Cooper for bringing in of the bell-frame in their prinking time U. To haymakers for tha cart-horses in Frideswide's «iead 809. To Jo. Norton for 26 C. paving tiles of yellow and green for the new hall, at St. 8d. the C. To Jas. Nicholston of London^ glazier, for 47 of my lord grace's (Wolsey*s) arms, set up in the win- dows of the new hall of the said collie at 6s. 8c{. the piece, i^ 15 : 13 : 8« And for 246 bends o^ poses; caUcd domvm» mln adjutar, set up in the same windows at I2d. the piece every one, i^ 12 : O^ 6. To nine free- masons (who are mentioned by name), in reward for their labour on Saturday, after their hour accustomed to leave work, 12d. Paid to Mr. David Griffits, priest, for his stipend for wages, as weD for keep- ing the mon«istery of Frideswide and saying of divine service, after the suppression of the same unto the first stalling of the deans and canona in the said college, as for his labours in overseeing of workmen dayly labouring there ; in all by the space of 13 months, as by a lettei'Ynade at my loid grace*s commandment, directed to the dean €f( the said col- lege, doth appear j^7." The whole expenditure during the quindem above stated, amounU to £ 166 : 9 : 1. In this journal the time is di- vided into what are called '' xvne^** u e. quindens, or fifteen days. The book ^ is imperfect, as it contains the items of expenditure dtu4ng one year only, whiob amount to jgyaSS : 7 : 2 — ^the college was five years in building." In addition to these items of expenditure, we have to add an ab- stract of the plate which Wolsey had repaired or made, and presented to this college, according to the account rendered by his goldsmith. The statement is curious, not less from its contents than its style and orthography, as exhibiting the progress of the English language. " Parcellis of plate being amendid, now dressid^ and burnyshed^ * SuKioft't CoOecU Coiioiii; Digitized by VjOOQ IC ▲. D. 1539 J OXF0&D8BXmB« deliyeryd to my Icnrdct grace by thandet of maister Robt. Tooncfs, at dotbe apere.by oone peyre of indentures^ tbooe sigayd with thand of the said Mr. Tonnyes^ beyripg date the xth daye of Auftute, anno B. Henrici OctaTi xvij for Sant Friswarthes college in Oxfbvde. Ijtena oone cmcifixe with Mary And John^ silvar and gilte inamylid with a highe foote to stand upon a aultar polss. cvij oz. d. Item oone crosse sihrar and gilt withoute images of Mary and John withe a beyring staffe belonging to it of vij peces in all poiss. cfiij oz. d. Item oone great Nutte with a cover gilte and upon the cover a image of Santa Fryswurthe gravyn poiss. Ixix oz. Item iij great masafs and iij small poiss. Ixj oz» Item oone large challes with a rounde foote gamy^id with coontarfet stones with a pattin to the same gilte^ in the patten a Image of Jhesus gravyn poiss. xxxij oz. qrt.*' The amount of those bills for plate during ten years of the cardinal's reign, from the 9th till the 19th of Henry Vill. is about 4^6000. This sum is merely what he appropriated to the use of the college in Oxford, for utensils and images in silver ; his gifts of plate* to the abbey of St. Alban's and his college of " Cypswiche/* Ipswich, was no less magnificent*. These things remained till 1551, when the dean and chapter, in order to promote the reformation, agreed that all. altars, statues, images, tabernacles, missals, *' and other remains of supentition and idolatry**, should be removed. The original institution of cardinal college consisted in a dean. Dr. John Uygden, president of Magdalen, and eighteen canons, all men oi learning and parts, whom Wolsey ^elected from the collies in Oxford, or wherever he could find them. The college, with the scho« lars from his school in Ipswich, was to contain 160 persons. These dispositions remained till 1529-30, the period of the cardinal's disgrace, when there was a suspension of all improvement. In 1532 the king consented to refound it, give it his name, and endow it with £8000 a * The cardinal wu enabled to make tuch an appropriation of property hi consequent ol pope Ckmcnt VII. authorizing him to aeiie all the poeieasions of no leat than twebty-two relt gioat ettablifhmeatt, estimated at an annual income of fiOOOf. The inmates of these houses were not all merely annuitants; many of them held a hereditary right in ihem by Tirtue of family endowments. The pope by his bulls extinguished all those rights with as little cere- mony as if they bad ntt been Imprescriptible) the execration, therefore, which has been be- stowed on Wolsey and Henry VIII. for their repeated violation o( the sacred rights of pro- perty, sho«ld be transferred to Clement Vll. fiis conduct, howerer, was not worse*than that of ait his predecessors, ain6e tbdr assumption of a right to dispose of ecclesiastical honours •ad emohuacnts in all countries and nations professing Christianity. Correct notions of moral justice never can prevail in any country where the entire power, both ciril and eodesiastical, does not centre either In itself or the goremment of which it forms a part. The distinction between what is called spiritual and temporal authority, while theJormer can give or withhold tt. 1630.] oxFosuiniBM. nameroiis * ; a fact wbicb does great honoar to the integrity and good sense of its members. Those who have left nothing behind them more durable than marble' are unworthy of this distiaction, and those who have benefited their species require no such frail memorials, which are too often the posthumous heralds of falsehood polluting a sacred edifice, and disfiguring the simple grandeur of its walls. In the deans* chapel, which is north of the choir, and south of the Latin chapel, is a monument supposed to be designed for earl Didan, lady Saffrida, and their daughter Frideswide f, situated under the most eastern arch. Adjoining it is one to a lady Montacute, who in 1353 gave the mea« dow now attached to the college, founded a chantry for two secular priest's to pray her husband's soul, her own, and that of more than seventeen of her relations, out of purgatory {. Another (See pi. 8.) is said to be intended for prior Guymond, who died 1149, or prior Phillip, who died about 1190) but which of them, remains equally doubtful and unimportant. NeM the west end of this chapel, near the north aisle, is a monument, bearing a figure* in armour, which has been supposed to be sir Henry Bathe, justiciary of England about 1352 ; but the warlike dress is so little consonant with that of a lawyer, no confidence can be placed in this tradition. In 1630 the old stalls were removed, the present ones erected, and the choir paved with black and white marble. Many monuments suf- fered on this occasion by careless transpositions. Perhaps the least exceptionable act was the removal of the decayed and old painted win* dows, containing Uie fabulous and not too delicate history of Miss Frideswide and her miracles. New windows were substituted in their place, with paintings executed by Abraham Van Linge, supposed to be. the son of Bernard Van Linge, a Fiediing, and reputed revivor of the art of glass-painting in this country. The latter is also alleged by Daila- way to be the painter of the portrait of bishop King, which has been * The cvliett register of boritU in thift church hegint A. D. 1097* after the act for burying iti woollen, so that it la not pockible to account for the aepultureof many other eminent peraona here interred without any memorial.— WiUlc*a Cathedrals, toI. ii. p. 41S. t A circumstance respecting the shrine of FMdeswide may be worthy of mentioning h*re» M pourtnying human folly and depravity under the influence of superstition. The worship of Frideswide was imperfectly performed till the thirteenth century, when a rich shrine was raised to her, which king Henry VIII. fbund useftel for other purposes. Some juggling, as usual, was iwactised with the supposed bones of this female, which were kept in two silken bags, in order to delude the credulous. P. Martyr, the reformer, having visited this country under the pro- tectkm of Cranmer, became a canon of Christ Chur^ but departed on the aorcssion of **bloody qoeen Mary.** His wife, Catherine, dying at Oxford, In 1551, was buried near the monument of Frideswide. The counsellors of Maty, in the satanlc spirit of papal vengeance, had this de- ceased female heretic tried, condemned, and her remains raised, and buried In a dunghill. In 1501 they were again Uken up, and deposited with much ceremony in their original place, and tho pretended boaes of Frideswide mixed with them so as to prevent their discrimination, should the age of Idolatry return. A retired oratory was erected behind the shrine, the stone steps <^ which were much worn by devotees. t Dugdalc's Baronage, vol. I* p. 7«7i tad Bank^ Extinct Baronage, tqI, IU. p. OM, 00 Digitized by VjOOQ IC •ograted. Some of these finely-execated windows were destroyed doriDg the Cromwell usurpatioo, when Henry Tl^lkinson was fisitor, who* personally assisted in their destruction. Others^ fortonatdy, were taken dqwn and carefully preserved, particularly those executed by Linge, one conuining the Story of Jonahs dated 1631, In the south aisle ; another the destruction of Sodom ^nd Gomorrah, 1634 ; and a third in the east window of the divinity chapel*, 1640, representing Christ disputing with the Doctors. The fine east window, containing the Nativity, was designed by sir James Thomhill, and painted by William Price in 1696, at the expense of £^X)0, which was defrayed by Pr« P. Birch, prebendary of Westminster, and formerly cbaplaia here. A small window in the north aisle, observes Dallaway, is a *' sin- gular curiosity ;*' it is a representation of St. Peter and an angel, dated 1700, and painted by Isaac Oliver, nephew of the two feunout Olivers, when he was eighty-four years old. It was also his benefaction to the college. Several other windo^iw contain akns, crests, &c« and many pieces of the old paiifted glass have been recovered, and disposed with taste in complete windows or compartments. Some of these were collected and given to alderman Fletcher. The window with the fine portrait of bishop king was erected, says Chalmers, soon after bia death f in 1558, and taken down in 1651, to save it from republican fury. At the restoration it was reinstated, with other windows, in the same aisle X. In the belfry are ten bells j the largest, called Great Tom, was removed to the west tower of the eoUege. The steeple, says Willis, has a fine litany-bell, which is rung every evening at nine o'clock, preparatory to knqlling Great Tom §, which is the legal notice for all * Daring the reign of Cromwell the Latin prtyen were ditoontUraed in this chapd ; hut •ome memhen of the society, Drs. J. FeU, J. Ddben, Allestree, and othen, afterwards men of eminence In the churchy performed che uommon prayer In tlie lodgings, and sttbse(|uently in the honse, of the ceWhmted Dr. Willis. This pnctioe was cootinned till the Restoration, fint, such is the motahllity of things. Dr. Willis's house ultimately became an Indepemdent Meet- ing I Sir John Lely made it the snbject of a pdnting, In whidh the aboTe reverend doctoit are fepresented in their canonical habits as performing and joining in the liturgy of the church. A copy of this painting lias been presented to the afllege by sir Wm. Dolben^ and U placed among the fine collectioa of portraits in Christ Church Hall. t If this be correct, it is impossible that it couM be executed by B.Yan linge, who did Bot come to this oountiy till the reign of James I. above flf^ years after the death of the bishop* t *' In the lighter s^le of Gothic, the apertures for windows were so numerous and so large, as to admit too great a portion of light. To abate the glare without entirely excluding the light, the expedient of glazing the windows with painted glasa was adopted, which at the same time that it prerented the eril, was in itself also a decoration." Hawkins's Hist, of Goth. Architect. 9 It is the largest bell hi Britain, and wals cast in 1880 by bishop, then dean Fen. T. Spark baf written some Latin verses in the Muse Anglican*, and bishop Corbet some English ones on this bell, which weighs I7|000lbs. is aboveseven feet in diameter, and five feet nine incfaea high I iu tongue 5491bs. In the tower of the Palazza Vecchio at Florence, there* is a betl the aame weight as Great Tom of Oxford, and hung 97* feet from the ground. The great bell ia St. Peter's Rome, recast in 1785, is i8,0O7lbs. According to Coxe and Porter the great bell In St. Ivan's Chorch, in Moscow, ii 888,000lbs., and that which is broken weighed ^HfiOtitku Digitized by VjOOQ IC ▲•D. 1700.3 OXPOKOSBISB* • ttiidenU to repair to their respective colleges that their gates may he shut. Intheceotreof the quadrangle of the college is a fountain, with a statue of Mercury, the gift of Dr. J. Radcli£f. " On this spot/' say the historians, '' formerly stood across, dedicated to St. Frideswide> and a pulpit, from which Wicklifie first delivered those doctrines, which> after many interrij^tions, finally became the religion of the nation/* The see of Oxford and deanery of Christ Church are perhaps unrii« vailed, in having qniformly possessed men of the most distinguished tat* lents, learning, and virtue. Of the twenty-six bishops and thirty-four deans since the foundation of Wolsey to the present day, the great . majority of them has left the world lasting proofs of their industry, learning, and knowledge, as able theologians, poets, philosophers, poliricians, philologists, or divines. Bishops Corbet, Fell, Potter,. Sedier, and Lowth j and deans Cowper, Goodwyn, Aldrich, Atter^ bury, Conybeare, Markham, &c. are sufficient examples. However strange, and to our country disgraceful, it may appear, yet many of* these worthy men's excellent writings have never yet been honoured by correct and uniform editions ^ and several of their names are even omit* ted in our biographical dicUonaqries. The poetical and witty bishop Corbet has been more fortunate in obtaining an able and judicious edi* tor of his poems, wiUi a faithful sketch of his life. The following summary of his character^ indicates the excellent talents and amiable disposition of the man. " His person," says Mr. Gilchrist, '^ if wa may rely upon a fine portrait of him in the hall of Christ Church, wa» dignified, and his frame above the common size ; one of his compa* nions (Gomersal) observes, he had ' A face that might heaven to af« ' fection draw 3' and Aubrey says he had heard that ' he had an admi- ' rable grave and vei^^rable aspect.* In no record of his life is there the slightest trace of malevolence or tyranny ; ' he was,' says Fuller^ ' of a courteous carriage, and no destructive nature to any who offended ' him, counting himself plentifully rt^aired with a jest upon him." Be* nevolent, generous, and spirited in his public character ^ sincere, ami- able, and affectionate in private life ; correct, eloquent, and ingenious as a poet ; he appears to have deserved, and enjoyed through life, the patronage and friendship of the great, and the applause and estimation of the good." He died in 1635. Dr. TiretbaiB, canon, <* baptized Oreat Tom of Oxford by the name of Mary, for the joy of queen Mary's reign ; he was to delighted with the n^ise of it, that he promised the studenU if they would come t» mass, which was restored by Mary, to get the Lady Bell of Bampton* of which be was vicar, and others, added to it, to make It the sweetest ring of bdls in England,"** Vopi John XIU. was the first who consecrated and baptized bells, about 970. * See "The Poems of Richard Corbet, late Bishop of Oxford and Norwich, with biographical Kotes, and a life of the Author. By 0, Qilcfarist| F. S. A." i the ingeniou* author of a homoor^ out defieooe of Ben Jonton, fpJ Digitized by VjOOQ IC OXFORD ClTHlEOmAL. t^* ^. 1819« Ttierv was Another bishop of this see who lived half a centoiy lator dian Corbet^ and whose admirable writings have been universattf read, we mean Dr. John Fell, son of the dean, a divine and moralist •f the first class. This good and great man was equally a liberal bene- Isctor to his college, which he contributed to complete, and to the pub« lie, that he laboured incessantly to enlighten and reform. His '^ Whole Duty of Man,'* one of the most popular books of its kind, has occasi- oned many imitations ; his little volumes, entitled 'f the Gentleman's Calling," and " the Ladies Calling," whether considered with regard to matter or style, should be familiar in every well-regulated family. The number and merit, indeed, of the distinguished characters which have illustrated the annals of Christ Church, whether as bishops, deans, canons, &c. present a gratifying view of human nature. Among them may be found some of the first promoters of the Royal Society, an insti- tution which has been no less propitious to true religion than the exten* sion of human science. The reformation gave birth to Christ Church, and the offiipring is worthy its ever memorable parent, the source of true piety, right reason, civilization, profound science, and all that i& great and good in social or rational man* niMENSIONS OF CBRIST*CHVaCH CATHBDaAL. The iMifUi, from east to vest. it only IM feet: the treatept. from north to sootht 10ft : the n^rm !