L I B RAR.Y OF THE U N 1 VLR_SITY Of ILLINOIS 977.348 H62 I .H.S. t LIBRARy OF THE l^N'VERSITV OF iLLINOJS, -' ■^' ?^t r ,^^%1r"*i^K*^'T'-''. I, v-f. cu 00 en o X a: O o t- co q: HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY ILLINOIS TOGETHER ^V1TII SKETCHES OF ITS CITIES, VILLAGES AND TOWNSHIPS, EDUCA- TIONAL, RELIGIOUS, CIVIL, MILITARY, AND POLITICAL HISTORY: POR- TRAITS OF PROMINENT PERSONS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, KMRRACING ACCOUNTS OF TUK PKK-HISTORIC RACES, ABORIGINES, FRENCH. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CONQUESTS, AND A GENERAL REVIEW OF ITS CIVIL, POLITICAL AND MILITARY HISTORY. D1GE8T OF STATE LAWS. ILLUSTRATED. PEORIA: CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO., ' 1879a ftGT- ^ .7. W. FRANKS A SONS, PRINTERS, BINDERS AND PUBLISHERS, PEORIA, ILL. p X^e.R.\AtsV- PREFACE. (U O / For centuries prior to the coming of the pioneers the woodland and jirairie ; of Fulton county had been the home of the red man. He had full swav over this, one of the finest sections of the globe. But nature's hand had been too lavish in the distribution of natural advantages to let it remain longer in pos- session of those who refused to develop, even in the slightest degree, any of her great resources, accordingly she directed hitherward the Anglo Saxon. The westward tread of the sturdy pioneer was heard and felt by the savage race during the early part of the present century. On thej' came with a firm resolute step, until this fair clime and country was reached, when they pitched their tents and ere long a fruitful field was blooming where the large forest trees and wild grass had waved in the breezes for hundreds of years, undis- turbed. They transformed the wigwams into cities; dotted the knolls with school-houses and churches; replaced the buffalo, deer, elk, ami wolf, which had been driven further westward, with domestic animals ; erected factories, built railroads, and reared a refined, enlightened and cultured people. In this volume we have attempted to portray these changes; to picture them that future generations, as well as the present, may know something of what it cost to give them such a fair land. That they may have an idea of its once primitive condition, and learn of the brave men and women who have subdued the country; converted the wilderness into wbfft we now behold. If we have placed facts upon record so that they are thus understood we will have fulfilled our mission. We have taken much care in recording the pioneer history, that coming generations, those who will not have the early settler to relate to them the history incident to the settlement and development of this county, may famil- iarize themselves with it through this medium ; and that the reader may see the county in its various stages of progression. We do not profess to have fully delineated the trials, s .fferings, and hardships that were experienced in converting even this fertile land from its virgin wildness into the luxuriant and densely populated country it now is. I'Vo ! for human tongue or pen is far from being adequate to that task. 350,54 / PREFACE. Different persons have given us honest and sincere, but nevertheless conflicting accounts of the same events, and it has been both a difficult and delicate task to harmonize them, and draw therefrom reasonable and approximately correct conclusions. We had only one aim in view, one plan to carry out, and that was, to record events impartialh' — to detail them as they actualh' occurred. That we have completed our work, fulfilled all our promises to the utter- most, we feel conscientiously assured, and we submit the result of our labors to the charitable consideration of this intelligent and liberal people. It must not be expected that, in the multiplicity of names, dates, and events, no errors will be detected. "We do not dare hope that in the numerous and varied details this book is absolutly correct, nor is it expected that it is beyond criticism, yet we believe it will be found to be measurably correct and reliable. We have labored assiduously and Mith studious care to make it a standard work of reference, as well as an authoritative record for future histo- rians to build upon. Believing a work of this nature would be comparatively incomplete with- out speaking of the history of the State, of which Fulton county forms no unimportant portion, we have carefully prepared a condensed, yet very com- plete history of Illinois, which we incorporate in this volume. And as a valuable aid in transacting every-day business, we append a carefully com- piled digest of Illinois State Laws, which both the business man and farmer will find of great value. Before laying aside our pen, we de.sire to express our warmest thanks to the editors of the various newspapei-s published throughout the county ; to the county officials, and to the people in general for the assistance and liberal patronage given us. ■» CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO.. '— 1879. Publishers. i \ I I CONTE^^TS HISTORY MOUND-BUILDERS 17 INDIANS 21 Illinois Confederacy 23 Starved Rock 23 Sacs and Foxes 24 Manners and Customs 27 Single-handed Combat with Indians... 29 EARLY DISCOVERIKS 31 Nicholas Perrot 31 .Toliet and Marquette 31 l^aSalle's Explorations 33 Great Battle of the Illinois 34 Tonti Safe at Green Bay 41 I^aSalle's Assassination 43 FRENCH OCCUPATION 44 First Settlements 44 The Mississippi Company 45 ENGLISH RULE 47 Gen. Clark's Exploits 51 ILLINOLS 55 County of Illinois 55 NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY .55 Ordinance of 17S7 56 St. Clair Governor of N. W. Territory... 59 ILLINOIS TERRITORY 59 WAR OF ISrj— THE OUTBREAK .59 Massacre of Fort Dearborn (iO Expeditions up the Mississippi..., 71 ILLINOIS AS A STATE 74 Organization 74 Derivation of the name "Illinois" 77 State Bank 7,S LaFayette's Visit 79 Grammar and Cook (Jontrasted 82 HISTORY OF FULTON CHAPTER III. CHAPTER I. EARLY SETTLEMENT 191 The Military Tract 191 Fulton County 191 Dr. Davison, the Hermit.. 194 John Eveland 195 Ossian M. Ross 196 Feuner Brothers 197 | The Sergeants and Barnes 197 Sergeant's wedding 200 | "When my Commission Comes" 202 Other Settlers 203 The First Mail Carriers... i203 A Trading Expedition 204 Frightened by Indians... 204 The Battle of Malony's Ferry 205 Trouble in Settling the Military Tract 206 Robert Fulton 209 CHAPTER IL EARLY SETTLEMENT— i CONTINUED 2111 Early Preachers 211 i Training day 212 1 A Few First Things 214 Organization of Fulton County 218 Trade 219 Early Milling 221 Wild Hog.s 222 The Deep Snow 224 Sudden Change 227 High Water 227 The Severe Winter of 1842-3 228 Money 228 The Beautiful Prairies.. 230 Incidents of Pioneer Life 232 What the Pioneers Have . Done 235 OF ILLINOIS. INDIAN TROUBLES Winnebago War BLACK HAWK WAR Stillman's Run Battle of Bad Axe Black Hawk Captured Biographical Sketch of Black Hawk FROM 1834 TO 1842 Internal Improvements Illinois and Michigan Canal ilartvr for Liberty PRAIRIE PIRATES.: MORMON WAR MEXICAN WAR Battle of Bueiiii Vista THE WAR FOR THE UNION States Seceding The Fall of Sumter Call for Troops Promptly Answered The War Ended— The Union Restored.. Schedule of Regiments DUELS DRESS AND MANNERS PHY'SICAL FEATURES OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS Lieutenant Governors State Officials U. S. Senators Representatives in Congress CHICAGO The Great Fire Commerce of Chicago STATES OF THE UNION COUNTY. County Court 'J'ownship Organization County Expenditures... CHAPTER VIII. BLACK HAWK WAR Troops Raised IMPORTANT LABORS OF COUNTY' COMMIS- SIONERS' COURT 237 First Meeting 237 ("ounty-Seat Located 239 Tavern Licenses 239 Ferry Licenses 240 More Justices of the Peace 241 The First Court-House.. 241 First Treasurer 245 First Grand Jury 245 First Marriage 245 I'av for Assessment of Taxes 246 First Petit Jury 247 Militia Precincts 247 First Marriage in Chi- cago 248 Niew ("ommissioinerR and a New Clerk 248 First Mart-iage License.. 249 Estray Pen 249 County Revenue 2.50 A New Court-House 250 Another Jail 251 The Present Court- Hou.se 252 First Temperance Work 2.54 Paupers Sold 2.55 A New Jail 2.55 First Poor Farm 255 Last Meeting 256 CHAPTER IV. GEOLOGY a57 CHAPTER V. / ZOOLOGY' 265 CHAPTER VI. BOTANY' 271 CHAPTER VII. IMPORTANT LABORS OF THj'. BOARD OF SUPER .'ISORS 282 Stillman's Defeat Horrible Massacre The Westerfield Defeat. CHAPTER IX. CRIMINAL RECORD CHAPTER X. PIONEER LIFE CHAPTER XI. ARCHAEOLOGY CHAPTER XII. MEXICAN WAR CHAPTER XIII THE REBELLION First Indications of the War First Call for Troops Various Meetings Held in the County Death of Senator Doug- las A Picture of a Sad and Desolate Home Soldier's Aid Society... Soldiers in Fulton Co... The Close Fulton County Volunteers CHAPTER XIV. THE BAR OF FULTON COUNTY y Pioneer Courts Court Days Circuit Judges Pro.secuting Attorneys.. The Bar :.. Present Bar 83 83 84 87 90 91 92 95 95 102 104 118 119 125 126 127 128 137 ViS 141 149 1.54 1.55 157 160 161 162 165 170 172 173 177 282 283 288 289 290 292 294 294 307 318 335 340 S12 U-2 343 343 346 346 :M8 349 353 355 392 392 3i)4 394 39' CONTENTS. CHAPTER XV. TOWNSHIP HISTOPJES:— Astoria 409 Banner 469 Buckheart 477 Bernadotte 506 Canton 515 Cass 582 Deerfielfl 602 Ellisville 615 Fairview 623 Farmers' 648 Farmington 678 Harris 697 Isabel 712 Joshua 724 Kerton 748 Lee 760 Le\vistown 769 Liverpool 820 Orion 843 Pleasant 84-S Starved Rock 25 An Iroquois Chief 37 Gen. Geo. R. Clark 49 Gen. Arthur St. Clair .58 Old Fort Dearborn 61 Old Kinzie House 65 Pontiae 69 Black Hawk 85 Abbott, Daniel 395 Addi.s, A. I) 468 Babcock, W. H 468 Barker, J. W 661 Beam, O. J 883 Bearce, Orson 369 Benson, Hon. Jesse 225 Bovington, E. L 733 Breed, C. G 571 Brown, Jacob 715 Brown, Mrs. Jacob 715 Bvbee, T. T 4S5 Chapman, S. S 449 Coleman, W. D 537 Colter, Hon. H. R 243 Cummings, Hon. S. P 431 Curtis Dr. L. W -537 Custer, P. Y 571 Foutch. John 721 Gallagher. P. W 873 Gardiner, J. H 727 Gardiner. Margaret 727 Haacke, Capt. David 297 Laws 1039 Jurisdiction of Courts 1039 County Court.*^ 1040 Com. of Highwavs 1040 Fences 1042 Drainage 1044 Trespa.ss of Stock 1014 Estravs 1015 Horses 1016 Marks and Brands 1017 Articles of Agreement 1017 , Notes 1018 I .Judgment Note lOi'.i fnterest 1049 | 'Is 10.51 nt 1055 1056 •es and Trust Deedsl057 >eds 1058 1058 e 1060 Putman 865 Union 880 Vermont 897 Waterford 936 Woodland 940 Young Hickory 969 CHAPTER XVI. POLITICAL 975 Election Returns 976 CHAPTER XVII. COUNTY OFFICIALS 984 CHAPTER XVin. THE PRE.SS 990 Fulton County Ledger.. 991 Lewistown Democrat... 993 Canton Register 995 News-Chronicle 997 Vermont Chronicle 1000 Farmington News 1001 Weeklv Times 1002 Stream of Light 1004 Avon Sentinel 1005 II.HJSTRATIOX.S. C, R.-I. & P. R. R. Depot... 99 Eye and Ear Infirmary Ill Deaf and Dumb Institute... 115 Scene on Fox River 221 . Lincoln Monument. 137 Asylum for Feeble Minded 143 I Southern Normal Univer- i sity 151 1 PORTRAITS. Hartough, H. H 625 Herring. J. R 867 Herring, Mrs/M. A 867 Higgins, H .:.^^ 369 Holni.e.'?, C...j..-..r„.v 73:? Hulit, N ■..„.,..;..'.™T 857 Hummel, I. M;.';........„ 801 Hummel, Mrs. I. M....^.:..... 80L Hummel, Jessie L .SOI John.son, B. C 733 Leslie, L. T 369 Maus, Jacob 825 McCall.J. H 207 McCune. J. L.. 8.51 McCune, Mrs. J. L 851 McDowell, W. M 261 Merrill, H. S 413 Miner, Wm 661 Moore, B. H -537 Mower\', Jacob 3:i3 Onion.'j. M 369 Orendorff. John .519 Orendorff, W. J .519 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. Days of Grace 1061 i Limitation of Action 1061 Receipt.< 1062 Exemptions from Forced { Sales 1062 Landlords and Tenants Uh;3 Criminal Law 1066 Taxes 10(W Subscription 10<;9 ' Contract for Personal Ser- vices 1070 Newsjjaper LiVjel 1071 | Tender 1071 i Drunkenness 1073 Marriage Contract 1074 School Months 1076 Infants 1076 Adoption of Children 1077 Church Organizations ...Wrt-i Game .....1078 i CHAPTER XIX. RAILROADS lOOC C, B. U. S. Mails 108<; Rates of Postage 1088 Rates of Postage on Third- Cla.ss Matter 1069 Registered Matter 1090 Monev '^-''— io^ ■M7l^e 'U %/. -n^ ^ HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. FORMER OCCUPANTS. MOUND-BUILDERS. The numerous and well-authenticated accounts of antiquities found in various parts of our country, clearly demonstrate that a people civilized, and even highly cultivated, occupied the broad surface of our continent before its possession by the present In- dians; but the date of their rule of the Western World is so re- mote that all traces of their history, their progress and decav, lie buried in deepest obscurity. Nature, at the time the first Euro- peans came, had asserted her original dominion over the earth; the forests were all in their full luxuriance, the growth of many cen- turies; and naught existed to point out who and what they were who formerly lived, and loved, and labored, and died, on the conti- nent of America. This pre-historic race is known as the Mound- Builders, from the numerous large mounds of earth-works left by them. The remains of the works of this people form the most in- teresting class of antiquities discovered in the United States. Their character can be but partially gleaned from the internal evidences and the peculiarities of the only remains left, — the mounds. They consist of remains of what were apparently villages, altars, temples, idols, cemeteries, monuments, camps, fortifications, pleasure grounds, etc., etc. Their habitations must have been tents, struc- tures of wood, or other perishable material; otherwise their remains would be numerous. If the Mound-Builders were not the ancestors of the Indians, who were they? The oblivion whicli has closed over them is so complete that only conjecture can be given in answei to the question. Those who do not believe in the common parentage of mankind contend that they were an indigenous race of the West- ern hemisphere; others, with more plausibility, think they came from the East, and imagine they can see coincidences in the religion of the Hindoos and Southern Tartars and the supposed theology of 18 mSTOKV ()1<" ILLINOIS. the Mound- Builders, They were, no doubt, idolators, and it hh^ been conjectured tiiat the sun was tlie object of their adoration. Tl»e mounds were generally built in a situation aifording a view of the rising sun: when enclosed in walls their gateways were toward the east; the caves in which their dead were occasionally buried alwaye opened in the same direction; whenever a mound was partially en- closed by a semi-circular pavement, it was on the east side; wheb bodies were buried in graves, as was frequently the case, they were laid in a direction east and west; and, tinully. medals have been found representing the sun and his raj's of light. At what period they came to this country, is likewise a matter oi speculation. From the comparatively rude state of the arts among them, it has been inferred that the time was verv remote. Their axes were of stone. Their raiment, judging from fragments which have been discovered, consisted of the bark of trees, interwoved with feathers; and their military works were such as a people would erect who had just passed to the pastoral state of society from that dependent alone upon hunting and fishing. The mounds and other ancient earth-works constructed by this people are far more abundant than generally supposed, from the fact that while some are quite large, the greater part of them are small and inconspicuous. Along nearly all our water courses that are large enough to be navigated with a canoe, the mounds are almost invariably found, covering the base points and headlands of the bluffs which border the narrower vallej's; so that when one finds him- self in such positions as to command the grandest views for river scenery, he may almost always discover that he is standing upon, or in close proximity to, some one or more of these traces of the labors of an ancient people. GALEKA MOUNDS. On the top of the high blufis that skirt the west bank of the Mis- sissippi, about two and a half miles from (J-alena, are a number of these silent monuments of a pre-historic age. The spot is one of surpassing beauty. From that point may be obtained a view of a portion of three States, — Illinois, Iowa and "Wisconsin. A hundred feet below, at the foot of the perpendicular clifis, the trains of the Illinois Central Railroad thunder around the curve, the portage is in full view, and the " Father of Waters," with its numerous bayous HISTOKV OK ILLINOIS. 19 and islands, sketches a grand pamorama for miles above and below. Here, probably thousands of years ago, a race of men now extinct, and unknown even in the traditions of the Indians who inhabited that section for centuries before the discovery of America by Colum- bus, built these strangely wonderful and enigmatical mounds. At this point these mounds are circular and conical in form. The larg- est one is at least forty feet in diameter at the base, and not less than fifteen feet high, even yet, after it has been beaten by the storms of many centuries. On its top stands the large stump of an oak tree that was cut down about tifty years ago, and its annual rings indicate a growth of at least 200 years. One of the most singular earth-works in the State was found on the top of a ridge near the east bank of the Sinsinawa creek in the lead region. It resembled some huge animal, the head, ears, nose, legs and tail, and general outline of which being as perfect as if made bv men versed in modern art. The ridjje on which it was situated, stands on the prairie, 300 yards wide, 100 feet in height, and rounded on the top by a deep deposit of clay. Centrally, along the line of its summit, and thrown up in the form of an embankment three feet high, extended the outline of a quadruped measuring 250 feet from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail, and having a width of 18 feet at the center of the body. The head was 35 feet in length, the ears 10 feet, legs 60 and tail 75. The curvature in both the fore and hind leijs was natural to an animal lying on its side. The general outline of the figure most nearly resembled the extinct animal known to ojeoloo-ists as the Mcirathe- rium. The question naturally arises. By whom and for what pur- pose was this earth figure raised? Some have conjectured that numbers of this now extinct animal lived and roamed over the prai- ries of Illinois when the Mound-Builders first made their appearance on the upper part of the Mississippi Valley, and that their wonder and admiration, excited by the colossal dimensions of these huge creatures, found some expression in the erection of this figure. The bones of some similar gigantic animals were exhumed on this stn'eam about three miles from the same place. LARGE CITIES. Mr. Breckenridge, who examined the antiquities of the Western country ia 1817, speaking of the mounds in the American Bottom, says: "The great number and extremely large size of some of 20 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. them may be regarded as furnishing, with other circumstances, evidences of tlieir antiquity. 1 have sometimes been induced to think that at the period wlien they were constructed there was a population here as numerous as that which once animated the borders of the Nile or Euphrates, or of Mexico. The most num- erous, as well as considerable, of these remains are found in pre- cisely those parts of the country where the traces of a numerous population might be looked for, namely, from the mouth of the Ohio on the east side of the Mississippi, to the Illinois river, and on the west from the St. Francis to the Missouri. I am perfectly satisfied that cities similar to those of ancient Mexico, of several hundred thousand souls, have existed in this country." It must be admitted that whatever the uses of these mounds — whether as dwellings or burial places — these silent monuments were built, and the race who built them vanished from the face of the earth, ages before the Indians occupied the land, but their date must probably forever baffle human skill and ingenuity. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish the places of sepulture raised by the Mound-Builders from the more modern graves of the Indians. The tombs of the former were in general larger than those of the latter, and were used as receptacles for a greater number of bodies, and contained relics of art, evincina; a his-her deo'ree of civ- ilization than that attained by the Indians. The ancient earth- works of the Mound -Builders have occasionally been appropriated as burial places by the Indians, but the skeletons of the latter may be distinguished from the osteological remains of the former by their greater stature. What finally became of the Mound-Builders is another query which has been extensively discussed. The fact that their works extend into Mexico and Peru has induced the belief that it was their posterity that dwelt in these countries when they were first visited by the Spaniards. The Mexican and Peruvian works, with the exception of their greater magnitude, are similar. Pelics com- mon to all of them have been occasionally found, and it is believed that the religious uses which tliey subserved were the same. If, indeed, the Mexicans and Peruvians were the progeny of the more ancient Mound-Builders, Spanish rapacity for gold was the cause of their overthrow, and final extermination. A thousand other queries naturally arise respecting these nations lIlSrOKV OF ILLINOIS. 21 which now repose under the ground, but the most searching investi- gation can give us only vagne speculations for answers. No histo- rian has preserved the names of their mighty chieftains, or given an account of their exploits, and even tradition is silent respecting them. INDIANS. FoUowino; the Monnd-Builders as inhabitants of North America, were, as it is supposed, the people who reared the magniticent cities the ruins of which are found in Central America. This peo- ple was far more civilized and advanced in the arts than were the Mound-Builders. The cities built by them, judging from the ruins of broken columns, fallen arches and crumbling walls of temples, palaces and pyramids, which in some places for miles bestrew the ground, must have been of great extent, magnificent and very pop- ulous. When we consider the vast period of time necessary to erect such colossal structures, and, again, the time required to reduce them to their present ruined state, we can conceive something of their antiquity. These cities must have been old when many of the ancient cities of the Orient were being built. The third race inhabiting North America, distinct from the former two in every particular, is the present Indians. They were, when visited by the early discoverers, without cultivation, refinement or literature, and far behind the Mound-Builders in the knowledge of the arts. The question of their origin has long interested archasologists, and is the most difficult they have been called upon to answer. Of their predecessors the Indian tribes knew nothing; they even had no traditions respecting them. It is quite certain that they were the successors of a race which had entirely passed away ages before the discovery of the New World. One hypothesis is that the American Indians are an original race indigenous to the Western hemisphere. Those who entertain this view think their peculiarities of physical structure preclude the possibility of a common parentage with the rest of mankind. Prominent among those distinctive traits is the hair, which in the red man is round, in the white man oval, and in the black man flat. A more common supposition, however, is that they are a derivative race, and sprang from one or more of the ancient peoples of Asia. In the absence of all authentic history, and when even tradition is 22 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. wanting, any attempt to point out the particular location of their origin must prove unsatisfactory. Though the exact place of origin may never be known, yet the striking coincidence of physical organization between the Oriental type of mankind and the Indians point unmistakably to some part of Asia as the place whence they emigrated, which was originally peopled to a great extent by the children of Shem. In this connection it has been claimed that the meeting of the Europeans, Indians and Africans on the continent of America, is the fulfillment of a prophecy as recorded in Gen- esis ix. 27: "God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant." Assuming the theory to be true that the Indian tribes are of Shemitic origin, they were met on this continent in the fifteenth century by the Japhetic race, after the two stocks had passed around the globe by directly difierent routes. A few years afterward the Hamitic branch of the human family were brought from the coast of Africa. During the occupancy of the continent by the three distinct races, the children of Japheth have grown and prospered, while the called and not voluntarv sons of Ham have endured a servitude in the wider stretching: vallevs of the tents of Shem. When Christopher Columbus had finally succeeded in demon- strating the trutli of his theory that by sailing westward from Eu- rope land would be discovered, landing on the Island of Bermuda he supposed he had reached the East Indies. This was an error, but it led to the adoption of the name of " Indians " for the inhab- itants of the Island and the main land of America, by which name the red men of America have ever since been known. Of the several great branches of Xorth American Indians the only ones entitled to consideration in Illinois history are the Algon- quins and Iroquois. At the time of the discovery of America the former occupied the Atlantic seaboard, while the home of the Iroquois was as an island in this vast area of Algonquin popula- tion. The latter great nation spread over a vast territory, and various tribes of Algonquin lineage sprung up over the country, adopting, in time, distinct tribal customs and laws. An almost continuous warfare was carried on between tribes; but later, on the entrance of the white man into their beloved homes, every foot of territory was fiercely disputed by the confederacy of many neighboring tribes. The Algonquins formed the most extensive alliance to resist the encroachment of the whites, especially the English. Such was the HISTORY OF ILLINIOS. 23 nature of Kin<^ Philip's war. This King, with his Algonquin braves, spread terror and desolation throughout New England. With the Algonquins as the controlling spirit, a confederacy of conti- nental proportions was the result, embracing in its alliance the tribes of every name and lineage from the Northern lakes to the gulf. Pontiac, having breathed into them his implacable hate of the English intruders, ordered the conflict to commence, and all the British colonies trembled before the desolating fury of Indian vengeance. ILLINOIS CONFEDERACY. The Illinois confederacy, the various tribes of which comprised most of the Indians of Illinois at one time, was composed of five tribes: the Tamaroas, Michigans, Kaskaskias, Cahokas, and Peorias. The Illinois, Miamis and Delawares were of the same stock. As early as 1670 the priest Father Marquette mentions frequent visits made by individuals of this confederacy to the missionary station at St. Esprit, near the western extremity of Lake Superior. At that time they lived west of the Mississippi, in eight villages, whither they had been driven from the shores of Lake Michigan by the Iroquois. Shortly afterward they began to return to their old hunting ground, and jnost of them finally settled in Illinois. Joliet and Marquette, in 1673, met with a band of them on their famous voyage of discovery down the Mississippi. They were treated with the greatest hospitality by the principal chief. On their return voyage up the Illinois river tliey stopped at the principal town of the confederacy, situated on the banks of the river seven miles below the present town of Ottawa. It was then called Kas- kaskia. Marquette returned to the village in 1675 and established the mission of the Immaculate Conception, the oldest in Illinois. When, in 1679, LaSalle visited the town, it had greatly increased, numbering 460 lodges, and at the annual assembly of the different tribes, from 6,000 to 8,000 souls. In common with other western tribes, they became involved in the conspiracy of Pontiac, although displaying no very great warlike spirit. Pontiac lost his life by the hands of one of the braves of the Illinois tribe, which so enraged the nations that had followed him as their leader that they fell upon the Illinois to avenge his death, and almost annihilated them. STARVED ROCK. Tradition states that a band of this tribe, in order to escape the general slaughter, took refuge upon the high rock on the Illinois 24 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. river since known as Starved Rock. Nature has made this one of the most formidable militarj' fortresses in the world. From the waters which wash its base it rises to an altitude of 125 feet. Three of its sides it is impossible to scale, while the one next to the land may be climbed with difficulty. From its summit, almost as inac- cessible as an eagle's nest, the valley of the Illinois is seen as a landscape of exquisite beauty. The river near by struggles between a number of wooded islands, while further below it quietly meanders through vast meadows till it disappears like a thread of liirht in the dim distance. On the summit of this rock the Illinois were besieged by a superior force of the Pottawatomies whom the great strength of their natural fortress enabled them to keep at bay. Hunger and thirst, however, soon accomplished what the enemy was unable to effect. Surrounded b}' a relentless foe, without food or water, they took a last look at their beautiful hunting grounds, and with true Indian fortitude lay down and died from starvation. Years afterward their bones were seen whitening in that place. At the beginning of the present century the remnants of this once powerful confederacy were forced into a small compass around Kaskaskia. A few years later they emigrated to the Southwest, and in 1850 they were in Indian Territory, and numbered but 84 persons. SACS AND FOXES. The Sacs and Foxes, who figured most conspicuously in the later history of Illinois, inhabited the northwestern portion of the State. By long residence together and intermarriage they had substan- tiall}' become one people. Drake, in his "Life of Black Hawk," speaks of these tribes as follows : " The Sacs and Foxes fought their way from the waters of the St. Lawrence to Green Bay, and after reaching that place, not only sustained themselves against hostile tribes, but were the most active and courageous in the subjugation, or rather the extermination, of the numerous and powerful Illinois confederacy. They had many wars, offensive and defensive, with the Sioux, the Pawnees, the Osages, and other tribes, some of which are ranked among the most fierce and ferocious warriors of the whole continent; and it does not appear that in these conflicts, run- ning through a long period of years, they were found wanting in this, the greatest of all savage virtues. In the late war with Great Britain, a party of the Sacs and Foxes fought under the British HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 27 standard as a matter of choice; and in the recent contest between a fragment of these tribes and the United States, although defeated and literally cut to pieces by an overwhelming force, it is very questionable whether their reputation as braves would suffer by a comparison with that of their victors. It is believed that a careful review of their history, from the period when they tirst established themselves on the waters of the Mississippi down to the present time, will lead the inquirer to the conclusion that the Sacs and Foxes were truly a courageous people, shrewd, politic, and enter- prising, with no more ferocity and treachery of character than is common among the tribes by whom they were surrounded," These tribes at the time of the Black Hawk War were divided into twenty families, twelve of which were Sacs and eight Foxes. The follow- ing were other prominent tribes occupying Illinois: the Kickapoos, Shawnees, Mascoulius, Piaukishaws, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, and Ottawas. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. The art of hunting not only supplied the Indian with food, but, like that of war, was a means of gratifying his love of distinction. The male children, as soon as they acquired sufficient age and strens:th, were furnished with a bow and arrow and tauo-ht to shoot birds and other small game. Success in killing large quadrupeds required years of careful study and practice, and the art was as sedulously inculcated in the minds of the rising generation as are the elements of reading, writing and arithmetic in the common schools of civilized communities. The mazes of the forest and the dense, tall grass of the prairies were the best fields for the exercise of the hunter's skill. No feet could be impressed in the jnelding soil but that the tracks were the objects of the most searching scrutiny, and revealed at a glance the animal that made them, the direction it was pursuing, and the time that had elapsed since it had passed. In a forest country he selected the valleys, because they were most frequently the resort of game. The most easily taken, perhaps, of all the aiiimals of the chase was the deer. It is endowed with a curiosity which prompts it to stop in its flight and look back at the approaching hunter, who always avails himself of this opportunity to let fly the fatal arrow. Their general councils were composed of the chiefs and old men. When in council, they usually sat in concentric circles around the 28 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. speaker, and each individual, notwithstanding the fiery passions that rankled within, preserved an exterior as immovable as if cast in bronze. Before commencing business a person appeared with the sacred pipe, and another with fire to kindle it. After being lighted, it was first presented to heaven, secondly to the earth, thirdly to the presiding spirit, and lastly the several councilors, each of whom took a whiff. Tnese formalities were observed with as close exactness as state etiquette in civilized courts. The dwellings of the Indians were of the simplest and rudest character. On some pleasant spot by the bank of a river, or near an ever-running spring, they raised their groups of wigwams, con- structed of the bark of trees, and easily taken down and removed to another spot. The dwelling-places of the chiefs were sometimes more spacious, and constructed with greater care, but of the same materials. Skins taken in the chase served them for repose. Though principally dependent upon hunting and fishing, the uncertain supply from those sources led them to cultivate small patches of corn. Every family did everything necessary within itself, commerce, or an interchangeof articles, being almost unknown to them. In cases of dispute and dissension, each Indian relied upon himself i')v retaliation. Blood for blood was the rule, and the relatives of the slain man were bound to obtain bloody revenge for his death. This principle gave rise, as a matter of course, to innumerable and bitter feuds, and wars of extermination where such were possible. War, indeed, rather than peace, was the InJian's glory and delight, — war, not conducted as civilization, but war where individual skill, endurance, gallantry and cruelty were prime requisites. For such a purpose as revenge the Indian would make great sacrifices, and display a patience and perseverance truly heroic; but when the excitement was over, he sank back into a listless, un- occupied, well-nigh useless savage. During the intervals of his more exciting pursuits, the Indian employed his time in decorating his .person with all tlie refinement of paint and feathers, and in the manufacture of his arms and of canoes. These were constructed of bark, and so light that they could easilj' be carried on the shoulder from stream to stream. His amusements were the war-dance, ath- letic games, the narration of his exploits, and listening to the ora- tory of the chiefs; but during long periods of such existence he remained in a state of torpor, gazing listlessly upon the trees of the forests and the clouds that sailed above them; and this vacancy HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. 29 imprinted an habitual gravity, and even melancholy, upon his gen- eral deportment. The main labor and drudgery of Indian communities fell upon the women. The planting, tending and gathering of the crops, making mats and baskets, carrying burdens,— in fact, all things of the kind were performed by them, thus making their condition but little better than that of slaves. Marriage was merely a matter of bargain and sale, the husband giving presents to the father of the bride. In general they had but few children. They were sub- jected to many and severe attacks of sickness, and at times famine and pestilence swept away whole tribes. SINGLE-HANDED COMBAT WITH INDIANS. The most desperate single-handed combat with Indians ever fought on the soil of Illinois was that of Tom Iliggins, August 21, 1814. Higgins was 25 years old, of a muscular and compact build, not tall, but strong and active. In danger he possessed a quick and discerning judgment, and was without fear. He was a member of Journey's rangers, consisting of eleven men, stationed at Hill's Fort, eight miles southwest of the present Greenville, Put- nam county. Discovering Indian signs near the fort, the company, early the following morning, started on the trail. They had not gone far before they were in an ambuscade of a larger party. At the first fire their commander. Journey, and three men fell, and six reti'eated to the fort; but Higgins stopped to "have another pull at the red-skins," and, taking deliberate aim at a straggling savage, shot him do^vn. Higgins' horse had been wounded at the first fire, as he supposed, mortally. Coming to, he was about to effect his escape, when the familiar voice of Burgess hailed him from the long grass, "Tom, don't leave me." Higgins told him to come along, but Burgess replied that his leg was smashed. Hig- gins attempted to raise him on his horse, but the animal took fright and ran away. Higgins then directed Burgess to limp off" as well as he could; and by crawling through the grass he reached the fort while the former loaded his gun and remained behind io protect him against the pursuing enemy. When Burgess was well out of the way, Higgins took another route, which led by a small thicket, to throw any wandering enemy off the trail. Here he was con- fronted by three savages approaching. He ran to a little ravine near for shelter, but in the efibrt discovered for the first time tha,t. 30 HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. he was badly wounded in the ]eg. He was closely pressed by the largest, a powerful Indian, who lodged a ball in his thigh. He fell, but instantly rose again, only, however, to draw the fire of the other two, and again fell wounded. The Indians now advanced upon him with their tomahawks and scalping knives; but as he presented his gun first at one, then at another, from his place in the ravine, each wavered in his purpose. Neither party had time to load, and the large Indian, supposing finally that Iliggins' gun was empty, rushed forward with uplifted tomahawk and a yell; but as he came near enough, was shot down. At this the others raised the war-whoop, and rushed upon the wounded Higgins, and now a hand-to-hand conflict ensued. Thev darted at him with their knives time and again, inflicting many ghastly flesh-wounds, which bled profusely. One of the assailants threw his tomahawk at him with such pre- cision as to sever his ear and lay bare his skull, knocking him down. They now rushed in on him, but he kicked them ofi', and grasping one of their spears thrust at him, was raised up by it. He quickly seized his gun, and by a powerful blow crushed in the skull of one, but broke his rifle. His remaining antagonist still kept up the con- test, making thrusts with his knife at the bleeding and exhausted Higgins, which he parried with his broken gun as well as he could. Most of this desperate engagement was in plain view of the fort; but the rangers, having been in one ambuscade, saw in this fight only a ruse to draw out the balance of the garrison. But a Mrs. Pursely, residing at the fort, no longer able to see so brave a man contend for his life unaided, seized a gun, mounted a horse, and started to his rescue. At this the men took courage and hastened along. The Indian, seeing aid comii.g, fled. Higgins, being near- ly hacked to pieces, fainted from loss of blood. He was carried to the fort. There being no surgeon, his comrades cut two balls from his flesh; others remained in. For days his life was despaired of; but by tender nursing he ultimately regained his health, although badly crippled. He resided in Fayette county for many years after, and died in 1829. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 31 EARLY DISCOVERIES NICHOLAS PERKOT. The first white nuiii who ever set foot on the soil ernhraced within the boundary of tlie present populous State of Illinois was Nicli- olas Perrot, a Frenchman. He was sent to Chicago in the year 1671 by M. Talon, Intendant of Canada, for the purpose of inviting the Western Indians to a great peace convention to be held at Green Bay. This convention had for its chief object the promulgation of a plan for the discovery of the Mississippi river. This great river had been discovered by De Soto, the Spanish explorer, nearly one hundred and fifty years previously, but his nation left the country a wilderness, without further exploration or settlement within its borders, in which condition it remained until the river was dis- covered by Joliet and Marquette in 1673. It was deemed a wise policy to secure, as far as possible, the friendship and co-operation of the Indians, far and near, before venturing upon an enterprise which their hostility might render disastrous. Thus the great con- vention was called. JOLIET AND MARQUETTE. Although Perrot was the first European to visit Illinois, he was not the first to make any important discoveries. Tliis was left for Joliet and Marquette, which they accomplished two years thereafter. The former, Louis Joliet, was"born at Quebec in 161:5. He was educated for the clerical profession, but he abandoned it to engage in the fur trade. His companion. Father Jacques Mai'- quette, was a native of France, born in 1637. He was a Jesuit priest by education, and a man of simple faith and great zeal and devotion in extending the Roman Catholic religion among the In- dians. He was sent to America in 1666 as a missionary. To con- vert the Indians he penetrated the wilderness a thousand miles in advance of civilization, and bv his kind attention in their afflic- tions he won their affections and made them his lasting friends. There were others, however, who visited Illinois even prior to the famous exploration of Joliet and Marquette. In 1672 the Jesuit 32 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. missionaries, Fathers Claude Allouez and Claude Dablon, bore the standard of the Cross from their mission at Green Bay through western Wisconsin and northern Illinois. According to the pre-arranged plan referred to above, at the Jes- uit mission on the Strait of Mackinaw, Joliet joined Marquette, and with five other Frenchmen and a simple outfit the daring ex- plorers on the ITtli of Maj, 1673, set out on their perilous vojao-e to discover the MississijDpi. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, they entered Green Bay, and passed thence up Fox river and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Muscatines and Miamis, where great interest was taken in the expedition by the natives. With guides they proceeded down the river. Arriving at the portage, they soon carried their light canoes and scanty bag- gage to the Wisconsin, about three miles distant. Their guides now refused to accompany them farther, and endeavored, by re- citing the dangers incident to the voyage, to induce them to return. They stated that huge demons dwelt in the great river, whose voices could be heard a long distance, and who engulfed in the raging waters all who came within their reach. They also represented that if any of them should escape the dangers of the river, fierce tribes of Indians dwelt upon its banks ready to complete the work of de- struction. They proceeded on their journey, however, and on the 17th of June pushed their frail barks on the bosom of the stately Mississippi, dawn which they smoothly glided for nearly a hundred miles. Here Joliet and Marquette, leaving their canoes in charge of their men, went on the western shore, where they discovered an Indian village, and were kindly treated. They journeyed on down the unknown river, passing the mouth of the Illinois, then run- ning into the current of the muddy Missouri, and afterwaid the waters of the Ohio joined with them on their journey southward. Near the mouth of the Arkansas they discovered Indians who showed signs of hostility; but when Marquette's mission of peace was made known to them, they were kindly received. After pro- ceeding up the Arkansas a short distance, at the advice of the natives tlley turned their faces northward to retrace their steps. Af- ter several weeks of hard toil they reached the Illinois, up which stream they proceeded to Lake Michigan. Following the western shore of the lake, they entered Green Bay the latter part of Sep- tember, having traveled a distance of 2,500 miles. HI8T0KY OF ILLINOIS. 33 On his way np the Illinois, Marquette visited the Kaskaskias, near what is now Utica, in LaSalle county. The following vear he returned and established anion^ them the mission of the Im- maculate Virgin Mary. This was the last act of his life. He died in Michigan, May 18, 1675. lasalle's explorations. The first French occupation of Illinois was effected by LaSalle, in 1680. Having constructed a veesel, the " Griffin," above the falls of Niagara, he sailed to Green Bay, and passed thence in canoe to the mouth of the St. Joseph river, by which and the Kan- kakee he reached the Illinois in January, 1680; and on the 3d he entered the expansion of the river now called Peoria lake. Here, at the lower end of the lake, on its eastern bank, now in Tazewell ' county, he erected Fort Crevecoeur. The place where this ancient fort stood may still be seen just below the outlet of Peoria lake. It had, however, but a temporary existence. From this point LaSalle determined, at that time, to descend the Mississippi to its mouth. This he did not do, however, until two years later. Returning to Fort Frontenac for the purpose of getting material with which to rig his vessel, he left the fort at Peoria in charge of his lieutenant, Henri Tonti, an Italian, who had lost one of his hands by the explosion of a grenade in the Sicilian wars. Tonti had with him fifteen men, most of whom disliked LaSalle, and were ripe for a revolt the first opportunity. Two men who had, previous to LaSalle's departure, been sent to look for the " Giiffin " now returned and reported that the vessel was lost and that Fort Frontenac was in the hands of LaSalle's creditors. This disheartening intelligence had the effect to enkindle a spirit of mutiny among the garrison. Tonti had no sooner left the fort, with a few men, to fortify what was afterward known as Starved Pock, than the garrison at the fort refused longer to submit to authority. They destroyed the fort, seized the ammunition, provisions, and other portables of value, and fied. Only two of their number remained true. These hast- ened to apprise Tonti of what had occurred. He thereupon sent four of the men with him to inform LaSalle. Thus was Tonti in the midst of treacherous savages, with only five men, two of whom were the friars Pibourde and Membre. With these he immediately returned to the fort, collected what tools had not been destroyed, and conveyed theui to the great town of the Illinois Indians. 34 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. By this voluntary display of confidence he hoped to remove the jealousy created in the minds of the Illinois by the enemies of La- Salle. Here he awaited, unmolested, the return of LaSalle. GREAT BATTLE OF THE ILLINOIS. !N^either Tonti nor his wild associates suspected that hordes of Iro- quois were gathering preparatory to rushing down upon their country and reducing it to an uninhabited waste. Already these hell-hounds of the wilderness had destroyed the Hurons, Eries, and other natives on the lakes, and wei-e now directing their attention to the Illinois for new victims. Five hundred Iroquois warriors Bet out for the home of the Illinois. All was fancied security and idle repose in the great town 'of this tribe, as the enemy stealthily approached. Suddenly as a clap of thunder from a cloudless sky the listless inhabitants were awakened from their lethar^v. A Shawnee Indian, on his return home after a visit to the Illinois, first discovered the invaders. To save his friends from the im- pending danger, he hurriedly returned and apprised th^m of the coming enemy. This intelligence spread with lightning rapidity over the town, and each wigwam disofors^ed its boisterous and as- tonnded inmates. Women snatched their children, and in a delirium of f.ight wandered aimlessly about, rending the air with their screams. The men, more self-possessed, seized their arms ready for the coming fray. Tonti, long an object of suspicion, was soon surrounded by an angry crowd of warriors, who accused him of be- ing an emissary of the enemy. His inability to defend himself properly, in consequence of not fully understanding their language left them still inclined to believe him guilty, and they seized his effects from the fort and threw them into the river. The women and children were sent down the river for safety, and the wai riors, not exceeding four hundred, as most of their young men were ofi" huntino:, returned to the villaofe. Alon^ the shores of the river they kindled huge bonfires, and spent the entire night in greasing their bodies, painting their faces, and performing the war-dance, to prepare for the approaching enemy. At early dawn the scouts who had been sent out returned, closely followed by the Iroquois. The scouts had seen a chief arrayed in French costume, and re- ported their suspicions that LaSalle was in the camp of the enemy, and Tonti again became an object of jealousy. A concourse of wildly gesticulating savages immediately gathered about him, de- HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 35 manding his life, and nothing saved him from, their uplifted weap- ons hut a promise that he and his men would go with them to meet the enemy. With their suspicions partly lulled, they hurriedly crossed the river and met the foe, when both commenced firing. Toiiti, seeino- that the Illinois were outnumbered and likely to be defeated, determined, at the imminent risk of liis life, to stay the fio-ht by an attempt at mediation. Presuming on the treaty of peace then existing between the French and Iroquois, he exchanged his gun for a belt of wampum and advanced to meet the savage multitude, attended by three companions, who, being unnecessarily exposed to danger, were dismissed, and he proceeded alone. A short walk brought him in the midst of a pack of yelping devils, writhing and distorted with fiendish rage, and impatient to shed his blood. As the result of his swarthy Italian complexion and half-savage costume, he was at first taken for an Indian, and before the mistake was discovered a young warrior approached and stabbed at his heart. Fortunately the blade was turned aside by coming in contact with a rib, yet a large fiesh wound was inflicted, which bled profusely. At this juncture a chief discovered his true char- acter, and he was led to the rear and efibrts were made to staunch his wound. When sufficiently recovered, he declared the Illinois were under the protection of the French, and demanded, in consid- eration of the treaty between the latter and the Iroquois, that they should be suffered to remain without further molestation. Durino- this conference a young warrior snatched Tonti's hat, and, fleeing with it to the front, held it aloft on the end of his gun in view of the Illinois. The latter, judging that Tonti had been killed, renewed the figrht with great vio^or. Simultaneouslv, intellio^ence was brought to the Iroquois that Frenchmen were assisting their enemies in the fight, when the contest over Tonti was renewed with redoubled fury. Some declared that he should be immediately put to death, while others, friendly to LaSalle, with equal earnest- ness demanded that he should be set at liberty. During their clamorous debate, his hair was several times lifted by a Imge sav- age who stood at his back with a scalping knife ready for execution. Tonti at length turned the current of the angry controversy in hie favor, by stating that the Illinois were 1,200 strong, and that there were 60 Frenchmen at the village ready to assist them. This state- ment obtained at least a partial credence, and his tornientors now 36 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. determined to use him as an instrument to delude the Illinois with a pretended truce. The old warriors, therefore, advanced to the front and ordered the firing to cease, while Tonti, dizzy from the loss of blood, was furnished with an emblem of peace and sent staggering across the plain to rejoin the Illinois. The two friars who had just returned from a distant hut, whither they had repaired for prayer and meditation, were the first to meet him and bless God for what they regarded as a miraculous deliverance. With the assurance brought by Tonti, the Illinois re-crossed the river to their lodges, followed by the enemy as far as the opposite bank. Not long after, large numbers of the latter, under the pretext of hunting, also crossed the river and hung in threatening groups about the town. These hostile indications, and the well-known disregard which the Iroquois had always evinced for their pledges, soon convinced the Illinois that their only safety was in flight. With this conviction they set fire to their village, and while the vast volume of flames and smoke diverted the attention of the enemy, they quietly dropped down the river to join their women and children. As soon as the flames would permit, the Iroquois entrenched themselves on the site of the vil- lage. Tonti and his men were ordered by the suspicious savages to leave their hut and take up their abode in the fort. At first the Iroquois were much elated at the discomfiture of the Illinois, but when two days afterward they discovered them recon- noitering their intrenchments, their courage greatly subsided. With fear they recalled the exaggerations of Tonti respecting their numbers, and concluded to send him with a hostage to make over- tures of peace. He and his hostage were received with delight by the Illinois, who readily assented to the proposal which he brought, and in turn sent back with him a hostage to the Iroquois. On his return to the fort his life was again placed in jeopardy, and the treaty was with great difficulty ratified. The young and inexpe- rienced Illinois hostage betrayed to his crafty interviewers the nu- merical weakness of his tribe, and the savages immediately rushed upon Tonti, and charged him with having deprived them of the spoils and honors of victory. It now required all the tact of which he was master to escape. After much difficulty however, the treaty was con- cluded, but the savages, to show their contempt for it, immediately commenced constructing canoes in which to descend the river and attack the Illinois. AN IROQUOIS CHIEF. LitiiiAifir OF THE UMVIRSITY OF ILLINOIS. aiSTOKY OI* ILLINOIS. 