■ V4 end the choir 80 iset lenc . The breadth of the neve end side eulet UM fiset {the helcbt of the ceiling in tlie neve is 41 end e belf. end that of the choir onlj 37 feet and e half. The beifht of the Utire.vhleh was erected bjWoUey in ldSB,tt 144 feet. The nave and transept are raftered end pennelled, like some of oar best wrootht pe r oc ni el eiuuches; bot the choir and aisles on each side are all vaulted or arched with stone. DISCaiFTIOW OF TBK FLAXES. .matt t. A SoQth-west View f^om the Cloisters, the only point of pnbllc access, whence the ct- thedral can be seen. It being almost surrounded by gardens and private grounds. Put of the cbapter-hoose appears on the right side, with its entrance from the doistcr, e flneiy-orxia* mented door in the Saxon or old English style. Msl* ft. A North'west View, eichibiting the North Transept, hnrlng eplniiade on its west slde» with e niche containing e statue of St. Frideswide. I*art of the nave Is seen between the trees. The view is taken from the garden of Dr. Dowdeswell, canon of Christ Church. ^fete 3, Represenu Divinity Chapel, in which Latin prayers are read. It has foar windows, . the heads of which are all dissimilar, and diversified in a meet fkndful manner. The mnl- berry tree in fh>nt is more than a hundred years standing. The view is taken fhya the garden before mentioned. ^late 4, Shews the Eastern Side of the Chapter-houtei the beantif^y pierced window of a email chapel between It and the south eisleof the choirs the choir, and Its tenniaating towers. This view is taken from a well cultivated garden. fUue 5, Is a View uken In the cloisters, whence may be seen the principal Entrance to the cathedral under a plain porch, and the East Side of the great Qoadrangle of Christ Church. ^Isle 6, Is an interior prospect of the South Side of the Nave and Choir, with its ezoeUent groined and pendent Cieling, by some attributed to Wolsey, and by others to King, the first bishop I the view of the latter is partly obstructed by the ofgan and screen. In the nave stands a finely-carved pulpit, fh>m which are occasionally delivered the university sennons. Jflotc 7. This View displays the Entrance to the north-aisle of the Choir, to the dean's chapel^ and to the divinity chapel, with the end window of the north transept. The g roining of the respective chapeb Is seen through large circular openings, and also the windows of the Lathi chapel. The door of the deans* chapel being open, e part of one of the monuments mey bt. observed i the others are noticed in the Oround Plen. Half 8, Is the Tomb of Ouymond pr Phillip, the first or third prior of St. FridttwMt. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Ouvmond Hubert Phillip John WilleliD^ about Simon Helyu £.Scotiu Win. de Glocester Robt. de Weston J.orR.de01ncy OXFORD. PRIORS OF ST. FRIDESWIDE. nil 1150 1180 1191 1204 1225 1228 1235 1248 1259 Robert King 1542 Facani Ten Tears, H. Curwin 15G7 Vacant Ticeniy Years. John Underbill 1589 Vacmnt Eleven Years. John Bridgefi 1603 John Howson (l) I6I9 Richard Corbet (2) 1628 John Bancroft 1632 Of Osney. John Higdon 1524 Bloore -— . John Oliver John London 1542 Ric. Cox, and first 1543 Of Christchurch. Richard Cox (14) 1546 Richard Marshall 1553 George Carew 1559 Thomas Samson(]5)1561 Tho8.Godwyn(16) 1565 J. de Lewkensboven 1284 Robert de Ewelm 129I Alex, de Sutton 1317 Robt. de Torneston 1346 J. de Littlemore 1349 Nic. de Hungerford 1362 J. de Wallingrf^ord 1373 John DoBells, numb, of, 0| great torn, iu weight, ib. N. i Dr. Tresbam baptized it Bfaiy, f .— Bells first consecrated and baptized, ib. — Bishops list of, r. — Building, puerility of writers on the precise date of each particular ■tyle of, e.— Burials, first register of, » N. Chivalry, whence derived, c N.— Calcy, J. esq. orig. com. fW>m,/N.— College, Wolsey, built, f} London do. ib.N.— Convents, shock- ing debaucheiy in, k} dilapidated by the monks to support their mistresses and chil- dren, ib. N.~Christ-ch. ctillege, architecUof, k i expenses of, k ; little changed in its real o^ect, M } celebrated for producing great and good men, ib.— Corbett, bp. his life and cha- racter, p. — Christ-ch. cath. dimensions of, f. —Canons, secular, expelled, for having wives, d.— Cieling, pendant, attributed to WoUey and King. 9. Didan builds a chapel to his wife's memory, #hlch is converted into a female priory, a.— Danes, massacres of, be; burnt in St. Frid*s priory, c.— Deans, list of, r.— Divinity chapel, for Latin prayers,^.— Duty of man, author of, 9. Ethelred, king, rebuilt Frideswide priory, A} cnrious grant, cN.j hit cruelty to the Danes, c. Frideswide, Miss, ule of her chastity, «} becomes a prioress, 6; author of the legand, €'f restores her lover's sight, ib. j unceruinty of her d«ath, ib. N. } enshrined in the isth century when the worship of her was com- pleted, m N. I St. Frideswide*s priory dedi- cated, a { burnt, b. — Friars, mi^rried, dispos- sessed, bat retook their priory, d.— Founders of religious insUtutions, their characters, tf N.— Fell, bp. his life neglected, although his works are admlimble, 9.— Fires in Oxford, iandc. Grants, royal, style and manner of, c N.— Great men produced at Christ-ch. p.— Guy- mond, a furious champion of clerical celibacy, d; reported founder of Christ-church, e. — Gra- nada, singular prohibition of conversation be- tween the friars and females who frequent the cathedral there, g N. Henry III. the first king who entered Ox* ford contrary to the monkish superstition, b ; Henry VIII. declares Christ-church an episco- pal see, &c. m. Ignorance before the reformation, I.— Ips- Vkh, school at, /.Justice, moral, can never prevail while a foreign power disposes of ec- desiastical property, I N. King's description of the Saxon architecture in Christ-church, e N.— King, bp. portrait of, by whom executed, o. J^elcMter, carl of, and Frideswide, C| an ominous name, b N.— Ijidies Calliaf, aatbor of, 9. — Leiger-book, ori^n of, < N.— Liturgy, privately used in (hcford during the Cromwdl despotism, o N. | vidssitude of things, lb. Monks make miracles for money, b and ft N. —Morality, papal. Influenced by rank, d N.— Measurement of the church, by Worcestre, f, —Monuments in Christ-church, «.— Martyr. Mrs. her corpse raised by Q. Mary's «ngai« nary orders, and buried In a dungihill, « N , again buried near Frideswide*s uKuinaent, ib. —Mass priest, wages of, kc. Ir.— Montacnte^ lady, gave the meadows to Christ-church, «.•« Martyrology, what, i N.— Moacow, bells at^ o N.— Maiden Bradley, prior of, his licea* tiousness, h N. Nuns scandaloosly driven ont of their hoa« ses by monks, c. — Nicholas, pope, called priesu* wives whores, d«— Naves of coaventoal churches long for the uses of the friars, a. Oxford, see of, protestant, a$ distincdoa between, and thoae older, ib. N. } d^ of, an* perstition respecting the king's entrance^ kg cathedral bnilt, ib. } of Saxon workmanahipk c N. — Oseney abbey, founded by a royal mis- tress and adulteress, d N. } vras a short time the see of a bishop, but now nuaed* lb.— Olivers painters on glass, o. Priory of St. Fridesvride rrtmllt, b; part of the present cathedral, ib. — ^Popes, three in* fallible, in Rome at once, all hating eadi other, c N.j entourage plunder, C| licenae the keeping of prostitutes, AN.; violate the rights of property, I V. — ^Priors, their luxury and extravagance, /.—Plate given by Wolsey to his coll^;e, I.— Plates, description of, 9.— Priors, list of, r.— Phillip's miracles of Fri- deswide, e.— Portuas and Portal, what, i N. Revenue of Frideswide's prioiy at the dis»o« lution, according to the MS. records,/. — Royal Sodety, promoted by members of Chriat- church, 9.— Rosary, what, t N. — Rdtgiooa establishmenu, number and value of, sap* pressed by the pope, I N. Stalls, old one* removed, a. — Spiritoal power, absurdity of the papal distinction from temporal, while it distributes pecvniaiy emo- luments, I N. Tomb, Ouymond's, plate 8.— Toper, origia of this word, iN. Vengeance, papal, on the dead, « N. Women, interdicted from spesiking to frisua in Spanish churches, g N 1 harangued by friars in conventa, lb.— Wolsey, grand Ideas of, in building, g { his motives and character, k} encourages learning, i; Chalmers's riew of, ib. N.— Wages of labonr at ballding Christ- church, i[(} deKtn>yedbyWilkinsoa,o.— Win- dows, painted glass, description of, a; ntllity of, ib. N.— WicUiffe first exposed papal Ido- Utrv in the quadrangle of Christ-church, p.— Weibeck, abbot of, his amoois, * N.— Works of the wicked evanescent, d N. Xeres, churches in, friars prohibited from convening with the women. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC i-'\,yA/^J/': ■^/f^y'/^.^./^U^ 't^a/^U.^, AJJlAJ A4/, A« k JK'wiXMV, I .'fiuuJia^j-ar.l'. 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Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES or THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH AND SEE OV XBE comparison whicb must involaDtarily take place in the mind of Cfery natiTe of Britain, as he passes beneath the shade of this cathedra^ can never fail to expand his soul with the loftiest feelings of national glory. A solitary and magnificent exception to the style of building then common to all our other ecclesiastical edifices, it threw back at once, to a great distance in the scale of importance, all the con- tinental buildings of this character j and though built under a system of theology less favourable to external pomp and splendid display, it It remarkable that in grandeur of dimension, St. Peter's alone can claim the precedence* Like that triumph of Roman architecture, St. Paul's also gives dignity to the distant views of a metropolis ; and, upon a nearer examination, excites astonishment by the magnitude of its parts, the beauty of its architecture, and the intricacy of its con- struction. As we enter its interior, the most powerful emotions are produced by the remembrances^ the monuments, and the trophies which its walls enclose. In tracing the early history of the see to which it belongs, there appears reason to believe, that its superior officer possessed much higher ecclesiastical rank and authority than at present ^ and that until the mission of St. Austin, A. D. 597> he divided the archiepiscopal honours of the infant church with York and Menevia. When the suc- cess which followed the exertions of St. Austin had inflamed that prelate's ambition to a degree which nothing less than the spiritual supremacy of the whole island could satisfy, he selected Canterbury, the place of his first residence in England, as the principal seat of ecclesiastical power; and, contrary to the orders of pope Gregory !• be endowed it with metropolitan rank. London became a suffi-agan see, and Meliitus, A. D. 604, was consecrated its first bishop by St. Austin. His diocess comprehended the whole of the kingdom of fithel* 00 Digitized by VjOOQ IC 0T. PAUL'S CATHBDRAL^ [A.D. 6d4. bert^ king of the West Saxons'. Chiistiamty had at this time very powerfiil enemies, and Mellitus was driven from his see of London by a relapse of his superiors to paganism, which continued for a very long time ; he afterwards succeeded St. Austin in the see of Canter- bury. After a vacancy of many years, Cedda was appointed die second bishop, and died A. D. 664. His successor Wina, stands recorded as the first simonist mentioned in our histories ; he purchased the see from the king of Mercia, after having been expelled from that of Winchester. The memory of Eriienwald, consecrated A.D. 675, was so esteemed on acount of his zeal, sanctity, and reputed miracles, that he received canonization after death. The celebrated St. Dunstan is the next remarkable personage in the list of bishops, *' a true monk in spirit as well as intrigue.** He rested, A. D. 968, for a short time upon the efHScopal throne of Lon- don, as he passed to his baneful elevation in the see of Canterbury, where he extinguished the little remaining independence, which the Snglish clergy had till then maintained, and bound them in those spiritual fetters which were not loosened until the reformation. He is said to have died of chagrin. Robertus, bishop of London, A. D. 1044, died abroad, having been expelled the kingdom, with some other bishops, for his political intrigues. His successor, William, a Norman, A.D. 1050, rendered such important services to the city of liondon, by bis influence with William the conqueror, that the citizens, for several centuries afterwards, cele- brated an annual commemoration of his services by a solemn proces- sion round his tomb, on which they had recorded an acknowledgmoit of their gratitude. The case of Hugh d'OrivaUe, the next bishop, A. D. 1075, who was afflicted vrith Iqirosy, furnishes evidence of the rude state of medicine at that time, from the singular and unsuccessful operation which he suffered for its cure *. Maurice, bishop A. D. 1066, in the absence of the archbishop, bad the honour of crowning king Henry I.; soon afUr be was consecrated, the church, together with the greatest part of the city, was destroyed by fire. The foundation of another was laid by Maurice ; but so extensive was its plan, that his means of comple- 1 " Yii. The dtjr «f London, the coontici of If iddtoiex, iMex, and put of HtitiRMan^ Mmcly, of that part which. In the records of the dloceu. It called the deanery of Bruif hinge, containing thirty paiishef, hesldee hnm]cta.**««Me«eonrt. Bc|Mrtoriiaai. 8 *« Qui non multo deinde tempore Intercedente, in leprun inddit, Ideoqoe es m od if o rni contUio ezectot cit. Nee tamenah eo maloTel evnachw, niil mottc potntt nheinrl.' * ' is supposed to have been principally repaired by the munificence of Richard Nigel or Fitxneal^ bishop A. p. 1189. Roger Niger, who obtained the see A.D. 1229, distinguished himself by his resistance to the authority of the officers of the king. He coiMecrated the choir of St. Paul*s in 1240, with great solemnity, and gave much towards the building. The payments of the citizens to their parish priests were regulated by him, and be excommuni* cated the usurers from the city of London. A still more brilliant example of courage and intrepidity, than that of Niger, occurs in the instance of Fulk Basset, bishop A. D. 1344. He was chosen by the canons in opposition to the wishes of the king, and in 1255 made a noble stand against the exorbitant de* mands of Rustanus, the legate of the pope, undismayed by the dis« pleasure which the king manifested*. The church of St. Faith, at the east end of the choir of St. Paul's, was begun by him. In 1262 the controversy which had long existed between the arch- bishop of Canterbury and the chapter of St. Paul's, concerning theiir re^MCtive rights of jurisdiction, was amicably terminated: though sufaaequent ones of shorter duration occurred. Richard de Qravesend, bishop A. D. 1280, was employed by the king as ambassador in France, and nominated by him one of tha guardians of the kingdom during the royal absence. The names of Henry de Lucy, earl of Lincoln, and Ralph da 9 *' Bastaaof, bj the klag*t com wuid, held a council fttLoodoo la UiCBumUi of October i wbttn, after he hiid shewed the pope's comaiiasioii» he denaoded an Immente nua of money fiRm the clergy: this hiehop risiof ap, declared, that before he woold oonsent to rocb a slavery, aad intolerable Injury, and oppression of the church, he would suffer his head to be chopped af • This his conetsnfy animated the rest, Insomuch, that they decreed to have no regard to the anthorlty or censures of Bostanus. The legate complains of him to the king, who revttel him, and threatens him with the pope: towhlch, when he heerd of It, be replied, «Mybishof *ifdcth« pope and Ung^ who are mightier than I, may take away, though n^juatly) they megr ' take away my mltie^ but my hifaMt wm i«iMdaP.*«<«M«if«t«rt. r CO Digitized by VjOOQ IC ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. [a.D. 1504. fialdockj hhhop A. D. 1304, are honourably mentiODed as benefactors to the ecclesiastical buildings of the see. Gilbert de Segrave, bishop A. D. 1313, laid the first stone of the shrine of St. £rkenwald in 1314. In the same year, following the lamentable superstitions of the times, he placed, with solemn parade, the relics of several saints in the cross intended for the apex of the spire, as a means of preservation against lightning. By his order the dimensions of the fabric were taken with accuracy^. The dethronement of Edward II. was openly opposed by Stephen de Gravesend, bishop A. D. 1318, and his zeal had nearly cost him his life. He defended also with energy the rights of his f the •aid cross six feet) all which, being written in noertain tablet with teifechnnctsn, he wto i we hung on the north pert of the cbolr.''>*Neircoort. Bepertodnm. Digitized by VjOOQ IC ife. ]>. 1431.] hOVDov. John, Kemp, translated A. D. 14«, was successively prelate of Rochester, Chichester, London, and York; archhishop of Canter« bury, and a cardinal. Another deputy to a council, viz. to that of Basil, was Robert Fita-hugh, bishop A.D. 1431, after ha?ing been ambassador at Romo aijd Venice. With a view of encouraging learning in England, it was determined by a council held at St. Paul's, during the government of this prelate, that '' all the greater ecclesiastical benefices should in future be conferred on none other than those educated at the universi- ties of Oxford and Cambridge." An instance of long possession, unequalled in the history of the tee, occurs in the case ot Thomas Kemp, who was made bishop A. D« 1449, and who sat thirty-nine years and forty-eight days. Cuthbert de Tonstall, consecrated A. D. 159S, appears to havA been remarkable for his great learning and diplomatic talent, and was employed in the embassy to the emperor Charles, which bad for its object the release of Francis, king of France. In John Stokesly, bishop A. D. 1530, Henry VIII. had a ready instrument, who lent himself to further the king's wishes with regard to his criminal divorces and marriages. He caused the first English, or Tindal's translation of the Bible, to be burnt publicly at Paul's cross. To him succeeded the infamous Edmund Bonner, A. D. 1540. He was condemned by the commiuioners of Edward VI. to be de- prived of his bishc^ic ; this took place in 1 549, when Nicolas Ridley was placed in the see. The change of religious opinions which fol- lowed in the reign of Mary, produced immediately the imprisonment, and ultimately the condemnation and martyrdom of the protestant bbhop. He suffered death by fire at Oxford in 1554 : the ruthless Bonner remounted the episcopal throne, and contributed his full share to those acts of intolerance and cruelly, which have made the remem- brance of the reign of his sovereign hateful to posterity. He was in . 1559 di^itaced, and sometime after committed to the Marshalsea prison, lor refusing to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. He died there despised in 1569\ Edmund Orindall, the chaplain of Ridley was consecrated A. D. 1559. He lost the favour of queen Elixabeth, which he had enjoyed for a long time, by opposing some views of the earl of Leicester. ft " The nott remarkable dtcnoMtanoe in hU hittoiy. It the lenity shewn to him after all this Uoodj career. There teemi no reason to thinlc that he would have even been deprived of kis Ushopric, had he consented to talce the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, a circumstance which is sorely very extrmordlnary. His oomfAiance, had he taken that step, could have been only hypocritical, and what an object it would have been to have seen the duties and power of a pN^estant prelate intrusted to such a monster, and in that diocess, where so many lainiliei pnsenred the bitttr raBonbruoe of hit cmelty l*«-ChalBe». Biog. Diet, 0) Digitized by VjOOQ IC 6T. FAUL'f C4THEDtAL, [4.D. 17S6. The aceearion of Elizabeth, induced a great number of the friendt of the reformed religion, to ret urn from the exile they had been forced into by the persecution of Mary« and her instruments. Among tl»em was John Elmer, who had been the tutor oi lady Jane Orey. He was appointed by Elixabeth one of the disputers on the protestant side, in the controversy with seven catholic bishops respecting nmtters of religion, and became bishop of London in 1576. Though be ''had •nfiered persecution,*' it is said, he had not *^ learnt mercy.*' His successor^ Richard Fletcher, bishop A.D. 1594, bad, previoiis to his elevation, made himself remarkable for the ill-timed and oflicioas teal he discovered during the last moments of Mary queen of Scots, which he disturbed by his unfeeling earnestness that she shonld renounce her religion. He was father of the celebrated dramatist, and was suspended by the anger of EPizabetb for having married a second wife. John King received the bishopric in 1611, from James I. who gave him a title he is said to have merited, viz. *' The King of Preachers.'* For five yean and a few months the see was filled by the ambitioiis and tyrannical William Laud. He was translated from St David-'s, A. I>. 1638. During this period he was chosen chancellor of Oxford, and ascended the archiepiscopal throne of Canterbury in 1633. He was beheaded in 1644 ! William Juxon, who succeeded him, A.D. 1683, was " esteemed a man of primitive sanctity, of great wisdom, piety, learning, patience, dbarity, and all apostolical virtues^.*' He was deprived by the pariia- ment, but intrepidly attended king Charles 1. upon tbe scafRHd. After the restoration he was promoted to the see of Canterbury. His be* quests to St. John*s College, Oxford, were very large. Gilb^t Sheldon, bishop of London, A.D. 1660, was, soon after his translation to Canterbury, elected chancelior of Oxford, and then bnilt at his own expense the theatre of the nniversity, remarkable not only for its own merits, but also as '* being the first public per- formance" of the architect who afterwards produced St Paul*s.' Bishop Sheldon appears to have expended a prodigious sum in works of a public-spirited and charitable nature'. The part which Humphrey Henchman bad in managing the escape of Charles H. after the battle of Worcester, was rewarded by Kewcoort. Sepertorinm. 7 *' Mr. Henry Wharton bu cnumerited the fonowipg fams he beitowed on oUier public purpotes. To lord Petre, for the parchue of London Hoosf , the midence of the bishops of Lon- don, smol. He abated in his fines for the augmentation of vicarages, idsol. » he gave towards the lepair of St. P»nl*s before the fire, ftiOgl. I7f . lOd. ; and the repairs of his booses at Folbam, lam* beth, and Croydon, 45001. $ to All Sonis* chapel. Trinity college chapel, Christchurch, Ox- ford, and Uchfleld Cathedral, 4iOL When first made bishop, the leases bdng all expired, he febated In his fines 17,7S9<. including probably the erUde of 1990L above mentioned.*'— €hal- nsers. Biog. Diet. (P Digitized by VjOOQ IC A.B. 1^5.] LONDON. At king aftnr Hm feitoratioii, with high tccletuiitical pvoaiotioD. He died bisbop i^ London in 1(175. The long and natfiil life and laboon of his soccetsor, Henry Comp* lOQ, A. D. 107&« prodaced the mott important results to the nation. The prinoesset Mary and Anne (both successivdy qneens of £ogland)> were edacated, confirmed^ and married by him, and he also crowned the fcrmer, tc^ther with her husband, William III. Who can estimate the prodigious efiects of the principles of the potestant religion (which be imparted to their minds) « upon the state oi society in this country ! Beii^ a zealons anti-catholic, he was suspended by James II. particu* lariy for not executing the king's will upon Dr. Shatpe, who had de» ftnded the church of England against popery. In his retirement he cui- tirmtcd botany in a manner that produced praise from the greatest natu- ralists of 4ie age. He warmly interested himself to bring about the revo* faitiou I and after its success, filled several high offices, and was one of the commissioners for the reform bf the Hturgy. His intentions were to proceed so far in the alterations as to conciliate the dissenters ^ but in this he was deteted, and it only furnished one proof among a multi* tnde, of his moderate and tolerant spirit His munificence to the ne- cessitous of all agessmd classes was unlimited, particularly to the indi« gent dergy*. The present cathedral was begun and finished during the time he held the see. '. John Robinson, the next prelate, A. D. 1714, was distinguished for diplomatic and political sagacity. Before his succession to the see, he had been ambassador in Sweden, lord pri?y seal, and one of her majesty's plenipotentiaries at Utrecht. His liberality of temper was evinced by noble benefactions to his native town, and to the university in which he received education '. The successful study of the'northem languages and of English antiquities, occupied the first part of the life of Edmund Gibson, bishop A. D. 17^. He was indefatigable in his attention to the interests of the church, and was the means of the endowment of Whitehall chapel. S ** He Toy noch promoted the < Act for making eflfectoal her Mi^etty*e Intention for the « Angmeiitation of the If alntenance of the Poor Clergj, by enabling her Mi^eety to grant the • BeveniiM of the FIrrt Fraitt and TenUu*." •' HU body was interred the l5th of the «ame BMmth (July 1713), in the chnfch-yard of ^dhan, according to hie particolar direction i for he nied to my, • the church Is for the liftng^ ^ '^■d the church-]^ for the dead'.** '< Ofer hie grave was erected a handsome tomb, sommnded with iron rails, hating only this short inscriptioa: < H. Und. EI If H EN Til ZTATPfi. MDCCXIII.* That is, • Heniy. ' Loodo«. Save in the Cross, 1719."*— Chalmers. Biog. Diet. 9 '* Every place. Indeed, with which he was connected, felt the benefit of his public spirit | thft place of his birth, in the boUding and endowment of a chapel and a school } Oriel college^ Id the addition of buildings towards the east side of the garden, and the foundation of some ample exhibitions i the ecclesiastical houses, in which he resided, were generally repaired by him at great expcoM | and to the poorin geoend he was vciy geiieroas.**--Chalmeri. Biog. Diet. (8) Digitized by VjOOQ IC He openly ooDdeQUied tlM ^tthionable aimnwenti of iht tkae, vhidi he considered improper ; and " neitber the emnityof ttatetmen nor the frowns of princes could divert his aitendon from his daties." His uttl, which carried him to the leogth of opposing the repeal of the cioipo* ration and test acts, was scarcely less cemarkable than his heae« ficence'*. The eloquent Thomas Sherlock was translated to the see A. D, 1748. He had aheady justified the discrindnation of those who ^oed him, at the extraordinary age of twenty-six, in one of the highest dignities of the church — the mastership of the temple. The part which he took in the controrersy on the test acts, was unfiivoarmble to their repeal, but in after life he is said to ha?e altered his opiniooa. His knowledge of the coiutitutional history of his university gave him unequalled importance there, and from his deep intioMcy with the civil, canon, and conmkon law, be was always heard with great deference in the house of peers. He declined the ofier of the see of Canterbury on account of bad health; but disputed the right of option with the prekte of that see, upon the translation of a bishop". ' His public charities were very extensive. The prejudices and groundless apprehensions of Dr. Terrid^, bishop A. D. 1764, and the then archbishop of Canterbury, wilt be regarded with indignation and rq^t in an age of liberal feeling and comprehensive policy. Upon their opposition, the works of sir Joshua Beynolds and others, offered gratuitously as decorations to the cathe-. dral, were refused admission, Uiough the proposition had been approved by the king. It is delightful, as a relief, to dwell in contemplation upon a. diaracter so distinguished for liberality of sentiment, gentle and anuable manners, and various and elegant learning as that of Robert Lowth, bishop A. D. 1777* Hebrew poetry received the most impor- tant illustrations from his genius, and bis masterly defeat of the coarse attack of Warburton, proves his talent as a consummate controversia- list. The present king has the high merit of having oflfered so estima- ble a person archiepiscopal distinction, but which was declined. He felt the loss of his children severely in his old age, and soon followed the last of them, universally lamented. The memory of the venerable Beilhy Porteus, bishop A. D. 1787> Vi ** A striklfig inttance of bU benefolenoe of dUpotttlon It ncotded by Wbiitoa. Dr. Crow bad left blm ftsool. wbicb oar prelate ftedy (aft to Dr* Crow's relationt, wbo were ta Indigent drcumstancet.**— Cbalmera. Biog. IMct. 1 1 " Dr. Sberlock printed fifty copies of bis tbongbts on tbe snbject. In 17S7* For private dis* tribution. In a folio pamphlet, entitled < Tb/t Options or an Iniiuiiy Into the Grounds of tte * Claim made by tbe Arcbbisbop, on aU consecfatod or translated Bisbops, of tba Disposal of any ' Pr«fennent belonging to their respective Sess^ thatbe sball ■akt choice of .""—Cbatmii. Bto§. Dkt. Digitized by VjOOQ IC b stiU freth with all of us, and will be cherished by the lo?er$ oF reli- fion, morality, md literatare of " all time/* The suppogcd necessity of ajndicioas reform In the liturgy and articles of the church of England, induced him, together with other distinguished churchmen, to lay their sentiments before the archbishop of Canterbury. The proposition was discussed by the bench of bishops, and negatived. Bishop Portent presided with great dignity and ability during the dangerous period of the French revolotion, and although tolerant in his general couduct^i he opposed catholic emancipation. The English and Foreign Bible Society found in him a zealous supporter and advocate, as did several Other institutions, which had for their object the moral improvement of man. Among his other works may be distinguished, the establish- Bieot of a permanent fund for the benefit of the poorer clergy of his diooess, and the building and endowment of a college at Sundridge, his favourite residence. He also provided for three gold medals, to be aonoally contended for by the students of Christ's college, Cam- bridge. It has been emphatically said, that ** He made the garment of holiness honourable.*' The see is at present filled by Dr. Wm. Uowley, consecrated 1813. The bishop of London has precedence before all the bishops of England, after the two archbishops • and is dean of the metropolitan tee of Canterbury, by virtue of which office, he not only presides over the other bishops at synods, in case the metropolitan be absent, but be leceivet bis mandates for assembling of synods, and for other business of the church, which he communicates to the other suffragan bishops'*. The diocess of London contains the counties of Middlesex and Es- sex, part of Hertfordshire, and a minute portion of Buckinghamshire. It it exempted generally from the visitation of the archbishop of Canter- bory, but there are thirteen parishes in the city which are the peculiars of that prelate, and therefore not amenable to the jurisdiction of this see. The city and liberties of Westminster and the parish of St. Martin's- le- Grand are also exceptions, they being governed in all ecclesiiistical affairs by the dean and chapter of Westminster only *'. 18 *' In come ancient statntet he is styled Primiu Baro Regni. The ecclesiastical barons taUngfNcedcnce ofthe temporal ones.**— Brayley. Beauties of England. 19 " The author of the M onumenu Westmonasteriensis, speaking of the high privileges •ad honours annexed formerly to the abbots* and now to the dean and chapter of this coUegiau church, tells us (Inter alia) that they are vested with all manner of jurisdiction, both ecclesias- tical and dvil, not only within the city and liberty of Westminster, but within the precinct of tt. Martln*s-le-Grand, In ^ndon. As to their civil jurisdiction within these places 1 have MChIng to say s but as to their ecclesiastical jurisdiction, within the liberty of Westminster, la which $it the parishes of St. Clement Danes, St. Martin in the Fields, and those three pailshes of tt. Paul, Covent Oarden, tt. Ana, and tt. James, Westminster (which have of late yean baea taken out of tt. Martin's), I must crave leave to Inform him, that the dean and chapter of Wcatauaetcr hsve ao manner of ecdetlastkal jurisdlctioa withia the afotcsald Digitized by VjOOQ IC •T. favl's CATUEDMKL, [A.0.1S9S. Tbe dk>ces8 experkneed a Tcry oonsidenble dioiiinition in tlM 3Sld of HcDry VIII. 1540, who haTiDf created the b iah oprieof WcttoHOtter, endowed it with the cotmty of Middletez (the parah of Fnttiaoi oolj excepted) 4 and it was so held until Edward VI. in the year 1550, dis* solved the new bishopric, and restored Bliddksex to the see of London. The diocess is divided into thefive archdeaconries of London, BTiddleste, Essex, Colchester, and St. Alban*8 ; and is estimated to contain 6Si parishes, of which number 189 are impropriate. The annual Talue for the first fruits stands in tiie king's books at if 1000. The present annual income of the bishop has been estimated at i9000. The clergy's tenths amount to £mi : 15 : 1 '«. ''The bishop retains his own tenths, and has the tenths of the dean, ^ chapter, the prebendaries, and canonries, and St Alphage rectory^.** In the government of this see the bishop is assisted by a dean, a precentor, a chancellor, a treasurer, ^we archdeacons, thirty canons or prebendaries, twelve minor or petty canons, six vicart-choral, a sub-dean, and other officers* The thirty canons are in the coHation of the bishop, and, from among them, three officers are appointed by his majesty, who are called residentiaries, and these three with the dean constitute the chapter** by which the affairs of the church are managed. The twelve petty canons were constituted a body corporate with a common seal, by Richard II. A. D. 1399, in honour of his queen. The architectural history of this see, previous to the time of its first bishop Mellitus, is entirely unknown. Ethelbert, king of Kent, in a few years after the consecration of that prelate, about A. D. 610, is said to have founded and endowed the church of St. Paul. After his death, the establishment received from several aove- reigus and prelates, considerable grants and privileges, down to the time of VK^lliam Rufus. The cathedral had been considerably injured by fire, A.D. 961 ; but in 1086, a conflagration, which extended to nearly the whole city, laid the church in almost total ruin. Biaurice, who had been recently consecrated, immediately com- menced the rebuilding, upon a scale of magnificence unknown to modem times, and far beyond his own means of completion '^ His successor, Richard de Beimels, though assisted by the king, and de» pwitbet, nor bad the ftbbottMKl monk*, tktirpTedeoesMn, everanyi bvtM toaUoMtttnof codestactlcal cogBisaBW, thtj arc wholly tnl^Ject to tht bishop of London.*^— Narcowt. Beper- toriom. 14 BeatioB. FoHHcal Index. 15 BMon. Uber Regis. IS Ibid. 17 "A work that men of that tiMtjodgwl wold never haft bin iBiahad, UwastothMi aa «otaderftiUlorlengthaadbi«BdUi.