39 FRENCHMEN DRIVEN AWAY. Tonti managed to apprise the latter of their designs, and he and Membre were soon after summoned to attend a council of the Iro- quois, who still labored under a wholesome fear of Count Frontenac, and disliking to attack the Illinois in the presence of the French, thej thought to try to induce them to leave the country. At the assembling of the council, six packages of beaver skins were intro- duced, and the savage orator, presenting them separately to Tonti, explained the nature of each. "The first two," said he, "were to de- clare that the children of Count Frontenac, that is, the Illinois, should not be es-ten; the next was a plaster to heal the wounds of Tonti; the next was oil wherewith to anoint him and Membre, that they might not be fatigued in traveling; the next proclaimed that the sun was bright; and the sixth and last required them to decamp and go home." At the mention of going home, Tonti demanded of them when they intended to set the example by leaving the Illinois in the peaceable possession of their country, which they had so unjustly in- vaded. The council grew boisterous and angry at the idea that they should be demanded to do what they required of the French, and some of its members, forgetting their previous pledge, declared that they would "eat Illinois flesh before they departed." Tonti, in imitation of the Indians' manner of expressing scorn, indignantly kicked away the presents, of fur, saying, since they intended to de- vour the children of Frontenac with cannibal ferocity, he would not accept their gifts. This stern rebuke resulted in the expulsion of Tonti and his companion froai the council, and the next day the chiefs ordered them to leave the country. Tonti had now, at the great peril of his life, tried every expedient to prevent the slaughter of the Illinois. There was little to bo ac- complished by longer remaining in the country, and as longer delay might imperil the lives of his own men, he determined to depart, not knowing where or when he would be able to rejoin LaSalle. With this object in view, the party, consisting of six persons, embarked in canoes, which soon proved leaky, and they were compelled to land for the purpose of making repairs. While thus employed, Father Ri- bourde, attracted by the beauty of the surrounding landscape, wan- dered f >rth among the groves for meditation and prayer. Not return- ing in due time, Tonti became alarmed, and started with a compan- 40 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ion to ascertain the cause of the long delay. They soon discovered tracks of Indians, by whom it was supposed he had been seized, and guns were fired to direct his return, in case he was alive. Seeing nothing of him during the day, at night they built fires along the bank of the river and retired to the opposite side, to see who might approach them. Near midnight a number of Indians were seen flitting about the light, by whom, no doubt, had been made the tracks seen tlie previous day. It was afterward learned that they were a band of Kickapoos, who had for several daj'S been hovering about the camp of the Iroquois in quest of scalps. They had fell in with the inoffensive old friar and scalped him. Thus, in the 65th year of his age, the only heir to a wealthy Burgundian house per- ished under the war-club of the savages for whose salvation he had renounced ease and affluence. INHUMAN BUTCHEKY. During this tragedy a far more rev^olting one was being enacted in the great town of Illinois. The Iroquois were tearing open the graves of the dead, and wreaking their vengeance upon the bodies made hideous by putrefaction. At this desecration, it is said, they even ate portions of the dead bodies, while subjecting them to every indignity that brutal hate could inflict. Still unsated by their hell- ish brutalities, and now unrestrained by the presence of the French, they started in pursuit of the retreating Illinois. Day after day they and the opposing forces moved in compact array down the river, neither being able to gain any advantage over the other. At length the Iroquois obtained by falsehood that which number and prowess denied them. They gave out that their object was to pos- sess the country, not by destroying, but by driving out its present inhabitants. Deceived by this false statement, the Illinois separa- ted, some descending the Mississippi and others crossing to the western shore. Tlie Taraaroas, more credulous than the rest, re- mained near the mouth of the Illinois, and were suddenlv attacked by an overwhelming force of the enemy. The men fled in dismay, and the women and children, to the number of 700, fell into the hands of the ferocious enemy. Then followed the tortures, butch- eries and burnings which only the infuriated and imbruted Iroquois could perpetrate. LaSalle on his return discovered the half-charred bodies of women and children still bound to the stakes where they had suffered all the torments hellish hate could devise. In addition HISTORY OF ILLIXOIS. 41 to those who had been burnt, the mangled bodies of women and children thickly covered the ground, many of which bore marks of brutality too horrid for record. After the ravenous horde had sufficiently glutted their greed for carnage, they retired from the country. The Illinois returned and rebuilt their town. TONTI SAFE AT GREEN BAT. After the death of Ribourde, Tonti and his men again resumed their journey. Soon again their craft became disabled, when they abandoned it and started on foot for Lake Michigan, Their supply of provisions soon became exhausted, and they were compelled to subsist in a great measure on roots and herbs. One of their companions wandered off in search of game, and lost his way, and several days elapsed before he rejoined them. In his absence he was without flints and bullets, yet contrived to shoot some^turkeys by using slugs cut from a pewter porringer and afire- brand to discharge his gun, Tonti fell sick of a fever and greatly retarded the progress of the march. Nearing Green Bay, the cold increased and the means of subsistence decreased and the party would have perished had they not found a few ears of corn and some froz- en squashes in the fields of a deserted village, Near the close of j^ovember they had reached the Pottawatomies, who warmly greet- ed them. Their chief was an ardent admirer of the French, and was accustomed to say: " There were but three great captains in the world, — himself, Tonti and LaSalle." For the above account of Tonti's encounter with tlie Iroquois, we are indebted to Davidson and Stuve's History of Illinois, lasalle's return. LaSalle returned to Peoria only to meet the hideous picture of devastation, Tonti had escaped, but LaSalle knew not whither. Pass- ing down the lake in search of him and his men, LaSalle discov- ered that the fort had been destroyed; but the vessel which he had partly constructed was still on the stocks, and but slightly injured. After further fruitless search he fastened to a tree a painting repre- senting himself and party sitting in a cxnoe and bearing a pipe of peace, and to the painting attached a letter addressed to Tonti. LaSalle was born in France in 1643, of wealthy parentage, and edu- cated in a college of the Jesuits, from which he separated and came to Canada," a poor man, in 1G66. He was a man of daring genius, 42 BttSTORT OF ILLINOIS. and outstripped all his competitors in exploits of travel and com- merce with the Indians. He was granted a large tract of land at LaChine, where he established himself in the fur trade. In 1669 he visited the headquarters of the great Iroquois confederacy, at Onondaga, New York, and, obtaining guides, explored the Ohio river to the falls at Louisville. For many years previous, it must be remembered, missionaries and traders were obliged to make their way to the Northwest through Canada on account of the fierce hostility of the Iroquois along the lower lakes and Niagara river, which entirely closed this latter route to the upper lakes. Thej' carried on their commerce chiefly by canoes, paddling them through Ottawa river to Lake Ni pissing, carrying them across the portage to French river, and descending that to Lake Huron. This being the route by which they reached the Northwest, we have an explana- tion of the fact that all the earliest Jesuit missions were established in the neighborhood of tlie upper lakes. LaSalle conceived the grand idea of opening the route by Niagara river and the Tower lakes to Canada commerce by sail vessels, connecting it with the navigation of the Mississippi, and thus opening a magnificent water communication from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mex- ico. This truly grand and comprehensive purpose seems to have animated him in his wonderful achievements, and the matchless difficulties and hardships he surmounted. As the first step in the accomplishment of this object he established himself on Lake Ontario, and built and garrisoned Fort Frontenac, the site of the present city of Kingston, Canada. Here he obtained a grant of land from the French crown, and a body of troops, bv which he repulsed the Iroquois and opened passage to Niagara Falls. Hav- ing by this masterly stroke made it safe to attempt a hitherto untried expedition, his next step, as we have seen, was to build a ship with which to sail the lakes. He was successful in this under- taking, though his ultimate purpose was defeated by a strange com- bination of untoward circumstances. The Jesuits evidently hated LaSalle and plotted against him, because he had abandoned them and united with a rival order. The fur traders were also jealous of his success in opening new channels of commerce. While they were plodding with their bark canoes through the Ottawa, he was con- structino^ sailinof vessels to command the trade of the lakes and the Mississippi. These great plans excited the jealousy and envy of aiSTOEY OF ILLINOIS. 43 small traders, introduced treason and revolt into the ranks of his men, and linally led to the foul assassination by whicli his great achievements were permanently ended. lasalle's assassination. Again visiting the Illinois in the year 1682, LaSalle de- scended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He erected a standard upon veliich he inscribed the arms of France, and took formal possession of the whole valley of this mighty river in the name of Louis XIV., then reigning, and in honor of whom he named the country Louisiana. LaSalle then returned to France, was appointed Governor, and returned with a fleet of immigrants for the purpose of planting a colony in Illinois. They arrived in due time in the Gulf of Mexico, but failing to find the mouth of the Missis- sippi, up which they intended to sail, his supply ship, with the immigrants, was driven ashore and wrecked on Matagorda Bay. With the fragments of the vessel he constructed rude huts and stockades on the shore for the protection of his followers, calling the post Fort St. Louis. He then made a trip into New Mexico in search of silver mines, but, meeting with disappointment, returned to find his colony reduced to forty souls. He then resolved to travel on foot to Illinois. With some twenty of his men they filed out of their fort on the 12th of January, 1687, and after the part- ing, — which was one of sighs, of tears, and of embraces, all seeming intuitively to know that they should see each otlier no more, — they started on their disastrous journey. Two of the party, Du Ilaut and Leotot, wlien on a hunting expedition in company with a nephew cf LaSalle, assassinated liim while asleep. The long absence of his nephew caused LaSalle to go in search of him. On approaching the murderers of his nephew, they fired upon him, kill- ing him instantly. They then despoiled the body of its clothing, and icft it to be devoured by the wild beasts of the forest. Thus, at the age of 43, perished one whose exploits have so greatly enriched the history of the New World. To estimate aright the marvels of his patient fortitude, one must follow on his track through the vast scene of his interminable journeyings, those thou- sands of weary miles of forest, marsh and river, where, again and again, in the bitterness of baffled striving, the untiring pilgrim pushed onward toward the goal he never was to attain. America owes him an enduring memory; for in this masculine figure, cast 44 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. in iron, she sees the heroic pioneer who guided her to the possession of her richest lieritage. Tonti, who had been stationed at the fort on the Illinois, learning of LaSalle's unsuccessful voyage, immediately started down the Mississippi to his relief. Reaching the Gulf, lie found no traces of the colony. He then returned, leaving some of his men at the mouth of the Arkansas. These were discovered by the remnant of LaSalle's followers, who guided them to the fort on the Illinois, where they reported that LaSalle was in Mexico. The little band left at Fort St. Louis were finally destroyed by the Indians, and the murderers of LaSalle were shot. Thus ends the sad chapter of Kobert Cavalier de LaSalle's exploration. FEEXCII OCCLTPATIOK FIRST SETTLEMENTS. The first mission in Illinois, as we have already seen, was com- menced by Marquette in April, 1675. lie called the religious society which he established the " Mission of the Immaculate Con- ception," and the town Kaskaskia. The first military occupation of the country was at Fort Crevecoeur, erected in 1680; but there is no evidence that a settlement was commenced there, or at Peoria, on the lake above, at that early date. The first settlement of which there is any authentic account was commenced with the building of Fort St, Louis on the Illinois river in 1682; but this was soon abandoned. The oldest permanent settlement, not only in Illinois, but in the val- ley of the Mississippi, is at Kaskaskia, situated six miles above the mouth of the Kaskaskia river. This was settled in 1690 by the removal of the mission from old Kaskaskia, or Ft. St. Louis, on the Illinois river. Cahokia was settled about the same time. The reason for the removal of the old Kaskaskia settlement and mission, was probably because the dangerous and difticult route by Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage had been almost abandoned, and travelers and traders traveled down and up the Mississippi by the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. It was removed to the vicinity of the Mississippi in order to be in the line of travel from Canada to Louirfiana, that is, the lower part of it, for it was all Louisiana then south of the lakes. Illinois came into possession of the French in 1682, and was a dependency of Canada and a part of Louisiana. During the period of French rule in Louisiana, the population HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 45 probably never exceeded ten thousand. To the year 1T30 the fol- lowing five distinct settlements were made in the territory of Illinois, numbering, in population, 140 French families, about 600 "converted " Indians, and many traders; Cahokia, near the mouth of Cahokia creek and about five miles below the present city of St. Louis; St. Philip, about forty-five miles below Cahokia; Fort Chartres, twelve miles above Kaskaskia; Kaskaskia, situated on the Kaskaskia river six miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, and Prairie du Rocher, near Fort Chartres. Fort Chartres was built under the direction of the Mississippi Company in 1718, and was for a time the headquarters of the military commandants of the district of Illinois, and the most impregnable fortress in JNorth America. It was also the center of wealth and fashion in the West. For about eighty years the French retained peaceable possession of Illinois. Their amiable disposition and tact of ingratiating them- selves with the Indians enabled them to escape almost entirely the broils which weakened and destroyed other colonies. Whether exploring remote rivers or traversing hunting grounds in pursuit of game, in the social circle or as participants in the religious exer- cises of the church, the red men became their associates and were treated with the kindness and consideration of brothers. For more than a hundred years peace between the white man and the red was unbroken, and when at last this reign of harmony terminated it was not caused by the conciliatory Frenchman, but by the blunt and sturdy Anglo-Saxon. During this century, or until the coun- try was occupied by the English, no regular court was ever held. When, in 1765, the country passed into the hands of the English, many of the French, rather than submit to a change in their insti- tutions, preferred to leave their homes and seek a new abode. There are, however, at the present time a few remnants of the old French stock in the State, who still retain to a great extent the ancient habits and customs of their fathers. THE MISSISSIPPI COMPANY. During the earliest period of French occupation of this country, M. Tonti, LaSalle's attendant, was commander-in-chief of all the territory embraced between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico, and extending east and west of the Mississippi as far as his ambition or imagination pleased to allow. He spent twenty-one years in estab- lishing forts and organizing the first settlements of Illinois, Sep- 46 HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. tember 14, 1712, the French government granted a monopoly of all the trade and commerce of the country to M. Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, who established a trading company in Illinois, and it was by this means that the early settlements became perma- nent and others established. Crozat surrendered his charter in 1717, and the Company of the West, better known as the Missis- sippi Company, was organized, to aid and assist the banking system of John Law, the most famous speculator of modern times, and perhaps at one time the wealthiest private individual the world has ever known ; but his treasure was transitory. Under the Company of the West a branch was organized called the Company of St. Philip's, for the purpose of working the rich silver mines sup- posed to be in Illinois, and Philip Renault was appointed as its agent. In 1719 he sailed from France with two hundred miners, laborers and mechanics. During 1719 the Company of the West was by royal order united with the Royal Company of the Indies, and had the influence and support of the crown, who was deluded by the belief that immense wealth would flow into the empty treas- ury of France. This gigantic scheme, one of the most extensive and wonderful bubbles ever blown up to astonish, deceive and ruin thousands of people, was set in operation by the fertile brain of John Law. Law was born in Scotland in 1671, and so rapid had been his career that at the age of twenty-three he was a " bankrupt, an adulterer, a murderer and an exiled outlaw." But he possessed great financial ability, and by his agreeable and attractive manners, and his enthusiastic advocacy of his schemes, he succeeded in inflaming the imagination of the mercurial Frenchmen, whose greed for gain led them to adopt any plans for obtaining wealth. Law arrived in Paris with two and a half millions of francs, which he had gained at the gambling table, just at the right time. Louis XIY, had just died and left as a legacy empty coffers and an immense public debt. Every thing and everybody was taxed to the last penny to pay even the interest. All the sources of in- dustry were dried up; the very wind which wafted the barks of commerce, seemed to have died away under the pressure of the time; trade stood still; the merchant, the trader, the artificer, once flourishing in affluence, were transformed into clamorous beggars. The life-blood that animated the kinordom was stagnated in all its arteries, and the danger of an awful crisis became such that HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 47 the nation was on the verge of bankruptcy. At this critical junc- ture John Law arrived and proposed liis grand scheme of the Mississippi Company; 200,000 shares of stock at 500 livres each were at first issued. This sold readily and great profits were realized. More stock was issued, speculation became rife, the fever seized everybody, and the wildest speculating frenzy pervaded the whole nation. Illinois was thought to contain vast and rich mines of minerals. Kaskaskia, then scarcely more than the settlement of a few savages, was spoken of as an emporium of the most extensive traffic, and as rivaling some of the cities of Europe in refinement, fashion and religious culture. Law was in the zenith of his glory, and the people in the zenith of their infatuation. The high and the low, the rich and the poor, were at once filled with visions of untold wealth, and every age, set, rank and condition were buying and selling stocks. Law issued stock ao-ain and again, and readilv sold until 2,235,000,000 livres were in circulation, equaling about $450,000,000. While confidence lasted an impetus was given to trade never before known. An illusory policy everywhere prevailed, and so dazzled the eve that none could see in the horizon the dark cloud announc- ing the approaching storm. Law at the time was the most influ- ential man in Europe. His house was beset from morning till night with eager applicants for stock. Dukes, marquises and counts, with their wives and daughters, waited for hours in the street below his door. Finding his residence too small, he changed it for the Place Yendome, whither the crowd followed him, and the spacious square had the appearance of a public market. The boule- vards and public gardens were forsaken, and the Place Vendome became the most fashionable place in Paris; and he was unable to wait upon even one-tenth part of his applicants. The bubble burst after a few years, scattering ruin and distress in every direction. Law, a short time previous the most popular man in Europe, fled to Brussels, and in 1729 died in Venice, in obscurity and poverty. ENGLISH RULE. As early as 1750 there could be perceived the first throes of the revolution, which gave a new master and new institutions to Illi- nois. France claimed the whole valley of the Mississippi, and Eng- land the right to extend her possessions westward as far as she might desire. Through colonial controversies the two mother 48 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. countries were precipitated into a bloody war within tlie !N"ortli- westeru Territory, George Wasliingtou firing the first gun of the military struggle which resulted in the overthrow of the French not only in Illinois but in North America. The French evinced a determination to retain control of the territory bordering the Ohio and Mississippi from Canada to the Gulf, and so long as the En- glish colonies were confined to the sea-coast there was little reason for controversy. As the English, however, became acquainted with this beautiful and fertile portion of our country, they not only learned the value of the vast territory, but also resolved to set up a counter claim to the soil. The French established numerous mili- tary and trading posts from the frontiers of Canada to New Or- leans, and in order to establish also their claims to jurisdiction over the country they carved the lilies of France on the forest trees, or sunk plates of metal in the ground. These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations; and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was . gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm should burst upon the frontier settlement. The French based their claims upon discoveries, the English on grants of territory extending from ocean to ocean, but neither part}^ paid the least attention to the prior claims of the Indians. From this posi- tion of affairs, it was evident that actual collision between the contending parties would not much longer be deferred. The En- glish Government, in anticipation of a war, urged the Governor of Virginia to lose no time in building two forts, which were equipped by arms from England. The French anticipated the English and gathered a considerable force to defend their possessions. The Governor determined to send a raessenojer to the nearest French post and demand an explanation. This resolution of the Governor brought into the history of our country for the first time the man of all others whom America most loves to honor, namely, George "Washington. He was chosen, although not yet twenty-one years of age, as the one to perform this delicate and difiicult mission. "With five companions he set out on Nov. 10, 1753, and after a per- ilous journey returned Jan. 6, ITo-i. Tiie struggle commenced and continued long, and was bloody and fierce; but en the lOtli of Octo- ber, 1765, the ensign of France was replaced on the ramparts of Fort Chartres by the flag of Great Britain. This fort was the GEN. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. (.JOITARV OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 51 depot of supplies and the place of rendezvous for the united forces of the French. At this time the colonies of the Atlantic seaboard were assembled in preliminary congress at New York, dreaming of liberty and independence for the continent; and Washington, who led the expedition against the French for the English king, in less than ten years was commanding the forces opposed to the English tyrant. Illinois, besides being constructively a part of Florida for over one hundred years, during which time no Spaniard set foot upon her soil or rested his eyes upon her beautiful plains, for nearly ninety years had been in the actual occupation of the French, their puny settlements slumbering quietly in colonial dependence on the distant waters of the Kaskaskia, Illinois and Wabash. GEN. CLAKk's exploits. The J^orthwest Territory was now entirely under English rule, and on the breaking out of the Revolutionary war the British held every post of importance in the West. While the colonists of the East were maintaining a fierce struggle with the armies of England, their western frontiers were ravaged by merciless butcheries of In- dian warfare. The jealousy of the savage was aroused to action by the rapid extension of American settlement westward and the im- proper influence exerted by a number of military posts garrisoned by British troops. To prevent indiscriminate slaughters arising froin these causes, Illinois became the theater of some of the most daring exploits connected with American history. The hero of the achieve- ments by which this beautiful land was snatched as a gem from the British Crown, was George Rogers Clark, of Yirginia. lie had closely watched the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan; he also knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and therefore was convinced that if the British could be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality. Having convinced himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlement might easily succeed, he repaired to the cap- ital of Virginia, arriving Nov. 5, 1777. While he was on his way, fortunately, Burgoyne was defeated (Oct. 17), and the spirits of the colonists were thereby greatly encouraged. Patrick Henry was Governor of Yirginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. After satisfying the Yirginia leaders of the feasibility of his project, he received two sets of instructions, — one, secret, the 52 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. other open. The latter authorized him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, and serve three months after their arrival m the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburg, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. HE TAKES KASKASKIA. With these instructions Col. Clark repaired to Pittsburg, choos- ing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Holstein and Captains Helm and Bowman to other localities to enlist men; but none of them succeeded in rais- ing the required number. Tlie settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the expedition. With these companies and several private volunteers Clark commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the falls, where he took posses- sion of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present cities of Louisville, Ky., and Xew Albany, Ind. Here, after having completed his arrangements and announced to the men their real destination, he left a small garrison; and on the 24rth of June, dur- ing a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, they floated down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here lie intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Yincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi river and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received good items of information: one that an alliance had been formed between France and the United States, and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants at the various frontier posts had been led by the British to believe that the " Long Knives," or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from gratitude would become friendly, if treated with unexpected lenity. The march to Kaskaskia was made through a hot July sun, they arriving on the evening of the 4th of July, 1778. They captured the fort near the village and soon after the village itself, by surprise, and without the loss of HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 53 a single man and without killing any of the enemy. After suffi- ciently working on the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at perfect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would; also he would pro- tect them against any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect; and the inhabitants, so unexpectedly and bo gratefully surprised by the unlooked-for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms; and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accompanied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered and gladly placed themselves under his protection. In the person of M. Gibault, priest of Kaskaskia, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain pos- session of the Korthwest and ti-eat successfully with the Indians, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Yin- cent, the post next in importance to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Yincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted this offer, and July 14th, in company with a fellow-townsman, Gibault started on his mission of peace. On the 1st of August he returned with the cheerful intelligence that everything was peaceably ad- justed at Yincennes in favor of the Americans. During the inter- val. Col. Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, and sent word to have a fort (which proved the germ of Louisville) erected at the falls of the Ohio. While the American commander was thus negotiating with the Indians, Hamilton, the British Governor of Detroit, heard of Clark's invasion, and was greatly incensed because the country which he had in charge should be wrested from him by a few ragged militia. He therefore hurriedly collected a force, marched by way of the Wabash, and appeared before the fort at Yincennes. The inhabi- tants made an effort to defend the town, and when Hamilton's forces arrived, Captain Helm and a man named Henry were the only Americans in the fort. These men had been sent by Clark. The latter charged a cannon and placed it in the open gateway, and the Captain stood by it with alighted match and cried out, as Ham- ilton came in hailing distance, "Halt!" The British officer, not 54 HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. knowing the strength of the garrison, stopped, and demanded the surrender of tlie fort. Hehn exclaimed, " Ko man shall enter here till I know the terms." Hamilton responded, " You shall have the honors of war." The entire garrison consisted of one officer and one private. VINCENNES CAPTURED, On taking Kaskaskia, Clark made a prisoner of Rocheblave, commander of the place, and got possession of all his written instructions for the conduct of the war. From these papers he received important information respecting the plans of Col. Ham- ilton, Governor at Detroit, who was intending to make a vigorous and concerted attack upon the frontier. After arriving at Yin- cennes, however, he gave np his intended campaign for the winter, and trusting to his distance from danger and to the difficulty of approaching him, sent off his Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, and to annoj the Americans in all ways. Thus he sat quietly down to pass the winter with only about eighty soldiers, but secure, as he thought, from molestation. But he evidently did not realize the character of the men with whom he was contending. Clark, although he could muster only one hundred and tliirt}' men, determined to take advantage of Hamilton's weakness and security, and attack him as the only means of saving himself; for unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Accordingly, about the beginning of February, 1779, he dispatched a small galley which he had fitted out, mounted with two four-pounders and four swivels and manned with a company of soldiers, and carrying stores for his men, with orders to force her way up the Wabash, to take her station a few miles below Vincennes, and to allow no person to pass her. He himself marched with his little band, and spent six- teen days in traversing the country from Kaskaskia to Yincennes, passing with incredible fatigue through woods and marshes. He was five days in crossing the bottom lands of the Wabash; and for five miles was frequently up to the breast in water. After over- coming difficulties which had been thought insurmountable, he appeared before the place and completely surprised it. The inhab- itants readily submitted, but Hamilton at first defended himself in the fort. Next day, however, he surrendered himself and his gar- rison prisoners-of-war. By his activity in encouraging the hostili- ties of the Indians and by the revolting enormities perpetrated by HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 55 those savages, Hamilton had rendered himself so obnoxious that he was thrown in prison and put in irons. During his command of the British frontier posts he offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of the Americans thej^ would bring him, and earned in con- sequence thereof the title, "llair-Bujer General," by which he was ever afterward known. The services of Clark proved of essential advantage to his coun- trymen. They disconcerted the plans of Hamilton, and not only saved the western frontier from depredations by the savages, but also greatly cooled the ardor of the Indians for carrying on a contest in which they were not likely to be the gainers. Had it not been for this small army, a union of all the tri'oes from Maine to Georgia against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed. ILLINOIS. COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. In October, 1778, after the successful campaign of Col. Clark, the assembly of Virginia erected the conquered country, embracing all the territory northwest of the Ohio river, into the County of Illi- nois, which was doubtless the largest county in the world, exceeding in its dimensions the whole of Great Britian and Ireland. To speak more definitely, it contained the territory now embraced in the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. On the 12th of December, 1778, John Todd was appointed Lieutenant- Commandant of this county by Patrick Henry, then Governor of 'Virginia, and accordingly, also, the first of Illinois County. NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY. Illinois continued to form a part of Virginia until March 1, 1784, when that State ceded all the territory north of the Ohio to the United States. Immediately the general Government proceeded to establish a form of government for the settlers in the territories thus ceded. This form continued until the passage of the ordi- nance of 1787, for the government of the ISTorthwestern Terri- tory. No man can study the secret history of this ordinance and not feel that Providence was guiding with sleepless eye the des- 56 mSTORT OF ILLINOIS. tinies of these unborn States. American legislation has never achieved anything more admirable, as an internal government, than this comprehensive ordinance. Its provisions concerning the distribution of property, the principles of civil and religious liberty which it laid at the foundation of the communities since established, and the efficient and simple organization by which it created the first machinery of civil society, are worthy of all the praise that has ever been given them. t ■ OKDINAXCE OF 1787. This ordinance has a marvelous and interesting history. Con- siderable controversy has been indulged in as to who is entitled to the credit for framing it. This belongs, undoubtedly, to ^Nathan Dane; and to Rufus King and Timothy Pickering belong the credit for suggesting the proviso contained in it ag.dnst slavery, and also for aids to religion and knowledge, and for assuring for- ever the common use, without charge, of the great national high- ways of the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence and their tributaries to all the citizens of the United States. To Thomas Jefferson is also due much credit, as some features of this ordinance were embraced in his ordinance of ITS-i. But the part taken by each in the long, laborious and eventful struggle which had so glorious a consum- mation in the ordinance, consecrating forever, by one imprescript- ible and unchangeable monument, the v^ery heart of our country to Freedom, Knowledge, and Union, will forever honor the names of those illustrious statesmen. Mr. Jefferson had vainly tried to secure a system of government for the Northwestern Territory. He M'as an emancipationist and favored the exclusion of slavery from the territory, but the South voted him down every time he proposed a measure of this nature. In 1787, as late as Jul}'- 10, an organizing act without the anti- slaverj' clause was pending. This concession to the South was expected to carry it. Congress was in session in New York. On July 5, Rev. Manasseh Cutler, of Massachusetts, came into New York to lobby on the Northwestern Territory, Everything seemed to fall into his hands. Events were ripe. The state of the public credit, the growing of Southern prejudice, the basis of his mission, his personal character, all combined to complete one of those sudden and marvelous revolutions of public sentiment that HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. 57 once in five or ten centuries are seen to sweep over a country like the breath of the Almighty. Cutler was a graduate of Yale. He had studied and taken de- grees in the three learned professions, medicine, law, and divinity. He had published a scientific examination of the plants of New Eno-land. As a scientist in America his name stood second only to that of Franklin He was a courtly gentleman of the old style, a man of commanding presence and of inviting face. The Southern members said they had never seen such a gentleman in the North. He came representing a Massachusetts company that desired to purchase a tract of land, now included in Ohio, for the purpose of planting a colony. It was a speculation. Government money was worth eighteen cents on the dollar. This company had collected enough to purchase 1,500,000 acres of land. Other speculators in New York made Dr. Cutler tlieir agent, which enabled him to represent a demand for 5,500,000 acres. As this would reduce the national debt, ai:d Jefferson's policy was to provide for the public credit, it presented a good opportunity to do something. Massachusetts then owned the territory of Maine, which she was crowding on the market. She was opposed to opening the North- western region. This fired the zeal of Virginia. The South caught the inspiration, and all exalted Dr. Cutler, The entire South ral- lied around him. Massachusetts could not vote against him, be- cause many of the constituents of her members were interested personally in the Western speculation. Thus Cutler, making friends in the South, and doubtless using all the arts of the lobby, was enabled to command the situation. True to deeper convic- tions, he dictated one of the most compact and finished documents of wise statesmanship that has ever adorned any human law book. He borrowed from Jeiferson the term "Articles of Compact," which, preceding the federal constitution, rose into the most sacred char- acter. He then followed very closely the constitution of Massa- chusetts, adopted three years before. Its most prominent points were : 1. The exclusion of slavery from the territory forever. 2. Provision for public schools, giving one township for a semi- nary and every section numbered 16 in each township; that is, one thirty-sixth of all the land for public schools. 3. A provision prohibiting the adoption of any constitution or 58 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the enactment of any law that ehould nullity pre-existing contracts. Beit forever remembered that this compact declared that "re- ligion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good govern- ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of edu- cation shall always be encouraged." Dr. Cutler planted himself on this platform and would not yield. Giving his unqualified dec- laration that it was that or nothing, — that unless they could make the land desirable they did not want it, — he took his horse and buggy and started for the constitutional convention at Philadelphia. On July 13. 17S7, the bill was put upon its passage, and was unani- mously adopted. Thus the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, a vast empire, were consecrated to free- dom, intelligence, and morality. Thus the great heart of the nation was prepared to save the union of States, for it was this act that was the salvation of the republic and the destruction of slavery. Soon the South saw their great blunder and tried to have the compact repealed. In 1 803 Congress referred it to a committee, of which John Kandolph was chairnuin. He reported that this ordinance was a compact and opposed repeal. Thus it stood, a rock in the way of the on-rushing sea of slavery. SYMrATHY WITH SLAVERY. "With all this timely aid it was, however, a most desperate and protracted struggle to keep the soil of Illinois sacred to freedom. It was the natural battle-iield for the irrepressible conflict. In the southern end of the State slavery preceded the compact. It ex- isted amoiiir the old French settlers, and was hard to eradicate. That portion was also settled from the slave States, and this popu- lation brought their laws, customs, and institutions with them. A stream of population from the North poured into the northern part of the State. These sections misunderstood and hated each other perfecth*. The Southerners regarded the Yankees as a skinning, tricky, penurious race of peddlers, tilling the country with tinware, brass clocks, and wooden nutmegs. The Northerner thought of the Southerner as a lean, lank, lazy creature, burrowing in a hut. and riotina: in whiskv, dirt, and iffuorance. These causes aided in making the struggle long and bitter. So strong was the sympathy with slavery that, in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and in spite of the deed of cession, it was determined to allow the old French set- tlers to retain their slaves. Planters from the slave States nuVht GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR. OF THE „v»vEf-SlTY Of \a\NOis. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 59 bring tlieir slaves if they would give tliera an opportunity to choose freedom or yeai*s of service and bondage for their cliildren till they should become thii ty years x)f age. If they chose freedom they must leave the State within sixty days, or be sold as fugitives. Servants we^e whipped for oifenses for which white men were fined. Each lash paid forty cents of the fine. A negro ten miles from home without a pass was whipped. These famous laws were im- ported from the slave States, just as the laws for the inspection of flax and wool were imported when there was neither in the State. ST. CLAIR, GOVERNOR OF NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY. On October 5, 1T87, Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair was, by Congress, elected Governor of this vast territory. St. Clair was born in Scot- land and emigrated to America in 1755. He served in the French and English war, and was major general in the Revolution. In 1786 he was elected to Congress and chosen President of that body. ILLINOIS TEHKITORY. After the division of the Northwestern Territory Illinois became one of the counties of the Territory of Indiana, from which it was separated by an act of Congress Feb. 3, 1809, forming the Territory of Illinois, with a population estimated at 9,000, and then included the present State of Wisconsin. It was divided, at the time, into two counties, — St. Clair and Randolph. John Boyle, of Ken- tucky, was appointed Governor, by the President, James Madison, but declining, Ninian Edwards, of the same State, was then appointed and served with distinction; and after the organization of Illinois as a State he served in the same capacity, being its third Governor. WAR OF 1812. THE OUTBREAK. For some years previous to the war between the United States and England in 1812, considerable trouble was experienced with the Indians. Marauding bands of savages would attack small settle- ments and inhumanly butcher all the inhabitants, and mutilate their dead bodies. To protect themselves, the settlers organized companies of rangers, and erected block houses and stockades in every settlemen-t. The largest, strongest and best one of these was Fort Russell, near the present village of Edwardsville. This stockade 60 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. was made the main rendezvous for troops and military stores, and Gov. Edwards, who during the perilous times of 1812, when Indian hostilities threatened on every hand, assumed command of the Illi- nois forces, established his headquarters at this place. The Indians were incited to many of these depredations by English emissaries, who for years continued their dastardly work of '' setting the red men, like dogs, upon the whites." In the summer of 1811 a peace convention was held with the Pottawatomies at Peoria, when they promised that peace should prevail; but their promises were soon broken. Tecumseh, the great warrior, and fit successor of Pontiac, started in the spring of 1811, to arouse the Southern Indians to war against the whites. The pur- pose of this chieftain was well known to Gov. Harrison, of Indiana Territory, who determined during Tecumseh's absence to strike and disperse the hostile forces collected at Tippecanoe. This he success- fully did on iS'ov. 7, winning the sobriquet of " Tippecanoe," by which he was afterwards commonly known. Several peace councils were held, at which the Indians promised good behavior, but only to deceive the whites. Almost all the savages of the Northwest were thoroughly stirred up and did not desire peace. The British agents at various points, in anticipation of a war with the United States, sought to enlist the favor of the savages by distributing to them large supplies of arms, ammunition and other goods. The English continued their insults to our flag upon the high seas, and their government refusing to relinquish its offensive course, all hopes of peace and safe commercial relations were abandoned, and Congress, on the J9th of June, 1812, formally declared war against Great Britain. In Illinois the threatened Indian troubles had already caused a more thorough organization of the militia and greater protection by the erection of forts. As intimated, the In- dians took the war-path long before the declaration of hostilities between the two civilized nations, committing great depredations, the most atrocious of which was the . MASSACRE AT FORT DEARBORN. During the war of 1812 between the United States and England, the greatest, as well as the most revolting, massacre of whites that ever occurred in Illinois, was perpetrated by the Pottawatomie In- dians, at Fort Dearborn. This fort was built by the Government, in 180-1, on the south side of the Chicago river, and was garrisoned HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 61 by 54 men under command of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm and Ensign Ronan; Dr. Voorliees, surgeon. Tiie residents at tlie post at that time were the wives of officers Heald and Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadians. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, the prin- cipal tribes around them. On the Tth of August, 1812, arrived the order from Gen. Hull, at Detroit, to evacuate Fort Dearborn, aud distribute all United States property to the Indians. Chicago was so deep in the wilderness OLD FORT DEARBORN. that this was the first intimation the garrison received of the dec- laration of war made on the 19th of June. The Indian chief who brouo^ht the dispatch advised Capt. Heald not to evacuate, and that if he should decide to do so, it be done immediately, and by forced marches elude the concentration of the savao'es before the news could be circulated among them. To this most excellent ad- vice the Captain gave no heed, but on the 12th held a council with 62 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the Indians, apprising them of the orders received, and offering a liberal reward for an escort of Pottawatomies to Fort Wayne. The Indians, with many professions of friendship, assented to all he proposed, and promised all he required. The remaining officers re- fused to join in the council, for they had been informed that treach- ery was designed, — that the Indians intended to murder those in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. The port holes were open, displaying cannons pointing directly upon the council. This action, it is supposed, prevented a massacre at that time. Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Capt. Heald not to confide in their promises, or distribute the arms and ammu- nitions among them, for it would only put power in their hands to destroy the whites. This argument, true and excellent in itself, was now certainly inopportune, and would only incense the treach- erous foe. But the Captain resolved to follow it, and accordingly on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other property, the arms were broken, and the barrels of whisky, of which there was a large quantity, were rolled quietly through the sally-port, their heads knocked in and their contents emptied into the river. On that night the lurking red-skins crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of the promised booty going on within. The next morn- ing the powder was seen floating on the surface of the river, and the Indians asserted that such an abundance of " fire-water" had been emptied into the river as to make it taste " g^oggy.'^ Many of them drank of it freely. On the l-ith the desponding garrison was somewhat cheered by the arrival of Capt. Wells, with 15 friendly Miamis. Capt. Wells heard at Fort Wavne of the order to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and knowing the hostile intentions of the Indians, made a rapid march through the wilderness to protect, if possible, his niece, Mrs. Heald, and the officers and the garrison from certain destruction. But he came too late. Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the following morning. The fatal morning of the 16th at length dawned brightly on the world. The sun shone in unclouded splendor upon the glassy waters of Lake Michigan. At 9 a. m., the party moved out of the south- ern gate of the fort, in military array. The band, feeling the solem- nity of the occasion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. Capt. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 63 Wells, with his face blackened after the manner of the Indians, led the advance guard at the head of his friendly Miainis, the garrison with loaded arms, the baggage wagons with the sick, and the women and children following, while the Pottawatomie Indians, about 500 in number, who had jDledged their honor to escort the whites in safety to Fort Wayne, brought up the rear. The party took the road along the lake shore. On reaching the range of sand-hills separating the beach from the prairie, about one mile and a half- from the fort, the Indians defiled to the right into the prairie, bring ing the sand-hills between them and the whites. This divergence was scarcely effected when Capt. Wells, who had kept in advance with his Indians, rode furiously back and exclaimed, "They are about to attack us. Form instantly and charge upon them!" These words were scarcely uttered before a volley of balls from Indian muskets was poured in upon them. The troops were hastily formed into line, and charged up the bank. One veteran of 70 fell as they ascended. The Indians were driven back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged by 54 soldiers, 12 civilians, and three or four women — the cowardly Miamis having fled at the outset — against 500 Indian warriors. The whites behaved gallantly, and sold their lives dearly. They fought desperately until two-thirds of their number were slain; the remaining 27 surrendered. And now the most sickening and heart-rending butchery of this calam- itous day was committed by a young savage, who assailed one of the baggage wagons containing 12 children, every one of which fell beneath his murderous tomahawk. When Capt. Wells, who with the others had become prisoner, beheld this scene at a distance, he exclaimed in a tone loud enough to be heard by the savages, " If this be your game, I can kill too;" and turning his horse, started for the place where the Indians had left their squaws and children. The Indians hotly pursued, but he avoided their deadly bullets for a time. Soon his horse was killed and he severely wounded. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him their prisoner and re- serve him for torture. But an enraged warrior stabbed him in the back, and he fell dead. His heart was afterwards taken out, cut in pieces and distributed among the tribes. Billy Caldwell, a half- breed Wyandot, well-known in Chicago long afterward, buried his rental ns the next day. Wells street in Chicago, perpetuates his memory. 64 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. la this fearful combat women bore a coiispicuous part. A wife of one of the soldiers, who had frequently heard that the Indians subjected their prisoners to tortures worse than death, resolved not to be taken alive, and continued fighting until she was literally cut to pieces. Mrs. Heald was an excellent equestrian, and an expert in the use of the rifle. iShe fought bravely, receiving several wounds. Though faint from loss of blood, she managed to keep in her saddle. A savage raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face, and with a sweet smile and gentle voice said, in his own language, " Surely you will not kill a squaw." The arm of of the savage fell, and the life of this heroic woman was saved. Mrs. Ilelm had an encounter with a stalwart Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, she received the glancing blow on her shoulder, and at the same time she seized the savage round the neck and endeavored to get his sciilping-knife which huno: in a sheath at his breast. While she was thus struggling, she was dragged from his grasp by another and an older Indian. The latter bore her, struggling and resisting, to the lake and plunged her in. She soon perceived it was not his intention to drown her, because he held her in such a position as to keep her head out of the water. She recognized him to be a celebrated chief called Black Partridge. When the tiring ceased she was conducted up the sand-bank. SLACGHTEE OF PRISONERS. The prisoners were taken back to the Indian camp, when a new scene of horror was enacted. The wounded not beins included in the terms of the surrender, as it was interpreted by the Indians, and the British general, Proctor, having offered a liberal bounty for American scalps, nearly all the wounded were killed aiid scalped, and the price of the trophies was afterwards paid by the British general. In the stipulation of surrender, Capt. Ileald had not particularly mentioned the wounded. These helpless sufferers, on reaching the Indian camp, were therefore regarded by the brutal savages as fit subjects upon which to display their cruelty and satisfv their desire for bload. Referring to the terrible butchery of the prisoners, in an account given by Mrs. Helm, she says: "An old squaw, infuriated by the loss of friends or excited by the sanguin- ary scenes around her, seemed possessed of demoniac fury. She seized a stable-fork and assaulted one miserable victim, who lay HISTOKV OK ILLINOIS. fJo groaning and writhing in the agonies of his wounds, aggravated by the scorching beams of the sun. With a delicacy of feeling, scarcely to have been expected under such circumstances. Wan-bee-nee-wan stretched a mat across two poles, between me and this dreadful scene. I was thus spared, in some degree, a view of its horrors, although I could not entirely cloise my ears to the cries of the sufferer. The following night live more of the wounded prisoners were toma- hawked." KINZIE FAMILY SAVED. That evening, about sundown, a council of chiefs was held to decide the fate of the prisoners, and it was agreed to deliver them UUi KINZIE HOUSE. to the British commander at Detroit. After dark, many warriors from a distance came into camp, who were thirsting for blood, and were determined to murder the prisoners regardless of the terms of surrender. Black Partridge, with a few of his friends, surrounded Kinzie's house to protect the inmates from the tomahawks of the bloodthirsty savages. Soon a band of hostile warriors rushed by them into the liouse, and stood with tomahawks and scalping-knives, awaiting the signal from their chief to commence the work of death.. 66 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Black Partridge said to Mrs. Kinzie: "We are doing everything in our power to save jou, but all is now lost; you and your friends, together with all the prisoners of the camp, will now be siain." At that moment a canoe was heard approaching the shore, when Black Partridge ran down to the river, trying in the darkness to make out the new comers, and at the same time shouted, "Who are you?" In the bow of the approaching canoe stood a tall, manly personage, with a rifle in his hand. He jumped ashore exclaiming, " I am Sau-ga-nash." "Then make all speed to the house; our friends are in danger, and you only can save them.'' It was Billy Caldwell, the half-breed Wyandot. He hurried forward, entered the house with a resolute step, deliberately removed his accouterments, placed his rifle behind the door, and saluted the Indians: " How now, ray friends! a good day to you. I was told there were enemies here, but am glad to find only friends." Diverted by the coolness of his manner, they were ashamed to avow their murderous purpose, and simply asked for some cotton goods to wrap their dead, for burial. And thus, by his presence of mind, Caldwell averted the murder of the Kinzie family and the prisoners. The latter, with their wives and children, were dispersed among the Pottawatomie tribes along the Illinois, Rock and Wabash rivers, and some to Milwaukee. The most of them were ransomed at Detroit the following spring. A part of them, however, remained in captivity another year. EXPEDITION AGAINST THE INDIANS. By the middle of August, through the disgraceful surrender of Gen. Hull, at Detroit, and the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and massacre of its garrison, the British and Indians were in possession of the whole Northwest. The savages, emboldened by their successes, penetrated deeper into the settlements, committing great depre- dations. The activity and success of the enemy aroused the people to a realization of the erreat danger their homes and families were in. Gov. Edwards collected a force of 350 men at Camp Russell, and Capt. Russell came from Yincennes with about 50 more. Being officered and equipped, they proceeded about the middle of October on horseback, carrying with them 20 days' rations, to Peoria. Capt. Craig was sent with two boats up the Illinois, with provisions and tools to build a fort. The little army proceeded to Peoria Lake, where was located a Pottawatomie village. They arrived late HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 67 at night, within a few miles of the village, without their presence being known to the Indians. Four men were sent out that night to reconnoiter the position of the village. The four brave men who volunteered for this perilous service were Thomas Carlin (after- ward Governor), and Ivobert, Stephen and Davis Whiteside. They proceeded to the village, and explored it and the approaches to it thoroughly, without starting an Indian or provoking the bark of a dog. The low lands between the Indian village and the troops were covered with a rank growth of tall grass, eo high and dense as to readily conceal an Indian on horseback, until within a few feet of him. The ground had become still more yielding by recent rains, rendering it almost imy^assable by mounted men. To prevent de- tection, the soldiers had camped without lighting the usual camp- fires. The men lay down in their cold and cheerless camp, with many misgivings. They well remembered how the skulking sav- ages fell upon Harrison's men at Tippecanoe during the night. To add to their fears, a gun in the hands of a soldier was carelessly discharged, raising great consternation in the camp. AN INDIAN KILLED. Tlirough a dense fog which prevailed the following morning, the army took up its- line of march for tlie Indian town, Capt. Judy with his corps of spies in advance. In the tall grass they came up with an Indian and his squaw, both mounted. The Indian wanted to eurrender, but Judy observed that he "did not leave home to take prisoners, ' and instantly shot one of them. With the blood streaming from his mouth and nose, and in his agony "singing the death song," the dying Indian raised his gun, shot and mortally wounded a Mr. Wright, and in a few minutes expired. Many guns were immediatelv discharged at the other Indian, not then known to be a squaw, all of which missed her. Badly scared, and her hus- band killed by her side, the agonizing wails of the squaw were heart-rending. She was taken prisoner, and afterwards restored to her nation. TOWN BURNED. On rearing the town a general charge was made, the Indians fleeing to the interior wilderness. Some of their warriors made a stand, when a sharp engagement occurred, but the Indians were routed. In their flight they left behind all their winter's store of 68 HISTOET OF ILLINOIS. provisions, which was taken, and their town burned. Some Indian children were fouud who had been left in ihe hurried flight, also some disabled adults, oue of whom was in a starving condition and with a voracious appetite partook of the bread given liim. He is said to have been killed by a cowardly trooper straggling behind, after the main army had resumed its retrograde march, who wanted to be able to boast that he had killed an Indian. About the time Gov. Edwards started with his little band against the Indians, Gen. Hopkins, with 2,000 Kentucky riflemen, left Viucennes to cross the prairies of Illinois and destroy the Indian villages along the Illinois river. Edwards, with his rangers, ex- pected to act in concert with Gen. Hopkins' riflemen. After inarching 80 or 90 miles into the enemy's country. Gen. Hopkins' men became dissatisfied, and on Oct. 20 the entire army turned and retreated homeward before ev^en a foe had been met. After the victory of the Illinois rangers they heard nothing of Gen. Hopkins and his 2,000 mounted Kentucky riflemen ; and apprehensive that a large force of warriors would be speedily collected, it was deemed prudent not to protract their stay, and accordingly the retrograde march was commenced the very day of the attack. PEOEIA BURNED. The force of Capt. Craig, in charge of the provision boats, was not idle during this time. They proceeded to Peoria, where they were fired on by ten Indians during the night, who immediately fled. Capt. Craig discovered, at daylight, their tracks leading up into the French town. He inquired of the French their where- abouts, who denied all knowledge of them, and said they " had heard or seen nothing; " but he took the entire number prisoners, burned and destroyed Peoria, and bore the ca|)tured inhabitants away on his boats to a point below the present city of Alton, where he landed and left them in the woods, — men, women, and cliildren, — in the inclement month of November, without shelter, and without food other than the slender stores they had themselves gathered up before their departure. Tliey found their way to St. Louis in an almost starving condition. The burning of Peoria and taking its inhabitants prisoners, on the mere suspicion that they sympathized with the Indians, was generally regarded as a needless, if not wanton, act of military power. PONTIAC. THE OTTAWA CHIEF. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 71 SECOND EXPEDITION AGAINST THE INDIANS. In the early part of 1813, the country was put in as good defense as the sparse popuhition admitted. In spite of the precaution taken, numerous depredations and murders were committed bj the In- dians, which again aroused the whites, and another expedition was sent against the foe, who had collected in large numbers in and around Peoria. This army was composed of about 900 men, collect- ed from both Illinois and Missouri, and under command of Gen. Howard. They marched across the broad prairies of Illinois to Peoria, where there was a small stockade in charge of United States troops. Two days previously the Indians made an attack on the fort, but were repulsed. Being in the enemy's country, knowing their stealthy habits, and the troops at no time observing a high de- gree of discipline, many unnecessary night alarms occurred, yet the enemy were far away. The army marched up the lake to Chili- cothe, burning on its way two deserted villages. At the present site of Peoria the troops remained in camp several weeks. While there they built a fort, which they named in honor of Gen. George Rogers Clark, who with his brave Virginians wrested Illinois from the English during the Revolutionary struggle. This fort was de- stroyed by fire in 1818. It gave a name to Peoria which it wore for several years. After the building of Fort Crevecceur, in 1680, Peo- ria lake was very familiar to Western travel and history; but there is no authentic account of a permanent European settlement there until 1778, when Laville de Meillet, named after its founder, was started. Owing to the quality of the water and its greater salu- brity, the location was changed to the present site of Peoria, and by 1796 the old had been entirely abandoned for the new village. After its destruction in 1812 it was not settled again until 1819, and then by American pioneers, though in 1813 Fort Clark was built there. EXPEDITION UP THE MISSISSIPPI. The second campaign against the Indians at Peoria closed with- out an engagement, or even a sight of the enemy, yet great was the benefit derived from it. It showed to the Indians the power and resources of his white foe. Still the calendar of the horrible deeds of butchery of the following year is long and bloody. A joint ex- pedition again moved against the Indians in 1814, under Gov. 72 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Clark of Missouri. This time they went up the Mississippi in barges, Prairie du Cliien being the point of destination. There tliey found a small garrison of British troops, which, however, soon fled, as did the inhabitants, leaving Clark in full possession. He im- mediately set to work and erected Fort Shelby. The Governor returned to St. Louis, leaving his men in peaceable possession of the place, but a large force of British and Indians came down upon them, and the entire garrison surrendered. In the mean time Gen. Howard sent 108 men to strengthen the garrison. Of this number 66 were Illinois rangers, under Capts. Rector and Riggs, who oc- cupied two boats. The remainder were with Lieut. Campbell. A DESPERATE FIGHT. At Rock Island Campbell was warned to turn back, as an attack was contemplated. The other boats passed on up the river and were some two miles ahead when Campbell's barge was struck by a strong gale which forced it against a small island near the Illinois shore. Thinking it best to lie to till the wind abated, sentinels were stationed while the men went ashore to cook breakfast. At this time a large number of Indians on the main shore under Black Hawk commenced an attack. The savages in canoes passed rapidly to the island, and with a war-whoop rushed upon the men, who retreated and sought refuge in the barge. A battle of brisk musketry now ensued between the few regulars aboard the stranded barge and the hordes of Indians under cover of trees on the island, with severe loss to the former. Meanwhile Capt. Rector and Riggs, ahead with their barges, seeing the smoke of battle, attempted to return; but in the strong gale Riggs' boat became unmanageable and was stranded on the rapids. Rector, to avoid a similar disaster, let go his anchor. The rangers, however, opened with good aim and telling effect upon the savages. The unequal combat having raged for some time and about closing, the commander's barge, with many wounded and several dead on board, — among: the former of whom, very badly, was Campbell himself, — was discovered to be on fire. Now Rector and his bi'ave Illinois rangers, comprehending the horrid situation, performed, without delay, as cool and heroic a deed — and did it well — as ever imperiled the life of mortal man. In the howling gale, in full view of hundreds of infuriated savages, and within range of their rifles, they deliberately raised anchor, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. T3 liglitened their barge by casting overboard quantities of provisions, and guided it with the utmost labor down the switt current, to the windward of the burning barge, and under the galling fire of the enemy rescued all the survivors, and removed the wounded and dying to their vessel. This was a deed of noble daring and as heroic as any performed during the war in the West. Rector hur- ried with his over-crowded vessel to St. Louis. It was now feared that Riggs and his company were captured and sacrificed by the savages. His vessel, which was strong and well armed, was for a time surrounded by the Indians, but the whites on the inside were well sheltered. The wind becoming allayed in the evening, the boat, under cover of the night, glided safel}^ down the river without the loss of a single man. STILL ANOTHER EXPEDITION. Notwithstanding the disastrous termination of the two expedi- tions already sent out, during the year 1814, still another was pro- jected. It was under Maj. Zachary Taylor, afterward President. Rector and Whiteside, with the Illinoisan, were in command of boats. The expedition passed Rock Island unmolested, when it was learned the country was not only swarming with Indians, but that the English were there in command with a detachment of regu- lars and artillerv. The advanced boats in command of Rector, White- side and Hempstead, turned about and began to descend the rapids, fighting with great gallantry the hordes of the enemy, who were pouring their fire into them from the shore at every step. Near the mouth of Rock river Maj. Taylor anchored his fleet out in the Mississippi. During the night the English planted a battery of six pieces down at the water's edge, to sink or disable the boats, and filled the islands with red-skins to butcher the whites, who might, unarmed, seek refuge there. But in this scheme they were frustrated. In the morning Taylor ordered all the force, except 20 boatmen on each vessel, to the upper island to dislodge the enemy. The order was executed with great gallantry, the island scoured, many of the savages killed, and the rest driven to the lower island. In the meantime the British cannon told with eflfect upon the fleet. The men rushed back and the boats were dropped down the stream out of range of the cannon. Capt. Rector was now ordered with his company to make a sortie on the lower island, which he did, 74 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. driving the Indians back among the willows ; but they being re-in- forced, in turn hurled Rector back upon the sand-beach. A council of officers called by Taylor had by this time decided that their force was too small to contend with the enemy, who outnumbered them tliree to one, and the boats were in full retreat down the river. As Hector attempted to get under way his boat grounded, and the savages, with demoniac yells, surrounded it, when a most desperate hand-to-hand conflict ensued. The gallant ranger, Samuel Whiteside, observing the imminent peril of his brave Illinois comrade, went immediately to his rescue, who but for his timely aid would undoubtedly have been overpowered, with all his force, and murdered. Thus ended the last, like the two previous expeditions up the Mississippi during the war of 1S12, in defeat and disaster. The enerny was in undisputed posession of all the country north of the Illinois river, and the prospects respecting those territories boded nothing but gloom. "With the approach of winter, however, Indian depredations ceased to be committed, and the peace of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war. ILLINOIS AS A STATE. ORGANIZATION. In January of 1818 the Territorial Legislature forwarded to Nathaniel Pope, delegate in Congress from Illinois, a petition pray- ing for admission into the national Union as a State. On April 18th of the same year Congress passed the enabling act, and Dec. 3, after the State government had been organized and Gov. Bond had signed the Constitution, Congress by a resolution declared Illi- nois to be "one of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States in all respects." The ordinance of 1787 declared that there should be at least three States carved out of the Northwestern Territory. The boundaries of the three, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, were fixed by this law. Congress reserved the power, however, of forming two other States out of the territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southern boundary of Lake Michigan. It was generally conceded that this line would be the northern boundary of Illinois ; HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 75 but as this would give tlie State no coast on Lake Michigan; and rob her of the port of Chicago and the northern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan canal which was then contemplated, Judge Pope had the northern boundary moved fifty miles further north. BOUNDARY CHANGED. !N'ot only is Illinois indebted to Nathaniel Pope for the port where now enter and depart more vessels during the year than in any other port in the world, for the northern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan ca::al, and for the lead mines at Galena, but the nation, the undivided Union, is largely indebted to him for its perpetuity. It was he, — his foresight, statesmanship and energy, — that bound our confederated Union with bands of iron that can never be broken. The geographical position of Illinois, with her hundreds of miles of water-courses, is such as to make her the key to the grand arch of Northern and Southern States. Extending from, the great chain of lakes on the north, with snow and ice of the arctic region, to the cotton-fields of Tennessee ; peopled, as it is, by almost all races, classes and conditions of the human family ; guided by the various and diversified political, agricultural, religious and educational teachings common to both North and South, — Illinois can control, and has controlled, the destinies of our united and beloved republic. Pope seemingly foresaw that a struggle to dissolve the Union would be made. With a prophetic eye he looked down the stream of time for a half century and saw the great conflict between the South and North, caused by a determination to dissolve the confederation of States; and to preserve the Union, he gave to Illinois a lake coast. Gov. Ford, in his History of Illinois, wi'itten in 1847, while speaking of this change of boundary and its influence upon our nation, says: "What, then, was the duty of the national Government? Illinois was certain to be a great State, with any boundaries which that Government could give. Its great extent of territory, its unrivaled fertility of soil and capacity for sustaining a dense population, together with its commanding position, would in course of time give the new State a very controlling inflfience with her sister States situated upon the Western rivers, either in sustaining the federal Union as it is, or in dissolving it and establishing new gov- ernments. If left entirely upon the waters of these great rivers, it 76 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. was plain that, in case of threatened disruption, the interest of the new IState would be to join a Southern and Western confederacy; but if a large portion of it could be made dependent upon the com- merce and navigation of the great northern lakes, connected as they are with the Eastern States, a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western and Southern confederacy. " It therefore became tlie duty of the national Government not only to make Illinois strong, but to raise an interest inclining and binding her to the Eastern and JSTorthern portions of the Union. This could be done only through an interest in the lakes. At that time the commerce on the lakes was small, but its increase was con- fidently expected, and, indeed, it has exceeded all anticipations, and is yet only in its infancy. To accomplish this object efi'ectually, it was not only necessary to give to Illinois the port of Chicago and a route for the canal, but a considerable coast on Lake Michigan, with a country back of it sufficiently extensive to contain a popu- lation capable of exerting a decided influence upon the councils of the State, " There would, therefore, be a large commerce of the north, west- ern and central portion of the State afloat on the lakes, for it was then foreseen that the canal would be made; and this alone would be like turning one of the many mouths of the Mississippi into Lake Michigan at Chicago. A very large commerce of the center and south would be found both upon the lakes and rivers. Asso- ciations in business, in interest, and of friendship would be formed, both with the Xorth and the South. A State thus situated, having such a decided interest in the commerce, and in tlie preservation of the whole confederacj', can never consent to disunion ; for the Union cannot be dissolved without a division and disruption of the State itself. These views, urged by Judge Pope, obtained the unquali- fied assent of the statesmen of 1818. " These facts and views are worthy to be recorded in history as a standing and perpetual call upon Ulinoisans of every age to remember the great trust which has been reposed in them, as the peculiar champions and guardians of the Union by the great men and patriot sages who adorned and governed this country in the earlier and better days of the Republic." During the dark and trying days of the Kebellion, well did she remember this sacred trust, to protect which two hundred thousand HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 77 of her sons went to the bloody field of battle, crowning their arms with the laurels of war, and keeping inviolate the solemn obliga- tions bequeathed to them by their fathers. FIRST CONSTITUTION. In July and August of 1818 a convention was held at Kaskaskia for the purpose of drafting a constitution. This constitution was not submitted to a vote of the people for their approval or i^ejection, it being well known that they would approve it. It was about the first organic law of any State in the Union to abolish imprisonment for debt. The first election under the constitution was held on the third Thursday and the two succeeding days in September, 1818. Shadrach Bond was elected Governor, and Pierre Menard Lieuten- ant Governor. Their term of office extended four years. At this time che State was divided into fifteen counties, the population being about 40,000. Of this number by far the larger portion were from the Southern States. The salary of the Governor was $1,000, while that of the Treasurer was $500. The Legislature re-enacted, ver- batim, the Territorial Code, the penalties of which were unneces- sarily severe. Whipping, stocks and pillory were used for minor offenses, and for arson, rape, horse-stealing, etc., death bv hano-ino- was the penalty. These laws, iiowever, were modified in 1821. The Legislature first convened at Kaskaskia, the ancient seat of empire for more than one hundred and fifty years, both for the French and Americans. Provisions were made, however, for the removal of the seat of government by this Legislature. A place in the wilderness on the Kaskaskia river was selected and named Yandalia. From Yandalia it was removed to Springfield in the year 1837. DERIVATION OF THE NAME ILLINOIS. The name of this beautiful "Prairie State" is derived from Illini.'Axx Indian word signifying superior men. It has a French termination, and is a symbol of the manner in which the two races, the French and Indians, were intermixed during the early history of the country. The appellation was no doubt well applied to the primitive inhabitants of the soil, whose prowess in savage warfare long withstood the combined attacks of the fierce Iroquois on the one side, and the no less savage and relentless Sacs and Foxes on the other. The Illinois were once a powerful confederacy, occupying the most beautiful and fertile region in the great valley of the 78 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Mississippi, which their enemies coveted and struggled long and hard to wrest from them. Bj the fortunes of war thej were dimin- ished in number and finally destroyed. " Starved Rock," on the Illinois river, according to tradition, commemorates their last trag- edy, where, it is said, the entire tribe starved rather than surrender. The low cognomen of " Sucker," as applied to lUinoisans, is said to have had its origin at the Galena lead mines. In an early day, when these extensive mines were being worked, men would run up the Mississippi river in steamboats in the spring, work the lead mines, and in the fall return, thus establishing, as was supposed, asim- ilitude between their migratory habits and tiiose of the fishy tribe called "Suckers." For this reason the Illinoisans have ever since been distinguished by the epithet " Suckers." Those who stayed at the mines over winter were mostly from Wisconsin, and were called " Badgers." One spring the Missourians poured into the mines in such numbers that the State was said to have taken a puke, and the offensive appellation of " Pukes " was afterward applied to all Missourians. The southern part of the State, known as " Egypt," received this appellation because, being older, better settled and cultivated, grain was had in greater abundance than in the central and northern por- tion, and the immigrants of this region, after the manner of the children of Israel, went "thitlier to buy and to bring from thence that they might live and not die." STATE BANK. The Legislature, during the latter years of territorial existence, granted charters to several banks. The result was that paper money became very abundant, times flush, and credit unlimited; and every- body invested to the utmost limit of his credit, with confident expectation of realizing a handsome advance before the expiration of his credit, from the throng of immigrants then pouring into the country. By 1819 it became apparent that a day of reckoning would approach before their dreams of fortune could be realized. Banks everywhere began to waver, paper money became depreci- ated, and gold and silver driven out of the country. The Legisla- ture sought to bolster up the times by incorporating the '' Bank of Illinois," which, with several branches, was created by the ses- sion of 1821. This bank, being wholly supported by the credit of the State, was to issue one, two, three, five, ten and twenty-dollar HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 79 notes. It was the duty of the bank to advance, upon personal prop- erty, money to the amount of $100, and a larger amount upon real estate. All taxes and public salaries could be paid in such bills; and if a creditor refused to take them, he had to wait three years longer before he could collect his debt. The people imagined that simply because the government had issued the notes, they would remain at par; and although this evidently could not be the case, they were yet so infatuated with their project as actually to request the United States government to receive them in payment for their public lands! Although there were not wanting men who, like John McLean, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, fore- saw the dangers and evils likely to arise from the creation of such a bank, by tar the greater part of the people were in favor of it. The new bank was themfore started. The new issue of bills by the bank of course only aggravated the evil, heretofore so grievously felt, of the absence of s])ecie, so that the people were soon com- pelled to cut their bills in halves and quarters, in order to make small change in trade. Finally the paper currency so rapidly depre- ciated that three dollars in these bills were considered worth only .one in specie, and the State not only did not increase its revenue, but lost full two-thirds of it, and expended three times the amount required to pay the expenses of the State government. Lafayette's visit. In the spring of 1825 the brave and generous LaFayette visited Illinois, accepting the earnest invitation of the General Assembly, and an affectionately written letter of Gov. Cole's, who had formed his personal acquaintance in France in 1817. The General in reply said: " It has been my eager desire, and it is now my earnest inten- tion, to visit the Western States, and particularly the State of Illi- nois. The feelings which your distant welcome could not fail to excite have increased that patriotic eagerness to admire on that blessed spot the happy and rapid results of republican institutions, public and domestic virtues. I shall, after the 22d of February (anniversary daj'), leave here for a journey to the Southern States, and from New Orleans to the Western States, so as to return to Boston on the 14th of June, when the corner-stone of the Bunker Hill monument is to be laid, — a ceremony sacred to the whole Union and in which I have been engaged to act a peculiar and honorable part." 80 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. General LaFayette and suite, attended by a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, made a visit by the steamer jS'atch- ez to the ancient town of Kaskaskia. No military parade was attempted, but a multitude of patriotic citizens made him welcome. A reception was held, Gov. Cole delivering a glowing address of welcome. During the progress of a grand ball held that night, a very interestinor interview took place between the honored General and an Indian squaw whose father had served under him in the Revolutionary war. The squaw, learning that the great white chief was to be at Kaskaskia on that night, had ridden all day, from early dawn till sometime in the night, from her distant home, to see tlie man whose name had been so often on her father's tongue, and with which she was so familiar. In identification of her claim to his distinguished acquaintance, she brought with her an old, worn letter which the General had written to her father, and which the Indian chief had preserved with great care, and finally bequeathed on his death-bed to his daughter as the most precious legacy he had to leave her. By 12 o'clock at night Gen. La Fayette returned to his boat and started South. The boat was chartered by the State. EA.RLY GOVERNOR?^. In the year 1822 the term of office of the first Governor, Shadrach Bond, expired. Two parties sprung up at this time, — one favorable, the other hostile, to tlie introduction of slavery, each proposing a candidate of its own for Governor. Both parties worked hard to secure the election of their respective candidates; but the people at large decided, as they ever have been at heart, in favor of a free State. Edward Coles, an anti-slavery man, was elected, although a majority of the Legislature were opposed to him. The subject of principal interest during his administration was to make Illinois a slave State. The greatest effort was made in 1824, and the propo- sition was defeated at the polls by a majority of 1,800. The aggre- gate vote polled was 11,612, being about 6,000 larger than at the previous State election. African slaves were first introduced into Illinois in 1Y20 bv Renault, a Frenchman, Senator Duncan, afterward Governor, presented to the Legisla- ture of 1824-5 a bill for the support of schools by a public tax; and William S. Hamilton presented another bill requiring a tax to be HISTORY OK ILLINOIS. 81 used for the purpose of constructing and repairing the roads, — both of which bills passed and became laws. But although these laws conferred an incalculable benelit upon the public, the very name of a tax was so odious to the people that, rather than pay a tax of the smallest possible amount, they preferred working as they formerly did, five days during the year on the roads, and would allow their children to grow up without any instruction at all. Consequently both laws were abolished in 1826. In the year 1826 the office of Governor became again vacant. Ninian Edwards, Adolphus F. Hubbard and Thomas C Sloe were candidates. Edwards, though the successful candidate, had made himself many enemies by urging strict inquiries to be made into the corruption of the State bank, so that Jiad it not been for his talents and noble personal appearance, he would most probably not have been elected. Hubbard was a man of but little personal merit. Of him tradition has preserved, among other curious sayings, a speech on a bill granting a bounty on wolf-scalps. This speech, delivered before the Legislature, is as follows: "Mr. Speaker, I rise before the question is put on this bill, to say a word for my constit- uents. Mr. Speaker, I have never seen a wolf. I cannot say that I am very well acquainted with the nature and habits of wolves. Mr. Speaker, I have said that I had never seen a vyolf; but now I remember that once on a time, as Judge Brown and I were riding across the Bonpas prairie, we looked over the prairie about three miles, and Judge Brown said, ' Hubbard, look! there goes a wolf; ' and I looked, and I looked, and I looked, and I said, ' Judge, where?' and he said, 'There!' And I looked again, and this time in the edge of a hazel thicket, about three miles across the prairie, I think I saw the wolf's tail. Mr. Speaker, if I did not see a wolf that time, I think I never saw one; but I have heard much, and read more, about this animal. I have studied his natural history. "By the bye, history is divided into two parts. There is first the history of the fabulous; and secondly, of the non-fabulous, or unknown age. Mr. Speaker, from all these sources of information I learn that the wolf is a very noxious animal ; that he goes prowl- ing about, seeking something to devour; that he rises up in the dead and secret hours of night, when all nature reposes in silent oblivion, and then commits the most terrible devastation upon the rising generation of hogs and sheep. 82 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. " Mr. Speaker, I have done; and I return mj thanks to the house for tlieir kind attention to my remarks." Gov. Edwards was a large and v/ell-made man, vpith a noble, princely appearance. Of him Gov. Ford savs: "He never con- descended to the common low art of electioneering. Whenever he went out among the people he arrayed himself in the style of a gentleman of the olden time, dressed in fine broadcloth, with short breeches, long stockings, and high, fair-topped boots; was drawn in a fine carriage driven by a negro; and for success he relied upon his speeches, which were delivered in great pom]) and in style of difi'iise and florid eloquence. Wlieu he was inaugurated in 1826, he appeared before the General Assembly wearing a golden-laced cloak, and with great pomp pronounced his first message to the houses of the Legislature." GRAMMAR AND COOK CONTRASTED. Demagogism had an early development. One John Grammar, who was elected to the Territorial Legislature in 1816, and held the position for about twenty years, invented the policy of opposing every new thing, saying, "If it succeeds, no one will ask who voted against it: if it proves a failure, he could quote its record." When first honored with a seat in the Assembly, it is said that he lacked the apparel necessary- for a member of the Legislature, and in order to procure them he and his sons gathered a large quantity of hazel-nuts, which were taken to the Ohio Saline and sold for cloth to make a coat and pantaloons. The cloth was the blue strouding commonly used by the Lidians. The neighboring women assembled to make up the garments; the cloth was measured every way, — across, lengthwise, and from corner to corner, — and still was found to be scant. It was at last con- cluded to make a very short, bob-tailed coat and a long pair of leg- gins, which being finished, Mr. Grammar started for the State capital. In sharp contrast with Grammar was the character of D. P. Cook, in honor of whom Cook county was named. Such was his transparent integrity and remarkable ability that his will was almost the law of the State. In Cono-ress. a voung man and from a poor State, he was made Chairman of the Ways and Means Com- mittee. He was pre-eminent for standing by his committee, regard- less of consequences. It was his integrity that elected John Quincy HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 83 Adams to the Presidency. There were four candidates in 1824, ' Jackson, Clay, Crawford and Adams. Tn^re being no choice by the people, the election was thrown into the House. It was so bal- anced that it turned on his vote, and that he cast for Adams, elect- iiioj him. Ho tlien came home to face the wrath of the Jackson party in Illinois. The first mail route in the State was established in 1805. This was from Vincennes to Cahokia. In 1824 there was a direct mail route from Vandalia to Springfield. The first route i'rom the central part of the State to Chicago was established in 1832, from Shelby- ville. The difficulties and dangers encountered by the early mail carriers, in time of Indian troubles, were very serious. The bravery and ingenious devices of Harry Milton are mentioned with special commendation. When a boy, in 1812, he conveyed the mail on a wild French pony from Shawneetown to St. Louis, over swollen streams and through the enemy's country. So infrequent and irregular were the communications by mail a great part of the time, that to-day, even the remotest part of the United States is unable to appreciate it by example. The first newspaper published in Illinois was the Illinois Herald^ established at Kaskaskia by Mathew Duncan. There is some va- riance as to the exact time of its establishment. Gov. Revnolds claimed it was started in 1809. Wm. H. Brown, afterwards its editor, gives the date as 1814. In 1831 the criminal code was first adapted to penitentiary pun- ishment, ever since which time the old system of whipping and pillory for the punishment of criminals has l)een disused. There was no legal rate of interest till 1830. Previously the rate often reached as high as 150 per cent., but was usually 50 per cent. Then it was reduced to 12, then to 10, and lastly to 8 per cent. INDIAM TKOUBLES. WINNEBAGO WAR. The Indians, who for some years were on peaceful terms with the whites, became troublesome in 1827. The Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes and other tribes had been at war for more than a hun- dred 3'ears. In the summer of 1827 a war party of the TVinnebafjoes surprised a party of Chippewas and killed eight of them. Four 84 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. of the murderers were arrested and delivered to the Chippewas, by whom they were immediately shot. This was the first irritation of the Winnebagoes. Red Bird, a chief of this tribe, in order to avenge the execution of the four warriors of his own people, attacked the Chippewas, but was defeated; and being determined to satisfy his thirst for revenge by some means, surprised and killed several white men. Upon receiving intelligence of these murders, the whites who were working the lead mines in the vicinity of Galena formed a body of volnnteers,and, re-inforced by a company of United States troops, marched into the country of the Winnebagoes. To save their nation from the miseries of war, Red Bird and six other men of his nation voluntarily surrendered themselves. Some of the number were executed, some of them imprisoned and destined, like Red Bird, ingloriously to pine away within the narrow confines of a jail, when formerly the vast forests had proven too limited for them. JOHN REYNOLDS ELECTED GOVERNOR, In August, 1830, another gubernatorial election was held. The candidates were William Kinney, then Lieutenant Governor, and John Reynolds, formerly an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, both Jackson Democrats. The opposition brought forward no can- didate, as they were in a helpless minority. Reynolds was the successful candidate, and under his administration was the famous BLACK HAWK WAR. In the year of 1804 a treaty was concluded between the United States and the chiefs of the Sac and Fox nations. One old chief of the Sacs, however, called Black Hawk, who had fought with great bravery in the service of Great Britain during the war of 1812, had always taken exceptions to this treaty, pronouncing it void. In 1831 he established himself, with a chosen band of warriors, upon the dis- puted territory, ordering the whites to leave the country at once. The settlers complaining, Gov. Reynolds dispatched Gen. Gaines, with a company of regulars and 1,500 volunteers, to the scene of action. Taking the Indians by surprise, the troops burnt their villages and forced them to conclude a treaty, by which they ceded all lands east of the Mississippi, and agreed to remain on the western side of the river. Necessity forced the proud spirit of Black Hawk into submission, which made him more than ever deterniined to be BLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEF. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 87 aveno-ed npoi: his enemies. Having rallied around him the warlike braves of tiie Sat-, and Fox. natio^ns, he crossed the Mississippi in tiie spring of 1(>32. Upon hearing of the invasion, Gov. Reynolds hastily collecte-' a body of 1,800 volunteers, placing them under the command oi iiiig-Gen. Samuel Whiteside. stillman's kun. The army marched to the Mississippi, and havirig reduced to ashes the Indian village known as '-Prophet's Town,'' proceeded for several miles up the river to Dixon, to join the regular forces under Gen. Atkinson. They found at Dixon two companies of volunteers, who, sighing for glory, were dispatched to reconnoiter the enemy. Tliey advanced under command of M:ij. Stillman, to a creek afterwards called "Stillman's run;" and while encamping there saw a party of mounted Indians at the distance of a mile. Several of SilUman's party mounted their horses and charged the Indians, killing three of them; but, attacked by the main body under Black Hawk, they were routed, and by their precipitate flight spread such a panic through the camp that the whole company ran off to Dixon as fast as their logs could carry them. On their arrival it was found that there had been eleven killed. The party came straggling into camp all night long, four or five at a time, each squad positive that all who were left behind were massacred. It is said that a big, tall Kentuckian, with a loud voice, who was a colonel of the militia but a private with Stillman, upon his arrival in camr- gave to Gen. Whiteside and the wondering multi- tude the follov/ino: g-lowing and bombastic account of the battle: "Sirs," said lie, "our detachment was encamped among some scat- tering timber on the north side of Old Man's creek, with the prairie from the north gently sloping down to our encampment. It was just after twilight, in the gloaming of the evening, when we dis- covered Black Hawk's army coming down upon us in solid column; they displayed in the form of a crescent upon the brow of the prai- rie, and such accuracy and precision of military movements were never witnessed Dy man; they were equal to the best troops of Wellington in Spain. ^ have said that the Indians came down in solid columns, and displayed in the form of a crescent; and what was most wonderful, there were large squares of cavalry resting upon the points of the curve, which squares were supported again by 88 HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. other columns fifteen deep, extending back through the woods and over a swamp three-quarters of a mile, which again rested on the main bodv of Black Hawk's army bivouacked upon the banks of the Kishwakee. It was a terrible and a glorious sight to see the tawny warriors as they rode along our flanks attempting to outflank us, with the g.ittering moonbeams glistening from their polished blades and burnished spears. It was a sight well calculated to strike con- sternation in the stoutest and boldest heart; and accordingly our men soon began to break in small squads, for tall timber. In a very little time the rout became general, the Indians were soon upon our flanks and threatened the destruction of our entire detach- ment. About this time Maj. Stillman, Col, Stephenson, Maj. Perkins, Capt. Adams, ]\Ir. Hackelton, and myself, with some others, threw ourselves into the rear to rally the fugitives and pro- tect the retreat. But in a short time all my companions fell bravely fighting hand-to-hand with the savage enemy, and I alone was left upon the field of battle. About this time I discovered not far to the left a corps of horsemen which seemed to be in tolerable order. I immediately deployed to the left, when, leaning down and placing my body in a recumbent posture upon the mane of my horse so as to bring the heads of the horsemen between my eye and the horizon, I discovered by the light of the moon that they were jrentlemen who did not wear hats, bv which token I knew thev were no friends of mine. I therefore made a retrogade movement and recovered my position, where I remained some time meditating what further I could do in the service of ray country, when a ran- dom ball came whistling by my ear and plainly whispered to me, ' Stranger, you have no further business here.' Upon hearing this I followed the example of my companions in arms, and broke for tall timber, and the way I ran was not a little." For a long time afterward Maj. Stillnan and his men were sub- jects of ridicule and merriment, which was as undeserving as their expedition was disastrous. Stillman's defeat spread consternation throughout the State and nation. The number of Indians was greatly exaggerated, and the name of Black Hawk carried with it associations of great military talent, savage cunning and cruelty. ASSAULT ON APPLE RIVER FORT. A regiment sent to spy out the country between Galena and Rock Island was surprised by a party of seventy Indians, and was on the HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 89 point of being thrown into disorder when Gen. Whiteside, then serving as a private, shouted out that he would shoot the first man who should turn his back to the enemy. Order being restored, the battle began. At its very outset Gen. Whiteside shot the leader of the Indians, who thereupon commenced a hasty retreat. In June, 1832, Black Hawk, with a band of 150 warriors, attack- ed the Apple Hiver Fort, near Galena, defended by 25 men. This fort, a mere palisade of logs, was erected to afford protection to the miners. For fifteen consecutive hours the garrison had to sustain the assault of the savage enemy ; but knowing very well that no quarter would be given them, they fought with such fury and des- peration that the Indians, aft€r losing many of their best warriors, were compelled to retreat. Another party of eleven Indians murdered two men near Fort Hamilton. They were afterwards overtaken by a company of twenty men and every one of them was killed. ROCK RIVER EXPEDITION. A new regiment, under the command of Gen. Atkinson, assem- bled on the banks of the Illinois in the latter part of June. Maj. Dement, with a small party, was sent out to reconnoittr the move- ments of a large body of Indians, whose endeavors to surround him made it advisable fur him to retire. Upon hearing of this engage- ment. Gen. Atkinson sent a detachment to intercept the Indians, while he with the main body of his army, moved north to meet the Indians under Black Hawk. They moved slowly and cautiously through the country, passed through Turtle village, and marched up along Bock river. On their arrival news was brought of the discovery of the main trail of the Indians. Considerable search was made, but they were unable to discover any vestige of Indians save two who had shot two soldiers the day previous. Hearing that Black Hawk was encamped on Rock river, at the Manitou village, they resolved at once to advance upon the enemy; but in the execution of their design they met with opposition from their officers and men. The officers of Gen. Henry handed to him a written protest; but he, a man equal to any emergency, ordered the officers to be arrested and escorted to Gen. Atkinson. Within a few minutes after the stern order was given, the officers all collected around the General's quarters, many of them with tears in their 90 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. eyes, pledging themselves that if forgiven they would return to duty and never do the like again. The General rescinded the order, and they at once resumed duty. THE BATTLE OF BAD-AXE. Gen. Henry marched on the 15th of July in pursuit of the Indians, reaching Ruck river after three days' journey, where he learned Black Hnwk was encamped further up the river. On July 19th the troops were ordered to commence their march. After havino; made tiftv miles, tliev were overtaken l>y a terrible thunder- storm which lasted all night. Nothing cooled, however, in their courage and zeal, they marched again lifty miles the next day, encamping near the place where the Indiana had encamped the night before. Hurrying along as fast as they could, the infantry keeping up an equal pace with the mounted force, the troops on the morning of the 21st crossed the river connecting two of the four lakes, by which the Indians had been endeavoring to escape. They found, on their way, the ground strewn with kettles and articles of baggage, which the haste of their retreat had obliged the Indians to throw away. The troops, inspired with new ardor, advanced so rapidly that at noon they fell in with the rear guard of the Indians. Those who closely pursued them were saluted with a sudden lire of musketry by a body of Indians who had concealed them- selves in the high grass of the prairie. A most desperate charge was made upon the Indians, who, unable to resist, retreated obliquely, in order to out-flank the volunteers on the right; but the latter charged the Indians in their ambush, and expelled them from their thickets at the point of the bayonet, and dispersed tliera. Night set in and the battle ended, having cost the Indians ^% of their bravest men, while the loss of the Illinoisans amounted to but one killed and 8 wounded. Soon after this battle Gens. Atkinson and Henry joined their forces and pursued the Indians. Gen. Henry struck the main trail, left his horses behind, formed an advance guard of eight men, and marched forward upon their trail. When these eight men came within sight of the river, they were suddenly tired upon and five of them killed, the remaining three maintaining their ground till Gen. Henry came up. Then the Indians, charged upon with the bayonet, fell back upon their main force. The battle now HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 91 became general; the Indians fonglit with desperate valor, but were furiously assailed by the volunteers with their bayonets, cutting many of the Indians to pieces and driving the rest into the river. Those who escaped from being drowned took refuge on an island. On hearing the frequent discharge of musketry, indicating a general engagement, Gen. Atkinson abandoned the pursuit of the twenty Indians under Black Hawk himself, and hurried to the scene of action, where he ariivcd too late to take part in the battle. He immediately forded the river with his troops, the water reaching up to their necks, and landed on the island where the Indians had secreted themselves. The soldiers rushed upon the Indians, killed several of them, took others prisoner, and chased the rest into the river, where they were either drowned or shot before reaching the opposite shore. Thus ended the battle, the Indians losing 300^ besides 50 prisoners; the whites but 17 killed and 12 wounded. / INCIDENTS OF THE BATTLE. Many painful incidents occurred during this battle. A Sac woman, the sister of a warrior of some notoriety, found herself in the thickest of the fight, but at length succeeded in reaching the river, when, keeping her infant child safe in its blankets by means of her teeth, she plunged into the water, seized the tail of a horse with her hands whose rider was swimming the stream, and was drawn safely across. A young squaw during the battle was stand- ing in the grass a short distance from the American line, holding her child — a little girl of four years — in her arms. In this posi- tion a ball struck the right arm of the child, shattering the bone, and passed into the breast of the young mother, instantly killing her. She fell upon the child and confined it to the ground till the Indians were driven from that part of the field. Gen. Anderson, of the United States army, hearing its cries, went to the spot, took it from under the dead body and carried it to the surgeon to have its wound dressed. The arm was amputated, and during the oper- ation the half-starved child did not cry, but sat quietly eating a hard piece of biscuit. It was sent to Prairie du Chien, where it entirely recovered. BLACK HAWK CAPTURED. Black Hawk, with his twenty braves, retreated up the Wisconsin, river. The Winnebagoes, desirous of securing the friendship of 92 HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. the whites, went in pursuit and captured and delivered them to Gen. Street, the United States Indian agent. Among the prisoners were the son of Black Hawk and the prophet of the tribe. These with Black Hawk were taken to Washington, D. C, and soon con- signed as prisoners at Fortress Monroe. At the interview Black Hawk had with the President, he closed his speech delivered on the occasion in the following words: " We did not expect to conquer the whites. They have too many houses, too many men. I took up the hatchet, for my part, to revenge injuries which my people could no longer endure. Had I borne them longer without striking, my people would have said, • Black Hawk is a woman; he is too old to be a chief; he is no Sac' These reflections caused me to raise the war-whoop. I say no more. It is known to you. Keokuk once was here; you took him by the hand, and when he wished to return to his home, you were willing. Black Hawk expects, like Keokuk, he shall be permitted to return too." BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF BLACK HAWK. Black Hawk, or Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, was born in the prin- cipal Sac village, near the junction of Rock river with tlie Missis- sippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint, and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783 he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one of whom he killed and scalped; and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years afterward he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them near the present city of St. Louis his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced him- self chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes and a hundred lowas, he waged war against the Osage HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. do nation, and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of which he conquered. The year following the treaty at St. Louis, in 1804, the United States Government erected a fort near the head of Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi, above the mouth of the Des Moines. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the war of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, induced them to remain hostile to the Ameri- cans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn massacre had a few days before been perpetrated. Of his con- nection with the British but little is known. In the early part of 1815, the Indians w^est of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. From the time of signing this treaty, in 1816, until the breaking out of the Black Hawk war, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox Indians were urged to move to the west of the Mississippi. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strongly objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened by the Govern- ment. This action, and various others on the part of the white settlers, provoked Black Hawk and Iris band to attempt the capture of his native village, now occupied by the whites. The war fol- lowed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been complied with at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. BLACK HAWK SET AT LIBERTY. By order of the President, Black Hawk and his companions, who were in confinement at Fortress Monroe, were set free on the 4th day of June, 1833. Before leaving the fort Black Hawk 04 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. made the following farewell speech to the commander, which is not onlj eloquent but shows that within his chest of steel there beat a heart keenly alive to the emotions of gratitude: " Brother, I have come on my own part, and in belialf of my companions, to bid you farewell. Our great father has at length been pleased to permit us to return to our hunting grounds. We have buried the tomahawk, and the sound of the ritle hereafter will only bring death to the deer and the buftalo. Brothers, you have treated the red man very kindly. Tour squaws have made them presents, and you have given them plenty to eat and drink. The memory of your friendship will remain till the Great Spirit says it is time for Black Hawk to sing his death song. Brother, your houses are as numerous as the leaves on the trees, and 3'our young warriors like the sands upon the shore of the big lake that rolls before us. The red man has but few houses and few warriors, but the red man has a heart which throbs as warmly as the heart of his white brother. The Great Spirit has given us our hunting grounds, and the skin of the deer which we kill there is his favorite, for its color is white, and this is the emblem of peace. This hunting dress and these feathers of the eagle are white. Accept them, my brother. I have given one like this to the "White Otter. Accept it as a memorial of Black Hawk. When he is far away this will serve to remind you of him. May the Great Spirit bless you and your children. Farewell." After their release from prison they were conducted, in charge of Major Gai-land, through some of the principal cities, that tliev might witness the power of the United States and learn their own inability to cope with them in war. Great multitudes flocked to see them wherever thev were taken, and the attention paid them rendered their progress through the country a triumphal procession, iistead of the trausportation of prisoners by an oflicer. At Rock Island the prisoners were given their liberty, amid 'great and impressive ceremony. In 1S38 Black Hawk built him a dwelling near Des Moines, Iowa, and furnished it alter the manner of the whites, and engaged in agricultural pursuits and hunting and fishino". Here, with his wife, to whom he was greatly at^ached, he passed the few remaining days of his life. To his credit, it may be said, that Black Hawk remained true to his wife, and served her HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 95 with a devotion uncommon among Indians, living with her up- ward of forty years. BLACK hawk's DEATH AND B"D"RIAL. At all times when Black Hawk visited the whites he was received with marked attention. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' re- union in Lee county, Illinois, at some of their meetings and receiv^ed many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever, and terminated his life October 3. After his death, lie was dressed in the uniform presented to him by the President while in Washington, He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. The body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side ths cane given him by Henry Clay was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Thus, after a long, adventurous and shifting life, Black Hawk was gathered to his fathers. FROM 18;U TO 1842. INTEKXAL IMPROVEMENTS. 'No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern part of Illinois, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown into a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. I At the general election in 1831 Joseph Duncan was chosen Governor, by a handsome majority. His principal opponent was ex-Lieutenant Governor Kinney. A reckless and uncontrollable desire for internal public improvements seized the minds of the people. In his message to the Legislature, in 1835, Gov. Duncan said: " When we look abroad and see the extensive lines of inter- communication penetrating almost every section of our sister States; when we see the canal boat and the locomotive bearinsr with seem- ing triumph the rich productions of the interior to the rivers, lakes and ocean, almost annihilating time, burthen and space, what patriot bi)som does not beat higli with a laudable ambition to give Illinois her full share of those advantages which are adorning her 9Q HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. sister States, and which a magnificent Providence seems to invite by a wonderful adaptation of our whole country to such improve- ments?" STUPENDOUS SYSTEM OF IMPROVEMENTS INAUGURATED. The Legislature responded to the ardent words of the Govepfior, and enacted a system of internal improvements without a parallel in the grandeur of its conception. They ordered the construction of 1,300 miles of railroad, crossing the State in all directions. This was surpassed by the river and canal improvements. There were a few counties not touched by railroad, or river or canal, and they were to be comforted and compensated by the free distribution of $200,000 among them. To inflate this balloon beyond credence, it was ordered that work should commence on both ends of each of these railroads and rivers, and at each river-crossing, all at the same time. This provision, which has been called the crowning folly of the entire system, was the result of those jealous combinations ema- nating from the fear that advantages might accrue to one section over another in the commencement and completion of the works. We can appreciate better, perhaps, the magnitude of this grand system by reviewing a few figures. The debt authorized for these improvements in the first instance was $10,230,000. But this, as it was soon found, was based upon estimates at least too low by half. This, as we readily see, committed the State to a liability of over $20,000,000, equivalent to $200,000,000, at the present time, with over ten times the population and more than ten times the wealth. Siich stupendous undertakings by the State naturally engendered the fever of speculation among individuals. That particular form known as the town-lot fever assumed the malignant type at first in Chicago, from whence it spead over the entire State and adjoining States. It was an epidemic. It cut up men's farms without regard to -locality, and cut up the purses of the purchasers without regard to consequences. It was estimated that building lots enough were sold in Indiana alone to accommodate every citizen then in the United States. Chicago, which in 1830 was a small trading-post, had within a few years grown into a city. This was the starting point of the wonderful and marvelous career of that city. Improvements, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 97 unsurpassed by individual efforts in the annals of the world, were then begun and have been maintained to this day. Tliough visited by the terrible fire fiend and the accumulations of years swept away in a night, yet she has arisen, and to-day is the best built city in the world. Heports of the rapid advance of property in Chicago spread to the East, and thousands poured into her borders, bringing money, enterprise and industry. Every ship that left her port carried with it maps of splendidly situated towns and additions, and every vessel that returned was laden with immigrants. It was said at the time that the staple articles of Illinois export were town plots, and that there M'as danger of crowding the State with towns to the exclusion of land fur agriculture. ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL. The Illinois and Michigan canal again received attention. This enterprise is one of the most important in the early development of Illinois, on account of its magnitude and cost, and forming as it does the connecting link between the great chain of lakes and the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Gov. Bond, the first Governor, recommended in his first message the building of the canal. In 1821 the Legislature appropriated $10,000 for surveying the route. This work was performed by two young men, who estimated the cost at $000,000 or $700,000. It cost, however, when completed, $8,000,000. In 1825 a law was passed to incorporate the Canal Company, but no stock was sold. In 1826, upon the solicitation of Daniel P. Cook, Congressman from this State, Congress gave 800,000 acres of land on the line of the work. In 1828 commis- sioners were appointed, and work commenced witli a new survey and new estimates. In 1834-5 the work was again pushed forward, and continued nntil 1818, when it was completed. PANIC — REPUDIATION ADVOCATED. Bonds of the State were recklessly disposed of both in the East and in Europe. Work was commenced on various lines of railroad, but none were ever completed. On the Northern Cross Railroad, from Meredosia east eight miles, the first locomotive that ever turned a wlieel in the great valley of the Mississippi, was run. The date of this remarkable event was Nov. 8, 1838. Large suras of money were being expended with no assurance of a revenue, 98 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and consequently, in 1S40, the Legislature repealed the improve- Dient laws passed three years previously, nut, however, until the State had accumulated a debt of nearly $15,00(',0U0. Tiius fe 1, after a short but eventful life, by the hands of its creator, the most stupendous, extravagant and almost ruinous folly of a grand sj'S- tem of internal improvements that any civil community, perhaps, ever engaged in. The State banks failed, specie was scarce, an enormous debt was accumulated, the interest of which could not be paid, people were disappointed in the accumulation of wealth, and real estate was worthless. All this had a tendency to create a desire to throw off the heavy burden of State debt by repudiation. This was boldly advocated by some leading men. The fair fame and name, however, of the State was not tarnished by repudiation. Men, true, honest, and able, were placed at the head of affairs; and thouorh the hours were dark and e-oomv, and the times most trv- ing, yet our grand old State was brought through and prospered, until to-day, after the expenditure of millions for public improve- ments and for carrying on the late war, she has, at present, a debt of only about S3uO,000. MAETYR FOR LIB/IRTY. The year 1S37 is memorable for the death of the first martyr for liberty, and the abolishment of American slavery, in the State. Elijah P. Lovejoy was shot by a mob in Alton, on the night of the 7th of November of that year, lie was at the time editor of the Alton Obia?em Decatur Chicago Camp Butler. . . Chicago Ga'ena Camp Bntler. .. Peoria Camp Butler. . . Camp Butler. . Quincy Camp "Douglas. Geneva.. . . Ottawa Anna Camp Doufflae Shawncctown .. Camp Douglas. Camp Douglas «t Louis, Mo.. Anna . Carrollton Anna Anna Camp Butler. . . Camn Douglas. St. Lou'«. Mo. . Camp DoTglas. Camp Butler.. . Camp Donclas. Camp Butler.. . Camp Douglas. <§§ gS T'cr 1747 1853 1265 1759 1384 1675 1112 2015 20-28 1833 1259 2043 11195 1817 1260 1164 1982 989 1082 1602 1193 19.39 1547 1^78 1973 1711 1660 1558 1012 1593 1157 1388 1807 1277 1211 1824 1902 1512 1710 2015 2051 1874 1482 1761 1550 1519 14 4 1720 l':87 1180 2202 17C2 1647 1385 1730 1.'28 1624 1684 1694 979 889 912 1006 940 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 139 ScnEDULE — Showing statement of volunteer troops organized within the State, and sent to the field, conimouciu!:; April, 1861, and ending December 31, 18()5, wth iminher of regiment, name of original commanding citHcer, date of organization and muster into United States' service, place of muster, and the aggregate strength of each organization, INFANTRY. 7.^ 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 loo 101 102 103 IO4 IO5 106 lOr 108 IO9 llO 111 II2 113 114 II5 116 117 118 119 120 121 12-2 12H 124 125 126 127 12s 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Commanding officer at organiza-Date of organization and Place where mustered tion. muster into the United into the United State- States Bervice. Col. Fredericli A. Starring " Jas. F. Jaquess. " Jason Marsh " George Ryan " Alouzo W. Mack ■' David P. Grier "■ W. H. Bennison '■ Lyman Guinuip " Thos.G. Olen " Jas. J. Do.lins '• Frederick Hecker '^ AhuerC. Harding " Louis H. Waters " Roberts. Moore " David D. Irons " John E. Whiting " F. T. Sherman. ■' John Christopher " Timothy O'Mera '■ Henry M. Day •' Smith D. Atkins '■ Holden Putnam '• Wm. vV. Orme ... ' ■ Lavvr'n S. Church " Thos. E. Champion " P.S.Rutherford '• J.J. Funkhouser " G. W. K. Biiiley '• Fred. A. Bartlesou " Chas. H. Fox " Wm. McMurtry -. . " Amos C. Babcock A " Absalom R. Moore .., " Daniel Diistin '' Robert B. Latham " Thomas Snell " John Warner " Alex. J. Nimmo '• Thos. S. Casey •' James S. Martin '" T. J. Henderson '• Geo. B. Hoge •' James W. Judy " Jesse H. Moore " Nathan H. Tupper •' Risden M. Moore •' John G. Fonda.. " Thos. J. Kenney '■ George W. McKeaig Never organized Col. John I. Riuaker James Moore Thomas J. Sloan Oscar F. Harmon Jonathan Richmond John VanArmau Robert M. Hudley George P. Smith Nathaniel Niles George W. Neeley Thomas C. Pickett Thad. Phillips W. W MeChesney John S.Wolfe Aug. 31, 1862., Sept. 4. 1862... ;5ept. 2. 1862.. 'Ug 22,1862. *Sept. 3. l-i6i. Sept. 1. 18ti2.. Aug. 28, 862. . Aug. 25, 1862... Aug. 2b, 1862.. Aug. 21, 1862.. Sept. 1, 1862. . Aug. 27, 1862 Sept. 22, 1862. . Aug. 27, 1862... *Aug 25, 18(i ;. Nov. 22, 1862.. Sept. 8, 1862... Sept. 4,1862... Oct. 13,1862.... Aug. 20,1862... Sept. 4, I8ii2... Sept. 6, 1862... Sept. 8, 18!J2.. Sept. 3, 1H62 .. Aug. 26, 1862. . Aug. 30, 1862. Sept. 2, 1862... Oct, 2, 1862. . . Aug. 27, 1862. Sept. 2, 1862. Sept. 17, 1862. Sept. 4,1862.. Aug. 28, 1862. Sept. 11, 1861. Sept. IS, 1862. Sept. 12. 1862. . Oct. 1. 1862. . . . Sept. 18, 1862.. Sept. 13, 1S62.. Sept. 30 1862.. Sept. 19, 1862.. Nov 29. 1S62. Oct. 7, 18G2... Oct. 29, 1862... Sept. 4,1862.. Sept. 6 1S62 . Sept. 10. 1862. Sept. 4, 1863.. *Sept. 5, 1862. Dec 18, 1862.. Sept. 8, 1862.. Oct. 25.1865.. Nov. 13,1862.. Junel, 1864.. May 31,1864.. June 6, 1864. eervice. Camp Douglas Camp tiutler Rockford Dixon Kankakee Peoria.., (iuincy Danville ijentralia .inna Camp Butler Monmouth Quiucy Peoria Peoria Shawneetown (.^amp Douglas Camp Douglas Camp Douglas Camp Butler Rockford ... . Princeton and Chicago. Bloomingtou, Rockford Rockford Camp Butler Centralia , Florence, Pike Co., Joliet Jacksonville Kuoxville peoria... Ottawa Chicago Lincoln Camp Butler Peoria Anna Anna Sa em. .- Peoria Camp Douglas Camp Butler Camp Butler Decatur Camp Butler Camp Butler Quincv CampButler Carlinville Mattoon.. Camp Butler... Danville Chicasjo Camp^Douglas . Camp Butler... Poutiac Camp Butter... Camp Massac. Camp Fry Camp Butler. Camp Fry Mattoon >■ N cnftQ EC -JMQ rt- ^ T c n> D 1) • o :? P ^ VP* li7l 968 989 961' 1110 1061 1U28 974 928 llfi7 961 1286 956 959 993 994 907 1.85 958 1041 1265 1036 1091 1427 1306 1082 1078 936 921 911 998 917 977 1001 1097 944 927 967 873 994 1095 1258 990 960 952 995 1101 952 844 '934 1050 1130 933 998 9.57 866 1011 932 880 853 851 878 852 140 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ScHEDCLE— Showing statement of volunteer troop? organized within the State, and sent to the field, commencini: April, 1861, and ending December 31, 1865. with numher of regiment, name of original commaiidin-^ officer, date of organization and mnster into United States' service, place of muster, and the aggregate strengih'of each orgauizaiiou. INFANTRY. Commanding officer at organiza- iDate of organization and Place where mustered tion. 13 13 136 139 140 I4li 142| 143 144! 145' 146' 1471 148 149 I'O 15t 152 153 154 155 156 Col. Fred. A. Johns.. .. '• Jehu Wood " J. W. Goodwin " Priier Davidson •• L. H. v\ hituey "• Stephen Brouson.. *• RoUiu V. Aiiliuey. '• Dudley C. Smith... '• Oyrus'llall.. " Georiie W. Lackey " Henry H. Dean •• lliram F. bick'es. . " Horace II. Wilsie. . " Wm. (". KuefTner. . " George ^v. Keener. " French B. ^Voodall " F. D. Stephenson. . " Stephen Brouson. . " McLean F. Wood. . " Gnstavus A. Smith " Alfred F. Smith... " J. W. Vipon " John A. Bross iCapt. . I ohn Curtis I '• Simon J. Stookey. " James Stecic muster into the Uniiedi States service. into the United States service > ;une 1. 1864... June 5. 1864.. June 21. 1864. June 1. 1864.. June 18, l!r64. June 36, 1864. June 18, 1864. Jquc ll,lfc64. Oct. 21,1864.. Iunc9. 1864.. Sept. 20, ]?64. Feb. 18, 1865.. Feb. 11, 1863. . Feb. 14, 1863 Feb. 25, 1865.. Feb. 18, 1865.. Feb. 27, 18o5. . Feb. 22. 1865. Fob. 28. 1865 . March 9. 1865. Dec. 1, 1861 . June '21, 1864.. June 15, 1S64. Centralia Quincy Qaiucy Peoria Camp Butler.. Elgin Caiup Butler.. MattooD A ton. Ills Camp Butler.. Camp Butler.. Chicago Quincy CampButlcr. . Camp Butler.. Quincy CimpButler. . Chicago Camp^Butler. . Camp Butler.. Chicago. Chicago Quir.cy ( .nmpBntler. . Camp Butler.. Chicasro 842 849 835 878 871 842 fe51 665 1159 8S0 1056 1047 917 983 93^^ 970 94.3 1076 994 929 973 985 903 91 90 86 CAAALRY. 3 4 5 6 I 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Cot. Thomas A. Marshall. . . . '• Silas Nob'e " Eugene A . Carr " T.Lyle Dickey " John J. Updegraff " Thomas U. Cavanaugh. " Wm. Pitt Ke'logg . .... " John F. Farnsworth.. .. " Albert G. Brackett " James A. Barrett " Roberto. IngersoU. . .. '• Arno Vo*s " Joseph W.Bell *' Horace Capron " ^ arreu Stewart •' Christian Thielman " John L. Beveridge 62 June. 1861.... Aug. 24. " . . Sept. 21, •' .. Sept. 30. " ... December " . Nov., '61, Jan August, "61.. ■ -ept. 18. '61 Oct. 26, '61 Nov. 25. 61 Dec. ax "61 Dec, -61. Feb.. "62, Jan. 7, '63 Organized Dec. 25, '63. Jan. and April, "fri. . . . Jan. 28, '64 'Bloomiugton... 'Camp Butler .. (Camp Butler... I Ottawa jCamp BiU'er. .. Camp Butler... Camp Butler. . . St. t harles. . .. Camp Douglas. C.imp Butler... Peoria Cfimp Butler. . Camp Douglas. Peoria Camp Bnt'er. . . Camp Butler... St. Charles 1206 1861 2l?3 1656 1669 2348 228' 2412 2619 l-!'34 2362 •2174 1759 1565 1473 1468 1247 FIRST REGIMENT— ILLINOIS LIGHT AETILLERY. Co Field and Staff A.Capt. B C D £ F G H I K L M C. M.Willard Ezra Taylor C. Haughtalins Edward Mc.Mlister. A. C. Waterhouse.. John T. Cheney .. . Arthur O'Leary Axel Si'versparr Edward Bouton. . . A. Franklin John Ronrke John B.Miller Recruits Oct. 31,1P61 •Tan. 14. "62 Dec. 19, 'Ki Feb. 2.3, ■6> Feb. 28 "62 ^Cairn . Feh. 20. '62 'Chicago Feb. 15, ■6-> iChicago Ian. 9, ■(i2 '^ji^^^nectown Chicago Chicago . ... Ottawa Plaiufield .... Chicago . ... Camp Butler. Feb. 22, "62. Aug. 12, '62 Chicaeo . (- hicago . 168 204 175 141 148 159 113 147 169 ?6 153 154 883 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 141 ScjHEDULE— Showing statement of volunteer troops organized witWn the State, and sent to the field commencinL: April, 18G1, and ending Decembcr"3l, 1865, witli number of regiment, name of original commnndinij officer, date of organization and muster into United States service, place of muster, and the aggregate strength of each organization. LIGHT ARTILLERY. 9 Commanding officer at organiza- tion. Date of organization and muster into the United States service. Place where mustered into the United States service. > 'if To- SECOND REGIMENT— ILLINOIS LIGHT ARTILLERY. A B C D E F G H I K L M Capt. Peter Davidson Riley Madison Caleb Hopkins Jasper Al. Dresser Adolph Schwartz John W. Powell .. Chiirles J. Stolbrand.. Andrew Steinbeck — Charles W. Keith. ... Benjamin F. Rogers.. William H Bolton.... John C. Phillips June 6, '63. Field and Staff Recruits Aug. U, 1661 Peoria. June 20, '61 ; Spri ngfield Aug. 5, '61 Cairo Dec. 17, '61 ICairo Feb. 1, "62 'Cairo. Dec. 11, '61. Dec. 31, '61. Feb. 28, '62. Cape Girardeau, Mo... Camp Butler Camp Butler Camp Butler Camp Butler Chicago Chicago 116 127 154 117 136 190 108 115 107 108 145 100 10 1171 INDEPENDENT BATTERIES. Board of Trade Springfield Mercantile — Elgin Coggswell'e... Henshaw's — Bridges' Colvin's Busteed's Capt. James S. Stokes Thomas F. Vaughn.. " Charles G. Cooley.. . " George W. Reuwick. " WiMam Coggswell.. " Ed. (\ Heushftw " Lvman Bridges " JohnH. Colvin July 31, 1862 IChicago Aug. 'VI, "62 iCamp Butler. . Aug. 29. '63 iChicago Nov. 1.", '62 Elgin Sept 23, '61 ..Camp Douglas. Oct. 15. '62 Ottawa •Ian. 1. 62 Chicago Oct. 10, '63 Chicago IChicago 258 199 270 242 221 196 252 »l 127 RE C APITUL ATI ON . I^f^ntry 185,941 Cavalry 3i 083 Artillery 7.277 DUELS. The code of chivalry so common among Southern gentlemen and so frequently brought into nse in settling personal differences has also been called to settle the " affiiirs of honor " in our own State, however, but few times, and those in the earlier days. Several attempts at duels have occurred; before the disputants met in mortal combat the differences were amicably and satisfactorily settled; honor was maintained without the sacrifice of life. In 1810 a law was adopted to suppress the practice of dueling. This law held the fatal result of dueling to be murder, and, as it was intended, had the effect of making it odious and' dishonorable. Prior to the constitution of 1848, parties w-ould evade the law by 142 HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. going beyond the jurisdiction of the State to engage in their con- tests of honor. At that time they incorporated in the Constitution an oath of (jffice, which was so broad as to cover the whole world. Any person who had ever fought a duel, ever sent or accepted a challenge or acted the part of second was disfranchised from holding office, even of minor importance. After this went into eifect, no other duel or attempt at a duel has been engaged in within the State of Illinois, save those fought by parties living outside of the State, who came here to settle their personal differences. THE FIRST DUEL. The first duel fought within the boundaries of this great State was between two young military officers, one of the French and the other of the English army, in the year 1765. It was at the time the British troops came to take possession of Fort Chartres, and a woman was the cause of it. The affair occurred early Sunday morning, near the old fort. They fought with swords, and in the combat one sacrificed his life. BOND AND JONES. In 1809 the next duel occurred and was bloodless of itself, but out of it grew a quarrel which resulted in the assassination of one of the contestants. The principals wei-e Shadrach Bond, the first Governor, and Rice Jones, a bright young lawyer, who became quite a politician and the leader of his party. A personal difference arose between the two, which to settle, the parties met for mortal combat on an island in the Mississippi. The weapons selected were hair- trigger pistols. After taking their position Jones' weapon was prematurely discharged. Bond's second, Dunlap, now claimed that according to tlie code Bond had the right to the next fire. But Bond would not take so great advantage of his opponent, and said it was an accident and would not fire. Such noble conduct touched the generous nature of Jones, and the difficulty was at once amicably settled. Dunlap, however, bore a deadly hatred for Jones, and one day while he was standing in the street in Kaskaskia, conversing with a lady, lie crept up behind him and shot him dead in his tracks. Dunlap successfully escaj^ed to Texas. EECTOR AND BAKTON. in 1812 the bloody code again brought two young men to the field of honor. They were Thomas Eector, a son of Capt. Stephen IIHliii.'lPlii. rjlilfSl f fiMilnliiif'iN '■ill'; I 'lip o I— ( ? < Q n Q 5?; o pi M Of 'I HE MlVrft'ollV Cf ILLINOIS HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 145 Rector who bore such a noble part in the war of 1812, and Joshua Barton. Thej liad espoused the quarrel of older brothers. The affair occurred on Bloody Island, in the Mississippi, but in the limits of Illinois. This place was frequented so often by Missou- rians to settle personal difficulties, that it received the name of Bloody Island. Barton fell in this conflict. STEWART AND BENNETT. In 1819 occurred the first duel fought after the admission of the State into the Union. This took place in St. Clair county between Alphonso Stewart and William Bennett. It was intended to be a sham duel, to turn ridicule against Bennett, the challenging party- Stewart was in the secret but Bennett was left to believe it a reality. Their guns were loaded with blank cartridges. Bennett, suspecting a trick, put a ball into his gun without the knowledge of his seconds. The word "fire" \yas^ .given, and Stewart fell mortally wounded. Bennett made, his escfape, but was subsequently captured, convicted of murder and suffei'Cd' the penalty of the law by hanging. PEARSON AND BAKER. In 1840 a personal difference arose between two State Senators, Judge Pearson and E. D. Baker. The latter, smarting under the epithet of " falsehood," threatened to chastise Pearson in the public streets, by a " fist fight." Pearson declined making a "blackguard'' of himself but intimated a readiness to fight as gentlemen, accord- ing to the code of honor. The affair, however, was carried no further. HARDIN AND DODGE. The exciting debates in the Legislature in 1840-'41 were often bitter in personal "slings," and threats of combats were not infrequent. During these debates, in one of the speeches by the Hon. J. J. Hardin, Hon. A. E. Dodge thought he discovered a personal insult, took exceptions, and an " affair " seemed imminent. The controversy was referred to friends, however, and amicably settled. m'clernand and smith. Hon. John A. McClernand, a member of the House, in a speech delivered during the same session made charges against the Whig Judges of the Supreme Court. This brought a note from Judge 146 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. T. "W. Smith, bv the hands of his " friend '' Dr. Merriman, to MeClernand. This was construed as a challenge, and promptly accepted, naming the place of meeting to be Missouri; time, early; the weapons, rifles; and distance, 40 paces. At this critical junc- ture, the Attorney General had a warrant issued against the Judge, whereupon he was arrested and placed under bonds to keep the peace. Thus ended this attempt to vindicate injured honor. LIXCOLX AND SHIELDS. During the hard times subsequent to the failure of the State and Other banks, in 1S4'2, specie became scarce while State money was plentiful, but worthless. The State officers thereupon demanded specie payment for taxes. This was bitterly op]xised, and so fiercely contested that the collection of tiixes was suspended. Daring the period of the greatest indignation toward the State officials, under the nom de plume of "Rebecca,"' Abraham Lincoln had an article published in the San^anw Journal, entitled " Lost Township.'* In this article, written in the form of a dialogue, the officers of the State were roughly handled, and especially Auditor Shields. The name of the author was demaded from the editor by Mr. Shields, who was very indignant over the manner in which he was treated. The name of Abraham Lincoln was given as the author. It is claimed by some of his biographers, however, that the article was prepared by a lady, and that when the name of the author was demanded, in a spirit of gallantry, Mr. Lincoln gave his name. In company with Gen. Whiteside, Gen. Shields pur- sued Lincoln to Tremont, Tazewell county, where he was in attend- ance upon the court, and immediately sent him a note "requiring a full, positive and absolute retraction of all offensive allusions'' made to him in relation to his "private character and standing as a man, or an apology for the insult conveyed." Lincoln bad been forewarned, however, for William Butler and Dr. Merriman. of Springfield, had become acquainted with Shields' intentions and by riding all night arrived at Tremont ahead of Shields and informed Lincoln what he might expect Lincoln answered Shields' note, refusing to offer any explanation, on the grounds that Shields' note assumed the fact of his (Lincoln's) authorship of the article, and not pointing out what the offensive part was. and accompanying the same with threats as to consequences. Mr. Shields answered this, disavowing all intention to menace: inquired if he was the author. IlISTOKy OF ILLINOIS. 147 HHlccd a retraction of that portion relating to his private cliaracter. Mr. Liacohi, still technical, returned this note with the verbal statement " that tliere could be no further negotiations until the first note was withdrawn." At this Shields named Gen. White- side as his " friend," when Lincoln reported Dr. Merriman as his "friend." These gentlemen secretly pledged themselves to ao'ree upon some amicable terras, and compel their principals to accept them. The four went to Springfield, when Lincoln left for Jack- sonville, leaving the following instructions to guide his friend, Dr. Merriman: " In case Whiteside shall signify a wish to adjust this affair with- out further difficulty, let him know that if the present papers be withdrawn and a note from Mr. Shields, asking to know if I am the author of the articles of which he complains, and asking that I shall make him gentlemanly satisfaction, if I am the author, and this without menace or dictation as to what that satisfaction shall be, a pledge is made that the following answer shall be given: I did write the "Lost Township " letter which appeared in the Journal of the 2d Inst., l)ut had no participation, in any form, in any other article alluding to you. I wrote that wholly for political effect. I had no intention of injuring your personal or private character or standing, as a man or gentleman ; and I did not then think, and do not now thiuk, that that article could produce or has pro- duced that effect against you; and, had I anticipated such an effect, would hive foreborne to write it. And I will add thit your conduct toward me, so far a3 I know, had always been gentlemanly, and that I had no personal pique against you, and no cause for any. _ " If this should be done, I leave it to you to manage what shall and what shall not be published. If nothing like this is done, the preliminaries of the fight are to be: " 1st. Weapons. — Cavalry broad swords of the largest size, pre- cisely equal in all respects, and such as are now used by the cavalry company at Jacksonville. " 2d. Position. — A plank ten feet long and from nine to twelve inches broad, to be firmly fixed on edge, on the ground, as a line between us which neither is to pass his foot over on forfeit of his life. Next a line drawn on the ground on either side of said plank, and parallel with it, each at the distance of the whole length of the sword, and three feet additional from the plank; and the passing of his own such line by either party during the fight, shall be deemed a surrender of the contest. 148 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. "3d. Time. — On Thursday evening at 5 o'clock, if you can p;et it so; but in no case to be at a greater distance of time than Friday evening at 5 o'clock. "4tli. Place. — Within three miles of Alton, on the opposite side of the river, the particular spot to be agreed on by you. " Any preliminary details coming within the above rules, you are at liberty to make at your discretion, but you are in no case to swerve from these rules, or pass beyond their limits." The position of the contestants, as prescribed by Lincoln, seems to have been such as both would have been free from comino^ in contact with the sword of the other, and the first impression is that it is nothing more than one of Lincoln's jokes, tie possessed very long arms, however, and could reach his adversary at the stipulated distance. Not being amicably arranged, all parties repaired to the field of combat in Missouri. Gen. Hardin and Dr. English, as mutual friends of both Lincoln and Shields, arrived in the meantime, and after much correspondence at their earnest solicitation the affair was satisfactorily arranged, Lincoln making a statement similar to the one above referred to. SHIELDS AXD BUTLER. William Butler, one of Lincoln's seconds, was dissatisfied with the bloodless termination of the Lincoln-Shields afiair, and wrote an account of it for the Sangamo Journal. This article reflected dis- creditably upon both the principals engaged in that controversy. Shields replied by the hands of his friend Gen. Whiteside, in a curt, menacing note, which was promptly accepted as a challenge by Butler, and the inevitable Dr. Merriman named as his friend, who submitted the following as preliminaries of the fight: Time. — Sunrise on the following morning. Place. — Col. Allen's farm (about one mile north of State House.) Weapons. — Bifles. Distance'. — One hundred yards. The parties to stand with their right sides toward each other — the rifles to be held in both hands horizontally and cocked, arras extended downwards. Neither pai'ty to move his person or his rifle after being placed, before the word fire. The signal to be: "Are you ready? Fire! one — two— three!" about a second of HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 149 time intervening between each word. Neither party to fire before the word " fire," nor after the word " three." Gen. Whiteside, in language curt and abrupt, addressed a note to Dr. Merriman declining to accept the terms. Gen. Sliields, how- ever, addressed anotlier note to Butler, explaining the feelings of his second, and ofi*ering to go out to a lonely place on the prairie to figlit, where there would be no danger of being interrupted; or, if that did not suit, he would meet him on his own conditions, when and where he pleased. Butler claimed the affair was closed and declined the proposition. WHITESIDE AND MEKRIMAN. Now Gen. Whiteside and Dr. Merriman, who several times had acted in the capacity of friends or seconds, were to handle the deadly weapons as principals. While second in the Shields-Butler Jlasco, Wluteiide declined the terms proposed by Butler, in curt and abrupt language, stating that tlie place of combat could not be dictated to him, for it was as much his right as Merriman's, who, if he was a gentleman, would recognize and concede it. To this Merriman replied by the hands of Capt. Lincoln. It will be remembered that Merriman had acted in the same capacity for Lin- coln. Whiteside then wrote to Merriman, asking to meet him at St. Louis, when he would hear from him further. To this Merri- man replied, denying his right to name place, but offered to meet in Louisiana, Mo. This Whiteside would not agree to, but later signified his desire to meet him there, but the affair being closed, the doctor declined to re-open it. PRATT AND CAMPBELL. These two gentlemen were members of the Constitutional Con- vention of 1847, and both from Jo Davies county. A dispute arose which ended in a challenge to meet on the field of honor. They both repaired to St. Louis, but the authorities gaining knowledge of their bloody intentions, had both parties arrested, w^iich ended this " affair." DKESS AND MANNERS. The dress, habits, etc., of a people throw so much light upon their conditions and limitations that in order better to show the circum- stances surrounding the people of the State, we will give a short 150 HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. exposition of the manner of life of our Illinois people at different epochs. The Indians themselves are credited by Charlevoix with bein^ " very laborious," — raising poultry, spinning the wool of the buffalo and manufacturing garments therefrom. These must have been, however, more than usually favorable representatives of their race. " The working and voyaging dress of the French masses," says Reynolds, "was simple and primitive. The French were like the lilies of the valley (the Old Ranger was not always exact in his quotations), — they neither spun nor wove any of their clothing, but purchased it from the merchants. The white blanket coat, known as the capot, was the universal and eternal coat for the winter with the masses. A cape was made of it that could be raised over the head in cold weather. " In the house, and in good weather, it hung behind, a cape to the blanket coat. The reason that I know these coats so well is, that I have worn many in my youth, and a working man never wore a better garment. Dressed deer-skins and blue cloth were worn commonly in the winter for pantaloons. The blue handkerchief and the deer-skin moccasins covered the head' and feet generally of the French Creoles. In 1800, scarcely a man thought himself clothed unless he iiad a belt tied around his blanket coat, and on one side was hung the dressed skin of a pole-cat, tilled with tobacco, pipe, flint and steel. On the other side was fastened, under the belt, the the butcher-knife. A Creole in this dress felt like Tarn O'Shanter tilled with usquebaugh; he could face the devil. Checked calico shirts were then common, bul in winter flannel was frequently worn. In the summer the laboring men and the voyagers often took their shirts off in hard work and hot weather, and turned out the naked back to the air and sun." " Among the Americans," he adds, " home-made wool hats were the common wear. Fur hats were not feommon, and scarcely a boot was seen. The covering of the feet in winter was chiefly moccasins made of deer-skins, and shoe packs of tanned leather. Some wore shoes, but not common in very early times. In the summer the greater portion of the young people, male and female, and many of the old, went barefoot. The substantial and universal outside wear was the blue linsey hunting-shirt. This is an excellent garment, and I have never felt so happy and healthy since I laid it off. It is ! »■ I ' LIBRARV OF THE ilY OF ILliNOIS. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 153 made of wide sleeves, open before, with ample size so as to envelop the body almost twice around. Sometimes it had a large cape, which answers well to save the shoulders from the rain. A belt is mostly used to keep the garment close around the person, and, nevertheless, there is nothing tight about it to hamper the body. It is often fringed, and at times the fringe is composed of red, and other gay colors. The belt, frequently, is sewed to the hunting-shirt. The vest was mostly made of striped linsey. The colors were made often with alum, copperas and madder, boiled with the bark of trees, in such a manner and proportions as the old ladies prescribed. The pantaloons of the masses were generally made of deer-skin and linsey. Course blue cloth was sometimes made into pantaloons. " Linsey, neat and fine, manufactured at home, composed generally the outside garments of the females as well as the males. The ladies had linsey colored and woven to suit their faiicy. A bonnet, composed of calico, or some gay goods, was worn on the head when they were in the open air. Jewek-y- on the pioneer ladies was uncommon; a gold ring wa^.g^n oniameVit not often seen." In 1820 a change of dress began "to take place, and before 1830, according to Ford, most of the pioneer costume had disappeared. "The blue linsey hunting-shirt, with red or white fringe, had given place to the cloth coat. [Jeans would be more like the fact.] The raccoon cap, with the tail of the animal dangling down behind, had been thrown aside for hats of wool or fur. Boots and shoes had supplied the deer-skin moccasins; and the leather breeches, strapped tight around the ankle, had disappeared before unmentionables of a more modern material. The female sex had made still greater pro. gress in dress. The old sort of cotton or woolen frocks, spun, woven and made with their own fair hands, and striped and cross-barred with blue dye and turkey red, had given place to gowns of silk and calico. The feet, before in a state of nudity, now charmed in shoes of calf-skin or slippers of kid; and the head, formerly unbonneted, but covered with a cotto.i handkerchief, now displayed the charms of the female face under many forms of bonnets of straw, silk and leghorn. The young ladies, instead of walking a mile or. two to church on Sunday, carrying their shoes and stockings in their hands until within a hundred yards of the place of worship, as formerly, now came forth arrayed complete in all the pride of dress, mounted on fine horses and attended by their male admirers." 154 HISTORY or ILLINOIS. The last half century has doubtless witnessed changes quite as great as those set forth by our Illinois historian. The chronicler of to day, looking back to the golden days of 1830 to 1840, and comparing them with the present, must be struck with the tendency of an almost monotonous uniformity in dress and manners that comes from the easy inter communication afforded by steamer, rail- way, telegraph and newspaper. Home manufacturers have been driven from the household by the lower-priced fabrics of distant mills. The Kentucky jeans, and the copperas-colored clothing of home manufacture, so familiar a few years ago, have given place to the cassi meres and cloths of noted factories. The ready-made- clothing stores, like a touch of nature, made the whole world kin- and may drape the charcoal man in a dress-coat and a stove-pipe hat. The prints and silks of England and France give a variety of choice, and an assortment of colors and shades such as the pioneer women could hardly have dreamed of. Godey, and Demorest, and Harper's Bazar are found in our modern farm-houses, and the latest fashions of Paris are not uncommon. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ILLIXOIS. In area the State has 55,410 square miles of territory. It is about 150 miles wide and 400 miles long, stretching in latitude from Maine to Xorth Carolina. The climate varies from Portland to Richmond. It favors every product of the continent, including the tropics, with less than half a dozen exceptions. It produces every great food of the world except bananas and rice. It is hardly too much to say that it is the most productive spot known to civil- ization. "With the soil full of bread and the earth full of minerals; with an upper surface of food and an under layer of fuel; with per- fect natural drainage, and abundant springs, and streams, and navi- gable rivers; half way between the forests of the Korth and the fruits of the South; within a day's ride of the great deposits of iron, coal, copper, lead and zinc; and containing and controlling the great grain, cattle, pork and lumber markets of the world, it is not strange that Illinois has the advantage of position. There are no mountains in Illinois; in the southern as well as in the northern part of the State there are a few hills; near the banks of the Illinois, Mississippi, and several other rivers, the ground is HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 155 elevated, forming the so-called bluffs, on which at the present day may be found, unetfaced by the hand of Time, the marks and traces left by the water which was formerly much higher; whence it may be safe to conclude that, where now the fertile prairies of Illinois extend, and the rich soil of the country yields its golden harvests, must have been a vast sheet of water, the mud deposited l)y which formed the soil, thus accounting for the present great fertility of the country. Illinois is a garden 400 miles long and 150 miles wide. Its soil is chiefly a black, sandy loam, from 6 inches to 60 feet thick. About the old French towns it has yielded corn for a century and a half without rest or help. She leads all other States in the number of acres actually under plow. Her mineral wealth is scarcely second to her agricultural power. She has coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, many varieties of building stone, marble, fire clay, cuma clay, common brick clay, sand of all kinds, gravel, mineral paint, — in fact, everything needed for a high civilization. AGRICULTURE. If any State of the Union is adapted for agriculture, and the other branches of rural economy relating thereto, such as the raising of cattle and the culture of fruit trees, it is pre-eminently Illinois, Her extremely fertile prairies recompense the farmer at less trouble and expense than he would be obliged to incur elsewhere, in order to obtain the same results. Her rich soil, adapted by nature for immediate culture, only awaits the plow and the seed in order to mature, within a few months, a most bountiful harvest, A review of statistics will be quite interesting to the reader, as well as valuable, as showing the enormous quantities of the various cereals produced in our prairie State: In 18 T6 there was raised in the State 130,000,000 of bushels of corn, — twice as much as any other State, and one-sixth of all the corn raised in the United States. It would take 375,000 cars to transport this vast amount of corn 1o market, which would make 15,000 trains of 25 cars each. She liarvested 2,747,000 tons of hay, nearly one- tenth of all the hay in the Republic, It is not generally appreciated, but it is true, that the hay crop of the country is worth more than the cotton crop. The hay of Illinois equals the cotton of Louisiana- 156 HISTORY OF ILLINv>IS. Go to Charleston, S. C, and see them peddling handfuls of hay or grass, almost as a curiosity, as we regard Chinese gods or the cryo- lite of Greenland; drink your coffee and condensed milk; and walk back from the coast for many a league through the sand and burs till you get up into the better atmosphere of the mountains, with- out seeing a waving meadow or a grazing herd; then you will begin to appreciate tlie meadows of tlie Prairie State. The value of her farm implements was, in 1876, $211,000,000, and the value of live stock was only second to New York. The same year she had 25,000,000 hogs, and packed 2,113,845, about one-half of all that were packed in the United States. She marketed $57,000,000 worth of slaughtered animals, — more than any other State, and a seventh of all tlie States. Illinois excels all other States in miles of railroads and in miles of postal service, and in money orders sold per annum, and in the amount of lumber sold. Illinois was only second in many important matters, taking the reports of 1876. Tliis sample list comprises a few of the more important: Peripanent school fund; total income for educational purposes; number of publishers of books, maps, papers, etc.; value of farm products and implements, and of live stock; in tons of coal mined. The shipping of Illinois was only second to New York. Out of one port daring the business hours of the season of navigation she sent forth a vessel every nine minutes. This did not include canal- boats, which went one every five minutes. No wonder she was only second in number of bankers or in phy- sicians and suro^eons. She was third in colleges, teachers and schools; also in cattle, lead, hay, flax, sorghum and beeswax. She was fourth in population, in children enrolled in public schools, in law schools, in butter, potatoes and carriages. She was fifth in value of real and personal property, in theologi- cal seminaries, and colleges exclusively for women, in milk sold, and in boots and shoes manufactured, and in book-binding. She was only seventh in the production of wood, while she was the twelfth in area. Surely that was well done for the Prairie State. She then had, in 1876, much more wood and growing timber than she had thirty years before. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ;157 A few leading industries will justify emphasis. She manufactured $205,000,000 worth of goods, which placed her well up toward New York and Pennsylvania. The number of her manufacturing establishments increased from 1860 to 1870, 300 per cent. ; capital employed increased 350 per cent.; and the amount of product in- creased 400 per cent. She issued 5,500,000 copies of commercial and financial newspapers, being only second to New York. She had 6,759 miles of railroad, then leading all other States, worth $636,- 458,000, using 3,245 engines, and 67,712 cars, making a train long enouirh to cover one-tenth of the entire roads of the State. Her stations were only five miles apart. She carried, in 1876, 15,795,- 000 passengers an average of 36|- miles, or equal to taking her entire population twice across the State. More tlian two-thirds of her land was within five miles of a railroad, and less than two per cent, was more than fifteen miles away The State has a large financial interest in the Illinois Central railroad. The road was incorporated m 1850, and the State gave each alternate section for six miles on each side, and doubled the price of the remaining land, so keeping herself good. The road received 2,595,000 acres of land, and paid to the State one-seventh of the gross receipts. The State received in 1877, $350,000, and had received up to that year in all about $7,000,000. It was prac- tically the people's road, and it had a most able and gentlemanly management. Add to the above amount the annual receipts from the canal, $111,000, and a large per cent, of the State tax was pro- vided foro GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. Shadrach Bond — Was the first Governor of Illinois. He was a native of Maryland and born in 1773; was raised on a farm; re- ceived a common English education, and came to Illinois in 1794 He served as a delegate in Congress from 1811 to 1815, where he procured the right of pre-emption of public land. He was elected Governor in 1818; was beaten for Congress in 1824 by Daniel P. Cook He died at Kaskaskia, April 11, 1830. Edward Coles — Was born Dec. 15, 1786, in Virginia. His father was a slave-holder; gave his son a collegiate education, and left to him a large number of slaves. These he liberated, giving each head of a family 160 acres of land and a considerable sum of money. 158 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. He was President Madison's private secretary. He came to Illinois in 1819, was elected Governor in 1S22, on the anti-slaver j ticket; moved to Philadelphia in 1833, and died in 1868. Ninian Edwards. — In 1809, on the formation of the Territory of Illinois, Mr. Edwards was appointed Governor, which position he retained until the organization of the State, when he was sent to the United States Senate. Ho was elected Governor in 1826. He was a native of Maryland and bora in 1775; received a collegiate education; was Chief Justice of Kentucky, and a Republican in politics. John Reynolds — AVas born in Pennsylvania in 1788, and came with his j)arents to Illinois in 1800, and in 1830 was elected Gov- ernor on the Democratic ticket, and afterwards served three terras in Congress. He received a classical education, yet was not polished. He was an ultra Democrat; attended the Charleston Conv^ention in 1860, and urged the seizure of United States arsenals by the South. He died in 1865 at Belleville, childless. Josep/i Duncan. — In 183i Joseph Duncan was elected Governor by the Whigs, although formerly a Democrat. He had previously served four terms in Congress. He was born in Kentucky in 1794; had but a limited education; served with distinction in the war of 1812; conducted the campaign of 1832 against Black Hawk. He came to Illinois when quite young. Thomas Carlin — "Was elected as a Democrat in 1838. He had but a meager education; held many minor offices, and was active both in the war of 1812 and the Black Hawk war. He was born in Kentucky in 1789; came to Illinois in 1812, and died at Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852. Thomas Ford — Was born in Pennsvlvania in the year 1800; was brought by his widowed mother to Missouri in 1804, and shortly afterwards to Illinois. He received a good education, studied law; was elected four times Judge, twice as Circuit Judge, Judge of Chicago and Judge of Supreme Court. He was elected Governor by the Democratic party in 1842; wrote his history of Illinois in 1847 and died in 1850. Augustus C. French — Was born in New Hampshire in 1808; was admitted to the bar in 1831, and shortly afterwards moved to Illinois when in 1846 he was elected Governor. On tlie adoption of the Constitution of 1848 he was again chosen, serving until 1853. He was a Democrat m politics. HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 159 Joel A. Matteson — Was born in Jefferson county, IT. Y., in 1808. His father was a fanner, and gave his son only a common school education. He first entered upon active life as a small tradesman, but subsequently became a large contractor and manufacturer. He was ^ heavy contractor in building the Canal. He was elected Gov- ernor in 1853 upon the Democratic ticket. William H. Bissell — Was elected by the Republican party in 1856, He had previously served two terms in Congress; was colonel in the Mexican war and has held minor official positions. He was born in J^ew York State in 1811; received a common educa- tion; came to Illinois early in life and engaged in the medical j)ro- fession. This he changed for the law and became a noted orator, and the standard bearer of the Republican party in Illinois. He died in 1860 while Governor. Richard ITates — "The war Governor of Illinois," was born in Warsaw, Ky., in 1818; came to Illinois in 1831: served two terms in Congress; in 1860 was elected Governor, and in 1865 United States Senator. He was a college graduate, and read law under J. J. Hardin. He rapidly rose in his chosen profession and charmed the people with oratory. He filled the gubernatorial chair during the trying days of the Rebellion, and by his energy and devotion won the title of " War Governor." He became addicted to strong drink, and died a drunkard. Richard J. Ogleshy — Was born in 1824, in Kentucky; an orphan at the age of eight, came to Illinois when only 12 years old. He was apprenticed to learn the carpenter's trade; worked some at farming and read law occasionally. He enlisted in the Mexican War and was chosen First Lieutenant. After his return he again took up the law, bufe during the gold fever of 1819 went to Califor- nia; soon returned, and, in 1852, entered upon his illustrious political career. He raised the second regiment in the State, to suppress the Rebellion, and for gallantry was promoted to Major General. In 1864 he was elected Governor, and re-elected in 1872, and resigned for a seat in the United States Senate. He is a staunch Republican and resides at Decatur. Shelby M. Cullom — Was born in Kentucky in 1828; studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of his profession in 1848; was elected to the State Legislature in 1856, and again in 1860. Served on the war commission at Cairo, 1862, 10 ' HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and was a member of the 39th, 40th and 41st Congress, in all of which he served with credit to his State. He was again elected to the State Legislature in 1872, asd re-elected in 1874, and was elected Governor of Illinois in 1876, which office he still holds, and has administered with marked ability. , LIEUTENANT GOVEKNOES. Pierre Menard — Was the first Lieut. Gov. of Illinois. He was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1767. He came to Illinois in 1790 where he engaged in the Indian trade and became wealthy. He died in 1844. Menard county was named in his honor. Adolphus F . Hiibbard — Was elected Lieut. Gov. in 1822. Four years later he ran for Governor against Edwards, but was beaten. William Kinney — Was elected in 1826. He was a Baptist clergyman; was born in Kentucky in 1781 and came to Illinois in 1793. Zadock Casey — Although on the opposition ticket to Governor Reynolds, the successful Gubernatorial candidate, yet Casey was elected Lieut. Gov. in 1830. He subsequently served several terms in Congress. Alexander M. Jenkins — Was elected on ticket with Gov. Duncan in 1834 by a handsome majority. S. H. Anderson — Lieut. Gov. under Gov. Cariin, was chosen in 1838. He was a native of Tennessee. John Moore — Was born in England in 1793; came to Illinois in 1830; was elected Lieut. Gov. in 1842. He won the name of " Honest John Moore." Joseph B. Wells — Was chosen with Gov. French at his first election m 1846. William McMurtry. — In 1848 when Gov. French was again chosen Governor, William McMurtry of Knox county, was elected Lieut. Governor. Gustavus P. Koerner — Was elected in 1852. He was born in Germany in 1809. At the age of 22 came to Illinois. In 1872 he was a candidate for Governor on Liberal ticket, but was defeated. John Wood — Was elected in 1856, and on the death of Gov, Bissell became Governor. Francis A. Hoffman — Was chosen with Gov. Yates in 1860. He was born in Prussia in 1822, and came to Illinois in 1840. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 161 William Bross — "Was born in New Jersey, came to Illinois in 1848, was elected to office in 1864. John Dougherty — Was elected in 1868. John L. Beveredge — Was chosen Lieut. Gov. in 1872. In 1873 Oglesbj was elected to the U. S. Senate when Beveridge became Governor. Andrew Shuman — Was elected Nov. 7, 1876, and is the present incumbent. SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. Ninian W. Edwards 1854-56 W. H. Powell 1857-58 Newton Batemaa 1859-75 Samuel M. Etter 1876 ATTORNEY GENERALS. Daniel P. Cook 1819 William Hears 1820 Samuel D. Lockwood 1821-22 James Turney 1823-28 George Forquer 1829-32 James Semple , 1833-34 Ninian E. Edwards 1834-35 Jesse B. Thomas, Jr 1835 Walter B. Scales 1836 Asher F. Linder 1837 Geo. W. Olney 1838 Wickliffe Kitchell 1839 Josiali Lamborn 1841-42 James A. McDougall 1843-46 David B. Campbell 1846 [Office abolished and re-created in 1867] Robert G. Ingersoll 1867-68 Washington Bushnell 1869-72 James K. Edsall 1873-79 TREASURERS. John Thomas '. . . .1818-19 R. K. McLaughlin 1819-22 Ebner Field 1823-26 James Hall 18'27-30 John Dement 1831-36 Charles Gregory 1836 John D. Whiteside 1837-40 M. Carpenter 1841-48 John Moore 1848-56 James Miller 1857-60 William Butler 1861-62 Alexander Starne 1863-64 James H. Beveridge 1865-66 George W. Smith 1867-68 Erastus N. Bates 1869-72 Edward Rutz 1873-75 Thomas S. Ridgeway 1876-77 Edward Rutz 1878-79 SECRETARIES OP STATE. Elias K. Kane 1818-22 Samuel D. Lockwood 1822-23 David Blackwell 1823-24 Morris Birkbeck 1824 George Forquer 1825-28 Alexander P. Field 1829-40 Stephen A. Douglas 1840 Lyman Trumbull 1841-42 Thompson Campbell 1843-46 Horace S. Cooley 1846-49 David L. Gregg 1850-52 Alexander Starne 1853-56 Ozias M. Hatch 1857-60 Sharon Tyndale 1865-68 Edward Rummel 1869-72 George H. Harlow 1873-79 162 HISTOKV OF ILLINOIS. AUDITORS. Elijah C. Berry 1818-31 Thompson Campbell 1846 I. T. B. Stapp 1831-35 Jesse K. Dubois 1857-64 Levi Davis 1835-40 Orlin H. Miner 1865-68 James Shields 1841-43 ' Charles E. Lippencott 1869-76 \V. L. D. Evving 1843-45 Thompson B. Needles 1877-79 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Ninian Edwards. — On the organization of the State in 181S, Edwards, the popular Territorial Governor, was chosen Senator for the short term, and in 1819 re-elected for full terra, Jesse B. Thomas — One of the federal judges during the entire Territorial existence was chosen Senator on organization of the . State, and re-elected in 1S23, and served till 1829. John McLean — In 1824 Edwards resigned, and McLean was elected to fill his unexpired term. He was born in North Carolina in 1791, and came to Illinois in 1815; served one term in Congress, and in 1829 was elected to the IT. S. Senate, but the following year died. He is said to have been the most gifted man of his period in Illinois. Elias Kent Kane — Was elected Nov. 30, 1824, for the term be- ginning March 4, 1825. In 1830 he was re-elected, but died before the expiration of his term. He was a native of New York, and in 1814 came to Illinois. He was first Secretarv of State, and after- wards State Senator. David Jewett Baker — Was appointed to fill the unexpired term of John McLean, in 1830, Nov. 12, but the Legislature refused to endorse the choice. Baker was a native of Connecticut, born in 1792, and died in Alton in 1869. John M. Robinson. — Instead of Baker, the Governor's appointee, the Legislature chose Robinson, and in 1^34 lie was re-elected. In 1843 was elected Supreme Judge of the State, but within two months died. He was a native of Kentucky, and came to Illinois while quite young. William L. D. Ewing — Was elected in 1835, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Kane. He was a Kentuckian. Richard M. Yovng — Was elected in 1836, and held his seat from March 4, 1837, to March 4, 1843, a full term. He was a HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 163 native of Kentucky; was Circuit Judge before his election to the Senate, and Supreme Judge in 1842. He died in an insane asyhim at Washington. Samuel Mc Roberts — The first native Illinoisian ever elevated to the high office of U. S. Senator from this State, was born in 1799, and died in 1843 on his return home from Wasliington. Pie was elected Circuit Judge in 1824, and March 4, 1841, took his seat in the IT. S. Senate. Sidney Breese — Was elected to the U. S. Senate, Dec. 17, 1842, and served a full term. He was born in Oneida county, N. Y. He was Major in the Black Hawk war; Circuit Judge, and in 1841 was elected Supreme Judge. He served a full term in the TJ. S. Senate, beginning March 4, 1843, after which he was elected to the Legislature, again Circuit Judge, and, in 1857, to the Supreme Court, which position he held until his death in 1878. James Semjjle — Was the successor of Samuel McRoberts, and" was appointed by Gov. Ford in 1843. He was afterwards elected Judge of the Supreme Court. Stephen A. Douglas — Was elected Dec. 14, 1846. He had pre- viously served three terms as Congressman. He became his own successor in 1853 and ao^ain in 1859. From his first entrance in the Senate he was acknowledged the peer of Clay, Webster and Cal- houn, with whom he served liis first term. His famous contest with Abraham Lincoln for the Senate in 1858 is the most memor- able in the annals of our country. It was called the battle of the giants, and resulted in Douglas' election to the Senate, and Lincoln to the Presidency. He was born in Brandon, Vermont, April 23, 1813, and came to Illinois in 1833, and died in 1861. He was appointed Secretary of State by Gov. Carlin in 1840, and shortly afterward to the Supreme Bench. James Shields — Was elected and assumed his seat in the U. S. Senate' in 1849, March 4. He was born in Ireland in 1810, came to the United States in 1827. He served in the Mexican army, was elected Senator from Wisconsin, and in 1879 from Missouri for a short term. Ijyuian Trumhull — Took his seat in the (J. S. Senate March 4, 1855, and became his own successor in 1861. He had previously served one term in the Lower House of Congress, and served on the Supreme Bench. He was born in Connecticut; studied law 164 HISTORY OF ILLraOTS. and came to Illinois early in life, where for years he was actively engaged in politics. He resides in Chicago. Orvill H. Browning — Was appointed U. S. Senator in 1861, to fill the seat made vacant by the death of Stephen A, Douglas, until a Senator could be regularly elected. Mr. Browning was born in Harrison county, Kentucky; was admitted to the bar in 1831, and settled in Quincy, Illinois, where he engaged in the practice of law, and was instrumental, with his friend, Abraham Lincoln, in form- ing the Republican party of Illinois at the Bloomington Conven- tion. He entered Johnson's cabinet as Secretary of the Interior, and in March, 1868, was designated by the President to perform the duties of Attorney General, in addition to his own, as Secretary of the Interior Department. William A. Richardson — Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1863, to fill the unexpired term of his friend, Stephen A Douglas. He was born in Fayette county, Ky., about 1810, studied law, and settled in Illinois; served as captain in the Mexican War, and, on the battle-field of Buena Vista, was promoted for bravery, by a unanimous vote of his regiment. He served in the Lower House of Congress from 1847 to 1856, continually. Richard Yates — Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1865, serv- ing a full term of six years. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 27, 1873. John A. Logan — Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1871. He was born in Jackson county, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, received a common \ school education, and enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, where he rose to the rank of Regimental Quartermaster. On returning home he studied law, and came to the bar in 1852; was elected in 1858 a Representative to the 36th Congress and re-elected to the 37th Congress, resigning in 1861 to take part in the sup- pression of the Rebellion; served as Colonel and subsequently as a Major General, and commanded, with distinction, the armies of the Tennessee. He was again elected to the U. S. Senate in 1879 for six years. David Davis — Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1877 for a term of six years. He was born in Cecil county, Md., March 9, 1815, graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, studied law, and removed to Illinois in 1835; was admitted to the bar and settled in Bloominj?- ton, where he has since resided and amassed a large fortune. He \ HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 165 was for many years the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, rode the circuit with him each year, and after Lincohi's election to the Presidency, was appointed by him to fill the position of Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. FIFTEENTH CONGRESS. NINETEENTH CONGRESS. John McLean 1818 Daniel P. Cook 1825-26 SIXTEENTH CONGRESS. TWENTIETH CONGRESS. Daniel P. Cook 1819-20 Joseph Duncan 1827-28 SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS. TWENTY-FIRST CONGRESS. Daniel P. Conk 1821-22 Joseph Duncan 1829-30 EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS. TWENTY-SECOND CONGRESS. Daniel P. Cook 1823-24 Joseph Duncan 1831-32 TWENTY-THIRD CONGRESS. Joseph Duncan 1833-34 Zadock Casey 1833-34 TWENTY-FOURTH CONGRESS. Zadock Casey 1835-36 William L. May 1835-36 John Reynolds 1835-36 TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. Zadock Casey 1837-38 William L. May 1837-38 John Reynolds 1837-38 , TWENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. Zadock Casey.. . , 1839-40 John T. Stuart 1839-40 John Reynolds 1839-40 TWENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. Zadock Casey 1841-42 John T. Stuart 1841-42 John Reynolds 1841^2 TWENTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS. Robert Smith 1843-44 Joseph P. Hoge 1843-44 Orlando B. Finklin 1843-44 John J. Hardin 1843-44 Stephen A. Douglas 1843-44 John Wentworth 1843-44 John A. McClernand 1843-44 TWENTY-NINTH CONGRESS. Robert Smith 1845-46 Joseph P. Hoge 1845-46 Stephen A. Douglas 1845-4G John A. McClernand 1845-46 Orlando B. Finklin 1845-46 John Wentworth 1845-46 John J. Hardin 1845 THIRTIETH CONGRESS. John Wentworth 1847-48 Orlando B. Finklin 1847-48 Thomas J. Turner 1847 Robert Smith 1847-48 Abraham Lincoln. 1847-48 William A. Richardson 1847-48 John A. McClernand 1847-48 ]6A llISTORr Oti" iLLlKOI&» THrRTT-FIRST CONGRESS. John A. McCiernand 1849-50 Edward D. Baker 1849-50 John Wentworth 1849-50 William H. Bissell 1849-50 Timothy R. Young 1849-50 Thomas L. Harris 1849 William A. Richardson 1849-50 THIRTY-SECOND CONGRESS. William A. Richardson 1851-52 Richard Yates 1851-52 Thompson Campbell 1851-52 Richard S. Maloney 1851-52 Orlando B. Finkliu 1851-52 Willis 1851-52 John Wentworth 1851-52 William H. Bissell 1851-52 THIRT'^'-THIRD CONGRESS. William H. Bissell 1853-54 Thompson Campbell 1853-54 John C. Allen 1853-54 ^^-James Knox 1853-54 Willis 1853-54 ' Jesse O. Norton 1853-54 Elihu B. Washburne. 1853-54 William A. Richardson 1863-54 Richard Yates 1853-54 THIRTY-FOXniTH CONGRESS Elihu B. Washburne 1855-56 Samuel S. Marshall 1855-56 Lyman Trumbull 1855-56 J. L. D. Morrison.. 1855-56 James H. Wood worth 1855-56 John C. Allen 1855—56 James Knox • . 1855-56 Jesse O. Xorton 1855-56 Thompson Campbell 1855-56 William A. Richardson 1855-56 THIRTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1857-58 Samuel S. Marshall 1857-58 Charles D. Hodges 1857-58 Isaac N. Morris 1857-58 William Kellogg 1857-58 Aaron Shaw 1857-58 Thompson Campbell 1857-58 Robert Smith 1857-58 John F. Farnsworth 1857-58 Thomas L. Harris 1857-58 Owen Lovejoy 1857-58 THIRTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1859-60 John F. Farnsworth 1859-60 John A.Logan 1859-60 Philip B. Fouke 1859-60 Owen Lovejoy 1859-60 Thomas L. Harris 1859-60 John A. McCiernand ia59-60 William Kellogg 1859-60 Isaac N Morris 1859-60 James C. Robinson 1859-60 THIRTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1861-62 Isaac X. Arnold 1861-62 James C. Robinson 1861-62 Philip B. Fouke 1861-62 John A. Logan 1861-62 William Kellogg 1861-62 Owen Lovejoy 1861-62 Anthony L. Knapp 1861-62 John A. McCiernand 1861-62 Williaui A. Richardson 1861-62 THIRTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1863-64 William J. Allen 1863-64 Jesse O. Norton 1863-64 Isaac N. Arnold 1863-64 .James C. Robinson 1863-64 John R. Eden 1863-64 CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, JACKSONVILLE. > ILLIXOIS.INDUSTRIAL rNIVERSITY, CHAMPAIGN-FOUNDED BY^TIIE STATE ENDOWED BY CONGRESS. UBRARY OF THE ■'^fVE^biTY OF ILliNOIS History of Illinois. 169 Lewis W. Ross 1863-64 John T. Stuart 1863-64 Owen Lovejoy 1863-64 William R. Morrison 1863-64 John C. Allen 1863-64 John F. Farnsworth 1863-64 Charles W. Morris 1863-64 Eben C. Ingersoll 1863-64 Anthony L. Klnapp 1863-64 THIRTY-NINTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1865-66 Anthony B. Thornton 1865-66 John Wentworth 1865-66 Abner C. Hardin 1865-66 Eben C. Ingersoll 1865-66 Barton C. Cook 1865-66 Shelby M. Cullom 1865-66 John F. Farnsworth 1865-66 Jehu Baker 1865-66 Henry P. H. Bromwell 1865-66 Andrew Z. Kuykandall 1865-66 Samuel S. Marshall 1865-66 Samuel W. Moulton 1865-66 Lewis W. Ross 1865-66 FORTIETH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1867-68 Abner C. Hardin .1867-68 Eben C. Ingersoll 1867-68 Norman B. Judd 1867-68 Albert G. Burr 1867-68 Burton C. Cook 1867-68 John F. Farnsworth 1867-68 Jehu Baker 1867-68 Henry P. H. Bromwell 1867-68 John A Logan 1867-68 Samuel S. Marshall 1867-68 Green B. Raum 1867-63 Shelby M. Oullom 1867-68 , Le^is W. Ross 1867-68 FORTY-FIRST ; CONGRESS. Norman B. Judd 1869-70 John F. Farnsworth 1869-70 H. C. Burchard 1869-70 John B. Hawley 1869-70 Eben C. Ingersoll 1869-70 Burton C. Cook 1869-70 Jesse H. Moore 1869-70 Shelby- M. Cullom 1869-70 Thomas W. McNeely 1869-70 Albert G. Burr 1869-70 Samuel S. Marshall 1869-70 John B. Hay 1869-70 John M. Crebs 1869-70 John A. Logan .1869-70 FORTY-SECOND CONGRESS. Charles B. Farwell ' 1871-72 John F. Farnsworth :i871-73 Horatio C. Burchard 1871-72 John B. Hawley 1871-72 Bradford N. Stevens 1871-72 Henry Snapp 1871-72 Jesse H. Moore 1871-72 James C Robinson 1871-72 Thomas W. McNeely 1871-72 Edward Y. Rice 1871-72 Samuel S. Marshall 1871-72 John B. Hay 1871-72 John M. Crebs .• 1871-72 John S. Beveredge 1 871-73 FORTY-TUIRD CONGRESS. John B. Rice 1873-74 Jasper D. Ward 1873-74 Charles B. Farwell 1873-74 Stephen A. Hurlbut 1873-74 Horatio C. Burchard 1873-74 John B. Hawlej^ 1873-74 Robert M. Knapp 1873-74 James C. Robinson 1873-74 John B. McNulta 1873-74 .Joseph G. Cannon 1873-74 John R. Eden .1873-74 James S. Martin 1873-74 Franklin Corwin 1873-74 William R. Morrison 1873-74 1^0 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Greenbury L. Fort .1873-74 Granville Barrere l8'<'3-74 William H. Ray 1873-74 Isaac Clements 1873-74 Samuel S. Marshall 1873-74 FORTY-FOCRTH CONGRESS. Bernard G. Caulfield 1875-76 Carter H. Harrison 1875-76 Charles B. Farwell 1875-76 Stephen A. Hurlbut 1875-76 Horatio C. Burchard 1875-76 Thomas J. Henderson 1875-76 Alexander Campbell 1875-76 Greenbury L. Fort 1875-76 Richard H. Whiting 1875-76 John C. Bagby . . . . .^ 1875-76 FORTY-FIFTH William Aldrich 1877-78 Carter H. Harrison 1877-78 Lorenzo Brentano 1877-78 William Lathrop 1877-78 Horatio C. Burchard 1877-78 Thomas J. Henderson 1877-78 Philip C Hayes 1877-78 Greenbury L. Fort 1877-78 Thomas A. Boyd 1877-78 Benjamin F. Marsh 1877-78 FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. Scott Wike ,....1875 William M. Springer 1875 Adlai E. Stevenson 1875 Joseph G. Cannon 1875 John R. Eden 1875 W. A. J. Sparks 1875 William R. Morrison 1875 William Hartzell 1875 William B. Anderson 1875 CONGRESS. Robert M. Knapp 1877- William M. Springer 1877- Thomas F. Tipton 1877- Joseph G. Cannon 1877- John R. Eden 1877- W. A. J. Sparks 1877- William R. Morrison 1877- William Hartzell 1877- Richard W. Townshend 1877 -76 76 76 -76 -76 76 76 76 76 -78 -78 -78 -78 ■78 -78 -78 -78 -78 William Aldrich 1879-80 George R. Davis 1879-80 Hiram Barber 1879-80 John C. Sherwin 1879-80 R. M. A. Hawk 1879-80 Thomas J. Henderson 1879-80 Philip C. Hayes 1879-80 Greenbury L. Fort 1879-80 Thomas A. Boyd 1879-80 Benjamin F. Marsh 1879-80 James W. Singleton 1879-80 William M. Springer 1879-80 A. E. Stevenson 1879-80 Joseph G. Cannon 1879-80 Albert P. Forsythe 1879-80 W. A. J. Sparks 1879-80 William R. IMorrison 1879-80 John R. Thomas 1879-80 R. W. Townshend 1879-80 CHICAGO. While we cannot, in tlie brief space we have, give more than a ineaircr sketch of such a city as Chicago, yet we feel the historj of tlic State would be incomplete without speaking of it> metropolis, the most wonderful city on the globe. In comparing Chicago as it was a few years since with Chicago of to-dav, we behold a change whose veritable existence we should HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 171 be inclined to doubt were it not a stern, indisputable fact. Kapid as is the customary development of places and things in the United States, the growth of Chicago and her trade stands without a parallel. The city is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Chicago river. It lies 14 feet above the lake, having been raised to that grade entirely by the energy of its citizens, its site having originally been on a dead level with the water of the lake. The citj'- extends north and south along the lake about ten miles, and westward on the praii-ie from the lake five or six miles, embrac- ing an area of over 40 square miles. It is divided by the river into three distinct parts, known as the North, West and South Divisions, or "Sides," by vvliich they are popularly and commonly known.. These are connected by 33 bridges and two tunnels. The first settlement of Chicago was made in 1804, during which year Fort Dearborn was lni.ilt. At the close of 1830 Chicago con- tained 12 houses, with a population of about 100. The town was organized in 1833, and incorporated as a- city in 1837. The first frame building was erected in 18o2, and the first brick house in 1833. The first vessel entered the harbor June 11, 1834; and at the first official census, taken July 1, 1837, the entire population was found to be 4,170. In 1850 the population had increased to 29,963; in 1860, to 112,172; in 1870, 298,977; and, according to the customary mode of reckoning from the number of names in the City Directory, the population of 1879 is over 500,000. Nicholas Perrot, a Frenchman, was the first white man to visit the site of Chicago. This he did in 1671, at the instigation of M. Toulon, Governor of Canada. He was sent to invite the Western Indians to a convention at Green Bay. It has been often remarked that the first white man who became a resident of Chicago was a negro. His name was Jean Baptiste Pointe an Sable, a mulatto from the West Indies. He settled there in 1796 and built a rude cabin on the north bank of the main river, and laid claim to a tract of land surrounding it. He disappeared from the scene, and his claim was "jumped" by a Frenchman named Le Mai, who commenced trad- ing with the Indians. A few years later he sold out to John Kin- zie, who was then an Indian trader in the country about St. Joseph, Mich., and agent for tlic American Fur Company, which had traded at Chicago with the Indians for some time; and this 172 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. fact had, probably more than any other, to do with the determina- tion of the Government to establish a fort there. The Indians were growing numerous in that region, being attracted by the facilities for selling their wares, as well as being pressed northward b}' the tide of emigration setting in from the south. It was judged necessary to have some force near that point to keep them in check, as well as to protect the trading interests. Mr. Kinzie moved his family there the same year Fort Dearborn was built and converted the Jean Baptiste cabin into a tasteful dwelling. For about eight years things moved along smoothly. The garri- son was quiet, and the traders prosperous. Then the United States became involved in trouble with Great Britain. The Indians took the war-path long before the declaration of hostilities between the civilized nations, committing great depredations, the most atro- cious of which was the massacre of Fort Dearborn, an account of which may be found in this volume \inder the heading of "The War of 1812." THE GREAT FIRE. From the year 1840 the onward march of the city of Chicago to the date of the great fire is well known. To recount its marvel- ous growth in population, wealth, internal resources and improve- ments and everything else that goes to make up a mighty city, would consume more space than we could devote, however interest- ing it might be. Its progress astonished the world, and its citizens stood almost appalled at the work of their own hands. She was happy, prosperous and great when time brought that terrible Octo- ber night (Oct. 9, 1871) and with it the great fire, memorable as the greatest fire ever occurring on earth. The sensation conveyed to the spectator of this unparalleled event, either through the eye, the ear, or other senses or sympathies, cannot be adequately described, and any attempt to do it but shows the poverty of lan- guage. As a spectacle it was beyond doubt the grandest as \yell as the most appalling ever oftered to mortal eyes. From any elevated standpoint the appearance was that of a vast ocean of flame, sweeping in mile-long billows and breakers over the doomed city. Added to the spectacular elements of the conflagration — the intense and lurid light, the sea of red. and black, and the spires and pyramids of flame shooting into the heavens — was its constant and HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 173 terrible roar, drowning even the voices of the shrieking multitude; and ever and anon — for a while as often as every half-minute — resounded far and wide the rapid detonations of explosions, or fall- ing walls. In short, all sights and sounds which terrify the weak and unnerve the stron-; abounded. But they were only the accom- paniment which tlic orchestra of nature were furnishing to the terrible tragedy there being enacted. The total area bur.;ed over, including streets, was three and a third square miles. The number of buildings destroyed was 17,450; persons rendered homeless, 98,500; persons killed, about 200. Not including depreciation of real estate, or loss of business, it is estimated that the total loss occasioned by the fire was $190,000,000, of which but $44,000,000 was recovered on insur- ance. The business of the city was interrupted but a short time; and in a year after the fire a large part of the burned district was rebuilt, and at present there is scarcely a trace of the terrible dis- aster, save in the improved character of the new buildings over those destroyed, and the general better appearance of the city — now the finest, in an architectural sense, in the world. One of the features of this great city worthy of mention is the Exposition, held annually. The smouldering ruins were yet smok- ing when the Exposition Building was erected, only ninety days being consumed in its construction. The accompanying engrav- ing of the building, the main part of which is 1,000 feet long, will give an idea of its magnitude. COMMERCE OF CHICAGO. The trade of Chicago is co-extensive with the world. Every- where, in every country and in every port, the trade- marks of her merchants are seen. Everywhere, Chicago stands prominently identified with the commerce of the continent. A few years ago, grain was carted to the place in wagons; now more than 10,000 miles of railroad, with thousands of trains heavily ladened with the products of the land center there. The cash value of the produce handled during the year 187S was $220,000,000, and its aggregate weight was 7,000,000 tons, or would make 700,000 car loads. Divided into trains, it would make 28,000 long, heavily ladened freight trains, wending their way from all parts of the United States toward our great metropolis. These trains, arranged in one con- 174 HISTOKV OK ILLINOIS. tinuous line, would stretch from London across the broad Atlantic to New York and on across our continent to San Francisco. In regard to the grain, lumber and stock trade, Chicago has sur- passed all rivals, and, indeed, not only is without a peer but excels any three or four cities in the world in. these branches. Of grain, the vast quantity of 134,851,193 bushels was received during the year 18TS. This was about two-fifths more than ever received before in one year. It took 13,000 long freight trains to carry it from the fields of the Northwest to Chicago. This would make a continuous train that would reach across the continent from New . York to San Francisco. Speaking more in detail, we have of the various cereals received during the year, 62,783,577 busli«ls of corn, 29,901,220 bushels of wheat, 18,251,529 bushels of oats, 133,981,104 pounds of seed. The last item alone would fill about 7,000 freight cars. The lumber received during the year 1878 was, 1,171,364,000 feet, exceeded only in 1872, the year after the great fire. This vast amount of lumber would require 195,000 freight cars to transport it. It would build a fence, four boards high, four and one-half times around the globe. In the stock trade for the year 1878, the figures assume propor- tions almost incredible. They are, however, from reliable and trustworthy sources, and must be accepted as authentic. There were received during the year, 6,339,656 hogs, being 2,000,000 more than ever received before in one year. It required 129,916 stock cars to transport this vast number of hogs from the farms of the West and Northwest to the stock yards of Chicago. These hogs arranged in single file, would form a connecting link between Chicago and Pekin, China. Of the large number of hogs received, five millions of them were slaughtered in Chicago. The aggregate amount of product manu- factured from these hogs was 918,000,000 pounds. The capacity of the houses engaged in slaughtering operations in Chicago is 60,000 hogs daily. The number of hands employed in these houses is from 6,000 to 8,000. The number of packages required in which to market the year's product is enormously large, aggregating 500,- 000 barrels, 800,000 tierces and 650,000 boxes. There has been within the stock yards of the city, during the year 1878, 1,036,066 cattle. These were gathered from the plains HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 175 of Oregon, "Wyoming and Utah, and the grazing regions of Texas, as well as from all the Southern, Western and Northwestern States and Territories and from the East as far as Ohio. If these cattle were driven from Chicago southward, iu single file, through the United States, Mexico, and the Central American States into South America, the foremost could graze on the plains of Brazil, ere the last one had passed the limits of the great city. Not only does Chicago attract to its great market the products of a continent, but from it is distributed throughout the world manu- factured goods. Every vessel and every train headed toward that city are heavily ladened with the crude products of the farm, of the forests, or of the bowels of the earth, and every ship that leaves her docks and every train that flies from her limits are filled with manufactured articles. These goods not only find their way all over our own country but into Europe, Asia, Australia, Afi-ica, South America, Mexico, and the Islands of the sea; indeed, every nook and corner of the globe, where there is a demand for her goods, her merchants are ready to supply. The wholesale trade for the year 1878 reached enormous figures, aggregating $280,000,000. Divided among the leading lines, we find there were sold of dry goods, $95,000,000 worth. The trade in groceries amounted to $66,000,000; hardware, $20,000,000; boots and shoes, $24,000,000; clothing, $17,000,000; carpets, $8,000,000; millinery, $7,000,000; hats and caps, $6,000,000; leather, $8,000,- 000; drugs, $6,000,000; jewelry, $4,500,000; musical instruments, $2,300,000. Chicago sold over $5,000,000 worth of fruit during the year, and for the same time her fish trade amounted to $1,400,- 000, and her oyster trade $4,500,000. The candy and other con- fectionery trade amounted to $1,534,900. This would fill all the Christmas stockings in the United States. In 1852, the commerce of the city reached the hopeful sura of $20,000,000; since then, the annual sales of one firm amount to that much. In 1870, it reached $400,000,000, and in 1878 it had grown so vapidly that the trade of the city amounted during that year to $650,000,000. Her manufacturing interests have likewise grown. In 1878, her manufactories employed in the neighborhood of 75,000 operators. The products manufactured during the year were valued at $230,000,000. In reviewing the shipping interests of Chicago, we find it equally enormous. So considerable, indeed, is the 176 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. commercial navy of Chicago, that in the seasons of navigation, one vessel sails every nine minutes during the business hours; add to this the canal-boats that leave, one every five minutes during the same time, and you will see something of the magnitude of her shipping. More vessels arrive and depart from this port during the season than enter or leave any other port in the world. In 1831, the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went on foot to ISTiles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers and news he could find. As late cs 1846, there was often but one mail a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the postmaster nailed up old boot legs upon one side of his shop to serve as boxes. It has since grown to be the larofest receiving office in the United States. In 1841:, the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank roads. The wooden-block pavement appeared in 1857. In 1840, water was delivered by peddlers, in carts or by hand. Then a twenty-five horse powepengine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. Gas was utilized for lis'htinir the city in 1S50. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized in 1858. Street cars commenced running in 1854. The Museum was opened in 1863. The alarm telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The telephone introduced in 1878. One of the most thoroughly interesting engineering exploits of the city is the tunnels and water-works system, the grandest and most unique of any in the world; and the closest analysis fails to detect any impurities in the water furnished. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 gallons per day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 gallons per day. This water is distributed throuo-h 410 miles of water mains. Chicago river is tunneled for the passage of pedestrians and vehi- cles from the South to the AVest and ]Sorth divisions. There is no grand scenery about Chicago except the two seas, one of water, the other of prairie. ^Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, a power, that soon makes it a place never to M O M CO a O PS w 1-] I « 2 o 03 o o o < K o Of THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 177 be forsaken. Chicago is in the field almost alone, to handle the wealth of one-fourth of the territory of this great republic. Tlie Atlantic sea-coast divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Savannah, but Chicago has a dozen empires casting their treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery of the world for 500 centuries; in a garden that can feed the race by the thousand years; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a summer resort equaled by no great city in the land; with a climate that insures the health of her citizens; surrounded by all the great deposits of natural wealth in mines and forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder of to-day, and will be the city of the future. STATES OF THE UNION. THEIR SETTLEMENT, ORIGIN OF NAME". AND MEANING, COGNOMEN, MOT- TOES, ADMISSION INTO THE. UNION, POPULATION, AREA, NUMBER OF SOLDIERS FDRNISHED DURING THE REBELLION, NUMBER OF REPRE- SENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, PRESENT GOVERNORS, ETC., ETC., ETC. Alabama. — This State was first explored by LaSalle in 16S4, and settled by the French at Mobile in 1711, and admitted as a State in 1817. Its name is Indian, and means " Here we rest." Has no motto. Population in 1860,964,201; in 1870,996,992. Furnished 2,576 soldiers for the Union army. Area 50,722 square miles. Montgomery is the capital. Has 8 Representatives and 10 Presi- dential electors. Rufus W. Cobb is Governor; salary, $3,000; politics. Democratic. Length of term, 2 years. Arkansas — Became a State in 1836. Population in 1860, 435,- 450; in 1870,484,471. Area 59,198 square miles. Little Rock, capital. Its motto is Regnant Populi — " The people rule." It has the Indian name of its principal river. Is called the " Bear State." Furnished 8,289 soldiers. She is entitled to 4 members in Congress^ and 6 electoral votes. Governor, W. R. Miller, Democrat; salary, $3,500; term, 2 years. California — Has a Greek motto. Eureka., which means " I have found it." It derived its name from the bay forming the peninsula of Lower California, and was first applied by Cortez. It was first visited by the Spaniards in 1542, and by the celebrated English 178 . HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. navigator, Sir Francio Drake, in 1578. In 1846 Fremont took possession of it, defeating the Mexicans, in the name of the United States, and it was admitted as a State in 1850. Its gold mines from 1868 to 1878 produced over $800,000,000. Area 188,982 square miles. Population in 1860, 379,994. In 1870, 560,247. She gave to defend the Union 15.225 soldiers. Sacramento is the capital. Has 4 Representatives in Congress. Is entitled to 6 Presidential electors. Present Governor is William Irwin, a Democrat; term, 4 years ; salary, $6,000. Colorado — Contains 106,475 square miles, and had a population in 1860 of 34,277, and in 1870, 39,864. She furnished 4,903 soldiers. Was admitted as a State in 1876. It has a Latin motto, Nil sine Numine, which means, "Nothing can be done without divine aid." It was named from its river. Denver is the capital. Has 1 member in Congress, and 3 electors. T. AV. Pitkin is Gov- ernor; salary, $3,000; term, 2 years; politics, Pepublicau. Connecticut — Qui transtulit sustinet, " He who brouglit ns over sustains us," is her motto. It was named from the Indian Quon- ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long River." It is called the "Nutmeg State." Area 4,674 square miles. Population 1860, 460,147; in 1870, 537,454. Gave to the Union army 55,755 soldiers. Hart- ford is the capital. Has 4 Representatives in Congress, and is entitled to 6 Presidential electors. Salary of Governor $2,000; term, 2 years. Delaware. — " Liberty and Independence," is the motto of this State. It was named after Lord De La Ware, an English states- man, and is called, " The Blue Hen," and the " Diamond State." It was first settled by the Swedes in 1638. It was one of the original thirteen States. Has an area of 2,120 square miles. Population in 1860, 112,216; in 1870, 125,015. She sent to the front to defend the Union, 12,265 soldiers. Dover is the capital. Has but 1 mem- ber in Congress; entitled to 3 Presidential electors. John W. Hall, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $2,000; term, 2 years. Florida — Was discovered by Ponce de Leon in 1512, on Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards, Pascua Florida, which, with the variety and beauty of the flowers at this early season caused him to name it Florida — which means in Spanish, flowery. Its motto is, " In God we trust." It was admitted into the Union in 1845. It has an area of 59,268 square miles. Population in 1860, 140,424; in HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 179 1870, 187,756. Its capital is Tallahassee. Has 2 members in Con- gress. Has 4 Presidential electors. George F. Drew, Democrat, Governor; term, 4 years; salary, $3,600. Oeoi^gia — Owes its name to George II., of England, who first established a colony there in 1732. Its motto is, " Wisdom, justice and moderation." It was one of the original States. Population in 1860, 1,057,286; 1870, 1,184,109. Capital, Atlanta. Area 58,- 000 square miles. Has 9 Representatives in Congress, and 11 Presidential electors. Her Governor is A. H. Colquitt, Democrat; term, 4 years; salarj^ $4,000. Illinois — Motto, " State Sovereignty, National Union." ISTame derived from the Indian word, Illini, meaning, superior men. It is called the '"Prairie State," and its inhabitants, "Suckers." "Was Urst explored by the French in 1673, and admitted into the Union in 1818. Area 55,410 square miles. Population, in 1860 1,711,951; in 1870, 2,539,871. She sent to the front to defend the Union, 258,162 soldiers. Capital, Springfield Has 19 members in Congress, and 21 Presidential electors. Shelby M. Cullom, Eepub. lican, is Governor; elected for 4 years; salary, $6,000. Indiana — Is called " Hoosier State." Was explored in 1682, and admitted as a State in 1816. Its name was suggested by its numerous Indian population. Area 33,809 square miles. Popu- lation in 1860, 1,350,428; in 1870, 1,680,637. She put into the Federal army, 194,363 men. Capital, Indianapolis. Has 13 mem- bers in Congress, and 15 Presidential electors. J. D. Williams, Governor, Democrat; salary, $3,000; term, 4 year. Iowa — Is an Indian name and means "This is the land." Its motto is, " Our liberties we prize, our rights we will maintain." It is called the " Hawk Eye State." It was first visited by Marquette and Joliet in 1673; settled by New Englanders in 1833, and admitted into the Union in 1846. Des Moines is the capital. It has an area of 55,045, and a population in 1860 of 674,913, and in 1870 of 1,191,802. She sent to defend the Government, 75,793 soldiers. Has 9 members in Congress; 11 Presidential electors. John H. Gear, Republican, is Governor; salary, $2,500; term, 2years. Kansas — Was admitted into the Union in 1861, making the thirty-fourth State. Its motto is Ad astra per aspera, " To the stars through difficulties." Its name means, " Smoky water," and 180 HISTORY or ILLINOIS. is derived from one of her rivers. Area 78,841 square miles. Population in 1860, 107,209; in 1870 was 362,812. She furnished 20,095 soldiers. Capital is Topeka. Has 3 Representatives in Con- gress, and 5 Presidential electors. John P. St. John, Governor; politics, Republican; salary, $3,000; term, 2 years. Kentucky — Is the Indian name for " At tlie head of the rivers." Its motto is, '• United we stand, divided we fall." The sobriquet of "dark and bloody ground " is applied to this State. It was first settled in 1769, and admitted in 1792 as the fifteenth State. Area 37,680. Population in 1860, 1,155,684; in 1870, 1,321,000. She put into the Federal army 75,285 soldiers. Capital, Frankfort. Has 10 members in Congress ; 12 Electors. J. B. McCreary, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $5,000; term, 4 years. Louisiana — Was called after Louis XIY., who at one time owned that section of the country. Its motto is " Union and Con- fidence. " It is called '"The Creole State." It was visited by La Salle in 1684, and admitted into the L'nion in 1812, making the eighteenth State. Population in 1860,708.002; in 1870, 732,731. Area 46,431 square miles. She put into the Federal army 5,224 soldiers. Capital, Xew Orleans. Has 6 Representatives and 8 Electors. F. T. Nichols, Governor, Democrat; salary, $8,000; term, 4 years. Maine. — This State was called after the province of Maine in France, in compliment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. Its motto is Dirigo, meaning " I direct." It is called "The Pine Tree State." It was settled by the English in 1625. It was admitted as a State in 1820. Area 31,766 square miles. Population in 1860, 628,279; in 1870, 626,463; 69,738 sol- diers v/ent from this State. Has 5 members in Congress, and 7 Electors. Selden Connei', Republican, Governor; term, 1 year; salary, $2,500. Maryland — "Was named after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. of England. It has a Latin motto, Crecite et inultiplica- mini^ meaning "Increase and Multiply." It was settled in 1634, and was one of the original thirteen States. It has an area of 11,- 124 square miles. Population in 1860 was 687,049; in 1870, 780,- 806. This State furnished 46,053 soldiers. Capital. Annapolis. Has 6 Representatives, and 8 Presidential electors. J. H. Carroll, Democrat, Governor; salary, $4,500; term, 4 years. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 181 Massachusetts — Is the Indian for " The country around the great hills." It is called the "Bay State," from its numerous bays. Its motto is Ense petit placidam sub lihertate quietem, " By the sword she seeks placid rest in liberty." It was settled in 1620 at Plymouth by English Puritans. It was one of the original thirteen States, and was the first to take up arms against the English durini; the Revolution. Area 7,800 square miles. Population in 1860, 1,2,31,- 066; in 1870, 1,457,351. She gave to the Union army 146,467 sol- diers. Boston is the capital. Has 11 Representatives in Con- gress, and 13 Presidential electors. ' Thomas Talbot, Republican, is Governor; salary, $5,000; term, 1 year. Michigan — Latin motto, Luehor, and Si quceris 'peninsulam amcenam circumspice, '''■ 1 will defend" — "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you." Tlie name is a contraction of two Indian words meaning "Great Lake." It was early explored by Jesuit missionaries, and in 1837 was admitted into the Union. It is known as the " Wolverine State." It contains 56,243 square miles. In 1800 it had a population of 749,173; in 1870, 1,181,059. She furnished 88,111 soldiers. Capital, Lansing. Has 9 Repre- sentatives and 11 Presidential electors. C. M. Croswell is Gov- ernor; politics, Republican; salary, $1,000; term, 2 years. Minnesota — Is an Indian name, meaning " Cloudy Water." It has a French motto, V Etoile du Nord — " The Star of the North." It was visited in 1680 by La Salle, settled in 1846, and admitted into the Union in 1858. It contains 83,531 square miles. In 1860 had a population of 172,023; in 1870, 439,511. She gave to the Union army 24;002 soldiers. St. Paul is the capital. Has 3 mem- bers in Congress, 5 Presidential electors. Governor, J. S. Pills- bury, Republican; salary, $3,000; term, 2 years. Mississippi — Is an Indian name, meaning "Long River," and the State is named from the " Father of Waters." The State was first explored by De Sota in 1511; settled by the French at Natchez in 1716, and was admitted into the Union in 1817. It has an area of 47,156 square miles. Population in 1860, 791,305; in 1870,827,- 922. She gave to suppress the Rebellion 545 soldiers. Jackson is the capital. Has 6 representatives in Congress, and 8 Presidential electors. J. M. Stone is Governor, Democrat; salary, $4,000; term, 4 years. Missouri — Is derived from the Indian word " muddy," which 182 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. more properly applies to the river that flows through it. Its motto is Salus populi sapreina lex esto^ " Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law." The State was first settled by the French near Jefferson City in 1719, and in 1821 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of 67,380 square miles, equal to 43,123,200 acres. It had a population in 1860 of 1,182,012; in 1870, 1,721,- 000. She gave to defend the Union 108,162 soldiers. Capital, Jefferson City. Its inhabitants are known by the offensive cogno- man of '' Pukes." Has 13 representatives in Congress, and 15 Presidential electors. J. S. Phelps is Governor; politics, Demo- cratic; salary, S5,000; term, 4 years. Nebraska — Has f ^r its motto, " Equality before the law." Its name is derived from one of its rivers, meaning " broad and shal- low, or low." It was admitted into the Union in 1S67. Its capital is Lincoln. It had a population in 1860 of 28,841, and in 1870, 123,993, and in 1875, 246,280. It has an area of 75,995 square miles. She furnished to defend the Union 3,157 soldiers. Has but 1 Representative and 3 Presidential electors. A. Kance, Repub- lican, is Governor; salary, $2,500; term, 2 years. Nevada — '' The Snowy Land " derived its name from the Span- ish. Its motto is Latin, Volens et jpotens^ and means " willing and able." It was settled in 1S50, and admitted into the Union in 1S64. Capital, Carson City. Its population in 1860 was 6,857; in 1870 it was 42,491. It has an area of 112,090 square miles. She furnished 1.080 soldiers to suppress the Rebellion. Has 1 Rep- resentative and 3 Electors. Governor, J. H. Kinkhead, Republican ; salary, $0,000; term, 4 years. New Hampshire — "Was first settled at Dover by the English in 1623. "Was one of the original States. Has no motto. It is named from Hampshire county in England. It also bears the name of " The Old Granite State." It has an area of 9,280 miles, which equals 9,239,200 acres. It had a population in I860 of 326,- 073, and in 1870 of 318,300. She increased the Union army with 33.913 soldiers. Concord is the capital. Has 3 Representatives and 5 Presidential electors. N. Head, Republican, Governor; salary, $1,000; term, 1 year. New Jersey — "Was named in honor of the Island of Jersey in the British channel. Its motto is " Liberty and Independence." It was first settled at Bergen by the Swedes in 1624. It is one of the orig- HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 183 inal thirteen States. It has an area of 8,320 square miles, or 5,324,- 800 acres. Population in 1860 was 672,035 ; in 1870 it was 906,096. She put into the Federal army 75,315 soldiers. Capital, Trenton. Has 7 Representatives and 9 Presidential electors. Governor, George B. McClelland, Democrat; salary, $5,000; term, 3 years. Ntw York. — The "Empire State" was named by the Duke of York, afterward King James II. of England. It has a Latin motto, Excelsior, which means "Still Higher." It was first settled by the Dutch in 1614: at Manhattan. It has an area of 47,000 square miles, or 30,080,000 acres. The population in 1860 was 3,880,735; in 1870 it was 4,332,759. It is one of the original thirteen States. Capital is Albany. It gave to defend our Government 445,959 men. Has 33 members in, Congress, and 35 Presidential electors. Governor, L. Robinson, Democrat; salary, $10,000; term, 3 years. North Carolina — Was named after Charles IX., King of France. It is called " The Old N"orth," or " The Turpentine State." It was first visited in 1524 by a Florentine navigator, sent out by Francis I., King of France. It was settled at Albemarle in 1663. It was one of the original thirteen States. It has an area of 50,704 square miles, equal to 32,450,560 acres. It had in ISGO a population of 992,622, and in 1S70, 1,071,361. Raleigh is the capital. She furnished 3,156 soldiers to put down the Rebellion. Has 8 mem- bers in Conixi-ess, and is entitled to 10 Presidential electors. Z, B. Vance, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $5,000; term, 4 years. QJiio — Took its name from the river on its Southern boundary, and means "Beautiful." Its motto is Imperium in Iniperio — '•An Empire in an Empire." It was first permanently settled in 1783 at Marietta by New Englanders. It was admitted as a State in 1803. Its capital is Columbus. It contains 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 acres. Population in 1860, 2,339,511; in 1870 it had 2.665,260. She sent to the front during the Rebellion 310,- 654 soldiers. Has 20 Representatives, and 22 Presidential electors. Governor, R. M. Bishop, Democrat; salary, $4,000; term, 2 years. Oregon — Owes its Indian name to its principal river. Its motto is Alls volat propriis — "She flies with her own wings." It was first visited by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century. It was set- tled by the English in 1813, and admitted into the Union in 1859. Its capital is Salem. It has an area of 95,274 square miles, equal to 60,975,360 acres. It had in 1860 a population of 52,465; in 184 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, 1870,90,922. She furnished 1,810 soldiers. She is entitled to 1 member in Congress, and 3 Presidential electors. W. W. Thayer, Republican, is Grovernor; salary, $1,500 ; term, 4 years. Pennsylvania. — This is the "Keystone State," and means "Penn's Woods," and was so called after William Penn, its original owner. Its motto is, "Virtue, liberty and independence." A colony was established by Penn in 1682. The State was one of the original thirteen. It has an area of 46,000 square miles, equaling 29,440,- 000 acres. It had in 1860 a population of 2,906,215; and in 1870, 3,515,993. She gave to suppress the Rebellion, 338,155. Harris- burg is the capital. Has 27 Representatives and 29 electors. H. M.IIoyt, is Governor; salary, $10,000; politics. Republican; term of office, 3 years. Rhode Island. — This, the smallest of the States, owes its name to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly resemble. Its motto is " Hope," and it is familiarly called, "Little Rhody." It was settled by Roger Williams in 1636. It was one of the original thirteen States, It has an area of 1,306 square miles, or 835,840 acres. Its population in 18G0 numbered 174,620; in 1870, 217,356. She gave to defend the Union, 23,248. Its capitals are Providence and Newport. Has 2 Representatives, and 4 Presidential electors. C. Yanzandt is Governor; politics, Republican; salary, $1,000; term, 1 year. South Carolina. — The Palmetto State wears the Latin name of Charles IX., of France (Carolus). Its motto is Latin, Animis opib usque 2y<^'rati, "Ready in will and deed." The first permanent settlement was made at Port Royal in 1670, where the French Huguenots had failed three-quarters of a century before to found a settlement. It is one of tJie original thirteen States. Its capital is Columbia. It has an area of 29,385 square miles, or 18,^^06,400 acres, with a population in 1860 of 703,708; in 1870, 728,000. Has 5 Representatives in Congress, and is entitled to 7 Presidential electors. Salary of Governor, $3,500; term, 2 3^ears. Tennessee — Is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i, e^ the Mississippi, which forms its western boundary. She is called "The Big Bend State." Her motto is, " Agriculture, Commerce." It was settled in 1757, and admitted into the Union in 1796, mak- ini? the sixteenth State, or the third admitted after the Revolution- ary War — Vermont being the first, and Kentucky the second. It HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 185 has an area of 45,600 square miles, or 29,184,000 acres. In 1860 its population numbered 1,109,801, and in 1870, 1,257,983 She furnished 31,092 soldiers to suppress the Rebellion. Nashville is the capital. Has 10 Representatives, and 12 Presidential electors. Governor, A. S. Marks, Democrat; salary, $4,000; term, 2 years. Texas — Is the American word for the Mexican name by which all tliat section of the country was known before it was ceded to the United States. It is known as " The Lone Star State." The first set- tlement was made by LaSalle in 1685. After the independence of Mexico in 1822, it remained a Mexican Province until 1836, when it gained its independence, and in 1845 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of 237,504 square miles, equal to 152,002,- 560 acres. Its population in 1860 was 604,215; in 1870, 818,579. She gave to put down the Rebelion 1,965 soldiers. Capital, Austin. Has 6 Representatives, and 8 Presidential electors. Governor, O. M. Roberts, Democrat; salary, $5,000; term, 2 years. Yermont — Bears the French name of her mountains Verde Mont^ "Green Mountains." Its motto is "Freedom and Unity." It was settled in 1731, and admitted into the Union in 1791. Area 10,212 square miles. Population in 1860, 315,098 ; in 1870, 330,55 1 • She gave to defend the Government, 33,272 soldiers. Capital, Mont- pelier. Has 3 Representatives, and 5 electors. Governor, H. Fair- banks, Republican; term, 2 years; salary, $1,000. Virginia. — The Old Dominion, as this State is called, is the oldest of the States. It was named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region. Its motto is Sic seraper tyrannis, " So always with tyrants." It was first settled at James- town, in 1607, by the English, being the first settlement in the United States. It is one of original thirteen States, and had before its division in 1862, 61,352 square miles, but at present contains but 38,352 square miles, equal to 24,545,280 acres. The population in 1860 amounted to 1,596,318, and in 1870 it w\as 1,224,830. Rich- mond is the capital. Has 9 Representatives, and 11 electors. Gov- ernor, F. W. M. Halliday, Democrat; salary, $5,500; term, 4 years. West Virginia. — Motto, Montani semper liber i., " Mountaineers are always free." This is the only State ever formed, under the Constitution, by the division of an organized State. This was done in 1862, and in 1863 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of 186 HISTORY UF ILLIXOIS. 23,000 square miles, or 14,720,000 acres. The population in I860 was 376,000; in 1870 it numbered 4i5.616. She furnished 32,003. Capital, Wheeling. Has 3 Representatives in Congress, and is entitled to 5 Presidential electors. The Governor is H. M. Mathews, Democrat; term, 4 years; salary, $2,700, Wisconsin — Is an Indian name, and means *' Wild-rushinor channel," Its motto, Clvitatas successit barbaruni, " The civilized man succeeds the barbarous." It is called " The Badger State." The State was visited by the French explorers in 1665, and a settle- ment was made in 1669 at Green Bay, It was admitted into the Union in 1848. It has an area of 52,924 square miles, equal to 34,511,360 acres. In 1860 its population numbered 775,881; in 1870, 1,055,167. Madison is the capital. She furnished for the Union army 91,021 soldiers. Has 8 members in Congress, and is entitled to 10 Presidential electors. The Governor is W. E. Smith; politics. Republican; salarj^ $5,000; term, 2 years. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 187 ILLINOIS INSTITUTE FOR DEAF AND DUMB. The first class of unfortunates to attract the notice of the legis- lature were the deaf mutes. The act establishino^ the institution for the education of these unfortunates was approved by Gov, Carlin, Feb. 23, 1839, the asylum to be located at Jacksonville. The original building, afterward called the south wing, was begun in 1842, and completed in 1849, at a cost of about $25,000. A small portion of the building was ready for occupancy in 1846, and on the 26th day of January, of that year, the Institution was formally opened, with Mr. Thomas Officer as principal. The first term opened with but four pupils, which has increased from year to year, until the average attendance at the present time is about 250. ILLINOIS INSTITUTE FOR THE INSANE. In response to an appeal from the eminent philanthropist, Miss D. L. Dix, an act establishing the Illinois Hospital for the Insane, was approved by Gov. French, March 1, 1847". Nine trustees were appointed, with power to select a site, purchase land, and erect buildings to accommodate 250 patients. On the 1st of May the board agreed upon a site, 1^ miles from the court-house in Jacksonville. In 1851 two wards in the east wing were ready for occupancy, and the first patient was admitted Nov. 3, 1851. In 1869 the General Assembly passed two acts creating the northern asylum for the insane, and the southern asylum for the insane, which was approved by Gov. Palmer, April 16, 1869. Elgin was selected as a location for the former, and Anna for the latter. The estimated capacity of the three asylums is 1,200 patients. In addition to the State institu- tions for the insane, there are three other asylums for their benelit. one in Cook county, which will accommodate about 400 patients, and two private institutions, one at Batavia, and one at Jack- sonville. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED. The experimental school for feeble-minded children, the first institution of its kind in the North-west, was created by an act approv:ed, Feb. 15, 1865. It was an outgrowth of the institution for deaf and dumb, to which idiots are frequently sent, under a mistaken impression on the part of parents, that their silence results from inability to hear. The selectiou of a site for tlie ;; 3 iiiSTOKV of Illinois. building was intrusted to seven commissioners, who, in July, 18T5, agreed upon the town of Lincoln. The building was begun in 1875, and completed three years later, at a cost of $154,209. The averajje attendance in 1878 was 22-1. THE CHICAGO CHARITABLE EYE AND EAR INFIKMAEY. The association for founding this institution was organized in May, 1858, and Pearson street, Chicago, selected for the erection of the building. In 1865 the legislature granted the institution a special charter, and two years later made an appropriatioa of $5,000 a year for its maintenance, and in 1871 received it into the circle of State institutions; thereupon the name was changed by the substitution of the word Illinois for Chicago. The buildinff was swept away by the great fire of 1871, and three years later the present building was completed, at a cost of $12,813. THE SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNIVERSITY Is located at Carbondale. This University was opened in 1874, and occupies one of the finest school edifices in the United Spates. It includes, besides a normal department proper, a prejiaratory department and a model school. The model school is of an elementary grade; the preparatory department is of the grade of a high school, with a course of three years. The normal course of four years embraces two courses, a classical and a scientific course; both make the study of the English language and literature quite prominent. THE ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY, Located at Urbana, was chartered in 1867. It has a corps of twen- ty-five instructors, including professors, lecturers and assistants, and has an attendance of over 400 pupils. It comprises four colleges (1) Agriculture, (2) Engineering, (3) Natural Science, (4) Literature and Science. These colleges embrace twelve subor- dinate schools and courses of instruction, in which are taught domestic science and art, commerce, military science, wood engrav- ing, printing, telegraphy, photographing and designing. This insti- tution is endowed with the national land grant, and the amount of its productive fund is about $320,000. The value of its grounds, buildings, etc., is about $640,000. It is well supplied with appara- tus, and has a library of over 10,000 volumes. ,-((fr«**'***'^''."^ LiciMii r Of THE UMVFRSITY OF ILLSNOIS. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. CHAPTER I. EARLY SETTLEMENT. Tlie MUitary Tract. — At tlie close of the war betAvocn the United States and England in 1812 onr Government laid off a tract of laner history of this section of the State. In 1673 the great HISTORY OF FUT.TOX f'OT'XTY. 19o French explorers, Marquette and Joliet, passed up the Illinois in canoes on their return from their famous voyage down the Missis- sippi. In 1680, January 3, LaSalle, with his little band of French- men, came down the Illinois river and landed upon the' opj)osite shore and erected a fort, — Fort Crevecteur. This fort was sotni evacuated and destroyed, yet the enterprising Frenchmen continued among the Indians as traders. In 1778 the French made another settlement, at the upper end of Peoria lake. The country in the vicinity of this lake was called by the Indians Piin-i-fc-iri, that is, a ])lace where there are many fat beasts. Here the town of Laville de Meillet, named after its founder, was started. Within the next twenty years, however, the town was moved down to the lower end of the lake to the j)resent site of Peoria. In 1812 the town was destroyed and the inhabitants carried away by Cai)tain Craig. In 1813 Fort Clark was erected tliere by Illinois trooj)s engaged in the war of 1812. Five years later it was destroyed by fire. Year after year rolled by until almost a century and a half had passed since LaSalle stepped ashore from his skifl', before the aV)()rigi- nes who occupied the territory eml)raccd ^vithin the present l)oun(larv of Fulton county were molested by the encroachments of the whit(> man. Generation after generation of natives a})peared upon the wild scenes of savage life, roamed the forest and prairie, anTON C'OrNTY. west. From Detroit, Mich., they went to Fort Wayne, whence they journeyed in a canoe to Vincennes, thence to St. Louis. From there they came up the Illinois in a keel-boat, manned by a fishing- crew, and commanded by a man named AVarner. They landed at Ft. Clark, now Peoria, in the spring of 1819. Crossing the river to what is known as the bottom lands they found a cleared spot, and with such tools as they could arrange from Avood put in a patch of corn and potatoes. This land is now em1)odied in Fond du Lac township, Tazewell eounty. Looking farther down they found an old French field of about ten acres, upon which they erected a rude habitation. This was the firet settlement between Ft. Clark and vicinity and Chicago, and theirs was the first dwelling erected. These daring ex])lorers were looking up the "l)0unty land" Con- gress had given them, which was in the ^Military Tract. Learning the location of his land Sergeant soon made a trip to Fulton county to look at it. He found it to be located in the breaks on Big creek, several miles south of Canton. This was not a desirable location. He reported to his com})anions, however, that there were fine lands, good timber and plenty of water a few miles north of his land, and advised them to come and settle there. Accordingly, in 1821, Charles and Theodore and D. AV. Barnes came to Fulton county and made a temporary settlement near the mouth of Spoon river. Li 1830 Blanchard moved to Woodford county, where he yet resides. Theodore and Charles Sergeant, John Pixley and Henry Andrews lived with D. W. Barnes at Ft. Clark (now Peoria). The latter, a brother-in-law of Barnes, had lost both his parents while living at Ft. Clark. Pixley had served in the war of 1812, and was a brav^, daring man. One day a stalwart Indian in boasting of his bravery, of having killed men, women and children, said he had once taken a little child by the heels and beat its brains out on the corner of a cabin. He boasted thus to Pixley and others and told how the little creature raised its hands, quivering. This the brutal savage thought showed bravery. There were two hundred Indians around and but eight white men ; l)ut this did not deter the plucky Pixley from giving the Indian a good whipping. He had bought a rawhide, at St. Louis, and when the Indian finished his story he took the rawhide down from between the clapboards of the roof of their cabin, and lit u])on the Indian and threshed him till the blood spurted from his mouth. He flogged him most severely, and so fearless and reso- lute was he that not an Indian raised an objection. While Mr. Barnes and his companions lived at Ft. Clark the In- dians threatened to kill the whites during a certain moon. The In- dians then reckoned time by moons. If they owed a debt it was due at a certain moon. The Indians being offended determined to kill the whites. There were but eight or ten men, mostly young soldiers of the war of 1812, to i)i-otect the women and children. The moon arrived and a slaughter was expected. The women and HISTORY OF FUT.TOX (OrXTY. 191» chiklren were put in Barnes' cabin and tlie latch string pulled in, while the men with their trusty rifles stood outside. They sent word for the Indians to come on, but their courage subsided before the superior courage of the whites, Barnes with his family came on to Lewistown and became the neighbor of O. M. R^)ss. While living at this place Mr. Barnes hauled a load of salt from the mouth of Spoon river, where the river craft had frozen up, to Ft. Clark. This was a perfectly wild country and of course no roads. He made this trij), which con- sumed several davs, and in remuneration received one bushel of salt. This was a most precious article at that time, and indeed for many years afterwards. AVhile residing at Lewistown the Indians would steal his pota- toes and everything else they could get their hands upon. One niffht while an Indian was stealiui)- his iiotatoes he was attacked l)v their watch dog, which tore from his blanket a small piece. This was a clue for Mr. Barnes to use in finding the thief. He took the piece and went among the Indians, and finally found a red man with a blanket that had in it a hole the size and shape of the piece he had. This brave he concluded was the thief, which he proved to be. Mr. Barnes soon left Lewistown and located two and a half miles north of the present city of Canton. He traded 80 acres of land he owned in the upper part of Lewistown for the 1(50 acres he located upon in Canton township. He made this trade because he was get- ting; crowded at Lewistown and all was a vast wilderness at Canton. Mr. Henry Andrews remembers very distinctly this move. He was a small l)oy and ran along in the Indian trail behind the wagon, and ifot so far behind at one time that he became verv much frightened lest he be left. He also remembers very distinctly the time two In- dians came to their cabin shortly after they had settled in their new home, to stay all night. They were traveling toward Chicago, and it being in the fall of the year the weather was cool and they did not like to sleej) out in the cold if they could get a cabin to rest in. Barnes' cabin contained only one room, yet they permitted the two red men to stay with them. They alighted from their ])onies, gave Mrs. Barnes, the chomokoman's wife as they called her, a quar- ter of a deer and passed into the house. They set their guns up in the corner, hung up their bullet ])ouch, tomahawk, and scalping knives, and lay down before the large fire-place. They cut oft' a large piece of venison, j)ut it on a stick and fixed it before the fire. During the night they would occasionally turn it, thus cooking it thoroughly. This they intended should last them several days. We fear there are few of the present day who would permit two tram])s to sleep in the same room they do even without all the implements of death at hand, as these Indians had. They might have arisen and murdered the entire househfdd, and many days, perhaps months hav^e elapsed before any other white man would have known of it. 200 HISTORY OF FULTOX COU^'TY. Those pioneers were fearless and had much more confidence in their red neighbors than we are wont to believe. Mr. Barnes lived on the very frontier. His was the last cabin travelers passed on the road to Ft. Clark and the first they met go- ing,' south. It was therefore a stopping- place for travelers going both ways. Judge Stephen Phelps, who was living at Lewistown, was traveling toward Chicago. With him were his wife and daughter. They stopped for the night at Barnes' caVjin. The cabin was small and the night warm, and Miss Emily Phelps, the daughter, took her blanket out doors and spread it under the boughs of a tree and passed the night alone in the forest. There are but few of the young ladies of to-day who woidd not shrink from making their bed in such a spot. When Mr. Barnes left Lewistown lie also left the only blacksmith • shop in this whole region of country. Mr. Henry Andrews tells us he remembers Mr. Barnes shouldering up the plowshare of his large prairie breaking ])low and going M'ith it, on foot, to Lewistown to the blacksmith shop. It may seem strange, but the very earliest settlers suffered from want of meat. The Indians had driven game almost entirely awav and the wild liog had not yet apjieared. Mr. Andrews tells us that a lady at Lewistown (they were known as neighbors then, although fifte(»n miles away ) sent to one of their neighbors at Canton one- half of a brant. Meat was then a great luxury, and this piece of fowl Mr. Andrews savs seemed to be worth an ox. It, though so small, was divided among the settlers at Canton. He also tells us he went to a neighbor's on a visit at one time and the only food set before him, or the family, was boiled potatoes and salt, and this latter article was very scarce. He also says that during the first settlement of this county men wore moccasins and buckskin pants and shirts and coonskin caps almost altogether, li' they had a cot- ton or woolen shirt it was worn only on important occasions. When Eliza Andrews, a sister of Henry Andrews, died, they had no lumber out of which to make a c(»ffin, but dug a receptacle for the body out of a log. During the great txalena-lead-jnines excitement in 1827 Mr. Barnes went to Galena. He did not reniain long but returned to his home near Canton. tSerf/cani's Wcddin;/. — Barnes was the only married man in tlic party (from Fort Clark) and Sergeant lived ^vith Barnes un- til his marriage, Nov. o, 1824, when he was united with Miss Mary Brown. This was one of the earliest weddings of the county, and the following interesting description of it was fur- nishetl Mr. Swan by Henry Andrews, a member of the wedding party: " This wedding was a great event in the Barnes neigh- borhood. It occurred at the cabin of Daniel Brown, the father of the bride. All the neighbors were invited, and probably all were HISTORY OF FUI.TON COUNTY. 2()1 assembled in the cabin ; still, though small, it was not nearly full. The bride was gorgeously appareled in a checked linsey homespun dress, a three-cornered handkerchief about her neck, and ^ her feet encased in moccasins. The groom also wore moccasins, and a full suit of new linsey, colored with butternut bark. The guests were dressed much the same and were seated upon [)uncheon benches around the sides of the cabin. Captain Barnes, at that time County Commissioner, performed the marriage ceremony with due and be- coming dignity. At the conclusion of the ceremony all the gentle- men present saluted the bride. When this ceremony was com- pleted, old Mr. Brown produced a ' noggin ' of whisky and a bran-new tin cup — then considered a very aristocratic drinking-ves- sel — and passed the customary beverage to all present. All drank from the cup, filling it from the 'noggin ' when em])ty, and passing it from hand to hand until again empty. The liquor soon began to make the guests merry, and jokes and songs were considered to be in order, (xeorue Matthews, a gav old bachelor, was considered a fine ballad-singer, and sang a song that would scarcely be considered appropriate on a festive occasion at this day. Mr. Andrews gives from memorv two verses of the ballad: "There's the silly old man Of a hundredand twenty, Who pines on his riches. Though stores he has plenty. "He'll exchange all his riches. His lands and his rents, For a worm-eaten coffin, A hundred years hence. " This song was vigorously a]>])lauded, and was followed by sev- eral others of the same sort. The partv dispersed about eleven o'clock." Sergeant would have been united in marriage sooner than he was, and then would have been the first man married in the county "had the old lady been willin'." He made a proposal for the hand of the lady for whom it is claimed the honor of being the first woman married in the county. AVe take his story of his proposal from Swan's Canton History : ^' I had made up my mind that I ought to have a housekeeper, and accordingly had mv eve out for one. Somehow I heard that there was an old lady living dar- ents, who came with them when they first moved to this county, passed the remainder of their lives here. Besides these pioneers there were others who cauie in shortly after- wards. Among these were licJ^ert Reeves, who settled on Keeves' Prairie, Deerfield townshi]), in 1823. William Totteu located on T(jtten's Prairie, Cass township, the same year, and about the same time came Roswell Tyrrell and John Totten, who settled upon the same section. Thomas Cameron came the following vear ( 1 S24 ). Joshua Moore settled in Joshua townshij), from whom it received its name, in 1824. He was closely followed in that townshi]^ by I^evi D. Ellis, who in 1823 moved to Ellisville township and was its first settler. Reading Putman settled on section 2, Putman town- ship, in 1828, and Stephen Chase settled in the southern part of the township the same year. The FIr.sf Mall Carrien^. — Harvey L. Ross, a sou of Ossian M. Ross, and now a resident of Macomb, 111., at the age of 15 years was employed to carry the mail from Springfield to Monmouth, a distance of one hundred and thirty-five miles, making a tri]) each week. He would often have to swim streams three or four times each day with the mail-bag stra])ped across his shoulders. At that time (1832) there Mas no direct road from Knoxville to Monmouth, a distance of twenty miles, and not a single house between the two ])oints. His only guide along the route was ])oints of tindier. He tells us that he still has a vivid recollection of the imminent danger he found himself in one stormy night in January, when in the vi- cinity of the present city of Galesburg he heard a pack of hungry wolves set up a tremendous howling a few rods behind him. It may be imagined that the young hero, in that vast wilderness on a mid-winter night with wild and savage beasts howling on every iiand, lost no time in reaching the end of his journey. The only 204 HISTORY OF FTLTOX COT'XTY. postoffices along the route were Springfield, Sangamon Town, New Salem, Havana, Lewistown, Canton, Farmington, Knoxville and Monmouth. Abraham Lincoln, our martyr President, was then ])ostmaster of Xew Salem, receiving his aj)pointment on the recom- mendation of (^ssian M. Ross, who Mas one of the oklest postmas- ter-; in the country, and the only postmaster at that time within the boundaries of the present ]\Iason county. After Harvey L. Koss had carried the mail over that long, dangerous and desolate route for a considerable time, his father let out a part of the route to Ma- lon AVinans, an uncle of Mr. Ross'. Mr. Winans, who lived at Lewistown, was given that part of the line from Lewistown to Mon- mouth. AVinans had a son that he intended to put upon the route, but concluded to go over it himself first tliat he might make all necessary arrangements fi)r stopping-places. Rut his first trip was his last, for in attempting to swim Spoon river with the mail-bag strap])ed to his back he was drowned. This was in 1834 and was the first death to occur in Truro township, Knox countv. His body was afterwards fimnd in a drift of wood one-half mile beh)W the crossing. A coffin was made by the settlers l)y splitting a log lengthAvise and hollowing it out, using one part as the body of the coffin and the other jiart the lid. Ry these kind but strange hands a grave was dug ujion the bank of the river beneath the boughs of a young iiickory tree and the l)ody of Mr. ^^'inans placed therein. L^])on the trunk of the tree the letters "P. W." were cut and are vis- ible to this day. They made a mistake in the initial of his given name, in making it "P" instead of 'OL" .4 Trddiin/ Erpcrllfion. — Harvey Tj. Ross in his youthful davs was fond of hunting and trading with the Indians. When l)ut seven years of age he had killed wild turkeys, geese and small game of almost everv kind, and at twelve thoui^ht nothini>- of killing; a deer. He says he also remembei-s catching twelve wolves in less than a month in steel-tra])S ])laced near a dead horse. He relates some incidents of the first trading expedition in which he was en- gaged, which occurred in 1828. He started from I^ewistown in company with Eldward Plude, a Frenchman and Indian interpreter, and "Rill" Elveland, son of John Eveland spoken of elsewhere in this volume. P^veland was a large, powerful man, well ac([uainted with the country and familiar with the Indian character. They loaded a two-horse wagon, at Lewistown, with goods and traveled through what is now known as Knox and Peoria counties, where they found a large number of Indians and traded their goods to ad- vantage. They returned home with their wagon loaded with furs and deerskins. They were gone three weeks and had traveled about one hundred and fiftv miles, meeting: onlv with two white settlers after leaving the neighborhood of Canton. Frightened by Indians. — In speaking of Indians Mr. Ross tells us he cannot remember of ever being frightened by the Indians but once. In 1825, when but eight years of age, his father sent him to HISTORY OF FUI.TON rOUXTY. 205 an old shoemaker by the name of Stephen Meeker, livino- about four miles east of Lewistown, to have some work done. In coming home with a sack of shoes across his horse, and when he had traveled about half the distance along- the little path through heavy timber and thick underbrush, he came suddeidy upon live or six redskins, who were sitting upon the ground. One of the Indians jum])ed up and made a grab at his bridle reins, l)ut young Ross turned his horse (piickly around; and giving him a cut with his whip, hurried back to Meeker's and related his story. Meeker at once took down his rifle, loaded it, and cutting a hickory club, went back with him. When the Indians saw^ Meeker with his rifle and club they com- menced to apologize, stating that they were not going to hurt the bov. They had been to Lewnstown to trade and had been drinking, and ])robaV>ly only desired to see what was in the sack and scare the voung traveler. The earlv recollections of Mr. Koss are many indeed, and his ex- perience in pioneer life in Fulton county was proliably greater than that of any man now living. He remembers partaking of a piece of fat bear, in 1(S29, killecl by Andrew Laswell near the present town of Cuba. Thv Battle of ^la/oni/'.^ Fcrri/. — The advance guard of civilization, those fearless persons who boldly strike into the Avildness of a new conntrv aixl open the road for the sturdy settlers, encounter hardship'^ and dangers which can but faintly be pictured in word- painting. Those who first came into this county met the red man in his wigwam or on the chase. Indeed, Indians were numerous for many years after the county was settled, and, although friendly, were often quite troub]esom(\ In 1828, about the middle of May, John Walters, Norman Scho- field, Edward Stocking, Simon Kelsey, and an old man by the name of Ensign, came up the Illinois on their little river craft to Malony's ferrv at the mouth of Spoon river. They brought with them from St. Louis a barrel of whisky for Mr. Malony, the accommodat- ing gentleman who carried the pilgrims over the Illinois at that point, ^\lliskv, it must be remembered, was considered an indis- j)ensable article for the household and the most desirable and ])rofit- able commodity for tavern-kee])ers. Then, as now, however, it was a source of no little trouble and many bruised heads. The men landed at the ferry but found no one there. Mr. Malony and his sons were back in the timber cutting wood. They rolled the barrel of li(pi(tr upon the ferryboat, left it and started overland for Lewis- town. After proceeding abont a mile and a half from the ferry William Nichols came running after them for help. No sooner had the barreLof whisky been landed and the little band departed, than twenty-six or 'seven Indians w^ere attracted to it, by its fumes we suppose; any way, just as Malony appeared u])on the scene from the timber he found his barrel of whisky standing on end with two or three stalwart braves making a desperate effort to break in the 20() HISTORY OF FUT/rON COTXTV. head. A score of anxious redskins stood around jubilant over the rich bootv they had found. Malony could do nothing more than give them all to drink. A band of drunken Indians are the most des- ])crate and uncontrollable of all beings. The worst wa< feared and therefore Nichols had been sent to obtain hel]). The squaws antici- pated trouble and hurriedly secreted all of their guns. The men, five in number, — although Mr. Ensign, who wore spectacles owing to his short-sightedness, was feeble and could do but little, — all started back for the ferry with their canes in their hands ready for an emer- gencv. Schofield could speak the Indian language, and on their ar- rival at the ferry told the Indians to leave. This enraged them, and thev swore bitterly at the whites and told them to leave. At this Schofield, fearless of consequences, knocked the leading speaker down. This was the signal for the fray to begin, and every man went to knocking right and left with his cane. The Indians were " pretty full," but the eifects of the liquor had not fully reached the brain. The whites fi)ught their multiplied foe with great desperation. Some vears previous Kelsey had l)een shot in the knee, and when he Avould exercise it hard it would give down. He was in great danger and started to run to save himself, but fell, overtaken by two drunken redskins. Walters, who was oft* some distance, Avas attracted by the cries of Kelsey, He saw one of the braves with knife in hand reach- to thrust his victim through. He was fieet of foot and daslied to- ward the trio, and just as the drunken savage raised his knife fi)r its deadly work he struck him over the head with iiis cane, knocking him down and thus savinir the life of Kelsev. In doiiiii' this, how- ever, he placed himself in danger, for in striking the Indian his cane flew from his hands. Seeing this the other Indian took after him. Walters proved the fleetest runner and widened the distance between them. While running up a hill he gathered up a stone which he hurled at his ])ursuer with such force and accuracy as to " fetch his head and knees togetiier." This gave him an opportunity ttt run back after his cane, which he took advantage of and secured his trusty weapon. The battle was short but fierce, and the whites proved the victors. Mr. Walters tells us that his brother William, an old and respected settler of this county, who died only recently, wore that very cane for fi)rty years. For years it bore the marks r(>- ceived when it struck doAvn the brutal savage who was about to end Kelsey's life. This was the kind of a reception these gentlemen received ujion their introduction into Fulton county. Trouble in Scftliii;/ f/ic MUitury Tract. — The "^lilitary Tract" com- prises all the land between the Illinois and the Mississippi rivers south of the north line of Bureau and Henry counties. It is so called because much of it was "jiatented" by Government, in quar- ter sections, to soldiers of the war of 1812. There was scarcely a soldier in that early day who counted his land of much value, and ever thought to occupy it himself; but inunigrants came in, entered Government lands and squatted on "patent" or military land, im- Sp^^i^v. J, /(./^er still, and made pure if not palatable whisky from corn. It is related of some of the pioneers that they would, when in need of their accustomed bever- age, shell a bushel of corn, put it on a horse, mount on top, and ride to Gabriel Walling's little band-mill on Copperas Creek, get their grist ^'cracked," then ride over with it to the Duck-creek Dis- tillery and wait until it could be turned into "sperrits." They were some times plagued very much while at the distillery by a fellow of the name of Garron, who, it was asserted, would drink the whisky as fast as it ran from the still. First Sale of Land. — The first conveyance of land contained with- in the boundary of Fulton county ever made was that of section 8, Kerton township. On this 6th day of May, 1817, John DoMott transferred this section of land to Richard Berriam. The first on record was the northeast quarter of section 30, C^ass township, which was transferred May 20, 1818. Both these deeds are recorded at Edwardsville. First Two Children Born. — The first white child born in the county was Lucinda C. Ross, relict of the late Judge Williani Kellogg, and a resident of Peoria, 111. She was born at Lewistowu Oct. 17, 1821. Abner C. Barnes, son of Capt. D. W. Barnes, was born in the fol- lowing month, and was the first male child born. He is an attorney at law and resides at Bushnell, 111. A son of John Eveland was one of the first children l)orn on the Military Tract, if not the first. His birth occurred while Mr. Eveland was residing in Calhoun county. First Cotton-Gin. — In an early day cotton was quite extensively grown in this county. During the period when the pioneer women manufactured all the clothing of the family from the raw material, cotton and flax might be found growing on every farm. Jacob Ellis erected a cotton-gin that proved a source of great help to the settlers. They would come for many miles to this mill to have their cotton ginned. Hon. L. W. Ross has a pair of quilts that were ma de b y his mother in 1825 or '2(j^ when they lived where 218 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Major Walker now does. The cotton and every other article that entered into them was raised on their place in this county. First Hotel. — The first hotel in the county, perhaps in the Mili- tary Tract, was built at Lewistown in 1827, by John Jewell, and kept for many years by Truman Phelps. It was then considered the best hotel in the West. Such men as Abraham Lincoln, Ste- phen A. Douglas, O. H. Browning, Cyrus Walker, Gen. E. D. Baker, Wm. A. Richardson and other prominent men of early times were often guests of this hotel. Organization of Fulton Counfi/. — In the latter part of the year 1822 it was thought by "some of the enterprising settlers of this section that a sufficient number of inhabitants were living here to justify the organization of a county. An effort was at once made, and on the 28th day of January, 1823, the organization was granted by the Legislature and ai> election appointed to be held on the 14th of April, for the election of county officials. The law required that a county should contain 350 legal voters before an organization could be effected, yet there were scarcely that number of individ- uals within the boundaries of Fulton county, although it embraced the entire northern part of the State. The same territory now con- tains a greater portion of the wealth of the State and a population of about two million souls. On the organization of Illinois Terri- tory in 1809 it was subdivided into the counties of Randolph and St. Clair. Fulton was included in the county of St. Clair. On the admission of the State into the Union Avhat is now Fulton county was a part of Madison. Afterwards, by an act of the Legislature approved June 30, 1821, it was placed within the boundaries of Pike, which is the oldest county in the Military Tract. When Fulton county was organized, and for over two years thereafter, it extended east and west from the Illinois to the Mis- sissippi rivers, and from the base line near where Rushville, Schuy- ler county, now stands, to the northern boundary of the State, in- cluding the country where Rock Island, Galena, Peoria and Chicago now are. It was indeed a large county, and embraced what is now the wealthiest and most populous portion of the great West. The great lead mines of Galena had not yet been discovered, and Chi- cago was only a trading and military post. As will be seen in the following chapter the officials of Fulton county- exercised full au- thority, so far as the duties of their respective offices were concerned, over all this vast region. In 1825 the Legislature created Peoria county and attached to it for all county purposes all the country lying north of it within this State on both sides of the Illinois river as far east as the third principal meridian. The Commissioners' Court of that county convened for the first time March 8, 1825. Thus was Fulton county greatly diminished in size. Soon the Military Tract began to settle up quite ra])idly, and a year had scarcely passed before Knox county was cut off of Fulton. This was done by an act approved Feb. 10, 1826. At that time, JJLJ^ I^ HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. , 219 however, there was not a settler within the boundaries of that county, and although laid off it was still attached to Fulton county for all judicial purposes. In the early part of 1828 the pioneers ap- peared in that county and it was rapidly settled. On the loth of May, 1830, a meeting was held in Henderson township to inaugu- rate steps for the organization of the county. A committee consist- ing of Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash, Stephen Osborn and Dr. Chas. Hansford was appointed to present a petition to the Hon. Richard M. Young, Judge of the Fifth Judicial District, praying for the organization of Knox county. These gentlemen shortly afterwards came to Lewistown, where Judge Young was holding Court, and laid their petition before him. The Judge, believing the county contained 350 inhabitants, the number required by law, and that a majority desired the organization, did, on the 10th day of June, 1830, declare by virtue of the power invested in him, the said county of Knox to be organized and entitled to the same rights and privileges as other counties of the State. An election was held July 3, and three Commissioners chosen. These gentlemen con- vened in official capacity on the 7th and perfected the organization of Knox county, which completely severed all the vast territory outside of the present boundaries of Fulton that at one time belonged to our grand old county. This reduced the county to its present size, which in number of acres ranks fifth in the great Prairie State. By an act of the Legislature approved Jan. 28, 1823, as above mentioned, Fulton county was given authority to organize. A commission consisting of Hugh R. Colter, John Totten and Stephen Chase was appointed to locate the county-seat. A full account of their labors is given in the following chapter. An election was held on the 14th day of April, 1823, for the selection of three Com- missioners, a Sherifl' and a Coroner. The only voting place was at Lewistown, and men came from so great a distance that it consumed several days in making the trip. William Fads of Ft. Clark was elected Sheriif over O. M. Ross, and Wm. Clark, Coroner. David W. Barnes, Joseph Motfatt and Thomas R. Covell were chosen County Commissioners. They convened for the first time on the 3d of June, same year. We refer our readers to the following chapter for a full and detailed account of all the important labors of this Court. Trade. — The earliest commercial transactions carried on in this county were but neighborhood exchanges, in great part. True, now and then a farmer would load a flat-boat with beeswax, honey, tal- low and peltries, with perhaps a few bushels of wheat or corn or a few hundred clapboards, and float down the Illinois river to St. Louis, where he would exchange his produce for substantials in the way of groceries and a little ready money with which he would return by some one of two or three steam-boats then running ; or if the period of the trip was before the advent of steam-boats he would ;urn his load into cash and come home on foot. 220 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. After the advent of steam-boats a new system of commerce sprang up. Every town would contain one or two merchants who would buy corn, wheat and dressed hogs in the fell, store them in ware- houses on the river at some of the "landings," and when the river opened in the spring would ship his winter's accumulations to St. Louis, Cincinnati or New Orleans for sale, and with the proceeds visit New York and lay in six months' siip])ly of goods. So far as the farmer was concerned in all these transactions money was an unknown factor. Goods were always sold on twelve months' time and payment made with the proceeds of the farmers' crops. When the crops were sold and the merchant satisfied the surplus was paid out in orders on the store to laboring men and to satisfy other creditors. When a days' work was done by a working man his emplover would say, "Well, what store do you want your order on?" and the order was always cheerfully accepted. Hogs were always sold ready dressed. The farmer, if forelianded, would call in his neighbors some bright fall or winter morning to help "kill hogs." Immense kettles filled with water had been boiling since dawn. The sleds of the farmer covered with loose plank formed a platform for dressing, and a cask or half hogshead, with an old quilt thrown over the top, was prepared in wliich to scald. From a crotch of some convenient tree a projecting pole was riffffcd to hold the dead animals. When everything was arranged the best shot of the neighborhood loaded his trusty rifle and the work of killing commenced. To make a "hog squeal" in shooting or "shoulder-stick," i. e., run the point of the knife used into the shoulder instead of the cavity of the breast, was a disgrace. As each hog fell the "sticker" mounted him and plunged a long, well sharpened knife into his throat, and others caught him by the legs and drew him to the scalding tub now hilled with hot water, into which a shovel-full of good green-wood ashes had been thrown. The cleaners now took the departed porcine, immersed him head first into the scalding tub, drew him back and forward a time or two, tried the hair, and if it would "slip" easily the animal was turned and the other end underwent the same process. As soon as taken from the water the scrapers with case-knives went to work and soon had the animal denuded of hair, when two stout fellows would take it up between them and a third man to manage the "gambrel" (^which was a stout stick about two feet long, sharp- ened at both ends to be inserted between the muscles of the hind legs at or near the hock joint), the animal would be elevated to the pole and the entrails removed by some skillful hand. When the work of killing was completed and the hogs had time to cool, such as were intended for domestic use were cut up, the lard tried out by the women of the household and the surplus taken to town to market. In those davs almost every merchant had, at the rear end of his ])lace of business or at some convenient neigh- boring building, a "pork-house," and would buy the pork of his ens- HISTOEY OF FULTON COUNTY. 221 tomers and of such others as would sell to him, and "cut" it for market. This gave employment to a large number of hands in every village cuttiug pork — work which lasted all winter ; also to a large number of teams hauling to the river, and coopers making pork barrels. Prices of p(.)rk then were not so high as at present. Thousands of hogs dressed for market have been sold in this county at $l.l25 to $1.50 per hundred lbs.; sometimes they were sold by the dozen, bringing from $12 to $18 per dozen, owing to size and quality. When, as the county grew older and communication easier between the seaboard and the great West, prices went up to $2 and $2.50 per 100 lbs., our farmers thought they would always be content to raise pork at such a fine price. There was one feature in this method of buying pork that made any town in Fulton county a paradise for the poor man in winter. "Spare-ribs," "tender-loins," "pigs'-heads" and "feet" were not con- sidered of any value, and were given freely to all who asked. If a barrel were taken to any pork-house and salt furnished, the barrel would be tilled and salted down with tender-loins or spare-ribs for nothing. So great in many cases was the quantity of spare-ribs, etc., to be disposed of, that they would be hauled away in wagon loads and dumped in the woods out of town. In those days if wheat brought half a dollar per bushel the farmer was satisfied. The writer once knew a farmer to sell five hundred bushels of corn to a distillery, for which he received five cents jier bushel, and took his pay in whisky at thirty-five cents per gallon. A good young milch-cow could be bought for from $5 to $10, and that j)ayable in work. In those days one of the wealthiest farmers in the county was notified that there was a letter in the postofficQ to his address, and that the postage was twenty-five cents. He went home immediately, killed a fat cow, took her to Canton and peddled her meat in the hope that in the transaction he would get his quarter in cash to "lift" his letter ; but when the cash pro- ceeds were footed up he found he had but twenty cents, and had to borrow the balance before he could set his letter. Those might truly be called close times, yet the citizens of the county were accommodating, and no case of actual suffering for the necessaries of life was known to exist before each vied with the other to relieve it. Early MiUhir/. — One of the greatest difUculties encountered by the early settlers was in having their milling done. By a liberal application of enterprise and muscle they experienced but little trouble in producing an abundance of the cereals, but having it converted into breadstuff was a source of much hard labor. The hand-mill introduced was a great improvement over the mortar or tin grater, a description of which is given elsewhere in this vol- ume. Then the band-mill was introduced. John Walters tells us 222 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. that he and his brother AVilliam used to strap their sacks of corn upon their back in knapsack fashion and take their guns and go eight or ten miles to mill. They often went to Jennings' band-mill. These mills ground only corn, and in order to have wheat ground the settlers would have to go to some distant water-mill. Pioneers often were gone an entire week with a load of grain to one of these mills. Mr. Jacob Silvernail relates that upon one occasion he went to the Little Mackinaw mill on the east side of the Illinois river, a distance of 25 miles. He took some 40 bushels of M'heat, and was gone from home nine days before he got his grist and, as Mr. Silvernail savs, "the ague at the same time." There are a multitude of milling incidents that would be interesting to read, but space in this chapter forbids the giving of others. These suffice to illustrate the difficulties the early settlers encountered in procuring breadstuff. Wild Hogs. — Among the settlers who came to Fulton county previous to 1835 were many who, accustomed to the advantages of an older civilization, to churches, schools and society, became speedily home-sick and dissatisfied. They would remain perhaps one summer or at most two, then, selling whatever claim with its improvements they had made, would return to the older States, spreading reports of the hardships endured by the settlers here and the disadvantages which thev had found, or imagined thev had found, in the country. These weaklings were not an unmitigated curse. The slight improvements they had made were sold to men of sterner stuff, who were the sooner able to surround themselves with the necessities of life, while their unfavoraV)le report deterred other weaklings from coming. The men who stayed, who were willing to endure privations, belonged to a different guild ; they were heroes every one, — men to whom hardships were things to be overcome and present privations things to be endured for the sake of posteritv, and thev never shrank from this duty. It is to these hardy pioneers who could endure, that we to-day owe the wonder- ful improvement we have made and the development, almost miraculous, that has brought our State in the past sixty years, from a wilderness, to the front rank among the States of this great nation. When the earliest pioneer reached what is now Fulton county game was his principal food until he had conquered a farm from the forest or prairie, — rarely, then, from the latter. As the coun- trv settled game grew scarce, and by 1850 he who would live by his rille would have had but a precarious sulisistence had it not been for "wild hogs." These animals, left by home-sick immi- grants whom the chills or fever and ague had driven out, had strayed into the woods, and began to multiply in a wild state. The woods each fall were full of acorns, walnuts, hazelnuts, and these hogs would grow fat and multiply at a wonderful rate in the bot- toms and along the bluffs. The second and third immigration to HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 223 the county found these wild hogs an unfailing source of meat sup- ply up to that period when they had in the townships contiguous to the river become so numerous as to be an evil, breaking in herds into the farmer's corn-fields or toling their domestic swine into their retreats, where they too became in a season as wild as those in the woods. In 1838 or '39, in Banner township, a meeting was called of citizens of the township to take steps to get rid of wild hogs. At this meeting, which was held in the spring, the people of the township were notified to turn out en masse on a certain day and engage in the work of catching, trimming and branding wild hogs, which were to be turned loose, and the next winter were to be hunted and killed by the people of the township, the meat to be divided pro rata among the citizens of the toAvnship. This plan was fully carried into effect, two or three days being spent in the exciting work in the spring. In the early part of the ensuing winter the settlers again turned out, supplied at convenient points in the bottom with large kettles and barrels for scalding, and while the hunters were engaged in killing, others with horses dragged the carcasses to the scalding platforms where they were dressed; and when all that could be were killed and dressed a division was made, every farmer getting more meat than enough for his winter's supply. Like energetic measures were resorted to in other townships, so that in two or three years the breed of wild hogs became extinct. Many amusing anecdotes are related of adventures among the wild hogs." Esquire W. H, Smith of Banner township relates the following incident: "I had gone to help one of my neighbors catch and mark some hogs that were running out in the bottom. He knew where his hogs ran, and we had no difficulty in finding them. Our dogs were called into requisition, and we had dogs then trained to the business, and soon I had a shoat down and was marking it when I heard a shout of warning, and looking up I saw my companions making for the nearest trees while a herd of wild iiogs, led by a powerful boar, was rushing through the grass and was almost on me. It was no time for argument I saw, and like my neighbors, I 'stayed not on the order of my going, but went at once' to the most convenient sapling, up which I found my way with a celerity that would have astonished those who know me now, and I was not in a hurry to come down until the herd had left." D. F. Emry, one of the early surveyors of this county, relates that once while surveying in the bottom he had his compass stand- ing in a path used by the wild hogs, and while adjusting his needle observed a very large boar with tushes five or six inches long com- ing do'svn the path toward him. "When the boar observed the obstruction in his pathway," says he, "he began to come sideways, champing his teeth and erecting his bristles in a way to convince me that I had better give him right of way, which I proceeded to do with commendable speed." i( 224 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Instances of adventures with wild hogs might be indefinitely multiplied, but space forbids. That these animals were dangerous those who have seen the tusks — in many cases still preserved — six and even in some instances eight inches long, will understand. The Deep Snoiv. — The big snoAv of 1830 will be vividly remem- bered by all the old settlers. The snow began falling on the night of the 29th of December, and continued to fall for three days and nights, until it reached an average depth of about four feet, but drift- ing in places as high as from eighteen to twenty feet. Great suf- fering was experienced in consequence. The settlers relied for their daily food upon Indian corn which they were enabled to raise, together with wild game, which was abundant at that time. Plenty of the former was raised to supply the wants of all until the next season's crop ; but when the snow fell very little had been gathered. Game could not be had. The great depth of snow was a barrier to all travel, and it may be well imagined the sufferings of the people were very great indeed. This was the heaviest snow that ever fell in Illinois within the memory of the oldest settler of this part of the State. According to the traditions of the Indians as related to the pioneers, a snow fell from fifty to seventy-five years before the settlement by the whito people, which swejjt away the numerous herds of buffalo and elk that roamed over the vast prairies at that time. This tradition was verified by the large number of bones of these animals found in different localities on the prairies when first visited by the whites. The deep snow is one of the landmarks of the pioneer. He reck- ons, in giving dates of early occurrences, so many years before or so many after the deep snow. He calculates the date of his coming, his marriage and l)irth of liis children from it, and well might It make a lasting impression upon their minds. Could we picture the suffering of that winter ; the dark forebodings that crept into every cabin, starvation staring the inmates in the face; the meagre meal that for months was their only portion, we, too, would never forget it. But human tongue or pen can never adequately picture the trials endured by the pioneers who were here during that long and eventful winter. For weeks the sun was not visible, and so intens(; was the cold that not a particle of snow would melt upon the south sides of the cabins. People were for weeks absolutely blockaded or housed up, and remained so until starvation compelled them to go forth in search of food. So much extra work was to be done in the building of homes that in the fall the pioneers did not gather in and crib their corn. They let it remain in the field until winter came before gathering. The big snow therefore found many of the settlers without any j)repara- tion for a long siege. They would go out into the field, and where they could see the top of a corn stalk sticking up through the snow they would dig down until they came to the ear. To get wood they would cut the trees at the top of the snow, and when spring came and (^)^Oi??: ^€^de^ ^&-MJ^7^/^ (D£C£AS£D), ISABEL LlLxirMi 1 OF UNIVff^GlTY THE OF I LUNOIS. HISTORY OF FULTON COTJXTY. 