*> Slow. Swrey of London. (*) Digitized by VjOOQ IC ' A.D. 1155.] LONDOBT. ▼odag '^ all his cpfooopal revennet*' to the work» became at length weary of the laborioiu midertakiDg, and at the latter part of his life neglected it entirely. Little progress was made dnring the presi- dency of bis two successors^ and another fire in 1135 destroyed part of what had been erected. The second bishop de fielmeis^ and Richard Nigel, bishop in 1189, appear to ha?e felt mnch of the public spirit of the founder, and contributed greatly to the repair and progress oi the ecclesiastical buildings ; but still the cathedral was far from com- pletion, for it was not until A.D. 1««2, that we find the central tower was built. Bishop Niger, immediately upon his elevation to the see, undertook the rebuilding of the choir ; and in 1240, he consecrated tiie new part with great solemnity, in the presence of king Henry III. The cross aisles and lady chapel were begun by bishop Basset in 1966. The latter was fitiished by the munificence of bishop Baldock, about 1319. The restoration of the spire and cross in 1315, may be consi- dered as the period of entire completion. A table of the prodigious di- mensions of the cathedral was made about this time, and the recollec- tion that the edifice had been 995 years in building, during the pre- sidency of eighteen bishops, will prepare us to regard with admiration both the grandeur of the original design of bishop Maurice, and the laudable perseverance of many of his successors. The funds for this woriL principally proceeded from collections, and the grants of indul-^ gences throughout England and Ireland. In 1444-5, the spire was struck by lightning, and the repairs of it continued until 1469. The spire and cross of the cathedral in June, 1561, were rapidly destroyed by fire, occasioned by the neg- ligence of a plumber ••. The bounty of Elizabeth, and the great zeal and liberality of the citizens and clergy, were eminently displayed on this event. The rooft of the whole church, though framed in York- shire and brought by sea, were raised and covered with lead before the end of the same year, except those of the north and south ends of the church, which were completed in 1564. The spire was never rebuilt, though sufficient monies are stated to have been collected for the pur- pose. From this period the cathedral appears to have been greatly neg- lected, and became in consequence extremely ruinous. The sum re- quired for its repair was far beyond the means of the bishop and the 18 ** This ire bunt forth, m it Mraied to the beholden, two or three yardt beneath tho Ibote of the ciotM, «ad from thence, brent down the ipeerc (iplre) to the itone work and belf* •0 terribly, that wHhin the space of four honret, the Mune steeple, wiUi tberoofes of tbt •tateh, to amch as wae timber, or otherwise combostlble, were oonsumedi which was a la*- ■wntable sight, and pitliAd remembiance to the behoUter theiwf.**'-atow. Ch. by Howe. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 8T. PAUL*8 CATHBORAL, [A.D. 16S8. dean and cha[»ter, until> at lengthy die indiEierence of king Jamea I. was roused by the exertions of a gentleman named Henry Farley ; hat, after some very splendid and promising proceedings^ nothing essentiallj of service was done during the reign of that prince. The energies which William Laud displayed in e?ery part of hit career were directed^ upon his elevation^ as bishop of London^ to the restoration of this cathedral. King Charles assisted the general tub- icription, which soon amounted to jClOl^SSO : 4 : 8, and no leta an architect than Inigo Jones was employed to direct the works. '* His repairs were begun in 16SS, and being diligently prosecuted, in the course of nine years, a magnificent portico was erected at the west end ; the whole exterior of the body of the church was new cased witk stone, and the roofing and lead covering were completed. The vault- ing, which stood greatly in need of reparation, was well oenteied nod upheld with some hundt-eds of tall masts **." The civil war, not only arrested these important works, but the npine and fanaticism which attended it, overturned all that had been done, first stripping the church of every thing that was valuable, even to the scaffolding, and then converting it to uses the moat degrading and abominable. On the re-establi^meat of episcopacy, another subscription was begun, to enable the dean and chapter to restore the cathedral to its original purpose > Dr. Wren (afterwards sir Christopher), was em- ployed to rqport upon the state of the fabric, when his proposed alter- ations were not approved, and the repairs were recommenced in 1663, under sir John Denham, the surveyor-general. In 1666, the great fire of London involved this ill-fated building, in almost universal destruction. An attempt was made to repair the injuries done by this fire, and a considerable sum of money expended on the experiment j but after some years, the public opinion agreed with that which Dr. Wren had pronounced at first upon the insecurity, &c. of the remains^ and it was resolved to build a new cathedral, of a magnitude and cha- racter becoming the metropolis of a great nation. The destruction of the ancient cathedral was a national loss. The grandeur of its dimensions, and the magnificence of its decorations, were unequalled by any other in the kingdom. The plan was a cross, and the style of the architecture of the interior was gothic, of difiSer- ent periods, (he nave being Norman, and the choir and lady chapel, with its beautiful rose window, of the more complicated architecture of the time of Henry HI. The exterior was of a still more dis- cordant character, principally owing to the additions and alterations 19 Bmjlcgr. BcmUcs of Bnsland for London. (mj Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1669.] LONDON* made by Inigo Jones in the Roman style. For the long and splendid catalogue of altars, shrines, tombs, chantries, chapels, monuments, and ecclesiastical utensils, ornaments* and vestments, we must refer our readers to Dugdale, who has given a most interestiug account of thete gorgeous displays of mistaken piety. It has been calculated, that two hundred priests were necessary to discharge the numerous duties. Sir W. Dugdale has also preserved a long list of remarkable persons who were buried within the cathedral **. A church dedicated to St. Faith, had been erected near the east end of the cathedral, and when the latter was enlarged, its super* litnictare was taken down, and the vaults only appropriated to, and used as the parish church for upwards of three centuries. After the great fire, the parish was united to that of St. Augustine, though the parish- ioners still have the right of burying in a part of the ^rypt of St. Paul's. The buhop*s palace appears to have been of high antiquity, and the scene of many royal vbits and. festivities. It was destroyed by the fire of 1666, and never rebuilt. Paurs cross, from the numerous and important assemblies and events with which it was connected for a long series of years, was one of die most interesting appendages of the old cathedral. Its origin was un- known. Its destruction took place in 1643> by order of the parliament. In 1669, Dr. Wren prepared the first set of designs for the in- tended cathedral ; but when the parliament provided that part of a duty ttpon sea-coal should be applied to defray the charges of the build* ing, he extended his views, and produced a model which now remains, and which, it is said, he valued more highly than any of bis other designr. The beauties of this model not being property appre*- tdated by the clergy and others, to whom the Roman style in church architecture was entirely new, his invention and taste were severely tried, in reconciling '' the gothic to a better manner of architecture.** The designs were^ at length, finally approved by the king in December 1679, and, with the exception of some inconsiderable alterations, chiefly in the ornamental parts, the present edifice was constructed i^reeaUy to them. The demolition of the old works, the removal of the ruins, and the preparations of the trenches, were works of great difficulty and danger. When they were accomplished, the king signed an order in May 90 Among the rett were Erkemrtld, WlllSam the Norman, bishop of London j Roger Mlgei^ 1>itbO|> of London ; John of Gaunt, dnkc of Lancaster ) Hamond de Chigwell, six timet mayor, ob. IMS. Sir Francfa Walalngbam, ob. isgo. Sir Phillip Sydney, ob. 1586. John Colet, dcaa of St. FmXH, ob. 1519. Sir MIcbolat Bacon, lord Iieeper, ob. I579t and his two wives. Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor, ob. 159I. John Donne, dean of St. Paul's, ob. lOSl. WillismLlly, the grammarian, ob. 15S2. Sir William Dethick, bart. garter king at •!»•» o)|. 16ift I and sir Anthony Tan Pyke^ the cdebrated painter, ob. IMU («) Digitized by VjOOQ IC ST. PAUL'S CATBEDRkL, [4* O. 1675. I675»ibr the works to connnence at the east end ; and in the month of June in the same year^ the first stone was laid hy Thomas Strong, the master masoo. The exertions of the architect, the commissioners, the clergy, and the government, during the period occupied in the building, desenre the highest praise. It is imposnble to believe that a work so great in its dimensions, so scientific in its constroction, so infinite in its deuils, and so enormous in its expense, could proceed without ia- terruptions, delays, and difficulties of the most serious natui«; but these were overcome, and a master-piece of architecture, colossal in its magnitude, was produced, in a period of time unparalleled, for its short- ness, in the history of the art. The highest stone of the building was laid by Mr. Wren, the architect's son, in 1710, and the last commitf ion for ** finishing and adorning" the church was issued by George I. in 1715. The plan of ,the Cathedral is extremely simple, and is that of a latin cross with an additional arm or transept at the west end, to give breadth to the principal fnmt. Over the intersection of the nave ^ and choir is placed the dome, and each angle of tha western front is surmounted by a tower. The most striking feature in the character of this edifice, and which is not possessed by any other structure of equal magnitude per- haps in the world, is, that it is a whole ; the creation of one mind, de- signing, constructing, and decorating all, from the first idea, to the last and most minute ornament. The narrow limit of the area which surrounds this butldiBg, has been repeatedly and justly complained of, but it has its advantages ; it brings into immediate contrast the dimensions of the cathedral and those of the neighbouring buildings, and products an effect in favour of the former which any enlargement of this area would weaken. Who, as he approaches up Ludgate Hill, under favouring circumstances of ligh^ but must be arrested by the extraordinary and sublime oombinatiott of architectural effect which there presenU itself I The breadth, and deep masses of shadow in the western part j^the lightness, the elegance, the intricacy of the towers ;— the stillness, the solemnity, and the mi^ty ofthedistantdome!— Let us enter. As we pass along the nave, how does our curiosity and admiration increase at every step, as under the last arch, we perceive the increasing elevation of the internal dome, until, arrived beneath the centre, the eye penetrates upwards into the highest vault, and we thrill with unmixed wonder and astonishment ! Beau- ties of less striking character are profusely scattered about this roagni* ficent temple, but which our limits will not permit us the gratification of dwelling upon. To the high honour of the architect, the number of defiects, which the mgenuicy of after critics hu discovered, is smaU» Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1795.} LOMDOV* and several of them wtfe produced by circumstances Ofer which be had DO coDtrol. The paucity of decoration has been considered one of these; bnt since the year 1795, when the fine arts triumphed, and bigotry vanished beneath the presidency of an enlightened prelate, this defect has become gradually less apparent. In that year the statue of Dr. John«* son was erected by Bacon, and followed by that of John Howard, a work of the same artist. In addition to these, the cathedral now eontains the following monuments : Houghton, Mijor-genera], by Chantrey, Rbynolds, SirJ Flaxman, JONBS, Sir W Bacon, Brock, Gcnenl Wostmacoti, Abbbcromsib, General Ditto. Moore, General BacoMf Jun» CoLLiNGWOOD, Admiral ff^estmacott* HowBy Admiral •••• Flaxman* Miller, Captain JHtto. Faulknor, Captain RoaU Hardinob, Captain Manning' B0ROB88, Captain Bank$. CoRMWALLis, Marquis Roitt, MACEBNZiBy M^|or-general .... 1 Lamgworth, Brigadier-general > ^* *» 5» Manning, DuNDAS, M^^or-general JBacM^ /mm. Craufurd, Major-general • MACKINNON, Msjor-general. Wbstcott, Captain BankM. MossB, Captain > / Rioo, Captain > ^**^' March ANT, Major-general Smith, Durr, Captain.. • Bacon, Jun. CooKB, Captain Westmacott, RoDNB Y, Admiral Rottim That among these monuments there are some highly honourably 10 British art, cannot be denied; but, in the majority it must be con- fessed, there is a great want of imagina t ion^ pure principle, and digni* fied feeUng". tl In the immenie Tmilts bennUi the c«thedn]» betides Uie tucophafiM to lord Nelson, drUncated in pi. 7* there Is remaining, among others, the monument of X>r. Donne, in which the sculptor has represented him lying in hb shroud, hot with no expression of death or of disease In his fleatores. The merit of this work, and the celebrity of the person represented, give it a claim to a very superior situation, and such an act of justice would reflect much iionour vpon thoee who should perform It.— In these Taults are burled Sir C. Wren, architect} Usbop MewtoD) the earl of Roaslyn) sir J. Reynolds i JohnOpiei JamesBarryi Bobert Mylne, the architect of BlackMan Bridge I and some ottien. (pj Digitized by VjOOQ IC ' J Bitto. ST. PAUL*8 CATHIDIAL, LONDOW. [A.D.1817i Okie obsenration strikei us forcibly as we pais from one memorial to another ; it is, that of the twenty-seven monuments now erected, twenty-two are tributes to warriors. This disproportion is painfdl to reflect upon ; for although a brave man has a high claim to the remem- brance of his country, he has not an equal one with him whose exertions for tlie amelioration and moral improvement of his species, tend to banish war with all her horrible attendants from the earth. It is from fieeling this, that for the character of the country, fur the honour of the arts of peace, and for the influence it may have on the highest interests of man* kind, we rejoice that the principal positions in the cathedral, viz. the four great arches beneath the dome, are occupied by the statues of an artist, a legislator, a philanthropist, and a christian philosopher. Too much praise cannot be given to those who have so wisely discrimi- nated, and who have given the precedence to characters, the lustre of whose fame will steadily bum when the hero shall be useku, if not forgotten. DIMENSIONS or THB CATHBOaAL. . LENGTH fnMneuttowMt500fiMtiofUiebod7oriuTett0fiKt;oftlMdoaie(dittMtar) 106^ reet; or the choir 169 feet; ofthe west portico 29 feet; ortbecroeteisletfromoortnto touthStt feet.~.BR£ADTH of tiie body Hhd aide aialee 107 feet ; of the middle able of tbe choir 4S fert ; or the vest front 180 fert.—H EIGHT of the vaultinf or roof SB teet; of the toweai, we»t front, 9H feet ; from the pavement to the floor of tbe fint Interior gallery in the dome 100 feet ; thence to the floor of the second callery 118 feet; thence to the third gallery oa the top of the coneM feet; thence to the top ofthe ctom 88 feet ; of the whole SflO feet. DBSCRIPTION or THB PLATES. Plau 1. A View of tbe Sottt&em Front of tbe Cetbedna of 8t. Fuil » tbevtag the Projectloa be- neath tbe South- Western Tower, which cootains tbe dock, and part of tbe Sonthem Aisle of tbe Nave; the'Dome, and its Colonnade; and the Southern Transept with its semidrailar Portico. In the distance is the Church of tbe united parishes of St. AugusUn and St. Flaitb* built by Sir Christopher Wren. Plat9 9. Tbe Interior of the Southern Transept with part of Its Western Aisle. The Pier near tbe middle of tbe view is one of tbe eight which support tbe dome s at Its foot Is tbt national Monument of Captain Burgess, and In tbe pannel orer, that of Captain Hardinfe. Beneath the window o( the western aisle Is seen part of the Monument to the memory of Sir John Moore. PUu S. View from the end of Cbeapslde, looking south* wests shewing' the Nortbem aisle of tbe Choir} the Dome, iu Lan\em, and Colonnade 1 the North Transept 1 and one of tbe Towers of the western front. Plete 4. A distant View of the Western and Southern Fronts of tbe Cathedrtl, taken from the Blver Thames. In this view are seen, tbe whole length (nearly) of tbe building ; tbe m^ce* tic character «nd position of Its dome } and tbe reUtlte magnltode of the whole. Pimit 5. The South Eastern End of tbe Cathedral. On the left hand Is part of tbe Southern Aisle of the choir, and beyond Is Its circular Termination, which contains tbe altar. On tbt other side of the street Is St. Paul's School, founded by Dean Colet. Ptau 0. View of the Interior, shewing the Eastern End of the Nave i part of tbe Dome 1 the Choir I and Its Southern Aisle. Near the end of the latter sUnds the monument of tbe phi- lanthroplst Howard, and on tbe left hand of tbe organ screen. Is that of Marquis Comwallis. Just aboTC tbe great arches of the dome Is seen the Gallery, called the whispering gallery. PUae 7. View of that part of the Crypt which Is Immediately beneath tbe centre of tbt dome, the burial-place of Nelson t bis remains are deposited In the lower basement of tbe sarcophagus. Those of bis brave successor. Lord ColUngwood, are contained In tbe Tomb on tbe right hand. Plate 8. The Western Front, and grand Entrance to the Cathedral. Tbe subject of the sculp- ture In the tympanum of the pediment. Is the miracalottt CoBTenioa of 8U ftol. IW sutue below, In tlie area, Is that of Quctn Anne. Digitized by VjOOQ IC INDEX TO ST. PAUL:S CATHEDRAL. ••• Tk€ iialie lUttt indicate the paget marked at the bottom of the Uft tide f fAiw, (a) (b) ^c and the Utter N./or note. A m a ieia eBti, fiuhioiiable, oondemned hy bMu»pOilMOQ, h, Basaet, F«lk» cbotcn by the canont In op- position to Um kin^ C| oppotei the exorbi- tant dcmaadt of the pope's legate, ib. •Bible Varat at Paul's Cross, «.— Bonner, bishop, csndemned by the commissioners of Edward YI. to be deprived of his bishopric, ct re- mounts the episcopal throne in the reign of Mary. ib. i dies in the Marshalsea prison, ib. —Bishops, list of, r. Cathedral, ancient, Its dimensions taken In 13IS, dN. i entirely destroyed by fire, m, first stone of the presnt building laid by Tho- mas Strong, •} the last commission for finish- ing and adorning the church, issued by George I. ib. } in grandeur of dimensions akme sur- passed by 8t. Peter's, e ) principal monuments contuned in it, p } dimensions of, f . Deans, list of, r.— Dnnstan, 8t. <* a true monk in spirit as well as Intrigue,** b j said to have died of chagrin, ib.