227 the snow had disappeared, they often found the stump long' enough to cut into fence rails. The snow lay on the ground until about the first o£ April ; and we have little doubt that many a weary one during that long winter sighed for the comforts of the "old home;" still, notwithstanding its great dreariness and the greater sufferings of the people, none became disheartened, for we find them in the s])ring of 1831 as determined as ever to carve out for themselves a home in this truly beautiful country. . During this winter, from Dec. 29, 1830, till Feb. 13, 1831, it snowed nineteen times. After the snow had melted we are told that the bones of deer were so numerous in some places that for one- quarter of an acre one could step from bone to bone over the whole surface, so many deer had perished there. The season following the winter of the deep snow was a very late one, and frost came every month in the year. The crops were jjoor, as may be well supposed, and the corn did not ripen. The longest winter ever experienced since this country was settled by the whites was that of 1842-3. The cold Aveather set in No- vember 4, and lasted until the following April. Sudden Change. — The most extraordinary atmospheric phenome- non occurring within the knowledge of the oldest settler took place in January, 1836. The intensest suffering was caused to man and beast by this sudden change. Quite a snow had fallen the day ])re- vious to the change, and upon that day a slow, drizzling rain fell, makiny, of the snow a " slush." The storm came from the north- west, and the clouds, upon its approach, assumed a threatening and extraordinary aspect, those higher being dark, and those below of a white frosty appearance. As fast as the storm advanced it instanta- neously changed the temperate atmosphere to that of frigid coldness. Incidents are related in connection with this sudden change which are indeed marvelous. During the sudden change John Walters tells us that he was out hunting, and had just killed a large buck deer. He heard a terrible roaring in the northwest, and upon look- ing in that direction saw a black cloud. The cold came on so suddenly and became so intense that he started for home on a run, leaving his game. Before reaching his home he had frozen his feet and ears very badly. High Water. — We have spoken of the deep snow and the sudden atmospheric change ; we now wish to record the seasons that the greatest amount of water fell. It is claimed that the greatest rain- fall that has ever occurred in this country was in 183". There waf> no record kept of the amount of water that fell by any of the methods in use at the present time, and all we have to judge by is the high water in the streams. The Illinois, Spoon river and their tributaries are said to have been higher than at the breaking up of the big snow in the spring of 1831, or at any time since. The rains commenced falling in the early springand continued throughout the early sum- mer. There have been, perhaps, other seasons just as wet, but the 15 228 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. streams were never so high at any other time. During this period there were many hard rains. In the early part of July a storm of rain, thuuder and lightning occurred, which for severity has scarcely ever been equaled. It spread throughout the West. The great prairies, then uncultivated and undrained, were a vast lake, and fish were plenty in almost every locality. The large ponds found here and there over the prairies in an early day contained fish large enough for domestic purposes. These ponds would dry up in the summer but in spring-time were well filled with water, and how the finny tribe managed to get there is a query the " old settler" cannot answer in a more satisfactory way than " they rained down when small." During this season but little in the way of crops was attempted to be raised. Hogs were fattened in the fall upon the mast, and those that were not killed for food had to subsist during the winter upon acorns; with them it was literally "root hog or die." The Severe Winter of 1842—3. — To add to the popular excitement occasioned by Rev. Miller's prophecy of the end of the world, and by the unprecedented comet of 1843, etc., one of the longest and severest winters ever known in this region, happened to be that of 1842-3. Xov. 7, 1842, it commenced to rain; the 8th was cloudy; and on the 9th 18 inches of snow fell, which did not go off alto- gether until the 12th of the following April! Soon after the snow fell a rain came upon it, and a crust froze so strong as to make it almost impossible for a time to work or travel. A hunter, how- ever, could walk on the ice-covered snow, and deer were more easily caught than domestic swine are nowadays. When alarmed by the proximity of the hunter they would attempt to run, but breaking through where the snow was very deep, they would lodge there almost helpless. Turkey and other wild game were abundant and easily obtained. On account, however, of the abundance of game and a sufficiency of grain, the people lived very comfortably. The first plowing done was in 5lay, but a good crop was raised. The years of 1844, 1851, and 1858, are also notable as years of great rain-fall. During the early history of the county, when there were no bridges, great difficulty was experienced in getting from place to place in the spring-time on account of the high waters. At such times ferrymen were allowed to charge double fare for carrying people or goods across the streams. It is remarkable that so few lives were lost during these seasons of high water, ])ut the pioneers were all expert swimmers, and it was very seldom one was drowned. Moneu. — Monev''was an article little known and seldom seen among the earlier settlers. Indeed, they had but little use for it, as all business was transacted by bartering one article for another. Great'ingenuity was developed in the barter of their commodities, and when this failed longJ,credits contributed to their convenience. But for taxes and postage neither the barter nor credit system would answer, and often letters were suifered to remain a considerable time HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 229 in the po.stoffice for want of twenty-five cents, which was then tlie postage on all letters from any great distance ; nor were they car- ried on the fast express or mail trains. It was only every week or so that a lone horseman, with mail bag thrown astride, would ride into a settlement or village. If, however, the village was on the line of a stage route, the old stage-coach would make its apj)earance as often. It was not common, then, for persons to get many letters; indeed, one or two a month was considered a large mail. Nor did three cents pay the postage upon a letter at that day. It seldom took less than twenty-five cents, or two "bits," as Kentuckians would say. To illustrate how very scarce money was in an early day we record the following incidents : Mr. Joseph H. Gardiner, of Joshua township, tells us that although he owned a farm of six hundred acres, with stock, grain, etc., he could not raise cash sufficient to pay postage on letters that came to him. They would often have to lie in the postoflfice for weeks before he could get them out. At one time in the early history of the country he had a legal dispute and was sued, the party getting judgment for |oO or 160 against him. He sent East for money and it came in a $100 bill. He ofFered it in payment of judgment ; they could not change the bill, nor could they find enough money in Canton to do it with ; conse- quently the judgment was not paid for some time afterwards. A member of one of the leading business firms iu Canton had noticed that his partner had charged to himself fifty cents cash each week. This. caused him so much uneasiness to know that cash was being withdrawn from their business that he took his ])artner to task about it. He admitted the fact, of course, and explained that it aatis to pay postage on letters received from a young lady in the East, perhaps his sweet-heart, which, though money was scarce, must be attended to. Coon-skins passed as currency in many places up to 1835, and values were frequently expressed in coon-skins. Whisky was one coon-skin per quart. Childs &■ Stillman, of Canton, were selling it at that price, and their store was a place of resort in consequence. The counter of this store was a rude affair, and the front of it not closely jointed : indeed, there were interstices between the clap- board panels through which a coon-skin could be readily pulled. One day Jesse Dollar called for a quart of whisky, and in payment handed over his coon-skin. The coon-skin was tossed" under the counter, and the whisky drank among the crowd. Dollar had a ramrod in his hands with a wiping-screw on the end. This he slyly inserted through the cracks in the front of the counter, and, twist- ing it into the fur, drew it out, and with it paid for the second quart, which was also passed through the admiring crowd. Dollar was liberal, generous, indeed prodigal, with his one coon-skin, making it pay for five quarts of whisky in almost that number of minutes. Childs & Stillman were pleased at their prosperous trade. The crowd were pleased at the joke, and Dollar was glorious. 230 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. The Beautiful Prairies. — The large prairies of the eounty pre- sented a most beautiful sight before they were settled. The follow- ing very descriptive lines on "The Prairies of Illinois/' by Captain Basil Hall, graphically portrays their beauty in their wild and native state : ''The charm of prairie consists in its extension, its green, flowery carpet, its undulating surface, and the skirt of forest whereby it is surrounded ; the latter feature being of all others the most signifi- cant and expressive, since it characterizes the land^icape, and defines the form and boundary of the plain. If the prairie is little, its greatest beauty consists in the vicinity of the encompassing edge of forests, which may be compared to the shores of a lake, being inter- sected with many deep, inward bends, as so many inlets, and at in- tervals projecting very far, not unlike a promontory or protruding arm of land. These projections sometimes so closely approach each other that the traveler passing through between them, may be said to walk in the midst of an alley overshadowed by the forest, before he enters again upon another broad prairie. Where the plain is ex- tensive, the delineations of the forest in the distant background a])- pear as would a misty ocean beach afar off. The eye sometimes surveys the green prairie without discovering on the illimitable plain a tree or bush, or any other object save the wilderness of flowers and grass, while on other occasions the view is enlivened bv the groves dispersed like islands over the plain, or by a solitary tree rising above the wilderness. The resemblance to the sea which some of these prairies exhibit is really most striking. In the spring, when the young grass has just clothed the soil with a soddy carpet of the most delicate green, but especially when the sun is rising be- hind a distant elevation of the ground and its rays are reflected by myriads of dew-drops, a more pleasing and more eye-beneflting view cannot be imagined. "The delightful aspect of the prairie, its amenities, and the ab- sence of that sombre awe insjiired by forests, contribute to forcing away that sentiment of loneliness which usually steals upon the mind of the solitary wanderer in the wilderness ; for, although he espies no habitation, and sees no human being, and knows himself to be far ofl' from every settlement of man, he can scarcely defend himself from believing that he is traveling through a landscape embellished bv human art. The flowers are so delicate and elegant as apparently to be distributed for mere ornament over the plain ; the groves and groups of trees seem to be dispersed over the prairie to enliven the landscape, and we can scarcely get rid of the impression invading our imagination, of the whole scene being flung out and created for the satisfaction of the sentiment of beauty in refined men. "In the summer the prairie is covered with tall grass, which is coarse in appearance, and soon assumes a yellow color, waving in the wind like a ripe crop of corn. In the early stages of its growth HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 231 it resembles young wheat, and in this state furnishes such rich and succulent food for cattle that the latter choose it often in preference to wheat, it being no doubt a very congenial fodder to them, since it is impossible to conceive of better butter than is made while the grass is in this stage. "In the early stages of its growth the grass is interspersed with little flowers, — the violet, the strawberry-blossom, and others of the most delicate structure. When the grass grows higher these disappear, and taller flowers, displaying more lively colors, take their place ; and still later a series of still higher but less delicately formed floMers appears on the surface. AVhile the grass is green these beautiful plains are adorned with every imaginable variety of color. It is impossible to conceive of a greater diversity, or dis- cover a predominating color, save the green, which forms a beauti- ful dead color, relieving the splendor of the others. In the summer the plants grow taller, and the colors more lively ; in the autumn another generation of flowers arises which possesses less clearness and variety of color and less fragrancy. In the winter the prairie presents a melancholy aspect. Often the fire, which the hunters annually send over the prairies in order to dislodge the game, will destroy the entire vegetation, giving to the soil a uniform black ap- pearance, like that of a vast plain of charcoal ; then the wind sweeping over the prairie will find nothing which it might put in motion, no leaves which it might disperse, no haulms which it mlirht shake. No sooner does the snow commence to fall than the animals, unless already frightened away by the fire, retire into the forests, when the most dreary, oppressive solitude will reign on the burnt prairies, which often occupy many square miles of territory." Prairie Fires. — Fires would visit the grassy plains every autumn. The settlers who had pushed out from the timber took great precau- tion to prevent their crops, houses and barns from being destroyed, yet not always did they succeed. Many incidents are related of prairie fires. The great conflagrations were caused either accident- ally, or designedly from wantonness, or with a view of bewildering the game. The fire often spread further than it was intended it should. Wherever were extensive prairie lands, one-half was burned in the spring and the other half in the autumn, in order to produce a more rapid growth of the naturally exuberant grass, destroying at the same time the tall and thick weed stalks. Violent winds would often arise and drive the flames with such rapidity that riders on the fleetest steeds could scarcely escape. On the ajiproach of a prairie fire the farmer would immediately set about "burning back," — that is, burning ofi: the grass close by the fences, that the larger fire upon arriving would become extinguished for want of aliment. In order to be able, however, to make proper use of this measure of safety, it was very essential that every farmer should encompass with a ditch those of his fences adjoining the prairie. When known that the conflagration could cause no danger, the settler, though 232 HISTOllY OF FULTON COUNTY, accustomed to them, could not refrain from gazing with admiration upon the magnificent .>;pectacle. Language cannot convey, words cannot express, the faintest idea of the splendor and grandeur of such a conflagration during the night. It was as if the pale queen of night, disdaining to take her accustomed place in the heavens, had dispatched myriads upon myriads of messengers to light their torches at the altar of the setting sun until all had flashed into one long and continuous blaze. The following graphic description of prairie fires was written by a traveler through this region in 1849 :- ''Soon the flres began to kindle wider and rise higher from the long grass; the gentle breeze increased to stronger currents, and soon limned the small, flickering blaze into fierce torrent flames, which curled up and leaped along in resistless splendor ; and like quickly raising the dark curtain from the luminous stage, the scenes before me were suddenly changed, as if by the magician's wand, into one boundless amphitheater, blazing from earth to heaven and sweeping the horizon round, — columns of lurid flames sportively mounting up to the zenith, and dark clouds of crimson smoke curl- ing away and aloft till they nearly obscured stars and moon, while the rushing, crashing sounds, like roaring cataract? mingled with distant thunders, were almost deafening ; danger, death, glared all around; it screamed for victims; yet, notwithstanding the immi- nent peril of prairie fires, one is loth, irresolute, almost unable to withdraw or seek refuge." Incidents of Pioneer Life. — The amusements of the pioneers were peculiar to themselves. Saturday afternoon was a holiday in which no man was expected to work. A load of produce might be taken to "town" for sale or traffic without violence to custom, but no more serious labor could be tolerated. When on Saturday afternoon the town was reached, "fun commenced." Had two neighbors bus- iness to transact, here it was done. Horses were "swapped." Diffi- culties settled and free fights indulged in. Blue and red ribbons were not worn in those days, and whisky was free as water ; twelve and a one half cents would buy a quart, and thirty five or forty cents a gallon, and at such prices enormous quantities were con- sumed. Go to any town in the county and ask the first pioneer you meet, he will tell you of notable Saturday-afternoon fights, either of which to-day would fill a column of the Police ^^eics, with elaborate engravings to match. Rough, ready to fight, as these pioneers were, their latch-string was always out. Xo stranger ever stopped at their cabins without receiving a heartv welcome. Mrs. Commodore Joshua Barnev, whose husband was famous in the war of 1812, and who was a daughter of Elbridge Gerry, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, in her old age told a chapter of her experience in Fulton county in 1829 that graphically illustrates pioneer life. She had gone with her husband from Washington City overland to HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 238 the Mississippi river, and crossing the Illinois at Ft. Clark (now Peoria), the party stopped late at night at a log cabin near Utica. The hail, "Hallo ! the honse," was given, and in answer to the inquiry, "Can we get to stay all night with you ?" they were told, "Certainly ; come in ; there is always room in this country." "On entering the cabin" says Mrs. Barney, "we found a room twelve feet by sixteen in which there was a fire-place, table, bench or two, a couple of rude chairs and three beds ; but worse than all, when our party got in, there were nineteen persons to stay all night ! Supper was almost ready when we arrived. It consisted of the usual corn bread, fat bacon, honey and in this case genuine store coifee. When bed-time came the men were ordered to step out of doors, and beds were spread, consisting of blankets and buffalo robes, over the whole floor, and we women — there were ten of us — told to go to bed, married women in the center. The men were now called in and each husband lay down by his wife, the single men outside. We were so thick, occupying the entire unappropriated space of the floor, that when we desired to turn over the word of command would be given, 'Spoon,' and we would all turn over at once." Mrs. Barney said this was an actual occurrence, and that similar cases occurred 3-t other points during her trip. The settler in the early days was not only hospitable but also philanthropic, and never neglected an opportunity to aid a neigh- bor. House-raisings were hiw special delight. Let a new-comer arrive in the neighborhood and all were ready to help him. One would send a bushel or two of potatoes, another a piece of meat, another some other article that could be used to eke out the larder ; but when the new-comer had his logs cut and all ready for the raising, then the fun commenced. Teams, men, axes, all were on the ground at an early hour, logs were hauled, scored, one side hewed, it may be, and before night willing hands had erected a resi- dence as comfortable and commodious as anv in the settlement, and at night was ready for the "house-warming," where dancing was kept up until the "wee short hours," and where all enjoyed them- selves in a manner unknown to the people of to-day. Let a neigh- bor get sick in the fall, as frequently occurred, and some neighbor would inaugurate a "chopping bee" or corn-gathering for his bene- fit, when all his fall work would be done in a day, — corn gathered and cribbed, wood chopped and hauled, and everything put in good shape for winter. After the day's labors were completed, song and dance were in order, and until morning perhaps the younger mem- bers of the community would keep up their hilarity. The only amusements of the pioneers had a hospitable, kindly core and were connected with some helpful act for needy neighbors. It was not only in amusements, but in all other acts of life that this kindliness was manifested, as an anecdote which living witnesses can testify to will illustrate. Some time prior to 1833 a traveling preacher of the M. E. 234 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Churcli sent an appointment into a neighborhood in what is now Isabel township, to preach. The honse wliere services were to be hekl did not belong to a Church member, but no matter for that. Boards were raked up from all quarters with which to improvise. seats, oue of the neighbors volunteering for this work, while the man of the house, trusty rifle on shoulder, sallied forth in quest of meat, — for this was truly a "ground-hog" case, the preacher coming and no meat in the house. The preacher had to come from the "Sangamon Settlements," and the few neighbors had assembled on his arrival. In the mean time the host of the occasion killed a deer and sent a boy on horseback with directions on what "point" to find it. After services, which had been listened to with fixed attention by the pioneers, "mine host" said to his wife, "Old woman, I reckon this 'ere preacher is pretty hungry, and you must git him a bite to eat." "What shall I get him?" asked the wife, who had not seen the deer; "thar's nuthin' in the house to eat." "Why, look thar," said the old gentleman ; "thar's a deer, and thar's plenty of corn in the field ; you get some corn and grate it while I skin the deer, and we'll soon have a good supper for him." It is needless to add that venison and corn bread made a supper fit for any jiioneer preacher, and was thankfully eaten. Sometimes the amusements of the pioneers were rough, almost to the point of fatal results, — sometimes, as in the case we are about to narrate, more witty than rough. In the early days of Canton a church buildiup: belonoiny: to the Presbvterian denomination stood in the public square. This church had a steeple and bell, probably at that period the only one in the county. The belfry of this church always stood open, and one night a party of wild fellows conceived the idea of a huge practical joke to be played upon the citizens by means of this bell. Several balls of twine were procured, and after everybody had got to sleep an adventurous spirit mounted to the bell and tied one end of the twine around the clapper of the bell, throwing the ball of twine out at the window. The knot around the clapper was so arranged that by pulling on an extra cord the twine could be loosened and made to disappear. When one o'clock, "the hour when grave-yards yawn," approached, this cord was taken to a second-story window opposite, where, out of sight above any night passer, it was pulled, setting the bell to tolling solemnly and sloNvly. It tolled for an hour, when those who had awakened at its first stroke with a yawn began to wonder what it all meant, and one by one windows here and there were opened and heads peered out into the darkness. Soon curiosity began to get the better of sleepiness, and here and there a man might be seen going towards the church to see what the bell was tolling for. On reaching the church the bell cord was found hanging as usual with no mortal ringer pulling it; still the bell tolled on, ding — dong — ding ! Others came, from every cabin in the town a representative, still the l)ell tolled on with no visible mortal sexton swinging its iron tongue. "What is the mys- HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 235 tery?" eager tongues asked of eager ears; ''what does it mean?" Some one suggested that some straggler had elind)ed up into the belfry and was doing the ringing, and one or two adventurous spirits climbed to the belfry to learn if such was the case, only to report that no mortal hand was tolling the bell ; and now the mys- tery deepened. Men with solemn faces spoke to men whose coun- tenances marked deep concern, and declared that the end of the world must certainly be approaching. Some suggested that it was Satan, others his heavenly opponent, Michael, who was tolling the knell of a world about to depart; still the bell tolled on. At last James Wright, for a "spiritual" consideration, volunteered to solve the mystery. ' Of course the parties pulling the bell had confreres in the crowd, and, when Wright mounted into the steeple, gave the signal, and the cord was disengaged ; the bell stopped tolling; but the mystery was not solved. The mysterious bell furnished food for talk and texts for wise homilies for weeks, until at last the joke got too heavy to hold, and the parties dropped it, to the infinite relief of many a superstitious soul. What the Pioneers Have Done. — Fulton county is a grand countv, in many respects second to none in the State, and in almost every- thing that goes to make a live, prosperous community, not far behind the best. Beneath our fertile soil is coal enough to supply the State for generations; our harvests are bountiful; we have a medium cli- mate and many other things that make us a contented, prosperous and happy people ; but we owe much to those who opened up these avenues that have led to our present condition and happy surround- ings. Unremitting toil and labor have driven off the sickly mias- mas that brooded over swampy prairies'. Energy and perseverance have peopled every section of our wild lands, and changed them from wastes and deserts to gardens of beauty and profit. When but a few years ago the barking wolves made the night hideous with their wild shrieks and howls, now is heard only the lowing and bleating of domestic animals. Only a half century ago the wild whoop of the Indian rent the air where now are heard the engine and rumbling trains of cars, bearing away to markets the products of our labor and soil. Then the savage built his rude huts on the spot where now rise the dwellings and school-houses and church spires of civilized life. How great the transformation ! This change has l>een brought about by the incessant toil and aggregated labor of thousands of tired hands and anxious hearts, and the noble aspira- tions of such men and women as make any country great. What will another half century accomplish ? There are few, very few, of these old pioneers yet lingering on the shores of time as connect- ing links of the past with the present. What must their thoughts be as with their dim eyes they view the scenes that surround them? We often hear people talk about the old- fogy ideas and fogy ways, and want of enterprise on the part of the old men Mdio have gone through the experiences of pioneer life. Sometimes, perhaps, such 236 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. remarks are just, but, considering the experiences, education and entire life of such men, such remarks are better unsaid. They have had their trials, misfortunes, hardships and adventures, and shall we now, as they are passing far down the western declivity of life, and many of them gone, point to them the finger of derision and laugh and sneer at the simplicity of their ways? Let us rather cheer them up, revere and respect them, for beneath those rough exteriors beat hearts as noble as ever throbbed in the human breast. These veterans have been compelled to live for weeks upon hominy and, if bread at all, it was bread made from corn ground in hand-mills, or pounded up with mortars. Their children have been destitute of shoes during the winter; their families had no clothing except what was carded, spun, wove and made into garments by their own hands ; schools they had none ; churches they had none ; afflicted with sickness incident to all new countries, sometimes the entire family at once; luxuries of life they had none; the auxiliaries, improvements, inventions and labor-saving machinery of to-day they had not; and what they possessed they obtained by the hardest of labor and indi- vidual exertions, yet they bore these hardships and privations with- out murmuring, hoping for better times to come, and often, too, with but little prospects of realization. As before mentioned, the changes written on every hand are most wonderful. It has been but three-score years since the white man began to exercise dominion over this region, erst the home of the red men, yet the visitor of to-day, ignorant of the past of the coun- ty, could scarcely be made to realize that within tliese years there has grown up a population of 50,000 people, who in all the accom- plishments of life are as far advanced as are inhabitants of the coun- ties of older States. Schools, churches, colleges, palatial dwellings, beautiful grounds, large, well cultivated and productive farms, as well as cities, towns and busy manufactories, have grown up, and occupy the hunting grounds and camping places of the Indians, and in every direction there are evidences of wealth, comfort and lux- ury. There is but little left of the old landmarks. Advanced civilization and the progressive demands of revolving years have obliterated all traces of Indian occupancy, until they are only remembered in name. In closing this chapter we again would impress upon the minds of our readers the fact that they owe a debt of gratitude to those who pioneered Fulton county, which can be but partially repaid. Never grow unmindful of the peril and adventure, fortitude, self- sacrifice and heroic devotion so prominently displayed in their lives. As time sweeps on its ceaseless flight, may the cherished memories of them lose none of their greenness, but may the future genera- tions alike cherish and perpetuate them with a just dev^otion to gratitude. CHAPTER III. IMPORTANT LABORS OF THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT. First Meeting. — The lirst meeting of the County Commissioners' Court of Fulton county was held at "the office of H. R. Colter in the town of Lewistown," on the 3d day of June, 1823. The records hold forth the "office of H. Ti. Colter" very prominently, yet we surmise this "office" of which the records speak so often was simply a portion of his cabin home. David W. Barnes, Thomas R. Co veil and Joseph Moffatt, County Commissioners, were all present. The first business transacted by the Court was the appointment of Hugh R. Colter as Clerk. The records open with the simple statement that "the Court held a special term June 3, 1823." They give us no information whatever concerning its organization, or its previous history, or of the organization of the county, but, like the Holy Scriptures, begins with unqualified statements and records its acts with the greatest simplicity. We were, however, fortunate enough to find in another old book some memorandums of the prior history of this Court, and of the official transactions of the county previous to the first meeting of the Commissioners' Court. These items, which are noted on the first four pages of the first Circuit Court records, are headed "Fulton County Clerk's Records." These were kept by Hugh R. Colter, and were written previous to his ap- pointment as Clerk by the Commissioners, and even prior to his being qualified as Justice of the Peace. The most satisfactory solution we can give why he should thus head the records and by what authority he swore men into office and transacted other official business, was, that he was appointed by the Legislature (act of Jan. 18th, 1823, for the organization of Fulton county), as a Clerk to transact such business as was necessary to carry out the provisions of the act and complete the organization of the county. Whether this was really the case or not we cannot positively state, as we have been unable to procure a copy of the act. The record of these four pages embrace the following items : On Feb. 11, 1823, nearly four months prior to the date of Colter being appointed Clerk of the Commissioners' Court, this certificate was recorded : "This day Ossian M. Ross personally appeared be- fore me and took the several oaths prescribed by law to authorize him to act as Justice of the Peace in and for the county of Fulton, State of Illinois, and on the back of his commission I wrote and 238 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. subscribed the usual certificate." Then follows a similar record of a certificate of John N. Ross to act as County purveyor. On March 17 Mr. Colter recorded in this same place that he had advertised an election authorized by law for county officials, to be held at the house of Ossian M. Ross on the ]4th day of April en- suing. On that day he noted the following words : "This day I attended the election for county officers and qualified the judges who conducted the election ;" and on the same date, which was April 14, these : "Received in this office the returns of the above election, and after examining said returns I gave certificates to the following persons, to-wit : David W. Barnes, Thomas R. Covell and Joseph Moffiitt ; Coroner, William Clark ; for Sheriff, Abner Eads." He then states that John Hamlin and Samuel Fulton appeared before him and (puilified as Justices of the Peace. On April 29 Thomas R. Covell came before him and (pialified to act as Lieutenant in the 17th Regiment of the Illinois Militia. May 12, we find this: "Ossian M. Ross, Esq., deposited in this office the following certificate for record, to-wit : Hugh R. Colter personally appeared before me and took the several oaths prescribed by law to authorize him to act as Justice of the Peace." He next records that on May 17 he sent from his office an official certificate to the Governor, relative to the situation of our county officers, who were elected on the 14th of April at the house of (). M. Ross. On June 3 he wrote that "Joseph Moffiitt took the oaths pre- scribed by law to authorize him to act as County Commissioner. David W. Barnes and Thomas R. Covell qualified April 15." July 4 William Eads qualified as Sherifi' and the following day William Clark as Coroner. The last item on these four pages of record is a certificate filed July 9, from O. M. Ross, certifying that Hugh R. Colter appeared before him and took the oath to act as Judge of Probate. Thus we have all the items, or record of the official acts (save the one we give below relative to locating the county-seat) prior to the first meeting of the Commissioners' Court that the officiating pio- neers have left us. Appoinfmottft bi/ the Court. — After the Court had appointed a Clerk, it recommended to the Governor that Amherst C. Ransom be appointed Justice of the Peace, vice Samuel Fulton, resigned. The next act was the appointment of John Eveland as Treasurer of the county. Then Thomas Ij. Ross was appointed Assessor. Aquila Moffiitt, John Grifiin, George Matthews, William Totten and Hor- ace Enos were appointed Constables. Road Precincts. — The county was then divided into road pre- cincts, and William Eads appointed superintendent for district No, 1, which began at Ft. Clark (now Peoria) and ran northwesterly to the Mississippi river. Stephen Chase was appointed su])erintendent for district No, 2, which road ran from Ft. Clark through Lewis- HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 239 town to the month of Spoon river. Amo.s Evekind was ap^jointed for district No. 3, which "hegan at Spoon-river bhiifs and continn- ing same to base line." This wonkl run it sonth to Beardstown. "The Conrt was then declared adjourned, to meet at seven o'clock on the 4th, by O. M. Ross, an elisor, [acting sheriif] who was appointed for that purpose. Counfy-fSeaf Loeafcd. — The Court met on the 4th and the follow- ing papers were laid before the august judges: "A return made bv the Commissioners who located the seat of justice ; and also a deed made by O. M. Ross to the county of Fulton for 13 town lots in the town of Lewistown for })ublic pur})Oses." Further on in these records we find the report for the location of the county-seat re- corded, which report we give in full: "A Return of the ^ 'o//i»;(.s.s/ow;-s irlm Locafid the Sc<(t of Jiisfici' for Fulton Coinittj, lUinoiii : "Know all men by these presents, that we, the undersigned Commissioners, having been appointed agreeably to an act of the Legislature, approved Jan- uary 2 at the mouth of Spoon river, the present site of Havana. He continued t<> run this ferry until his death, which occurred in 1887, and after which his sons ran it for a number of years. During the earlier years Mr. Ross would send a man down to the river every few days to carry the travelers with their saddles across the water in a canoe, swimming their horses beside it. It was generally understood among the settlers on both sides what days the ferryman would be there, and travelers always learned of the time. This was considered a splendid way to cross the river and a great accommodation to those who came to look at the country in the Military Tract. The following were the ferry rates established by the Court : Man and horse 25 cents. Each footman 122 " Each wagon drawn by two hoi-ses or oxen 75 u Each additional horse or ox 122 Each hog or sheep « 3 " Each lead or drove horse, or other animal 12i a Each cart drawn by two oxen 50 a Each Dearborn wagon or sulky. 75 " And all other property in the same proportion, and double when the river is over its banks. These rates seem high, but ferry patronage was limited, for we certainly must know that the number of persons were few who desired to cross the Illinois river at any one point fifty-six years ago. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 241 More Justices of the Peace. — The Court then recommended, as a fit and suitable person for Justice of the Peace, Mr. Wm. Eads, of Peoria, then known as Fort Clark. Further on in the records we find the trio of Commissioners ordered that John Kinzie be recom- mended to the Governor as a fit person for Justice of the Peace for Fulton county. This jrentleman was the well known first settler of Chicago, and at that time resided there, it then being in this county. It must be remembered that Fult(Mi county at that time spread over a vast territory, and embraced all of the northern part of the State. Yes, though unlearned in law and unacquainted with science and literature, the Commissioners held jurisdiction over a large district; and that they conducted the public affairs rightly, and built a firm and solid foundation upon which the future prosperity and greatness of this portion of our beloved State should rest, can not ])e gainsaid. This is plainly evident from the unparalleled strides made in agricul- tural and mechanical progress; from the hundreds of thousands of busy inhabitants now dwelling within this territory ; and from the vast stores of wealth accumulated solely from resources within it. Those great and unconcealed wonders reflect honor and credit each day upon their founders; and as days and years multiply, when the same territory over which they presided shall l)e teeming with mil- lions of earnest and energetic people, then will great honors and more exultant praise and adoration be expressed for the brave, sturdy pioneers who explored and opened up a region so prolific, and founded a community that for genius, enterprise and wealth will in the near future out-rank many older settled countries, and indeed will vie with many kingdoms of the earth. Then these vast prairies will be cultivated as a garden. Every forest tree and woodland will be util- ized, and populous cities with numerous factories and vast stores of commerce may be numbered by the score. Then will the modes of travel be superior to the remarkable railroad facilities of to-day, and transport the increased products with greater facility. Indeed, every- thing will then })e as different and as superior to what they are at present as the things of to-day are as compared with those of fifty years ago. Our readers may regard this as wild and unreasonable speculation, as wholly visionary; but they are only the conclusions deduced from a carefid study of history, of a comparison of what has been accomplished, with certain advantages, with the results that the superior advantages now enjoyed will as certainly accomplish. Fin-t Court-House. — The Court then ordered "that a court-house be built, with a jail under the same roof; said buildings to be built of bricks, 26 by 34 feet, two stories high and well finished, or a hewed-log building 24x30 feet, one and a half stories high, w^ith a separate building for jail, 12x15 feet, built of hewed timber one foot square and well finished off and secure in every part. " It was then ordered that the Court meet July 3, at the office of Hugh R. Colter, to let the above jobs. Before adjourning, how- ever, a tax was ordered levied on personal property, household goods excepted, and on all town lots at " one-half per cent." 242 HISTOEY OF FULTON COUNTY. On July 3 Barnes and Covell met per agreement, but adjourned without transacting any business, because MoflPat was not present. They met again the following day, and again adjourned, "for good causes, till the 5th at five o'clock in the mornino:." That was an early hour for officials to assemble to transact ])ublic business. Soon, however, the Commissioners did not meet till a later and a more fashionable hour, one in keeping with the modern spirit of the age. As the customs of civilization began to make themselves felt, they adjourned to meet at nine o'clock. The honorable Commis- sioners would fain indulge in a second morning nap and not don the ermine till the " third hour of the day." And before this distin- guished and time-honored official body was abolished ten o'clock was the hour for opening Court. On the 5th the Court assembled and by Abner Eads, Sheriff, was declared opened. This is the first time Eads attended Court. A petition was presented by O. M. Ross, a former supervisor of roads, praying to have the privilege of returning the delinquents of his district or of giving them over to the present supervisor in dis- trict 3, " on the road leading from the village of Peoria to the mouth of the Illinois river." . In regard to the court-house and jail it was ordered that the fol- loAving be a description of their size and the manner in which said buildings are to be finished : "The size of the court-house 26x30 feet, TOX fOI'NTY. 245 to the public, whic^h was done, and it also stricken off to Ossian M. Ross, for 1500." Laying out Roads. — For many years the petitions for roads occu- pied ;•< very large proportion of the Court's time and attention, and consumed more space to record than all other proceedings. They are similar in construction, and it would be useless, and worse, to speak of them as often as they occur. At this meeting a petition was presented from sundry citizens " for a road running from the town of Lewistown through the village of Peoria in said county." The present thriving city of Peoria was only a " village," Avhile Lew- istown was able to wear the more exalted name of " town." View- ers were ajjpointed, as Avas the custom, and the road viewed and thought to be of "practical utility," and was then ordered by the Court to be opened. First Treasurer. — John Eveland, the gentleman who was ap- pointed Treasurer at the first meeting of the Court, " neglected to appear and take his engagements in Court as the law directs." Thomas L. Ross was then appointed and qualified. Thus, John Eveland lost the honor of being the first Treasurer of this grand old county. AVhy it was that he did not qualify we know not. It is true the labors were light, and the remuneration was proportion- ately small; yet, probably his own business aifairs would not per- mit him to assume the duties of an office so responsible. First Grand Jury. — The Sheriff was then ordered to summon persons to compose the grand jury "for the next term of the Cir- cuit Court," which was to have been held at the court-house on the second Monday of October, 1823 ; but from the Circuit Court records it is evident that no Court was held until the following spring, when another jury was summoned, which, although composed of almost the same men, Ave give in its proper place. The following persons were chosen at this time as grand jurors: A. C. Ransom, Joseph Ogee, Elijah .Wentworth, Elijah Putnian, Benjamin Seaville, Stephen Chase, John Totten, George Brown, John Eveland, Ros- well B. Fenner, Thomas L. Ross, William T. Davison, Hazael Put- man, Amos Eveland, George INIattheAvs, John Woolcott, Xorman Seaville, Theodore Sergeant, David Gallintin, William Higo-ins, Isaac Swan, Peter Wood, Charles Gardner and James I^veland. First 3farriage. — The first record of a marriage in the county, or the first license or certificate of which any record is made, is the fol- lowing: "The second of July, 1823, H. R. Colter j(»ined together Thomas L. Ross and Susan Xye in the bonds of matrimony, both of lawful age, and by virtue of license from proper authority." Who the "proper authority" was Ave are unable to say, as we have on record no other e\'idence of this mari'iage than the aboA-e. The first marriage license issued, as recorded, AAas not until about a year after this. Commissioners Paid for Locating County-^eat. — The Court met Sept. ], 1823, and, among other transactions, allowed H. R. Colter 16 246 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY. $4 for services performed in locating the seat of justice for the county. Stephen Chase was then given a like amount. Whether John Totten, the other member of the commission, ever received any pay we do not know; and as no record is made of it, suppose he did not. Pay for Assessing the Taxes. — The Treasurer, Thomas L. Ross, then also Assessor, was allowed the enormous amount of §16 for "taking a list of the taxable property of this county." When we consider the size of the county, which included all of the northern part of this great State, we can realize to some extent the small amount of property there was to assess and the value the honorable Court put upon Assessor Ross' labors. But Mr. Ross did not do all of the assessing, nor did §16 include total cost for assessing the entire county. Xo ; for in the same act we find that the "Treasurer was ordered to pay A. C. Ransom S4 for taking the taxable property of Chicago, in said county, and collecting the same," so soon as he, said Ransom, should ])ay the money thus collected over to the County Treasurer. Thus we see there is a small amount more to be added to the §16. The assessment of Chicago, which was then in this county, was let out to another party. But the §4 it must be remembered was Ransom's remuneration for both the assessment and collection of the taxes of that place. Now, allowing Ransom as much for collecting the taxes of Ciiicago as for assessing them, Ave have §2 for the labors of each, which, added to the §16 allowed Mr. Ross, would make §18, as the full and total amount for assessing one-third of the great State of Illinois, and, too, only a little over a half centurv atjo. This was the first assessment ever made of this territory so far as we are al)le to discover. We were enabled to go into further details in regard to this tax of Chicago, and figure the value of the property of that city at that time. Ransom never re- ceived his four dollars, nor did the county ever become the possessor of the amount of taxes collected by him. Ransom was a defaulter. He collected the money, consigned it to his own coffers, and went about his business, leaving the honorable Court to vent their indig- nation in passing orders for him to " hand the taxes over to the Treasurer immediately." Thus we see that the very first man in Chicago who ever handled public moneys defaulted, and many in that o-reat citv have admired Ransom's course and " gone and done likewise." Sept. 3, 1823, the Court peremptorily ordered Ransom to hand over the money, but he did not comply. Nov. 30 of the same year two citations were issued against Abner Eads and Am- herst C. Ransom to ajjpear at the next term of the Court and account for taxes collected in Chicago. The pioneers were generally veiy strict in having officials gi^^e "good and sufiicient l)onds" for the faithful perfi)rnian('e of their duties and to insure the safety of })ublic funds, but it ap])ears that Ransom gave none. The Sherifi, how- ever, was the collector of the county, and to Kim the Court looked for Ransom's default to be made good. Accordingly at the next HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY. 2-17 term, liaiii^om not having pnt in an appearance, the full amount of taxes collected at Chicago was charged up to Sheriff Eads. This fell sorely upon the indignant Sheriff, and he appealed to the Court to be released. The Commissioners were at first immovable, but finally, at the June term, ]: COUXTY. Firfii<)ners and a Xew Cleric. — In August, 1824, an elec- tion was held, when James Barnes, David W. Barnes and James Gardner were chosen County Commissioners. They were evidently elected on the "reform ticket," for np sooner had they received the reins of government into their hands than they issued an order de- capitating Clerk Colter. The order reads as follows: "Ordered, that Hugh R. Colter be dismissed and discharged from holding the office of Clerk of this Court, for charo-ino- and taking; unlawful fees when acting as Clerk of said county." Stephen Dewey was imme- diately appointed to fill his place. It appears that Colter would not willingly give uj) the records at the pleasure of the Court, so the honorable body " ordered, that a writ issue from this Court, directed, to the Sheriff, requesting him to demand the records of this Court from Hugh R. Colter, late Clerk." HISTORY OP FULTON COUNTY, 249 A Record Book. — A small three-quire, paper-covered blank book was bought, which cost $4.o(). A very high price. Fearless (Jominit^sioiiers. — During the year the Commissioners pur- sued the even tenor of their way, granting petitions for roads, fer- ries, tavern licenses and election precincts ; appointing and remov- ing officers with an inflexibility of purpose that is really amusing. When they investigated a matter there were no ])al Hating circum- stauces to screen the delinquent, but the judicial guillotine cut off official heads with a refreshing impartiality. Negligent officers feared the power of the "triple C" more than Damocles feared the hair-suspended sword. They simply and plainly said "Go," and the official hesitated not but went at once, and tliat was the end of it. First Marria(/e License. — The first marriage license that was ever issued from this county was on New Year's day, 1825, and to Lyman Tracy. Previous to this Justices of the Peace, or other offi{aals, would perform the marriage ceremony and then send a cer- ti{i(';Ue of the marriage to the Clerk's office to be spread upon the r;Tords. Bounty for Wolf Scalps. — Wo.lves were abundant in that day and :vere troublesome to everybody. As a motive to induce persons to kill more of them than they were doing, the Commissioners, on March 7, 1825, offered a bounty of one dollar each £ur wolf scalps. This order was soon repealed, however, for wolf scalps came in so fist that in a short time the county would have been bankrupt, and yet we doubt if the numl)er of w(dves would have been missed. Estraij Pen. — One of the curious provisions of the law in the times of which we are now writing was, that stock was permitted to run at large. The Supreme Court of the State reversed the common- law idea prevailing almost universally in regard to stock running at large. In consequence of this every man was comjudled to fence his entire farm to protect his crops from wandering herds. The decision of the Court required stock to be fenced out instead of in. It would have been much less expensive for each man to have pro- tected himself from his own stock. Each settler had recorded in a book ke})t by the County Clerk, certain ear-marks and brands adopted by him for marking his stock, and by which he could identify his cattle and hogs. The vast prai- ries were then in their native condition, free from fences, cultivation or any sort of improvements. By many they wer(> thought to be worthless for all -MMctical firming purposes, except to furnish graz- ing f )r stock. Horses and cattle often wandered into adjoining counties. There were, however, means l)y which such stock might be recovered. In each county-scat was an cstray pen wherein all unclaimed and unknown stock was confined. Notice was quite often published of the number, kind and marks of the stock taken u]). At the March term, 1825, an estray [)en was ordered to be built. Road Tax. — Persons were required to work on the roads to ])av their poll-tax then as now. The schedule of labor prices foi- this 250 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY, work was as follows : "One day's work 62^ ots. ; for one pair of oxen 37J cts. ; wagon 25 cts. ; plow 12| cts." Chisus. — June 10, 1825, H. R. Colter was ordered to take the census of the county. We do not know the result, as his report was not seen. Bids for Assessment. — At the December term, 1826, the Clerk was ordered to give notice in three public places that " sealed pro- posals will be received by this Court on March 1, 1827, for taking the assessment of the taxable property of Fulton county for 1827-28." Count If I^evenue. — The amount of the tax of the county for 1828 was only §176.68. This was not as much as it was in former years, but then Peoria, Chicago and all of the northern portion of the State were attached to this county. Peoria county was cut off from Fulton in 1825, and then that county included all north of it to the State line. Knox county, 'tis true, still remained attached to this in 1828, but that being the year the first settler located in that county it could not be expected that any revenue would be derived from there. When Knox county was formed it was attached to this for judicial purposes, and the first election held in that county was ordered bv the Commissioners' Court of this county. It constituted the entire county one election precinct, and ordered an election in 1828 for Justices of the Peace to be held at the house of Stephen Osborn. Osaorn, Stephen Gum and Nicholas Voiles were ap- pointed judges. A New Court-House Built. — The old log court-house soon began to need repair, and indeed some of the more aristocratic thought the county should have a new one, a building more in keeping with the wealth and progress of the county. Accordingly, in March, 1830, the Court advertised for bids both for the repair of the old log house and for the erection of a new frame building. Abraham W. Williams wanted $475 to put the old one in proper repair. John McNeil offered to build a ne\y one for $649 and the old log one. After a short canvass of the bids the contract for building a new court-house was given to McNeil. This building did service for a few years when it, too, was abandoned and the present structure erected. The old frame court-house now stands one block west of the square in a dilai)idated state. When it was erected no doubt it was one of the finest and largest public buildings in the State. Trouble with Ojficials. — The first use that Fulton county had for a Coroner was, so far as we can find any evidence, in March, 1881, and even then it was not to hold an incjuest. Gen. Isaiah Stillman had been appointed Treasurer, and called upon the former Treasurer, John McNeil, for the moneys, books, etc., belonging to the county and in his possession. He (McNeil) reported to the Court that the Sheriff, Chas. Newcomb, Avho was also C'ollector, refused to pay over the whole amount of county taxes. It was therefoce ordered that a citation be issued directed to the Coroner, or any Constable, HISTORY OF FITLTON COTTNfY. 251 requiring the Sheriff to a])pear mul show cause, "if any he hath," why judgment should not be entered against him. This is the iirst mention of a Coroner in these records, and we arc unable to find who filled the position up to the year 1831, save for the first term. 31erclianfi<' License. — At the April terra, 18.'>1, a li(^ense was rc- (^uired for the selling of merchandise. Twenty dollars was charged for this license. Paupers. — Joshua Stinson, the first ])auper, and Parmelia Fair- child, the second one, were ordered "let out to the lowest bidder by the year." Another Jail. — Necessarily, as faithful historians, we are compelled again to mar the pleasant progress of this chapter by reference to prison bars. It seems as the county advanced in wealth and pop- ulation the evil principle kept pace with it ; and, as immaculate and good as the pioneer fathers undoubtedly were, even among them there were wicked and vicious characters. The old log jail was unfit for use any longer; accordingly, in June, 1833, a new jail was ordered built on the northwest corner of the public square, on lot 215. Samuel Cozard built it for !