~IMocese of Lon- don, its extent, i.— Dugdale, sir W. his ac- count of the remarkable penons buried within the ancient cathedml, «.— Duty upon sea coal applied to defray the expense of erecting the cathedral, a. Erkenwald, esteemed for his seal, sanctity, and reputed miracles, b i canonised, lb.— El- mer, John, tutor of lady Jane Grey, /} ap- pointed by queen Elisabeth one of the dis- puters, on the protestant side, in the contro- versy with seven catholic bishops, Ib. First fruits of the diocese, their annual va- *lne, as rated in the king's books, ^i'W.'»^ W.«V V.'Vr»...-y .Vwe* MJJ.m^ J-^.^.-^'j^X;. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC '.'Ar/ .y^l^ .A^--r SU'l'^Kl/'-^^^^'V^i'Aa-^ itiiifM .'i,^ . nil/ <-i .ik.-r^i:,-J .'>«A j«./ .''•u^./'jtrr^-JBr- Jifr Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQLC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC ^ffrj/^ . /'/^r^r//^ *rf r^ :/f -'Au/O C\i//iM/'tz/\ t^U.iu>J 'kA^ j.j.*j ■ .*/ jVU». .^J /.VA- .♦ .;■«/.. }Uirx^\itirH.-: Digitized by VjOOQ IC x y* Digitized by VjOOQ iC Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC 14 ,w,/'ir-r*f ... ^^ >H^*t*JmStik»* .4^ ^^A*^■*ri^ .. M tkpi^J^^ i,'^^ ^ ^r^.Thrf^ ^^iait. .._.. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THB CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF Kkspectino the ancient site of Medeshamsted, or the city and Cathedral of Peterburgh, very little is recorded. Its original name, however, as well as the pleasant situation**, would seem to indicate its having been at least a village, if not a considerable town, in the kingdom of Merda, the largest state in the Saxon heptarchy. The eastern part of that kingdom being fenny, it was then called gyr, and the . inhabitants were subsequently denominated by the Latin termination gyrmiy or fen-men. The earhest record of tbis place denominates it Medeahainsteda, i. e. meadow -village -site. The adjunct sted^ place or site, which aU writers concur in post-fixing to this name, is a pre- sumptive proof that it had been " the busy haunt of men,*' long before the erection of the Abbey, though by what name it was de • signated it is now useless to inquire. Gunton derives the word Medes from a supposed gulf in the Nen, called Medes well ; Bridges, more naturally, attributes it to the local peculiarity of rich meads or mea- dows, extending along the banks of the Nen ; others convert the hanu^fid into a homestead, belonging to the extensive meadows eastward of the townf. The literal import of this name, however, is sufficiently clear and consistent with the usual practice of that age in denominating places. Although the early history of this conventual edifice is blended with some doubtful legends, still there is every reason to believe that the principal events recorded by the chroniclers of the monastery, are substantially correct. It appears that preparations for its con- struction were made (according to the abbot Hedda in 650) prior to the death of Penda, king of Mercia, who defeated and killed the Northumbrian king Oswald, the martyr and saint. This warrior monarch had three sons, Peada, Wolfere, and Ethelred, and two daughters, Kynesburga and Kyneswitha. Peada, his eldest son, went * "Tbit dtotrict, says Pitt, mivht be termed the Nile of England, and with the advnntage over iU rival abruad, uf not depending minntely on teasooB: for crops are here very fnll in wet or in dry teatons. After this, who but nin*-t wonder that so large a tract of it as Peterborooxh Fen shoald have remained, to this day, undivided and uncaltivated." — Agric Report of North- ampton. t Matthew of Westminster writes it simply ** ffamaUde qnoi none Borgl SHnrti Petri did- Hir ;" and dean Patrick makes Medethamstede to signify ** tlie village or hoase $tandmg upoa the Medn, or meadows. B Digitized by VjOOQ IC 2 PETCRBURGH CATHIDRAL, [a. D. 65G. on a friendly Titit to prince Alhfrid, nephew of Oswald, in North- umberland, where he was converted to Christianitj by Flnnanns, a Scottish bishop. A friendship was then contracted between these princes, which was confirmed by an intermarriage, Peada marrying Alfeda, the sister of Alhfrid, and the latter Rynesburga. Penda died shortly after. He was succeeded by Peada, who, on ascending the throne in 655 or 656, laid the foandation of the abbey of Medes- hamsted. The stone used for this purpose was procured at Bymack, near Stamford, and so large were the blocks, that eight yoke of oxen could scarcely draw one ot them. The stone of the present building, is of considerable durability : it consists of very minute shells, agglutinated in crystallized carbonat of lime, with a small portion of iron. That in the north aisle of the choir and north transept is very compact, and is the most durable kind of calcareous shell-stone, which the French call gres^ and which was often used by the Romans^ in their buildings. The royal founder of the Abbey, however, did not live to finish it, being betrayed to death by his wife Alfeda, (according to the Chroniclers,) at the Pascal-feast, after he had reigned four years. Then did his crown and kingdom descend upon Wolfere, his next brother. This Wolfere being made a cbristiaa by Finnanus, a bishop who came out of Scotland ; voVed to purge his kingdom from idolatry, to demolish all idolatrous places, and to the utmost of his power promote the Christian religion; and this tow he renewed on his marriage to St. Ermenilda, daughter of Egbert, king of Kent ; but soon after, owing to the pernicious advice of Werbode his steward, he neglected his vow, relapsed into his original errors, and the darkness of Paganism again began to overspread the country. His wife St. Ermenilda had borne him two sons, tne elder Wolfitde, the other Rufine, the former of these was exceedingly fond of hunting, and on one occasion a hart which he was pursuing took soil near to the cell of Saint Chad, (afterwards bishop of Litchfield). On the prince enquiring of the holy man concerning the animal, he replied, that he was not a* keeper of beasts, but of the souls of men, and entering into conference with Wulfade, he so powerfuUy set forth the mysteries of the christian faith, that the Prince was converted and baptised in St. Chad's cell. On his return to his fieither^s court, he secretly informed bis brother of all that had befallen him. persuading him to be baptised also ; to which Rufine consenting, the brothers retired again to St. Chad, who administered the Sacrament of Baptism to him. These christian brothers often resorted to a private oratory together, where they performed their devotions in secret, but being at length discovered by the steward Werbode, this wicked man so incensed their father against them, that watchine the time when they had entered the oratory to pray, he rushed in and slew both his sons * The Society of Anttqnarlet, tayt Ooogh, have a drawlof of a Roman ore aad colni fowid 1b 1753 at Sowtborpe piti, near Bcroack and SUmford, a protif that tbeae ramoaa qaarrtca, which faniiftbed tiooe for Peterboroofh, Ramaey, St. Bdmnad's Bory, and other abbey cbarche»» wereknown to the Romans. Mr. Frederick exhibited to the Society a RooMBifMK fuaod there in I7S3— Brit. Topog. v. li. p. 47. Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D* 673.] NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 3 with his own hand, and cansing the place to be demolished, left the bodies buried beneath the rubbish. Shortly after this horrible and unnatural murder, Werbode the instigator of it laid violent hands on himself; and the king, tortured and distracted by remorse, repaired to St. Chad, to whom, after confessing his sins with heartfelt contrition^ be professed himself willing to undertake whatever penance he mi^t think right to impose upon him. The saint upon this enjoined him to restore the Christian Faith, rebuild the ruined and desokte churches, and to found and erect as many new ones as possible. These injunctions Wolfere appears to have most faithfully fulfilled, and the building of Peterbnrgh was immediately recommenced with great seal.* King Wolfere having completed the Abbey by the assistance of his brother, sisters, and Saxulf, a pious and prudent man, convened an assembfy of his nobles and bishops, who dedicated it in honour of the apostle St. Peter. He granted it large immunities, privileges, and pos- se8sions,e2tendingits jurisdictionfromCroyland eastward toWani^ord bridge on the west, and northward to Easton and Stamford, including the hundred of Nassabui^h ; all these endowments were ratified by his charter of confirmation in 664. Wolfere dying without issue in 675, was succeeded by his brother Ethelred, who, to shew his affection for this Abbey, built a house for the abbot, bestowed on it divers lordships, and sent Wilfred, archbishop of Yoric, to Rome, where he procured from pope Agatho several extraordinary privileges, and a confirmation of preceding grants, such as that ^^if any Briton, or any person of the neighhowring islands had a desire to visit Borne, and could not by reason of its distance, they might visit St. Peter's in this monastery, there pay their vows, be absolvedfrom their siHs^ and receive the apostolical benediction** This was confirmed by the Pope and 125 bishops at Rome in 680.' In addition to the above, the abbot of Medeshamsted was to be chief of all the abbots north of the Thames, and to have precedence in conventions and ecclesiastical assemblies. The first abbot of Medeshamsted was Saxulf, who had assisted in its erection, and who, though an earl, became religious president of this richly-endowed establishment. He being a man of talents and piety, soon congregated persons of a religious character, and his novices became so numerous that he foundea Thomey abbey, and supplied it with inmates from Medeshamsted. Saxulf, being con- secrated archbishop of the Mercians, was succeeded by Cuthbald in 673) a man of holy and devout life. So observant was he in the * The whole of this history was repres«oted is stained glass, in the cloisters ; it oeespM ^ine windows of foor lighu each, and io every light a subject with ezplanatorv verses beneath ; all of which are given at length, both in the Honastleon, and Canton's History of Peter- borongb. These cloisters which were demolbhed dorlng the great rebellion, most have been truly bean* tital. The windows of the south alley were filled with the history of the Old Testament and those of the east alley with the New. In the north alley images of the succeMive kings tnm King Peada. In the west alley, the history of the abbey above menUoned. Plate S, ffvyreseots fonr arched ree«sses which served for the lavatory, and are the only rrmains of thla ence selema and e&tenslve portion oT the monastic buildings. B 2 Digitized by VjOOQ IC 4 PETERBLRGU CATHEDRAL, [a. D 870, practice of devotion, and witliall bo prudent in ecclesiastical affairs, that many other places were desirous of him for their governor, which, because they could not obtain, they desired some.of his appointing, whence Thorney, Bricclesworth, Bredune, and many other placet were furnislied with abbots of his commending. The length of time this superior presided over the monastery of Medeshamsted is not recorded, but the succeeding abbots were Egbald, Pusa, Beonna, and Celred ; the dates of their reign are uncertain ; but Hedda, the seventh abbot, assumed that office in 833, and continued till the predatory incursion of the Danes under Ilulba, who in 8/0 plundered and desolated the abbeys of Croyland and Thorney, and attacked that of Medeshamsted, where, as a place of strength, Uie neighbouring people had assembled iu great numbers to defend themselves. Tulba, the brother of the Danish earl Hulba, being mortally bruised by a stone thrown on his head from the tower which he assaulted, so enraged the Danish chief, that he slew all the monks with his own hand, and among them the ancient and venerable abbot Hedda, a man of learning and talents, who wrote some historical memoirs of the middle age. The Abbey and all its dependencies were plundered, destroyed or burnt, by this Danish savage ; but the greater part of his waggons of plunder sunk in the rivers and fens, and were totally lost. The library, archives of the Abbey, charters, and nany other writings, were at this time torn, or destroyed by the fire which continued burning fifteen days. Shortly after the ruin of these abbeys, some of the monks of Croyland who had escaped the general carnage, returned to their de- faced buildings, clearea and repaired them, and elected Oodric for their abbot. This monk, anxious to know the state of Medeshamsted, first sent a messenger to see it, and afterwards visited it himself, gathered together the mangled bodies or bones of eighty-four monks, laid them in a grave near the east of the Abbey on St. Cecilia's day, and set up a pyramidal stone, three feet high, wiUi the figures of the abbot and monks engraven on it that the passers by might remembar to pray for the souls of those there buried. This stone he called Medeshamsted, after the name of the town. A simihir stone still remains, containing on one side six rudely executed figures of men in niches, under circular arches ; the bevelled top has been ornamented with flowers. On the end of this stone is the date 870 in Arabic figures, which must be of more modem execution, as no such characters were known in this country prior to the tenth century (J90). While Medeshamsted had no longer an abbot and monks to defend it, Beorred, king of the Mercians, seized all its possessions between Stamford, Huntingdon, and Wisbech, and gave them to his soldiers. The Abbey thus desolated, amidst scenes of perpetual warfare, lay in its ruins near ninety-nine years, till Athelwold, bishop of Winchester, (a man very zealous in the building and restoring of churches), laid his hand to it ; but on visiting the pkce, and reflecting what a great work this restoration was likely to prove, he retired to Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 970.] NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 5 Winchester to make preparations for so vast a design ; and first lie made his address to God by fervent prayers, to incline the hearts of king Edgar and his Queen, and nobles, that he migbt have them propitious, as to contribute their assistances to the work ; and be;ing one time at his prayers, the Queen had secretly gotten behind the door to listen what it was that Athclwold prayed, and thenceforth she began to solicit the king for the reparation of this monastery, to which the king assenting, applied himself thereto, until he had finished the same ; which was in the year 970 The monastery thus re-edified. King Edgar desirous to see it, went thither with St. Dunstane, then archbishop of Canterbury, and Oswald archbishop of York, attended also with most of the nobiUty and clergy of England, who all approved and applauded both the place and the work. On this occasion it was discovered that some of the ancient charters of the Abbey had survived the fury of the Danes, and that they had been deposited in places equally inaccessible to the enemy and to the fiames. Edgar desired to see these documents, and on finding that he had a second Rome (vid. p. 3.) in his king- dom, wept for joy ; and in the presence of this numerous assembly of the nobility and clergy, publicly confirmed all its former privileges, bestowing on it, in conjunction with the nobles and clergy present, large oblations, some of lands, and others of gold, silver, and relics. At this ceremony th6 name of Medeshamsted was changed* to Burch or Burgh ; and in consequence of the splendid buildings, delightful situation, extensive privileges, rich possessions, gold and silver, with which it was endowed, it vulgarly obtained the name of GiUlen- burgh ; but, from the dedication of the Abbey to St. Peter, it has always been designated by the appellation of Peter Burgh, The Abbey being re-established, Edgar appointed his chancellor, Adulf, abbot. This Adulf had an only son, whom he and his wife tenderly loved ; the child slept ^ith his parents, but they, having drank one night too fireely of wine, suffocated him. This misfortune so afifected his father, that, according to the devout spirit of the age, he resolved to ffo to Rome as a penance. Bishop Athelwold dissuaded him from this purpose, and advised him to labour at the restoration of St. Peter's Church in Medeshamsted. Following this very judicious counsel, he came with king Edgar to Burgh, where in the presence of the king and of that convention, he offered all his wealth, put off his court robes, assumed the habit of a monk, and in 9714 ascended to the dignity of abbot. Adulf still retaining something of the statesman, cleared the whole country, now called Burghsoke, then a woody waste, and added to the revenues and dignity of the Abbey. Such indeed was the celebrity to which this Benedictine abbey had attained, that whether king, lord, * According to WilHum of M^lnirslMiry thr nnme of ihc Abbry wm uot rhntif^rd lilt Kennir Mrroanded il with a wiill, wlieo it wjis cilltfii Buryhtor (own ; but li is more finibable ilmt It received this n«me ou it« rrftturniion, r« ttir pi-nplv wcMild iiJiiiirally reinrn lo iiud ie|iair the house* KdJoinlDg the Abbey, although the latter lay in rnins alinust a century. Digitized by VjOOQ IC € PKTESBUROR CATBKDRAL, [a. D. 1066, bishq), or abbot came there to pray, all put off their shoes at the gate, and entered barefooted. Adulf was succeeded in 992 by Kennlf^ who enclosed the Abbey with a waU, some firagmeuts of which are still remaining. KenuLT was created bishop of Winchester in 1006, but not without suapidon of simony. He was succeeded by Elsine, the tenth abbot, who enriched the Abbey by many relics, which he procured in France when accompanying the queen of Ethelred during the Danish in- Tasion.* Elsine died, and was succeeded in 1055 by Arwin, or Emwin, a man of most holy and ascetical spirit who resigned in 1057 to give place to Leofric or Leuric. This abbot by extraordi- nary permission, held at once the abbeys of Peterburgh, Burton, Coventry, Croyland, and Thomey. He redeemed many lands be- longing to the Abbey, purchased and bestowed much more on it, and ornamented the conventual church with a large cross, an altar table, a pair of candlesticks, and other ornaments, all of them made of gold and silver, enriched with precious stones^f Egilric, bishop of Durham, I after erecting many churches and other pious works, re- turned with much treasure to this Abbey, of which he had originally been a monk, and became a great benefactor to the house. 1066, Brando, who had given many lands to the monastery while he was a monk, was elected abbot, he is described as a very religious person, much given to alms-deeds, wherewith he relieved the poor ; and adorned with all the necessary qualities for his sacred office. In- gulphus has described the form and manner in which this abbot made a knight of his nephew, Hereward ]e Wake, son of Leofric lord of Brunne, a valiant man, who bravely opposed the Normans. Thorold or Turold, a Norman monk of Fescamp, was made abbot by William the Norman Bastard, in order to oppose le Wake, who took the abbot prisoner, and ransomed him for thirty marks. About the same time the Danes under king Sweyn made a predatory incursion into the eastern district, and proceeded firom Ely to * or nil the invwlert of thhitUnd, the Danes are exclaslvely those against wbon the oaUvoal ladicMitloa shoaM be dirertcd. They were moft indocile barbarians and iosatUMe robbers. It to a MMral tmth, thai whenever a civilised oottiilry Is invaded with success, lu goveramenc.aad peopU are sank Inlnsnry and vice. This was the ktate of the Britons, who, anable to defend themselves against the Scots and PIcto, solicited the aid of the Sasoos; in like manner the Saxons had degenerated hy laxary and licentiousness, and lost their patriotic spirit, when plunder^ by the Danes, and sabjngated by the Normans. The relative state of the invaders and the Invaded to well depicted by the antiquarian poet :— " There forca and hardy deeds of blood prevail ; Here langaid pleasure sighs in every gale. * As ofl have Issued, host Impelling host. The hlne^yed myriads from llie Baltic coast ; The prostrate sooth to the destroyer yields Her boasted titles, and her golden fields." f ThU abbot appears to have been a most munificent bcnefhctor to the monastery, for he most Bobly enriched the church, as it to written, Ornavit tempura sua nsqae ad consnoiBa* tlonem vine. (Besides the rich ornaments above roentionedj and described in Hugo) Caaalam tx purpura optima de auro et pretiosls genMuis omatani, ct alias multas casalas ct eaf^pas ei palm ct alia ornamenla : plus qoam alios ante cnm fecit, ant post com fhcturus est. t Ha was srcnsed before William of Normandy, committed to prison, died in cottfincmeat* and burked with bis fetters on in St. Nicholas chapil, Westminster abb«y, IfTS. Digitized by VjOOQ IC A.D.I 114.] NORTH AM PTONSUIRK. 7 Peterbor^. They began their attack on the Abbey near Bolehitke gate, probably Bituatea near the upper extremity of a ditch now called Bell J)yke. At this place the monks fought with such Talour as to repel their enemies, who, unable to force an entrance, set fire to the houses, and thus succeeded in their object. The whole town, except one house, and all the out-buildings belouging to the Abbey, being consumed by fire, the plunderers entered the sacred edifice, and carried off all its ornaments and yessels of precious metal. To prevent any further attack of the Danes, abbot Turold raised a mound on the north side of the Abbey, and erected a tower upon it. This mound, a considerable part of which stili remains, was anciently called Mount Turold, and now known by the name of Tout-hill. Godric, brother of Brando, succeeded Turold in 1098; during his abbacy some robbers stole the gold crosses, chalices, gold candle- sticks, and jewels given by archbishop Elfric. The robbers were taken, but the king seized the plate, and kept it as weU as the Abbey four years. In 1103, Matthias was appointed abbot, but lived only a year, when the king kept it till 1 1 07t and gave it to Emulf, a Frenchman, who was most wiUingly received, because he was known to be a good wise man, and a father to monks. In his days, saith Hugo, all went well, and there was joy and peace. He was a great architect, while prior at Canterbury, the fore part of the church which Lanfranc built having fallen down, be was entrust^ with its re- edification, and rebuilt it in so glorious a manner that nothing like it could be seen in England. On his appointment to Peterburgh, he erected a new dormitory, completed the diapter house, and commenced the refectory. At tins period a commutation was made with the monks for knights' service, when it was agreed that everjr knight should annually pay to the sacristan two parts of his tithes, and at his death a thud of his whole estate, while all his military accoutre- ments, arms, and cavalry, with his corpse, should be offered to St. Peter, for the right of sepulture in the Abbey church, the monks stipulating to perform the funeral obsequies with the customary ceremonies. Emulf was made bishop of Rochester, and was suc- ceeded by John de Sais, another Norman monk (sometimes called John of Salisbury), in 1114. During his abbacy happened that dreadful and destructive fire which burst out on the second of the nones of August, in the vigils of St. Oswald, Kins and Martyr, and nearly consumed the whole of the regular buildings, together with the church. The origin of this awful conflagration is thus described by Hugo : The abbot who was a man of ungovernable temper, being irritated at the bakehouse fire not kindling so readily as he desired, exclaimed, in an uigry fit, " Come devil, and blow the fire," whereupon the flame instantly broke out and ran to the very top of the house, and Digitized by VjOOQ IC S PETERBURGH CATHEDRAL, [a. D. 1177^ throagh all the offices to the ueighbouriug town, which was in a great part consamed. Let every one of us, says the pious his- toriau, walk circumspectly and bridle his anger, and contain his hands that he do no evU, not calling the enemy to do anything nor commending anything to him> for he is always ready to do mischief. And then he proceeds to state, that the fire continned burning in the tower of the church nine days, and that at the end of the ninth day a furious wind arising, blew the fire and live embers upon the abbot's houses, so that all the remaining ofiicea seemed likely to have been consumed. In the year 1117 this abbot commenced the erection of the present church,* and after labour- ing with great zeal in the holy work, died of the dropsy in 1125. The king after this held the abbey vacant for two years, when Henry de Angeli was elected. Of tliis abbot the only good recorded is his benevolence to the poor, which we may hope might in some measure atone for his other faults. He appears to have been a crafty and deceitful man. a great waster of the temporalities belonging to the abbey, and his whole management was so destructive to the welfsre of the community, tbat he was compelled to surrender in 1132, and was succeeded by Martin de Bee or De Vecti, who governed with great wisdom and edification for 20 years six months and eight diays ; neither monk nor stranger wanted anything ; but were provided for in abundance. He was indefatigable in perfecting the great work of the abbey church, into which the monks eotered in solemn pro- cession, bearing the holy reliques with them, on the feast of St. Peter, in the year of our Lord 1 1 43, and twenty years after the destruction of the former church by fire. This abbot also erected one of the abbey gates, and greatly improved the town of Peterburgh ; and full of years and honour he died in 1 153, leaving his abbey in the most flourishing condition, both in spiritual and temporal pos- sessions. The next abbot was William de WaterviUe, who being charged by the monks with misconduct, was deposed in 11 75, after governing the abbey twenty years. He built the cloister, enriched the choir of the church, and erected a nunnery in honour of Saint Michaelat Stamford. It appears that he appealed to Pope Alexander against his sentence of deposition, but the holy father upon mature hearing and consi- deration of the case, confirmed the sentence ; we may therefore con- clude that the original decision was not given without ample grounds. Benedict, Prior of Canterbury, a holy and learned man, was elected to the abbacy in 1177; on his arrival he found many irregularities * In the oriKiiml text of this work, it wm wiirinly contended tliat the present edifice it a Sa«oii vreciion, nnd IhNf Jolin de Sais only commenced a reparation of llie damages that the •tmctaie had sustained by the lire. An iaspeciion of the buildings, however, caa leave no doubt in tlie minds of liiusc skilled in archiicxlurai knowledge, that the present chorch Is the work of NormHn architects snd builders ; altliough it is more than probable that the present edifice wa-« raised on the Sa]u>n foundation.*, with some extensions. Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1201.] NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 9 to correct, and the monastery greatly involved in debts which had been contracted by his predecessor. The ornaments of the chnrch were also dispersed and pawned in several places. This good man was BO overcome with these difSicnltieSy that he retired with only one monk for some days to Canterbury ; he then entered with holy ardour on the duties of his sacred office, and at length freed the abbey from these vexatious claims and demands, after which he gave himself up to contemplation and meditation on the Holy Scriptures ; he inoreover wrote a long and admirable treatise entitled '* De Passione et Miraculis Sancti Thome,'' for whom he entertained a singular veneration, and procured for his church several reliques of that glorious martyr, viz. his shirt, his surplice, some of his blood in two vessels of crystal, and a portion of the stone on which the saint fell at his martyrdom. He completed a chapel in honour of St. Thomas,* which had been commenced by his predecessor, with a hospital attached to it. Browne Willis descnbes him as being the builder of the nave for the lantern to the porch. He enriched the church with many costly vestments and ornaments, amongst which six chasubles are described, embroidered with golden trees before and behind, '* and full of pretious stones/' from the top to bottom. The abbey in his days was full of good things. In the convent there was joy and peace, and at the gate a gladsome reception of guests and strangers. This great and good man died on Michaelmas day 1 194, and was succeeded by Andreas, of whom Swapham says, he was a man of great religion and authority, as well as age, mild and peaceable in disposition. After governing about seven years he died, and was buried in the south aisle of the church, at the back of the choir ; in the same grave where two of his predecessors, John de Sais, and Martin de Bee, had been buried before, as his epitaph testified, Nos tres abbates quibus est Prior abba Johannes Alter Martinus, Andreas ultimus, unus hie Claudit tumulus : pro clausis ergo rogemus. Acharins, prior of St. Albans, succeeded him. He also was a great benefactor to the church, besides bestowing many rich and costly vestments, he fi;ave silver basins for the high altar, with a reliquary of gold and silver set with precious stones, (opere pul* chenimo et subtilissimo) for the arm of St. Oswald. He added many estates to the possessions of the abbey and improved the regular buildings. This good man governed the monastery for about ten years, and was such an example to all of order, honesty, kindness, and bounty, that from him posterity might learn how to behave themselves, both in the cloister and in the world. He never rendered evil to any man ; but studied more to be loved than feared ; and " This chupcl bu been errmicoMly described by Gonlon toh«Te been in ihc middle arch of the church porch, but in Patrick's suppfemi-nt to Giintuu's bistury, the Kcilv of it scfiny, with much more probability, to be Msigned near the catvfaoase. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 10 PETERBURGU CATHEDRAL, [a. O. 1245. oat of mere respect to piety, he took in 22 monks. Dying in 1210, he was sacceeded by Robertas de Lyndesey irho, for his virtoes and abilities, was elected by the convent with one consent. While he was sacrist,* he made thirty windows of glass, for tbe church, that had been previously stopped with reeds and straw, and several in the regular buildings. He built the whole chancel of Ozney, and made a table with the image of the blessed Virgin upon the idtar, besides divers other worthy things and gifts he had bestowed on the abbey. On his advancement to the abbacy, he increased in good deeds towards the house, and also effected some important reforms in the discipline of the community. Having governed seven years, he died in October 25, 1222, and was sacceeded by Alexander de Holder- ness, who made divers buildings in the manors belonging to the abbey, and after he had ruled four years, died Nov. 20, 12:^6. Martinus de Ramsey a monk of the house was then elected abbot, who governed six years, and dying July, 1233, he was sacceeded, the same year, by Widter de St. Edmunde, sacrist. Of this abbot it is recorded that he greatly enlarged both the build- ings and revenue of the church. During his rule in 1 237> the church was solemnly dedicated by the venerable Grostete, bishop of Lincoln, assisted by thebishop of Exeter. This dedication was made in pursuance of a decree given at a council, held in London, ordering that all churches which had been completed should be consecrated within two years. The day of the dedication was made an anniversary, and abbot Walter gave the sum of 40 shillings a year, " ad Festam dedicationis Ecdesiee nostrse annum uberius procurandum." The number of monks in this abbey amounted at this period to 110; Walter having added 30 more. Swapham*s words are, that he received them out of charity, by divine inspiration, to serve Christ perpetu- ally. He went three journeys to Rome ; and on his return each time, he made costly offerings at the high altar, in token of thankfulness for the divine protection. He was pious and merciful to all ; did nothing without the advice of his brethren of the better sort ; ex- acted nothing unduly of tenaifts, whether rich or poor ; but if any poor man or woman made their necessities known to him, he would burst into tears, and take compassion upon them. Dying in 1245, he was succeeded by William de Hotot, a monk of the house, who * it U worthy of renmfk, that the office of Mcrist was antiently one of great tniat and im- porttDce, and theie are flreqoent Inatancet of the mott edifying abbots, and even bl»b(»fit, who haTe risen from it to these higp dignities. The cnstody of the sncrcd vesaels, the eostJy orna- ments of the chnrch, and still more precioos relicks of the saints, is indeed an hononraMe charge, and one which demands both sanctity, Integrity, and unremitting attention, lu the olden time men thonght even the most trilling matters connected with the celebration of the divine oflke, worthy their utmost cmre ; and the most dignified and learned ecclesiastics entered wi|h holy joy Into dnties, which in these days of decayed seal, are consigned to merccnray laymen, wholly nnflt for sach oilces ; as the IrTeverent manner in which sacred thinp are exhibited and handled for money, at Cologne, and other continental churches, will amply testify. The condact of many saaistans and suisses in the foieign Cathedrals Is scarcely mora reverent, and certainly no less covetous than that of our Rnglish vergers, and mnst cause great pain to every devout and well regulated mind, in addition to the scandal ari»ittg from (heir pro- ceedings. Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1299.] NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 11 resignedafter three years goyemment» and was succeeded by Johannes de Caleto, a pious wise man, and of noble extraction. He was wpointed treasurer of England in 1260^ and was made one of the Sing*s chief justices, and rode the circuit to execute justice in the kingdom. This office seems incompatible with the duties of a Benedictine abbot> yet Whittlesey says that he in no ways ne^ected his church, but appointed Robert Sutton his deputy, by whom all things were well managed. He built the infirmary, and gave a great bell to the churdi, which remained till 1711. He goYcmed 13 years, and dying at London was buried in the aisle on the south side of the choir. He died in 1262, and was succeeded the same year by Robertus de Sutton, a monk of the abbey, who was compelled to pay in fines to the kings and nobles a vast sum, amounting to no less than ^323. \Si. 6d. In the eleyenth ▼ear of bis government, being called to the Council of Lyons by Gr^ory the Tenth, on his return he sickened, died, and was buried in a monastery near Bononia ; but his heart was brought to Peterburgh, and there buried before the altar of St. Oswald. In 1274, Richard de London, a native of St. Pancras parish, became abbot, after passing through many offices in the monastery, he arrived at the abbot's, when he was sixty years old, and so being of much experience, he governed the house carefully and himpily. When sacristan, he erected one of the west towers, and placed two bells in it, which were called les Londres. As the south-west tower is now covered with slates, and much lower than the north-west, it has been hastily concluded that it was never finished; but in 1539 the king's commissioners state in their inventory, "in the two steeples of the monastery at the front, bells 10." Hence it is cer- tain that the south-west steeple must have been taken down. The erection of the west front, tnat is, the towers, three Gothic arches between these towers, and the porch, from this circumstance, has been ascertained to be prior to 1 274. Within each of the two towers is a winding stair to the roof of the porch, where, advancing east- ward, the belfry is entered. Now as the belfry was erected by Richard when sacristan, the whole west front must have been finished before he became abbot. Above the three superb Gothic arches in this front, the centre one of which being the smallest, are three statues of larger dimensions than the rest. That in the mid- dle is St. Peter, holding a key in his left hand, St. Paul on one side and St. Andrew on another. The principal shafts in these arches, are in complete relief. The entrance door from the porch to the church consists of two pointed arches, and on the base of the centre cdumn are carved several figures of fallen angels. During the abbacy of Richard, the prior William Parys built the chapel of the blessed Virgin, called the Lady's chapel ; but its position and dimen- sions cannot be correctly ascertained. In 1296, WiUiam of Woodford, became abbot; and in 1299, Godfridus de Croyland, who made a pastoral staff, the only one ever Digitized by VjOOQ IC 12 PETERBURGH CATHEDRAL, [a. D. 14S0. possessed by the abbots, of gold and silver, surmounted with aa image of the holy Trinity. This abbot was a great builder,* aud spent ^3646. 4s. 3d. equal to ^50,000. present currency, in church ornaments, lands, and houses, which he gave to the Abbey. The simple Adam Boothby became abbot in 1321 . Henricus de Morcot, a wise and discreet man, (who was the first abbot who is described as being carried on the monks* shoulders during Te Deum from the great altar to the pulpit at his election) in 1338. Robert Ramsay in 1346. Henry of Overton (who was relieved by Spencer, bishop of Norwich, from the rebellious attack of Jack Straw, when the clergy were taxed, every mitred abbot paying, as an earl, six marks) in 1361 . Nicholaus de Elmestow was elected abbot in 1391, and governed for five years. William Genge was elected abbot in 1 396, and is gene- rally reputed the first mitred abbot of Burgh. It appears, however, that the abbot of Burgh St. Peter was summoned to the parliament held at Winchester in the fourth of Edward III. and this abbot wes not elected till the twentieth of Richard Il.f Genge assisted the citizens of Peterburgh to build a new parish church. John Depiug or Deeping was made abbot in 1408 : during his government the abbots and priors of the Benedictine houses were summoned to appear in Westminster to answer several charges of grievous excesses and abuses, which they promised to reform. Richard Ashton became abbot in 1438. During his time, in consequence of a great mor- tality, thirty-two out of sixty-four monks died in so short a space, that a sufficient number could not be found to perform the divine office, according to the ordinances in force, and some things were necessarily omitted. In 1471 Ashton resigned, and was succeeded by William Ramsay, who purchased the brass standard and spread eagle on which the Bible now lies for reading the Lessons. Robert Kirton, originally a monk, was elected abbot in 1496. To this abbot Gunton ascribes the erection of what is still called the New Building^ (see PI. 4) ; but without sufficient reason, as there is internal evidence of its being the work of Ashton, and probably finished or '^ beautified" by Kirton. He built '' a chamber in his dwelling house, calling it Hevyn or Heaven-gate chamber," which still retains this name, and now forms part of the bishop's palace, (see PI. 7). Kirton was particularly fond of rebuses, and he covered all his works with the letter R. and a kirk or church placed over a tun, for Kirk-ton, He also greatly beautified the chapel of St. Marv with pictures and gilded work. During his government some fearful scandals * All the bniktings, tayt Ganton, erected by Ihii abbot, k«Tc hmc tiace bees demolMicd : only the great giUehoDse over wbicb was a chamber called tbe knight ■ chamber, is •till »tiiml. ing, the chamber being only lately trantlated Into another farhiou ; aboot it were the picioi^a of knighu apon the walls, who held lands of the abbey, and the very rafters were ndomnl with coats of arms. t In the 0th Bdw. IT. the abbot of Bargh was ccrtlfled to be lord of Peterbnrgh, and iis dependencies. Before the Norman despotism they were virtually temporal princes, paying homNge only to their li(>go sovereigns. Digitized by VjOOQ IC A. D. 1534.] NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 13 appear to have crept iuto this community, for on July 8, 1515, William, then Bishop of Lincoln, visited the monastery, in irhich visitation many things out of order were complained of and recti- fied ; amongst which we read, that one John Walpool a monk was seditious amou^ bis brethren ; that he had stolen out of St Oswald's shrine, certain jewels, and given them to women in the town. That some of the monks haunted a tavern near the monastery, and gave themselves to singing and dancing in the dormitory till ten or eleven o'clock at night, to the trouble of the rest. These facts shew, that the antient monastick spirit had strangely degenerated ; indeed the glory of this famous abbey was fast departing, and in the succeeding abbot, Chambers, the sacrilegious tyrant Henry, found a willing tool to surrender its vast possessions into his hands. Down to this lamentable period what edifying reflections are suggested by the history of this glorious house. We behold a vast church erected in a wild and uncultivated country, then destroyed by Pagan invasion, and afterwards by conflagration, still arising from its former ruins, by the piety of the faithful, and the zeal of the religious, each time more spacious and glorious than before. We reckon a long list of reverend abbots, presiding for many suc- cessive centuries, over a community of devout religious ; and these with only two or three exceptions, men of extraordinary sanctity of life and wisdomof conduct. We see them year by year augmenting the glory of the sanctuary, the splendour and solemnity of the divine office, and devoting their whole energies to the important duties of their high and sacred function. Under the protection of this abbey's venerable walls, a few scattered tenements were converted into a flourishing and extensive city ; crowds of poor were relieved at its vaulted ^tes, the pilgrim and the monarch were alike enter- tained within its walls. Vast sums were contributed from time to time to supply the exigencies of the state. The surrounding country was drained, embanked, and cultivated. Bridges were erected and roads repaired ; and whil^ temporal blessings were extended far and wide, its devout inmates in austerities and prayer, in psalmody and praise, in daily sacrifice and midnight chant, continually besought the divine protection and assistance for their land and fellow men. Such is a faint outline of Peterborough in the days of its glory ; but at the period we are noV describing, its glory was like that of the setting sun, rapidly passing away, and soon to be succeeded by the darkness of night, for although the church itself was spared in the general havoc of those times, and converted into a cathedral, yet it was soon stript of its costly shrines and ornaments, and a Dean and six secular prebendaries were but sorry substitutes for the numerous and regular community of the antient monastery. John Chambers, as a reward for his base compliance in surrendering the abbey to Henry, was consecrated Bishop of this place, which was erected into a bishoprick by this king, partly to fulfil the ereat pro- mises which he made to the parliament, when he introduced the Digitized by VjOOQ IC 14 PETERBUR6H CATHKDRALt [a. D. 1584. iniquitous bill for the suppression of the religious houses,* and partly, as some imagine, out of a latent respect for his first Queen, Katha- rine, who was buried in this church. This Chambers, the last Abbot, and the first Bishop, died at Peterborough, in February, 1555, where he was buried in a tomb, which he had erected during his life time, between two pillars on the south side of the choir. By his wiU, he gave a pyx, and two silver candlesticks to the Cathedral, but a slender return for the glorious furniture he had surrendered, and eren these reHcks of antient solemnity were soon remoTed in accordance with the innovating spirit of the times, to which he had in no small degree contributed by his miserable compliance to the usurping power of the state; he was succeeded by David Pole, a relation of the celebrated Cardinal of that name, who was consecrated with the consent of the Holy See in 1557. He was one of the 16 Catholic Bishops, deprived by Queen Elizabeth for refusing the oath of supremacy. After remaining some time in confinement, he was released, and resided in seclusion for the remainder of his life. He is supposed to have been buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, in the year 1568 ; by his will, he bequeathed his books on law and divinity, to AUsouls College Library, at Oxford. On his deprivation. Edmond Scambler was intruded into the See. He is remarkable only for impoverishing the bishoprick, by passing away its lands to courtiers, without recompence or exchange. By these iniquitous pro- ceedings, he so far ingratiated himself into the favour of those in ))ower, that he was translated to Norwich in 1584, to make similar concessions, where he died in 1595. In religion he appears to have been like the other intruded bishops of the time ; much infected with Genevan opinions, and on his arrival at Peterborough, he drew up 23 articles, many of which were heretical, for the subscription of his clergy. On his translation Richard Howland, master of Saint John's College, Cambridge, was made Bishop in 1584. Considering the state of religion in that university at this period, there can be but little doubt of his holding very low theological opinions. Gunton says, he has nothing to relate respecting his parts or actions ; he is chiefly remarkable as holding the see, during the execution and burial of the unfortuni^ Queen of Soots, whose constancy and sufierings are too well known to need recapitolatiog in this place. Thomas Dove, William Peirre, Augustine Lindsdl, * In order to obtain the cooient of the EnslUh Parliament to this tacrUefiont metrare, Henrv considered it necessary to represent It as a mere transfer of cborch lands from one sacred porpose to another, and Indeed he might at one time have seriously intended to do far more in this respect than erer was accomplished, for no divine Messing eoold be possibly en- peeled on any ondertalcing commenced and carried on in so sacriie^ons a manner, and In niter contempt of all ecclesiastical anthurity. Spelroan has gone at lencih Into this matter in his History of Sacrilege, page 185, he gives the King's speech to his Parliament atfsll length, in which, after promising that he wooid not sn0er the mlnlsiers of the charchrs to decay,Iearmng to diminish, or the poor and miserable to be nnrtUevcd, he concludes, « Doiibt not bnt yonr expectation shall be served more godly and goodly tliao yon shall wish or desire." Bat, adds Spelmao, notwithstanding these fair promises and projects little was performed, for desolation presently followed this dissolntion ; the ake and mattock mined almost all the chief ornaments of the kin|dom, Ac. Digitized by VjOOQ IC AD. 1690.] NORTHAMPTONSHIRB. 15 and Francis Dee^ were succeeaiYely appointed to this see. In 1638» John Towers, who had been dean of the Church, was enthroned Bishop. In his time, fell that heavy calamity, the great rebellion, when the unfortunate Church of Peterborouj^ was destined to receiye the full fury of the Puritan faction. The account of these sacrilegious proceedings is given at full length, in the supplement of Gunton's history, and from it we ma^ gather that they re-enacted the destruction of Edward the 6th*s tmies with increased fury and ftnaticism. The Lady chisel, cloisters, tombs, stalls, all fell in one common wreck, and many noble remains of antient piety, which had been surprisingly preserved from the outrages of the original innovators, were now utterly destroyed and lost. No Church appears to have suffered so severely as Peterborough during the Cromwellian rebellion, and even to this day, it ezlubits a fearful example of Puritanic fiury and sacrilege. On the Restoration Benjamin Laney was elected Bishop, and being translated to Lincoln, he was succeeded by Joseph Henshaw. WiUiam Lloyd was advanced to this See in 1679, and promoted to that of Norwich in 1685 ; he was deprived of this latter in 1690, for refusing the oath of allegiance to Dutch William. Thomas White, D.D. was installed Bishop in 1685, and was also deprived for refusing the oaths in 1690. He was one of the seven Bishops committed to the Tower, by the misguided James the 2nd, for whom he afterwards so nobly and conscientiously suffered. The conduct of the non-juring Anglican Clergy exhibits an edifying example of high and honourable princi- ples, faithfully carried out ; it is well known, that many of them were men of most catholic minds and feelings ; and had James, instead of attempting to advance Catholicism on dissenting prin- ciples, taken up the high ground of the old English Church, a far different result to his .endeavours might have been anticipated. With the exception of Dr. Eennett the antiquarian, the lives and works of the remaining Bishops, exhibit nothing remarkable, except an occasional attack on the aatient faith and discipline of the English Church. Within a few years, the whole choir of this Cathedral has been newly fitted up, at a very considerable expense, and with much correct detail, but when we state that in addition to the stalls for the Ecdesiastics, there are closets for their families, that the canopies are surrounded by galleries, and rows of pews are provided in the centre of the choir for the congregation, it may be readily imagined, that it is a perfectly Protestant choir, disguised in Catholic ornaments, and such a prostitution of antient detail to modern arrangements, is possitively more offensive than the incon- gruous fittings which modern innovators have introduced within the venerable waUs of the antient churches. It is difficult to form at the present time, any adequate idea of the ancient architectural grandeur of this vast Abbey. The regular building, with the exception of a gatehouse, and a few Digitized by VjOOQ IC 16 PETERBUROH CATHEDRAI, walls, liaye been entirely demolished. The Church itself htm nndei^one three successire spoliations ; first, under Henry, at the suppression of the Abbey, when the most costly omamenta were removed;* secondly, during the reigns of Edward VI, and Elizabeth, and thirdly, by the outrages of the Puritan faction, under Cromwell ; 80 fatal indeed was this last ordeal, that not a single brass, or even monumental cbantiy escaped ; stained glass, stalls, altars, screens, all fell a prey to fanatical fury, and this Church, which was the burial place of a long succession of abbots, two queens, and a host of noble personages, is utterly destitute of sepulchral memorials. The pillars and walls have alone escaped the hands of the destroyers, thanks to the solidity of their construction ; and so vast are the pro- portions of this building, and so massive its design, that even in its present desecrated state, the mind of the beholder is at once impressed with awe and reverence ; and before the removal of the original rich glazing, the effect must have been truly sublime, f- Tlie eastern end is remarkable for its absidal form, rare in this country, but which is far more beautiful than the square termina- tions so general in the English Cathedrals. There can be little doubt that previous to the erection of what is termed the new work, the eastern Chapels radiated ^m a centre, as at Westminster Abbey, with a Ladye Chapel extending from the back of the high altar. This arrangement is universal in the foreign Cathedrals, and the effect at Amiens, Beauvais, Chartres, Cologne, Tewkesbury, &c. is truly glorious. It is most surprising that the English Architects should not have more extensively adopted it in their buildings; they appear to have sacrificed it for the sake of obtaining a vast east window, which, although a most beautiful feature, by no means atones for the loss of the intricate perspective, and beautiful combinations pro- duced by the absidal plan. * la Iht iBTentory of Chorcli pUte, TettmenU, Ac. given hi Ganton*! history, the following ItPins occur, which may nffurd Mime idea of the costly ornaincnu, with which this Abbey was furnished, prior (o Its dissolation. Item, (>ne cross set with crystal, silver, and gilt. one cn>ss of silver ellt, with a siatT of silver. — — five stMves of the Rectores Chori. The high altur plated with silver, well gilt, wHb an image of Chrift*t Passion. Item, two pair of organs, two desks of lentber, seven silver basins, hanging tar lights, tomr candlecticks, and banners of silk above the cht»ir. Joining to the lomb where Qoeen Kaiheiine lifih bnried. In the Ladye Chappel,an image of oar Lady, set in a tabernacle, well gilt, with twelve great images, and tbirty-four small images of liie same work abont tlie ChapeL At the npper end of the Chorcb, three altars, and apou every alur, a table of the Passioa of Chri»t, gilt. S4l Albes. most of them richly apparelled. 43 suits of vestments, some Jewelled, and all with precloos orphreys, and gold embrolderfBf, besides a vast nnmber of copes. t It is proper to remark that the solemnliy of the Church, must have been greatly impaired by the Introdurtion of tracery winduHs, In place of the narrow Norman apertures. This altera- tlon must have been effected in the latter part of the I4lh, or commencement of the Iftth century, and »hews the povierfnl effect of novelty on the human mind, even at that period. The same alterations may be remarked in Durham Cathedral, and several other Norman ftmctores, asd altbongb the Incongruity of styles may not be so striking lo the general observer, still tlie Introduction of the light tracery window, within a Norman arch, is scarcely more defensible, than substituting a large sash Araroe, for a mnllion light. This sakject is one deierving of most attentive investigation, and will be treated at some length, in the account of Gloocetter Cathedral where the Architects of the latter times, have completely engrafted this work on the original Norman strnetmre. Digitized by VjOOQ IC NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 17 In this new work, there are several indications of the degeneracy into which pointed architecture was falling at the period of its erection. One of the most striking of them is absence of the high roof and eables, and consequent substitution of the horizontal for theverticfJ form. The flattened fan groinine, although exceedingly beautiful in itself, is by no means comparable either in principle or effect, to the bold lofty ribbed work of the preceding centuries, and the long square line of battlement and string course harmonizes but badly with the rounding apsis of the old choir immediately over it. One of the greatest defect4B of which the architects of the middle ages were guilty, was a total disregard of the labours of their pre- decessors in the arrangement . of the works or additions with which they were entrusted ; a^d although the abstract beauty and variety of the productions must atone in no small degree for their neglect, stiU we cannot but feel that many of our finest churches were positively mutilated by the alterations of the 15th century, and the huge tracery windows that were inserted in the clere-story of the apsis at Peterburgh, are a striking illustration of the truth of this assertion. The centre tower has a very stunted i^pearance for want of a spire, which was undoubtedly its intended termination in the original design, but which it does not i^pear was ever carried into execu- tion. Hie most remarkable external feature of this church is the western front, with its three enormous arches, supported by clustered shafts, rising to a prodigious heighth. Tins is certainly a most original design, and it may b^ pronounced unique in its arrangement. On this account, it has probably commanded unbounded admiration ; but, for the same reason, it should be examined with extreme caution. A sohtary example in Christian architecture, is seldom one to be imitated or regarded as an authority. The CathoUc architects of the middle ages, were in constant communion of idea ; hence we find each grand idea rapidly spreading and gene- rally adopted within a short period ; insomuch, that with all the variety of detail, cathedral builders of each country seemed to have worked with almost one mind in essentials. Had the design of the western front of Peterburgh been approved at the time, it would certainly have l^n imitated in some of the many structures that were coeval, or immediately succeeding to it ; but no such instance can be found, the idea was never followed ; and it is a matter of no small interest, to assign a reason for its not being adopted in other ecdetiastical structures. The following conjectures may be ofiiered with great probability as the cause. It is an arrangement detigned for effect^ and it is one of the very few instances of such an idea having been admitted into the designs of the old builders. For in Catholic archi- tecture, «o feature ehould ever be introduced far mere effect. The grand ^ect of the antient buUdinge is owing to the majesty of the Digitized by VjOOQ IC 18 PETERBURGH CATHEDRAL. purpo$efor which they were raised. A Catholic Cathedral requiring a vast sanctuary and choir, and still more extensive nave ; numerous chapels, spacious aisles, lofty towers, and turrets ; would naturally generate such a design as York or Amiens. Its spire crowned towers, pinnacles, turrets, bold and airy buttresses, andgnuiuated lines of roof, would all suggest themsel?e8 as matters of course. A true Catholic Church must be a glorious structure, and its noble and solemn appearance will result from the consistency of purpose per- vading the whole edifice. The western front of Peterburgh is certainly a departure from this principle. Cathohc worship does not require a portico ;* and these arches look vastly like an adaptation of a Pagan temple front rendered with pointed detail. They form a composition that an architect of the 19th century might have designed for the sake of gaining depth of shadow, but they have no consistency of purpose. Three enormous arches to arrive at three very low doorways, while the western towers, those truly grand features of a Christian diurch, are entirely sacrificed, and appear as if springing from the roof ; almost in the same manner as a modern steeple is stuck over a portico .... These remarks are made with all due respect to the builders of this great work, which, as far as regards detail, is a master-piece of pointed art ; and they are put forth in the absence of any positive authority, by way of accounting for the fact of the arrangement of this western end never having been imitated in any other great church of the middle ages. * The early Chriitiao Churches were all provided wirb Urge western porchet, and of these there are many examples in later continental charcbes, such as the abbey of St. Ooeo, and Su Vincent, and Si. Macloo, Rouen, St. Germain Lancerois, Paris, &c but these were not carried up above a reasonable height to serve as a protection from weather, and the western fronts appear In all their majesty above ihem. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Plate I, The West Front, shewing the three lorty pointed Arches of the Porch.—This Front is flanked on each side by an elegant tower with pinnacles. It Is worthy of remark, that the three grand arches deviate considerably from a perpendkcvlar. Plate 2. The Morlh-west or Bell Tower, with the North Aisle of the Nave.— Thb lower had a corresponding one on the sonth-west, which it is intended to retuild. Plate 3. RepresenU the Cathedral from the New Bnildinc on the East, to the North-west Tuwcr, the North Transept forming a striking feature in the view.— In the centre appears the Lantern, or great Tower; at the corners turrets hxve recently be^ erected, which would have been an essential ornament to the building bad they been tbrmed upon the more propor- tionate model of those upon the transepts. ^^ PkUeA. The East End.— This forms a pyramidal mass rising in three grand divisions: viz, the " New Buikling/' the circular end of the choir, and the central tower. This view was taken from the garden of Samuel Wells, esq. Plate 5. The South Transept, seen through one of the arches which compm^e two rows near the residentiary houses of the Prebendaries; these arche» are supposed to be the remains of the Refectory. Plate 6. The Cloisters.— These appendages to the Cathedral are completely demolished ex- cepting five arches, fonr of which are seen in the Plate. The walls are finely tinted by time, and overgrown in a roost beantifsl and picturesque manner. Plate 7. The Bishop's Palace.— In this Vlieware seen the two oriels of the heaven-gate cham- ber, built by abbot Kirton. The small round porch on the right leads to a hall. Plate 8. Is an Interior View, ahewing part of the Nave, three of the Arehes wblefa sopport the Lantern, with part of the South Transept.— A richly-carved strcen forms the entrant to the choir, above which is the organ; the latter was omitted in the View, as it obstroctcd the prospect through the choir. Digitized by VjOOQ IC PETERBURGH. ABBOTS. , Saxuir . . . (J64 Matthias . 1103 Robert Sutton . 1202 Cuthbald 673 Emulf . 1107 Ric. of London . 1274 Bgbald . — JohndeSais . . 1114 Win. of Woodford 1296 Pu» — Henry de Angeli . 1128 Ood. of Croyland . 1299 BeoDoa . MarUn de Bee . 1133 A.Boothey . . 1321 Celred . .: — W.deWaterYUle . 1155 Henry of Morcot . 1338 Hedda . 833 Benedict . 1177 Robert Ramsay . 1346 Lay a Century in ruin$. Andreas . 1193 Henry of Overton . 1361 Adolf . 972 Acharius . 1200 Nicholas . 1391 Kenuir . 902 Robert de Lindsey 1214 W. Genge . 1396 Eltine . . 1006 Alexander . 1222 J. Deephag . . 1408 ArwiD . 1056 M. de Ramsey . 1226 R. Ashton . 1548 Leofric . . 1057 W. St. Edmonds . 1233 W. Ramsey . . 1471 Brando . 1066 WUUam Hotot . 1246 Robert Kirton . 1496 Turold . 1069 J. de Caleto . . 1249 Jn. Chambers, B.D . 1528 Qodric 1098 BISHOPS. J. Chambers, B.D. 1541 Vacant Tw^ve Years. John Thomas .1747 D. Poole, LL.D. . 1556 Benjamin Laney . 1660 Richard Tenrick . 1767 E.Scambler,D.D. 1560 Jos. Heushaw . 1663 Robert Lamb •^75* Richard Howland 1584 William Lloyd . 1072 John Hhichllfib . 176» Thomas Dove . 1600 Thomas White . 1685 Spencer Madan . 1794 Waiiam Pierce . 1630 R. Cumberland . 1691 John Parsons . 1814 August. LiQgdel . 1632 White Kennet . 1718 Herbert liarsh . 1816 Francis Dee . . 1634 Robert Clavering . 1728 George Davis . 1839 John Towers . . 1638 DEANS. Francis Abree or L€ i- William Pierse . 1622 William Gee . . 1721 cester . 1541 John Towers . . 1630 John Mandevillo . 1722 Gerard Carlton . 1543 Thomas Jackson . 1638 Frauds Lockier . 1725 James Courthoope 1551 John Cosin . . 1640 John Thomas . 1740 John Boxall . . 1558 Edw. Rainbow . 1660 Robert Lamb . 1744 William Latymer . 1560 James Duport . 1664 Charles Tarrant . 1764 Ric. Fletcher . 1585 Simon Patrick . 1672 C. Man. Sutton . 1791 Thomas Neville . 1590 Richard Kidder . 1689 Peter Peckard . 1792 John Palmer 1598 . Samuel Freeman . 1691 Thomas Kipling 1798 Richard Clayton . 1608 ! White Kennet , 1707 James Henry Monk 1822 George Meriton . 1612 1 Ric. Reynolds . 1718 Thomas Turton . 1830 Hy. Beaumont . 1616 Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by VjOOQ IC INDEX TO PSTERBURGH CATHEDRAL. *•* The italic Uttert imdicaU the pages marked at the bottom of tht,tgfP tiA; ihusj(a)(b) 8fc. and the Utter N./»r note. Mbhot of Mcdeahamtted, a Tice-pope c ; hU Mtraordinary power*, lb. } of Borgh, lord of fitterburgh, o Note — ^Abbots, list of, r.--^dttir, penance of, /} improved the country, ib.— An- dreas, intrvdaced-anniverfaiy dinner*, L-4tr* chltecture, controrersie* lly Invaded, Ji ]|.-^Boiying in^ cities, d N. Cloietw*,. painted glass, ft ; *ut»}ecU In c N. —Clergy, U«entiou*,,re*Ualned by a council at Cliife, near Rochester,, c N. ) taxed, o.— Con- t)N*or*, vice* of, c— Church plate *tolen, f ; i^ed, ib.— Consecnuion, when used by pa- plit*, k I distinct fVom dedication, m.— Coin*, •sxon. It.— Ceiling of the nave, painted wood, antiquity of, mi *ingular Agures, ib.— Caleto, abbot, encourages drinking, mj was a Judge md author, «} his cloak still existing, ib, N. Capitals, Saxon, their desoent from the Gre- #an, n N.— Columns, west fh»nt» «.— Corro- dies, by Ashton^ p N.— Convents, their- uee 4nd abuse, p { cipt for dissolution, ib. Dead, prayer». to,. Introduced, d N. } pecu- niary advanuge of this idolaUy» ib.-Dunstan*s ftrocity, §1 dedicated the abbey to St. Peter, Ib.t tried to introduce clerical celibacy, ib. N. —Danes, their cruelty, rf; invaders, / N. ; description of, and the Normans, ^ N. ; bora Peterburgh, lb.- De Bec*s, new charter from the pope, without many of the original privi- leges, I.— Deans, list of, r.— Dimensions of Am cathedrsl, p. Ethel red, king, became monk, e.— Edgar, Ills vices and religiou* establishments, ey joy at discovering ancient chartersi and having a •tcond Rome in his dominions, ib.— Egilric, bp. of Durham, iropri*oned by William } died, and was burled in his fetters, g N.— Engeniu* 111. deludes de Bee, by granting him a new aharter, I.— Era, Chri*tlan» adopted, c N. Fen, Paterb. fertile, yet uncultivated; a »Fe- flMle sex, traduced, tr,— Figure*, Arabic, when introduced, d ; on the pyramidal *tone in Pet. oath. ; those at Worcester, ib. N.— Fire, its tfllKts on the abbey, 4 and lc<— Fonts, none in Beterb. till the Reformation, m.— Friars, licen* titms, summoned to Westminster, where they promised to reform, o| M died of intemper- ance, ib. ; too few to perform the ceremonies, ib I dancingan«Hnidni|htrevrlaaf, with lewd av>nien,p. Greek langtmge culthrated daring the hep* tMchy, % N.— Oenge, Arst mitred abbot, o. Hcdda, killed by the Danas, rf>-4wib3^Mi artfuqt to defend popery,, ih* } his qpposilion to thf pope, the consequence of his scepticism, andi not his appetites, ib. | cause of his making tha- abhey a cathedral, f ; his real character, ib.*^ Historical dates of the erection of the cathe» dral,pN. Innocent VIII. promoted alHiianaturBl chil» dren to honours and emoluments, f . Kirton, built heaven-gate chamber, p; hl» love of rebuses, ib.— Knight, title conferrcA by abbot Brando, for opposing the Normans,. g, — Knight's service commuted, p. Lady chapel:bailt, genius' to the Saxons, ib. } had no pecu«. liar style of building, ki crush English amT encourage French customs) ib. y Norm, archi- tecture enoneously attributed to Edward, i. N*. Oswald, tale of his incomptible arm,/ N. Peterb. abbey founded,^;: kings, lord*, bU thopa, &c. obliged to put off tlieir shoes oifti entering iu gate,/) burnt by the devil, A|. its lands, ib.. N.; made a. see, f.— POvefty^, national, and war, no arguments against the^ erection of flne ediAces, k } ancient buildings,^ ib. N.— Paintings in churches, «,— Peter, the only dty witliout a mayor and aldermen, 9 N. 1. errors of books in this rjespect, ib. ; peculiar privileges of the citizens, lb.— Pt|ites,.descrip-. tion of, q. Ramsey, tnf^ous gmnt to, my relieved, 0^ —Reformation, its happy effects, 9. Stone, used at Peterb. 6; known to the Ro* mans, ib. N.— See, vice.papal, c— Saxulf, a% eart, nth abbot, e*— Sals, errors respecting, K, — Statues, n N.— Staff, pastoral, 0,— Saxons,, why phindered by the Danes, and aubjugat^ by the Norman*/ N.; great mechanic*, iH. — ^rvice, mllitaiy, k N.—l9axoo architecture., whence derived, and atill extant^ |f N. Tout-bill, ralaed by Torutd,,f .— Totlst ex-. emption from, q N.— Temple*, enormoui exy abbot de Btc, H. Wolfere, fable* of, 6.— Witchcraft, AVrper^. *ons executed for, *.— Walter, dies of; grief. «.— Wallpool, a friar, robbed 0*wald*»-*hriQe,. and gave the jeweU to his mbtre**^ p.-<-Whi« taker** origin of the Saxon*, t If.— Wine, al<. lowance-of, nr.— West- fh>nt, nj burnMl (iW WttbUUUalht dotfriraK^^ih.. Digitized by VjOOQ IC PETERBURGH. ABBOTS. Saxalf 654 Matthias 1103 Robert Sutton Cutbbald 673 Ernulf 1107 Ric. of London Egbald John de Sail 1U4 Win. of Woodford Pusa Henry de Anfreli 1128 God. of Croyland Beonna Martin de Bee 1133 A. Boothey Celred W. de WaterTiUe 1155 Henry of Morcot Hedda 833 Benedict U77 Robert Ramsay Lay a Century inndni. Andreas 1193 Henry of Overton Aduif 972 Achariua 1200 Nicliolas Kenulf 992 Robert de Lindaey 1214 W. Genge Elaine 1006 Alexander 1222 J. Deeping Arwin 1055 M. de Ramsey 1226 R. Asbton Leofric 1057 W. St. Edmonds 1233 W, Ramsey Brando 1066 William Uotot 1246 Robert Kirton Turold 1069 J. de Caleto 1249 Jn. Chambers, B.D Godric 1098 J. Chambers, B. D. 1541 D. Poole, LL.D.» 1556 £.Scamb|er, D.D.(1] 1560 Richard Howland 1584 Thomas Dove 1600 William Pierce (2) 1630 August. Linsdel (3) 1632 Francis Dee 1634 Francis Abree or Lei- cester 1541 Gerard Carlton 1543 James Cmas Robert Lamb Charles Tarrant C. Man. Sutt«»n (25) Peter Perkarcl % Thomas Kipling 1718 1721 1722 1725 1740 1744 1764 1791 1792 1798 * Poole, or Pole, a relation to the cardinal, and poMessing the same papal notions, he was naturally dcpriTed of a protestant sec, in 1&69» after the death of Mary; he left a legacy of money and books to All Souls college, Oxford. t President of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, a divine of great learning and talents, wlinse works were collected, by the rer. Mr. B. Oley, in three vols, tolio; they abound in able illus« tratlons of controversial subjects, from which much useful knowledge might be derived, and worthy the attention of the present age. t The learned professor of Greek in Magdalen college, Cambridge} he translated the Engw lish liturgy into Grtrek, and was also one of the translators of king James's bible. S Said, by Mr. Nicholo, to be author of the Life of Nicholas Ferrar, in which he was assisted by some of Mr. Peck's curious papers ; be also published several single sermons and tracts, not very remarkable for logical orthodoxy. He was reputed one of archdeacon BInckbume's friends. (1) Translated to Norwich.— (a) Previously dean, translated to Bath and Wells.— (S) To Hereford.— (4) Previously dean. — (5) To Lincoln.— (6) From Landaff, and thence to Norwich.— (7) Deprived for refusing the oaths to William and Mary.- (8) The very learned and pious ex- positor of papal idolatry in his fragment of Sanchoniathon, and the worthy ancestor of the late dramatic and moral essayist. — (9) Previously dean, a native of Dover, priqcipal of Edmund Hall, Oxford } and a most useful writer.— (to) From Landaif, professorof Hebrew, Oxford.— (l I) Previously dean, translated to Winchester.— (13) To London.— (IS) Previously dean. — (14) Waa also dean of Durham.— (15) Translated from Bristol.— (10) Principal of Ballot college, Oxford} distinguished for Christian rectitude of principle, as well as talents and learning. — (17) Deprived by Mary.— (18) Consecrated bishop of Bristol.— (lO) Installed dean of Windsor.— («>) Conse- crated bishop of Durham.— (31) Ditto of Cartisle.— («2) Ditto of Chichester.— (99) Ditto of Bath and Wells.— (M) Ditto of Bangor, and thence to Liiicoln.*-(t») Ditto of Norwi^ aiiA thence to Canterbuiy. 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