^()74. This structure stood for many years and held ])risoners rather loosely. In April, 1845, how- ever, it was burned down. There was a prisoner confined within it by the name of James Knott. His crime was the common one, at that time, of horse-stealing, Knott evidently concluded that he had been incarcerated long enough, and also that he would seek revenge upon the old prison for robbing him of his liberty as long as it had, and at the same time have some fun. xVccordingly, dur- ing the night and about the hour of twelve, he liberated himself, which seems not to have been an ovc-rlaborious task. He then set fire to the structure and fled. Soon the peaceful slumberers of the little village were aroused by the alarming cry of" fire." The mas- culine portion of the entire populace, and not a few women, rushed to the scene. Their jail was being licked up by the fire-fiend. Soon the greatest consternation prevailed. It was noised through the crowd that Knott was in the jail and would therefore perish. There was no key at hand, and as greatly as the early settlers des- pised horse-thieves their noble, generous hearts c(udd not see one perish in the flames without a desperate effort to rescue him. Im- mediately battering rams were being hurled against the heavv door by strong and resolute men. Every heart was bleeding with sym- pathy for poor Knott; and could he have had his trial at that time, "not guilty" would have been the speedy verdict. Soon the door gave way beneath the ponderous blows, and every eye was turned toward that spot of the burning structure, expecting to see James Knott, singed and burnt, run out; but no Knott came. Death-like silence ])revailed. A moment passed in this imj)atient waiting, when some, braver than the others, ventured into the burninu' buildino'; but James could not be found. Various rumors were then afloat about him. AViiat must have been their chagrin, when a few 252 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUXTY. days afterwards the culprit was captured in the timber I He told the story of his escape and laughed at the joke he had played upon them. Clerk's Office. — At the same time the jail Avas contracted for, a Clerk's office was ordered built. The contract was let to Ephraim Brown for 8318. It was to be l)uilt upon lot 182. The Present Court- House. — During the latter part of 1836 and the early part of 1837, again the people began to agitate the ques- tion of building a new court-house. The county had grown rapidly, both in population and wealth. To further the plan a subscription was made by private individuals for the purpose. At the meeting of the Commissioners' Court, Friday, March 10, 1837, this resolu- tion was passed : " The Court being satisfied that the public inter- est demands, and the respectability and ]:>rospcrity of the people, require, the erection of a good, substantial court-house, suital)le to accommodate the present and future ]>opulation of the county, and the sum of S2,000 having been subscribed by the citizens of Fulton county towards defraying the expense of such a building, it is there- fore ordered that a court-h(juse be built on lots Xos. 181 and 214 in the town of Lewistown, and that said court-house be built of bricks, upon a suitable foundation of stone, and to be 40 by o3 feet on the ground with a projection of the roof of 12 feet, supported by four pillars of suitable material. It is further ordered that Xewton Walker, John McXeil, Erasmus D. Rice, Myron Phelps and John P. Boice be ap})ointed a committee to make a draft of the building and an estimate of the probable expense of such a building, and that they be requested to report the same to the Court to-morrow morning at ten o'clock." This committee ( and a better one could not have Ijeen selected, nor even at this day could it be excelled) reported that a building such as was desired would cost S7,ol7. Xewton AValker was then appointed agent to purchase material and make contracts for said building on behalf of the county. Xo con- tracts were ever let, hoAvever, hut AValker was chosen superintend- ent for the county, and he superintended the entire work. The total cost of the buildina; was 89,800. It stands in the center of a small square, which is set with many large and beautiful maple and other trees. The upper room, which occupies the entire second floor, is used for Circuit Court purposes. It is reached by two flights of iron stairways, Avhich are constructed in the portico, and land together on a platform in front of the door. This portico extends across the entire east end of the building, and is supported by four large stone pillars, nine feet nine inches in circumference, and extending to the top of the building. On the first floor there is a hall-way running through the building from east to west. On either side of this are offices for the county officials. Upon the south side are the County Judge's and Sheriff's offices. Upon the opjiosite side are two offices occupied by the County Treasurer and County School Superintendent. The Circuit HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 253 and County Clork.s occupy a builclino; known a? the " iire-proof/' which is located west of the main buikling within the same square. This buikling is so constructed as to insure the public records from loss by fire. This building when erected was among; the finest and largest court-houses in the West, and for many years it stood foremost among the public buildings of Illinois, and was pointed to with pride not only by the citizens of Fulton county but by those throughout Central Illinois. It stood as a monument of the enter- prise of the pioneers of this section, and was one of the grandest evidences of the prosperity of the newly settled State. It stands to-day as solid as when first built. Every stone and brick is in its place, and every timljer has stood the storms of nearly half a cen- tury unshakem Around this old building cluster pleasant recollec- tions of the long-ago. Within its storm-beaten walls have been heard pleas as rich in eloquence as were ever presented to judge or jury. Within those old walls, made sacred by time and the mem- ories of some of the grandest characters and most gifted men known in the history of Illinois, many a scene full of historic interest has occurred, which, could we accurately picture them, would be read more as a romance than prosaic history. What numbers of trembling and downcast prisoners have stood before the learned tribunal within the old upper room, to plead " Guilty," or "Not Guilty!" Then the long, hotly-contested trial came; wit- nesses examined and cross-examined ; the wrangle and wordy wars between the lawyers; the appeal to the jury and addresses, which for logic, eloquence, touching, sympathetic eloquence, have not been excelled in all the broad land. How many times have the twelve jurors, sworn to be impartial, filed into their little secret room, to consult and decide the fate of the prisoner at the bar ! Then how often have the joyous words come forth, " Not Guilty ! " But, again, how very many have stood before the Judge to hear in meas- ured tones their sentence ! Sometimes it was thouoht Justice was outraged; that the Judge, jury and Prosecuting Attorney had pros- tituted their high positions, violated their sworn duty, and made easy the escape for culprits; yet, taking it all in all, the goddess of justice has shed no more tears over insults to her holy and righteous charge than she has at any other judgment-bar in the State. Law and justice have almost always been vindicated, and the oifender punished. C/Ould these old walls speak and tell us of the eloquent andeflFect- ive pleadings of Lincoln, Baker, Richardson, McDougal, Brown- ing, Bushnell, Manning, Walker and others, orof the learned decis- ions of Douglas, A'oung, Thomas, Walker and Higbie, that they have listened to, how eagerly we would seek them ! We do not for- get that at the present time justice is as swiftly vindicated as ever before; that the Fulton county Bar is at its maximum in point of legal ability. It takes the mazes of time to add the luster of fame 254 HISTORY OF FUI.TON COUNT V. to the labors and character of most men. That which is of the past, or of the future, we are wont to believe possesses more merit than that which we have with us. Thus it is with our leual lights of to-day. PanneUa Fairchikl. — In June, 1838, it was "ordered, that the keeping of Parmelia Fairchikl [the second pauper] for the ensuing year be now offered by the Sheriff. Whereupon, afterwards the Sheriff reported that he had offered the keeping of said P. Fair- child and struck her off to Absalom Walters for the sum of §104, he being the lowest and best bidder and agreeing to take charge and maintain her for one year." First Temperance Tro/7;. — It seems that even among the pioneers, almost all of whom we are led to believe used intoxicating liquors more Qr less, there were temperance advocates. Pej-haps the first temperance work ever done in the county was in 1838. The good work was then inaugurated which has since driven out every saloon from the borders of Fulton county ; has lifted many of the fallen, and saved thousands of our young men from the inevitable ruin of body and soul that rum brings to the unfortunate one who tamjjers with it. June 7, 1838, we find this item on the records relative to the temperance labors of these noble pioneers, — pioneers both as to open- ing up a new and beautiful country and as to beginning to roll the temperance stone: "The petition of A. M. Culton and other citi- zens of Canton and Farmington and vicinity, requesting this Court to withhold licenses for the retailing of spirituous liquors, being presented in Court, and the prayer and object of the petition being fully considered and duly appreciated by the Court, it is considered by this Court that however desirable it may be to suppress and pre- vent the use of intoxicating liquors, yet the members of this Court are of the opinion that any respectable citizen has the right to re- quire, and the Court is bound by the exi.-tjng laws of the State to grant, licenses to keep public houses of entertainment, or taverns, and that the object of the petitioners can only be obtained by peti- tion to the Legislature." A Xeic Hegime in Choosing Commissioners. — Heretofore the terms of office of all three of the Commissioners had expired at the same time; but in 1838 a new rule was adopted, in compliance with an act of the Legislature. Xow they were to be elected for three years and one retire every year, thus leaving two experienced men in office. For the first terms, however, one of them should serve only one year, another two and the third three years. On convening at the fall term of this year they drew lots to decide the term each should serve. Three ])ieces of paper, upon which Avere written "one year," "two years," "three years," respectively, were put into a hat. Hiram Wentworth drew the one-year slip, John Johnson the one indicating two years, and John Baker the one for the three- vear term. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 200 Pauperfi f>okJ. — The old custom of letting out paupers singly was abolished in March, 1843, and a somewhat diiferent mode instituted. " They were all," as the record puts it, '' sold at the door of the court-house by the Sheriif, and Emsley Wiley being the lowest bid- der, they were struck oflP to him for the sum of |549." Whether the veteran pauper, Parmelia Fairchild, was among the number we know not, but presume she was, as she was bid off alone the year previous. She had been on hand for nigh unto twenty years, and had always been treated kindly by the Court. To support her had become a portion of its labor, and year after year we find she was " bid off," and the Commissioners as cheerfully paid bills for keeping her as they did their own salaries. The following year, 1844, the records say, in referring to letting out the paupers: ''Four were absolutely sold and two condition- ally." What they regarded as an "absolute sale" we do not know. A Xeir Jail Ordered Built. — In 1846 a jail with a jailor's residence was ordered built. However, the subject was discussed some among tlie ])eople, and it was a question whether a majority of the tax-payers favored the building of a new jail. The Commissioners, wishing to comply with the wishes of the majority, ordered the question voted upon at the August election of that year. This was accordingly done, and the measure defeated, and the order repealed. Ex-Sheriff Waggoner, when he resided where Judge S. P. Shope does at present in the city of Lewistown, which was about this time, the country to the north of his residence was thickly covered with hazel. During the trial of JS^ehemiah North up for tiie murder of Nor- man Beamas, he kept the prisoner at his house, there being no jail. Although it seems that he might have very easily effected his escape, yet he never attempted it. He was- admitted to bail by the Court, but never appeared for trial. He took this opportunity for making good his escape, and since has never been heard from. The Sheriff also tells us of a little Jllnglish prisoner whom he kept at his residence for some time. During the evening the Sheriff would leave him with his wife and go down town and remain often for several hours. The prisoner was unshackled and seemingly un- watched, yet he never attempted to make his escape while in the hands of Sheriff Waggoner. He was taken to Monmouth and con- fined in the jail there for a time, but soon made his escape. He broke jail there and was never recaptured. He wrote Major Wag- goner a letter some time afterw:trd, from New Philadelphia, ()., in which he stated that he didn't like the Monmovith jailor and didn't propose to stay there ; so left. He expressed great friendship for the Major and said he never would have attempted his escape while in his hands. Fird Poor Farm. — June 9, 1848, we find on the records this order : " Ordered, that the Clerk of this Court enter upon the records that there is a poor-house established in this county, and it 256 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. is now ready for the reception of the poor of the county." This is the lirst mention made, upon the records, of a poor farm, and they are silent as to its cost or location. It was, however, located upon the northwest quarter of sec. 25, Cass township, and the east half of the northwest quarter of see. 36. The former tract cost 81,400, the latter §25. The paupers were cared for at this ]>lace for a while, when s(^me thought it too expensive and wished to return to the old mode. This they did, but to their sorrow, for they then found the expense per pauper was almost double Avhat it had been keeping them at the poor-house. Free Ferry. — June 5, 1846, 8100 was given Samuel Gilfry to run a free ferry for one year across Spoon river at AVaterford. Previous to this a license and a schedule of prices were given to govern the ferryman ; but the prices charged in later years were much lower than those given for Ross' ferry over the Illinois. The Lad Meeting. — The new Constitution which went into effect in 1849, abolished this Court, but before adjourning the Court or- dered a vote taken for or against township orgauiziitiou at the next election. On Oct. 11 the County Commissioners' Court performed its last official duties. Their last act was to allow Myron Phelps §1,888 for goods furnished the county. The Court then adjourned till "court in course," but never re-assembled. I CHAPTER IV. . ■ GEOLOGY.* Fulton county contains a superficial area of about twenty-four townsliips, or about 864 square miles. It is triangular in sh«pe, and is bounded on the north by Knox and Peoria eoiinties, on the east by Peoria county and the Illinois river, on the south by Schuyfer county, and on the west by Schuyler, McDonough and Warren counties. The principal streams in the county are the Illi- nois river, forming its main boundary on the east and southeast for a distance of about thirty miles ; Spoon river and its tributaries, which traverse nearly the whole extent of the county from north to south ; and CV)pperas creek, which drains a considerable area in the northeastern portion of the county. These streams drain the whole area of the county, and are from 150 to !:^:)0 feet below the general level of the highlands. Originally the surface was nearly equally divided into prairie and timbered lands, the former occupying the most elevated positions of the county, as well as a part of the Illinois-river bottoms, while the timber belts are restricted to the more broken lands skirting the water-courses. INIucli of the original timber, however, has been cleared away in developing the agricultural resources of the county, and splendid farms now occupy a large portion of the area which but a few years since. was covered with a dense forest. Much of the upland was originally timbered with a dense growth of sugar- maple, black-walnut, linden, hackberry, elm, honey-locust and wild cherry, indicating a very rich and productive soil. This growth of timber usually prevails where the Loess overlies the drift clays on a moderately level surface, and these lands iii their productive qualities are second to none in the State. Where the surface is broken into sharp ridges, along the borders of the smaller streams, black and white oak and hickory are the prevailing.timber, and the soil is a thin, chocolate-colored, or In'OAvn clay loam, well adapted to the growth of small grain, clover or fruit. The prairies generally have a rolling surface, though in the region about Fairview there are some quite flat prairies that require drain- ing in wet season^. The soil on the })rairies is a dark-ln-own or black mold, varying from one to three feet in thitikuess, Mitka sub- ••■Taken from State Geologist A. H. Worthen's Report. 2dS HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. soil of brown clay loam. The bottom lands on the western bank of the Illinois river are from one to fonr miles in width, and are mostly covered with timber, thongh there is some bottom })rairie near the month of Spoon river. A good deal of this bottom land is too low and marshy for cnltivation, bnt where it is sufficiently elevated the soil is of a rich, sandy loam, and 'very productive. The bluffs generally range from 125 to 150 feet in height, and are usually cut into sharp ridges by the valleys of the small streams that drain the adjacent country. The lower parts of these bluffs, to the height of 75 to 100 feet, consist of the stratified rocks of the Coal Measures into which the original valley was excavated, and their elevation has l)ecn subsequently increased by the accumulation (»f Drift clays and lacustrine deposits u})on them. The valley of Spoon river seldom exceeds a mile in w idth, and is excavated into the Lower Carboniferous limestone on that part of its course extend- ing from Bernadotte. The depth of this valley is about the same as that of the Illinois river, but the lower rocks are reached here, in consequence of the easterly dip of the strata, wliich brings the limestone nearer to the surface in the western portion of the county. Surface GeoIoearing, and ere long will be known only in iiistorv, as are the deer, the beaver, and the bison. Among those still to be found here are the gray wolf, which is numerous in some parts, the opossum, raccoon, mink, muskrat, the common weasel, the small brown weasel, skunk, woodchuck, or Maryland marmot, jjrairie mole, common shrew mole, meadow and deer mouse, and the gray rabbit. Of sijuirrels there are the gray timber s(|uirrel, the fox, chi])munk, the large gray j)rairic s(|uirrel, the striped and the s})otted prairie sipiirrel, and the beautiful Hying sipurrcl. The dark-brown and the reddish bat are common. Other small animals have been found lu'rc whicii have strayed from other localities. iUKDS. (Jf the o,()0() existing species of birds many have sojourned in this county, some temporarily and others for a considerable time. Many migratory species come only at long intervals, and therefore but little is known of them. There is not a more fascinating study than that afforded by our feathered friends. Their free movements through seemingly bound- less space, the joyous songs of many, and the characteristic tones of all, their brilliant colors, their lively manners, and their wonderful instincts, have from earliest ages made a strong impression on the minds of men, and in the infancy of intellect gave rise to many 266 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. peculiar and mysterious associations. Hence the flight of birds was made tiie foundation of a peculiar art of divination. Relig:ion borrowed many symbols from tliem and poetry many of its orna- ments. Birds avail themselves of their powers of wing to seek situations adapted for them in respect to temperature and supply of food. The arrival of summer birds is alwavs a welcome sign of advancing spring, and is associated with all that is cheerful and delightful. Some birds come almost at the same date annuallv ; others are more influenced by the character of the season, as mild or severe. The following list is as nearly correct as can be compiled from the available information upon the subject : Ferchcrs. — This order of birds is by far the most numerous, and includes nearly all those which are attractive eitlier in plumage or in song. The ruby-throated humming-bird, with its exquisite plumage and almost ethereal existence, is at the head of the list. This is the humming-bird which is always the delight of the children, and is the only one found in Illinois. The chimney swal- low, easily known from other swallows bv its very long wings and forked tail, and which is a true swift, is quite numerous. Of the whipjioorwill family tliere are two representatives, — the whippoorwill proper, whose uote enb'vens the forest at night, and tlie night-hawk. The belted kingfisher, so well known to the school-boy, is the onlv member of its familv in this region. At the head of the flv- «^atchers is the king-bird, the crested flv-catcher and the wood pewee. Sub-order of -SVnf/c/'.v — Thrfishfdinilii. — Of this family arc the robin, the wood thrush, Wilson's thrush, the blue-bird, the ruby-crowned and the golden-crested wren, tit-lai-k. tlie black and the white creeper, blue yellow-backed warbler, vel low-breasted chat, worm- eating warbler, blue-wiuged yellow warl)lcr, Tennessee warbler, and golden-crowned thrush. S/triJ:r fami/i/. — This family is represented by the great northern shrike, red-eyed fly-catcher, white-eyed fly- catcher, the blue-headed and the yellow-throated fly-catcher. Siraf/ow famili/. — This family of birds are very numerous in Ful- ton county. Among them are the barn swallow, white-bellied swallow, bank swallow, clitf swallow, and purple martin. Wa.r- irinr/ faini/i/. — The cedar bird is the representative of the wax-wing in America. MofJ:!nf/-blriJ fdnulij. — The genera of this family ar(> the cat-bird, brown thrush, the house and winter wren. Finch and Sparrow familif. — The snow bunting and Smith's bunting appear only in winter. The purjile finch, the yellow bird and the lark finch inhabit this county. Of the passerine genus of this family are the Savannah -^j^arrow, the field and the chipping sj>arrow, the black snow-l)ird, the tree sparrow the song sparrow, the swamp and the fox-colored sparrow, the black-throated bunting, the rose- breasted gros-beak and the ground robin. Titmouse family is represented by the chickadee and the tufted titmouse. Creeper HISTORY OF FUI.TOX COUNTY. 267 family. — There are two specimens of this lamily, — the white-bellied nut-hatch and the American creeper. Skylark family. — This melo- dious family is represented here by only the common skylark of the prairie. Black-bird family. — The rusty black-bird, the crow black- bird, the cow-bird, the red-winged black-bird, the meadow lark, the orchard and the Baltimore orioles of this family, are the most beau- tiful and brilliant of birds that inhabit this region. Croiv family. — The blue-jay and the common crow comprise the species of this family. Birds of Prey. — This order of birds comprises all those, with few exceptions, which pursue and capture birds and other animals for food. They are mostly of large size, the females are larger than the males, they live in pairs, and choose their mates for life. Most rap- torial birds have disappeared. Among them arc the golden eagle, which was always rare but now no longer seen here ; the bald eagle, or properly the white-headed eagle, once quite common, now scarce. Some well preserved specimens of this genus are in the county. This eagle enjoys the honor of standing as our national emblem. Benjamin Franklin lamented the selection of this bird as emblemat- ical of the Union, for its great cowardice. It has the ability of ascending in circular sweeps without any apparent motion of the wings or the tail, and it often rises in this manner until it disappears from view ; when at an immense height, and as if observing an object on the ground, it sometimes closes its wings, and glides to- ward the earth with such velocity that the eye can scarcely follow it, causing a loud rustling sound like a violent gust of wind among the branches of the forest. The Hawk family has eight or nine species, some but seldom seen, others common. The turkey-buzzard has almost, if not quite, disappeared. Of the owl genera are sever- al species, though all are but seldom seen because of their nocturnal habits. Among them are the ])arn owl, the screech owl, tlie long and the short-eared owl, the barred owl, and the snowy owl, the lat- ter being the rarest. Climbers. — But few of this order remain in the county, the most common of which are the woodpeckers. Of the various kinds are the golden-winged, the pileated, the hairy, the downy, the yellow- bellied, red-bellied and the red-headed. At an early day the Car- olina parrot was often seen, but he has now entirely deserted thU section. The yellow and black-billed cuckoos are occasionally seen. Scrafchers. — This order contains but few genera in this county. The wild turkey, the choicest of game, has almost entirely disap- peared, and was the only one of its family that ever sojourned here. In an early day they were in abundance, (rrousc fa/mily. — The chiefest among this family is the prairie chicken, which, if not care- fully protected, must ere long follow the wild turkey, never to re- turn. The ruffled grouse, wrongfully called "pheasant," has of late made its appearance. It is quite fond of cultivated fields, and, if properly protected and encouraged until it becomes fairly settled. 268 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY. will make a fine addition to the game, and fill the place of the prairie chicken. Partridge famUy. — The fate of that excellent bird, the quail, is only a question of a short time. The Dove family. — The wild pigeons continue to make their semi-annual visits, but not in such vast numbers as vears ago. Acres of forest were so often filled at night with these birds that the breaking of boughs and the flying of pigeons made a noise that could be heard for miles, and the shot of a sportsman's gun could not be heard at a distance of ten feet. Highly interesting is the description by Audubon of the enormous flights which he observed on the Ohio in the fall of 18J3; they obscured the daylight and lasted three days without interruption. According to a very moderate estimate of his, each flight contained the stupendous number of one billion, one hundred and fifteen thousand million, one hundred and thirty-six thousand pigeons. These flights caused a general commotion among the entire rural ])opulation. Desirous of booty and anxious lest their crops should be spoiled, the farmers, arming themselves Avith rifles, clubs, poles, torches and iron pots filled with sulphur, proceed to the resting- places of the birds. The work of slaughter being accomplished, everybody sat down among mountains of dead pigeons, plucking and salting the birds which they selected, abandoning the rest to the the foxes, wolves, raccoons, opossums and hogs, whole herds of which were driven to the battle-field. The plaintive notes of the Carolina dove, commonly known as the turtle-dove, are still heard. Swimmers. — This order of birds, which formerly frequented this county in large numbers, have almost disappeared. They are mi- gratory, and in their usnal season would appear coming from the north or south, as winter passes into summer or summer into winter. Diver family. — The great northern diver, or loon, sometimes visits this section, but inhabits the frigid zone. Gull family. — Of this family are Wilson's tern and the silvery gull. Pelican family. — The rough-l)illed pelican was the only genus of this family that ever stopped in Fulton county, and it has now altogether ceased to make its visits here. Cormorant family. — The double-crested cor- morant, or sea raven, has been seen here. Duck family. — This family of migratory birds visited the ponds and streams of this county in large numbers before it became so thickly settled, both on their northern and southern passage, but now mostly confine them- selves to the Illinois, where large numbers are found. This family furnishes most game for sportsmen and for the table. There are the wood-duck, the big black-headed duck, the ring-necked duck, the red-head, the canvas-back, the dipper, the sheldrake or goosander, the fish duck, the red-breasted, and the hooded merganser, the mal- lard and the pintail, the green-winged and the blue-winged teal, the spoonbill and the gadwall, the baldpate, the American swan, the trumpeter swan and the white-fronted goose. Waders. — Probably less is known of this order of birds than of any other, because of their shyness and solitary habits. They fre- HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 269 quented the marshes, but cultivation has drained their favorite haunts. Crane famili/. — The whooping crane, always rare, is now never seen. The sand-hill cranes stop on their journeys north and south. Heron family. — The great blue heron or crane, least bittern, the green heron, night heron and the American bittern, compose those of this family visiting this region. Ibis family. — The glossy ibis has been seen here. Plover family. — The golden plover, the killdeer and the king plover comprise this family known here. Phalarope family. — The Wilson's and the red phalarope have fre- quented the swamps of this county, l^nipe family. — \"arious birds of this family have been common in and around the swamps of this county. Among them were Wilson's snipe, gray or red-breasted snipe, the least and the semi-})almated sandpiper, the willett, the tell-tale, the yellow-leg, the solitary sandpiper, the spotted sand- piper, the field plover, long-billed curlew, the common rail, the clap- per rail or mud hen, and the coot. Reptiles. — All of the species of this class that ever inhabited this region are still to be found here except the poisonous snakes. The rattlesnake, of the genus Crotalus, is of a yellowish-brown color, and has a series of horny joints at the end of the tail, which make a rattling sound. These were the most venomous of all snakes found here, and were numerous in tlie early settlement. There are two kinds, the bandy, or striped, and the prairie rattlesnake, the lat- ter being still occasionally found. The copperhead was always rare. Among the harmless snakes are the water-snake, the garter-snake, the bull-snake, the milk-snake, the black-snake, and the blue racer. Many reptiles found here are erroneously called lizards, but are salamanders and other like innocent creatures. Lizards are never found in this county. Among the tortoises or turtles are found the map turtle, the snapping and the soft-shelled turtle. Of the batra- chian, or naked reptiles, there are a few, and, though loathsome to sight and touch, are harmless. The toad, the l)ull-frog, the leopard-frog, the tree-toad, with some tailed batrachia, comprise the most of this order. The Illinois-river bull-frog is as large as a man's head, often much larger, and his deep bellowing can be heard for a mile or more. FISHES. Although fishes are the lowest class of vertebrates, their varied forms and colors, which often rival those of precious stones and burnished gold, the wonderful power and velocity of some, the wholesome food furnished by many, and the exciting sport of their capture, combine to render fishes subjects of great interest to the casual observer, as well as to the amateur and professional natural- ist. The number of known species of fishes is about ten thousand. The waters of this county are quite prolific of the finny tribe. The commerce in fish has become quite extensive along the Illinois. Sickle-backed family. — This family furnishes the game fish, and are •270 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. never caught larger than lour pounds in weight. Tlie various gen- era found here are the black bass, goggle-eye, the croppy, or big black sun-fish, and the two common sun-fish. PU:c family. — There are but two species of this family, — the pickerel, weighing from five to twenty-five pounds, and the gar pike. Sucker fainily. — Of this tribe are the buifalo, red-horse, white sucker, two species of black- suckers, mullet ranick. Fisli of this family are found in all the streams of the county. They abound wherever there is water. Cat-fish family. — Of this voracious family the channel cat-fish, the mud cat-fish and two species of the small cat-fish inhabit the waters of this coiuity, and are caught ranging in weight from one to thirty pounds. The shovel-fish is yet abundant, and its fiesh, as well as its general appearance, resembles that of the cat-fish. ' Besides these varieties there are the chub, silver-sides and fresh-water herring, and large numbers of other species denominated minnows, which are found in the smallest spring branches, as well as the larger streams. CHAPTER VI. BOTANY. Besides the mushrooms, mosses, lichens and the other lower orders, there are about a thousand s))ecies of plants growing within the bounds of this county. Having almost every variety of ground here, our flora is richer than that of most other counties in the State. On the following pages we give a list qf all the plants grow- ing here, except the mushrooms, mosses, etc., and indicate their rel- ative abundance by the letters a, abundant ; c, common but not abundant ; v, rare but not very rare ; and v r, very rare. These terms refer to the county at large. Some plants abound in certain situa- tions, as sand, swamps, ponds, prairie, etc., in certain parts of the county, which occur rarely if at all in other parts. As to the order in the list, we follow Gray's Manual, 5th edition, and give the English names instead of the scientific where they are to be had. Names in parenthesis are generally synonyms. We have not space to indicate medical ])roperties or other peculiarities. Nearly all the plants growing spontaneously in cultivated and waste grounds are "introduced," that is, they have been brought here by white settlers, — unintentionally, of course, with reference to most of the weeds. In the timbered section no j^articular weed is on the in- crease at the present day, but in the prairie section the garden pars- nip, common thistle, richweed (in the artificial gnn'es), toad-flax, wild lettuce and oxybaphus, a four-o'clock plant, are increasing rapidly. While the wild plants in the woods are about the same as originally, the prairie has changed its grassy clothing for cultivated crops and hundreds of different weeds. Before settlement by the whites the prairie was mostly covered by one or two kinds of grass. Several other kinds grew in patches here and there, notably the Indian grass and blue joint, which grew very tall. In wet places grew the slough grass and many sedges, and along the chan- neled sloughs al)Ounded several species of golden-rod, aster and wild sunflower, which in the latter part of the summer and during almost the whole autumn formed broad yellow stripes across the prairies, and were pecidiarly churming. Prairie clover, false wild indigo, several species of rosin-weed and a few other Meeds have almost dis- appeared with the original prairie, while a few of the modest straw- berry, star-grass and blue-eyed grass remain M-ith us as sweet remin- iscences of the past. 272 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY Persons coming to this county in early day were struck with the high and rolling appearance of the prairie, which they had before always imagined low and level ; and this billowy character of the prairie, combined with its dreamy verdure, has inspired a native of this county to indite the followino' '& A liillowy ocean with green carpet spread, \ Which iiowers with beauty in abundance fedl With gUttering stars of amaryllis wliite, With violets blue and roses red and bright, With golden cinquefoil, star-grass, buttercups. With dazzing cardinal-tlowers and painted-cups. And bright-regaliaed meadow larks to sing, This grassy sea appeared in smiling spring. In summer came the stately compass-plant. As if to guide the wandering immigrant. Then asters, golden-rods and wild suntlowers O'erspread the vales in labryinthine bowers. Thus nature, clad in vesture gold and green. Brought autumn in and closed the flowery scene. In the forests the most valuable timber has been pretty cleanly cut out, as the walnut, ash, hickory and tlie neatest oaks, while gin- senof is the most notable of the herbaceous ])lants that has been nearly all taken. AVe venture to compile the following list of corrections from Grav's Manual : ERRONEOUS NAME. CORRECT NAME. Sarsaparilla. Moonseed. Buttercups. Creeping Crowfoot. Ladies' Slippers (or Moccasins.) Touch-me-nots. Sheep Sorrel. AVood Sorrel. Ivy. Mrginia Creeper. Bittersweet. Climbing Bittersweet. Red Maple. White Maple. Pursley. Purslane. Black Haw. Sheepberry (mostly). Ox-eye Daisy. Conefiower. Canada Thistle. Common Thistle. Spanish Needles. Beggar Ticks. Carolina Pink. Cardinal Flower. Blue-Bells. Smooth Lungwort. Horsemint. Wild Bergamot. Peppermint. Wild Mint. Wild Morning-glorv. Hedge Bindweed. Ball (or Bull) Nettle. Horse Nettle. Lake Grass. River Club Rush. Moonseed is a smooth vine running u[) on bushes somewhat like a morning-glory, and has a round, bright yellow root, with a tonic bitter taste, while the true wild sarsaparilla of this country is a kind of large ginseng. The true l)uttercu])s of the P^ast arc not found in this county. Sheep sorrel has lance-shaped, sharp-pointed leaves, while wood sorrel has leaves like clover. Poison ivv has leaves like the box-elder, three leaflets to each leaf, and when the l)laut is voung it can be distinguished from tlie latter by its having HISTORY OF FUT.TON COFXTT. 273 no white bloom on the stem. The Virginia ereeper has five leaflets to each leaf, almost in a circle, and is quite innoxious. The true bittersweet does not grow wild here. It has sparingly escaped from o-ardens to roadsides. Red maple grows in Southern Illinois, but not here. Its flowers are quite red. There is the true black-haw in this county, very scarce, and differs but very little from the more common sheep-berry. Beggar-ticks differ but little from the true Spanish needles. Cardinal-flower is that dazzling scarlet-red flower, on a plant about two feet high in low grounds, July and August. The white-flowered wild " morning-glory " is hedge bindweed. The true Solomon's seal has greenish-white flowers along the sides of tiie plant, and the berries when ripe are black or blue; false Solo- mon's seal has white flowers at the summit, and speckled berries. The svcamore of the old world is very diflerent from our syca- more here (button-wood). The diflerent kinds of ash are difficult to distinguish, and some of the oaks hybridize so that the leaves of the same tree will often be various in shape, and the acorns of all intermediate grades. Some names, even in the books, are applied to two diflerent plants, as button snakeroot, black snakeroot, syca- more, goose-grass, etc. CATALOGUE OF PLANTS GROWING SPONTANEOUSLY IN FULTON COUNTY. Crotrfoot Famil}!. — a, creeping crowfoot ; r, Virginian anemone, Pennsyl- vanian anemone, rue anemone, early meadow rue, purplish meadow rue, tall meadow rue, yellow water crowfoot, water plantain spearwort, small-Howered crowfoot, hooked crowfoot, bristly crowfoot, early crowfoot, false rue anemone, marsh marigold (cowslips), wild columbine, liver-leaf (liverwort, hepatica), dwarf larkspur, azure larkspur; /•, Clematis Pitcheri, virgin's bower, long-fruited anemone, false bugbane, wood anemone (wind-flower), yellow puccoon (orange root, turmeric root), white baneberry, black snakeroot ; rr, leather-flower, Caro- lina anemone, stiff water crowfoot, mouse-tail, red baneberry. CiixUml-AppJe Famihj. — r, pawpaw. Moonsei'd Fdinlly. — c, Canadian moonseed. Barherry F(nitih/. — a, May-apple (mandrake); r, blue cohosh (pappoose- root); (T, twin-leaf. Wnfrr-Lih/ Family.— c, tuber-bearing water-lily (the most common pond or white lily )j yellow pond-lily (spatter-dock, frog lily; r, water-shield (water target), yellow nelumbo (water chinquepin). Poppy Family. — c, blood-root. Fumitory Family. — c, Dutchman's breeches ; rr, climbing fumitory, squirrel- corn, golden corydalis. Mustard F((rnily.—a, hedge mustard, shepherd's purse, wild pepper-grass ; c, marsh cress, lake cress, pepper-root, spring cress, small bitter cress, winter cress (yellow rocket) tansy mustard, black mustard, Draba Caroliniana ; r, Arabis Ludoviciana, lyrata dentata, hirsuta and Canadensis; /•/■, nasturtium sessiliflo- rum, Arabis Ifevigatd and he?peridoides, wormseed mustard. Caper Fauiily — ;■, spider-flower; n-, polanisia. Vialrt Fa)uify.—a, blue violet; c, arrow-leaved violet, downy yellow violet, /■, handdeaf violet, larkspur violet, bird-foot violet(also var. bicolor), dog violet; /•/■, green violet, pale violet, pansy ( heart' s-ease). Rock-Rosr Family.— F'mweeAs; c, Lechea minor; /■, Lechea major, tenui- folia and racemosa, frostweed. 274 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY. St. John'' s-ivort Family. — c, Hypericum corymbosum and mutilura ; ir, great St. John's-wort, shrubby St. John's-AAort, common St. John's-wort, Hypericum Canadense, orange-grass (pine-weed), marsh St. John'.s-wort. Watrr-iroii FarniJij. — /•, Water-wort. Pink Fainihj. — «, Mouse-ear chickweed ; c, Ijouncing bet (soap-wortj, starry campion, sleepy campion, corn cockle, Arenaria lateriflora, common chickweed, long-leaved stitch wort, Cerastium nutans, forked chickweed; r, larger mouse-ear chickweed ; vr, cow-herb, Silene nivea. Purslane Farnih/. — a, Common purslane; c, spring beauty ; re, Claytonia Carol iniana. MalJou: Fa)nili/. — a, Common mallow (low mallow, cheese mallow); c, sida (spinosa), velvet-leaf (Indian mallow), bladder ketmia (flower of an hour); /■/■, high mallow, Callirrhoe, glade mallow, hallierd-leaved rose mallow. Linden Faniihj. — r, Bass-wood (lin. ) Flax Faniihj. — r, Linum sulcatum; rr, Linum Virginianum. Geranium Fantih/. — c, Yellow wood-sorrel; e, wild cranesbill (spotted gera- nium), Carolina cranesbill, pale and .spotted touch-me-not, violet wood-sorrel : '■/', false mermaid. Rue Family. — ;•, Northern prickly ash, hop-tree (shrub trefoil). Cashew Family. — o. Smooth sumac; r, poison ivy; rr, dwarf sumac, fra- grant sumac (possibly). Vine Family. — a, Virginia creeper; <■, winter grape (frost grape) ; rr, sum- mer grape (r at Canton landing, and Vitis riparia may be common along the river). Buckthorn Family. — e. New Jersey tea (red-root); rr, Rhamnus lanceolatus and alnifolius. Staff-tree Family. — r, Climbing bittersweet (wax-work), waahoo i burning- bush). Soap-berry Family. — a, White maple (silver or soft maple) ; e, Ohio buckeye (fcetid buckeye), sugar maple (rock or hard maple), box elder (ash-leaved maple ) ; /•, American bladder-nut. Milkirort Family. — e, Polygala verticillata; /■, Polygala sanguinea, Seneca snakeroot; rr, Polygala incarnata, amlngua and polygama. False Family. — a. White clover; r, red clover. Astragalus Canadensis, tick trefoil (four species, viz : Desmodium acuminatum, nudiflorum, Canadense and sessilifolium), Lespedeza violacea and capitata (bush clover), marsh vetchling. Phaseolus diver.sifolius, hog peanut (wild pea-vinej, false or wild indigo (i?aptisia leucantha), Baptisia leucophoea, red-bud (Judas tree), par- tridge pea, honey locust (three-thorned acacia); /■, rattle-box, prairie clover (two species), false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), lead plant, goat's rue, tick trefoil (four species, viz: Desmodium canescens, cuspidatum, paniculatum, Illinoense), Vicia Americana, ground-nut (wild bean), Phaseolus helvolus and pauciflorus, wild senna, Kentucky coflee-tree (coffee-bean); /y, stone clover (rabbit foot), buffalo clover, running buffalo clover, yellow melilot (yellow sweet clover), sweet clover (white sweet clover, white melilot i, Psoralea ono- brychis and floribunda, tick trefoil (four species, viz: Desmodium pauciflo- rum, Dillenii, ciliare and Marilandicumj, wild sensitive plant, Desmanthus brachylobus. Rose Family. — a, Wild black cherry, common cinquefoil (five-linger), straw- berry, common or high blackberry; c, wild yellow or retl plum, agrimony, Geum all)um (avens), Potentilla Norvegica and arguta, black raspberry (thim- l)le-berry), dwai'f wild rose, early wild rose, scarlet-fruited thorn, Ijlack thorn (pear thorn, red haw — two varieties), cockspur thorn, crab-apple; /■, choke cherry, nine-bark, meadow sweet, small-flowered agrimony, Geum strictum, dewberry (low blackberry), swamp rose; rr, queen of the prairie, goat's-beard, American ipecac, Canadian burnet, Geum Virginianum and vernum, Fragaria vesca (a strawberry), prairie rose, climbing ro.se, shad-busli (service or June berry) . Sa.rifraae Family. — c. Gooseberry (Ribes Cynosbati and rotundifolium), swamp saxifrage, alum root; rr, wild black currant (and red currant?), wild liydrangea, Parnas.sia Caroliniana (grass of Parnassus i, mitre- wort (l)ishop's cap). Orpine Fahiily.— e, Ditch (or Virginia) stone-crop. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 27o WIfch Ilnzil FamUii. — '■/', Witch hazel. ]Vrj\t-hit Family. — r\ Water-weed; /•. tape-grass (eel-grass). Orchid Family. — /■, Rein orchis ^ Habenaria virescens), Calopogon pulchel- lus, adder's-mouth, twayblade (Liparis liliifolia and Loeselii), larger yellow lady's slipper; 't, showy orchis, coral-root, putty-root (Adam and Eve), small white lady's slipper, smaller yeliow lady's slipper, showy lady's slipper. Amarylliii Family. — c. Star-grass. Blofxiiioit Family. — r. Colic-root (star-grass). Iris Family. — r; Larger blue flag, blue-eyed grass. Yam Family. — r, Wild yam (root). Smila.r Family. — r. Carrion-flower; /•, greenbrier, Smilax hispida. Lily Family. — r, Trillium 'recurvatum); (\ false spikenard. Solomon's .seal (great and smaller), wild leek, wild garlic, bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora); /•, bell wort i Uvularia perfoliatai; Smilacina stellata (and probably one or two other species, rare), wild orange-rerush, Scirpus atrovirens, lineatus, Carex stipata, arida, scoparia, lagopodioides, cristata, aperta, stricta. granularis, grisea, laxiflora, Pennsylvanica, i)ubescens, lanuginosa, hystricina. Grayii, lupulina, sfpiarrosa. utriculata ; /■, Cyperus erythrorhizos, phymatodes, Miciiauxianus, Engelmanni, .Schweinitzii, flliculmis, ovularis, Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Eleocharis Woltii, compres.sa, intermedia, Scirpus pungens (a bulrush or club-rush), FimV»ristyli.'< autumnalis, Rhyncospora alba, nut rush (Scleria triglomerata), Carex Steudelii, siccata, disticha, teretiuscula, crus- corvi, sparganioides, cephalophora, rosea, .;■, lip fern (Cheilanthes lanuginosa), beech fern, shield or wood ferns— Aspid- ium spinulosum and acrostichoides, royal flowering fern. Clvlt-Miixx Family. — rr, Selaginella rupestris and apus. Ifi/dfiijtlcridcs. — (T, Azolla Caroliniana. 18 CHAPTER VIL IMPORTANT LABORS OF THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. COUNTY COUKT. In 1847 a State election was held for members of the Constitu- tional Convention, which Convention prepared and submitted to the people a new constitution, which was adoj^ted by a large majority. By this constitution, in place of the Commissioners' Court a County Court was organized in each county. This Court consisted of a County Judge, and, if the Legislature saw proper to so order it, two Associate Justices. This the Legislature favorably acted upon. The last meeting of the County Commissioners' Court was held Nov, 7, 1849. After the transaction of such business as properly came before them, they adjourned until court in course, but never re-assembled. On the 3d of December of the same year the first regular term of the County Court was held. The duties of the Court in a legis- lative capacity were precisely tiie same as those of the County Com- missioners' Court. In addition to the legislative power the mem- bers of this Court were permitted to exercise judicial authority, having all the rights and ])rivileges of justices of the peace, together with all probate business. This Court consisted of a County Judge and two Associate Justices. The Judge and Associate Justices acted together for the transaction of all county business, but none other. The Justices had an ecjual vote with the Judge, and received the same salary while holding court, which was ^'2 per day. Two of the three constituted a quorum. Erasmus D. Rice was chosen the first County Judge, being elected Nov. 6, 1849, — the first November election held. The first Associate Justices were Parley C. Stearns and Jesse Benton. Dur- ing the existence of this Court the people were agitating the ques- tion of township organization. Many counties of the State, since the new constitution, had adopted that mode of conducting county affairs. The constitution gave counties the privilege of adopting either the County Court or the Board of Supervisors. At the fall election in 1849 a vote was taken '' for " or "against" township organization, which resulted in favor of the new measure. The following is an abstract of the vote upon this question at that time : HISTORY OF P^ULTON COUNTY. 283 PRECINCTS. ' FOR. .A.i;AINST. PRECINCTS. FOE .»';;. Astoria 89 ... Point Isabel 6] 1 Vermont 170 18 Waterford 44 Farmer's 110 ... Lewistown 156 10 Marietta 41 ... Centerville 7:'> St. Augustine 49 ... Mill Creek 80 Otter Creek 48 2 Fairview 75 Howard's 62 6 Liverpool 78 7 Bernadotte 99 1 Buckheart 69 8 Spoon River .33 13 Canton 353 12 48 2 62 6 99 1 33 13 57 4 55 4 48 o Wiley 57 4 Farmington 177 Ellisville 55 4 Utica 95 Boyd 48 ... Copperas Creek 44 West Point 33 2 Independence 59 Total 2,258 93 For some reason not given the vote of Boyd precinct was thrown out. The measure being carried, Hugh I^amaster, Henry Walker and John Bloomfield were appointed by the Court to divide the county into townships. This duty was performed in the early part of 1850. They divided the county into twenty-six townships, the number that still exist, but the names given to some were different from those they now bear. For instance, the present township of Putnian Avas christened Center. Banner was named Utica, and Young Hickory, Hickory. Many citizens of the county were strongly opposed to the town- ship system, and a petition was circulated in 1852, to call an elec- tion upon the question of repealing the township organization and taking up their old way of running the county. The question was voted upon in April of that year and defeated by 1,630 majority. The building of a fire-proof structure for County and Circuit C^lerks' offices was agitated about the time the County Court came into power. Feb. 12, 1850, the Court appointed Henry Walker and Edwin Littlefield to make a draft for this building. It was then ordered that contracts be let for its construction. This was done March 8, 1850, and was awarded to John Tompkins. The County Court had but a short existence, as the county early in 1850 was organized under the township-organization law. TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. This system of county government is so entirely different in origin and management from the old mode by County Commission- ers, which had such a long and favorable run, that we deem a brief synopsis of the differences quite pertinent in this connection. Elijah M. Haines, in his " Laws of Illinois Eelative to Town- shi]) Organization," says the county system " originated with Vir- ginia, whose early settlers soon became large landed proprietors, aristocratic in feeling, living alone in almost baronial magnificence on their own estates, and owning the laboring part of the popula- tion. Thus the materials for a town were not at hand, the voters 2S4 iii.sT(ji;v <»F I ri/i()N col-nty. being thinly tlistrihiited over a great area. The eounty organization, where a few influential men managed the whole business of the eommunity, retaining tlieir jilaees almost at their ]»leasnre, seareelv re:?I)onsil)le at all exeept in name, ami permitted to eonduet the county concerns as their ideas or wishes might direct, was, more- over, consonant with tlieir recolleeti more thinly j)opulated sections, — in short, that under the system "e(jual and exact justice " to all parts of the i-ftunty could not be secured. The townshij) system had its origin in Massachusetts, and dates back to Kl.'*'). De Toc(pieville, in his work entitled "American Institutions," in speaking of our political system, very j)roperly remarks that two branches may be distinguished in the Anglo--Vmeriean family which have grown uj> witiiout entirclv commingling, — the one in the South, the other in the North. He discovers the causes whit-h led to this conditiitn of things, which are apparent to the most casual observer. "They arise," he says, " not from design, but from the force of cir- cumstances at the betrinniu"'. The plantinir of the oriirinal colonv of \'irginia at Jainestown luid for its design the single and naked object of j>ecuniarv jirofit to the proprietors. Its mission invle for the benefit of mankind. It recognized the crown of (ireat Britain, from whence it derived the charter of its existence, as the source of j)olitical power. There was no recognition of the jtrinciple (tf self-govennnent. " Rut the circumstances attending the first settlement of the Col- <»nies of Xew England, so called, were of an entirely different char- acter. The earlv colonists in this instance were non-conformists, or HISTORY OF FUI.TON COUNTY. 28o dissenters from the Church of P^ngland. They came as exiles, flee- ing from the wrath of ecclesiastical tyranny, whose displeasure they had incurred, — cast out as public offenders, ' as profane out of the mountain of God.' Whilst the colonists of Virginia came with the law, those of New England came against the law, or perhaps, more properly speaking, without law. Thereupon arose on the part of the latter a positive necessity for the establishment of law for their mutual protection. The result was a written compact, — this being the first written constitution extant, based upon the general good. It was the first time since the 'morning stars sang together' that the people themselves met in council and framed a government based upon ctpial rights." The supervisor is the chief officer and representative of the town- ship, and it is his duty to prosecute and defend all suits in which the township is interested. The township clerk keeps the records of the township, and the treasurer takes charge of the funds. The establishment, vacation and repair of the public roads is conuuitted to the three commissioners of highways. The supervisor, the two justices of the peace whose terms of office soonest expire, and the township clerk constitute a township board for examining and audit- ing the accounts of the town. Since 1H~() the business afliurs of the county have been under the guidance of a Board of Supervisors, at present composed of 27 members. It would be unprofitable, as unnecessary, to present in detail the numerous orders, rcj^orts, resolutions, etc., of this body. Their proceedings partake a great deal of the nature of a legislature. Among so many men there are always some cool business lieads, as well as a good many glib tongues. Some of them are practical, in- dustrious workers, others are of the buncombe order, always ready to make a s])eech or a volumiiu)us report. This has always been the case with such assemblies, and we suppose always will be. June 10, 1850, the Board of Su[icrvisors of Fulton c(»unty first assembled. There were present with their proper credentials the following gentlemen : George Bandbrd, Jesse Smith, (Jeorgc An- derson, N. Walker, Jacob Mans, Jacob Hand, Levi II. Jiradbury, Joel Piersol, Xathaniel Veatch, J. H. Martin, John L. Jenkins, 11. L. Hyatt, A. G. Downing, Jonas llawalt, J. P. Montgomery, John Wallick, J. Farris, G. Jones, David Markley, Ira Johnson and Geo. L. Curtis. David Markley was chosen on the follow ing dav ti) preside over the assembly. Nov. 13, 1850, Supervisor Rawalt offi'red the following resolution, which was prompted by several petitions for saloon licenses being presented: ''J!<. so/red^ That selling spirituous licpior by the small in any connnunity is productive of c\il ; aud as a l^oard of Supei'vis- ors, acting in the (uipacity of agents fi)r the peo])le of Fulton county, should not grant license for evil to the community for the sake of county revenue, or for any other purpose." This very important ([uestion was most earnestly discussed, and finallv the resolution was defeated. 286 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. The subject of building a jail was again brought up Nov. 15, 1850, by Supervisor N. Walker. It was done in a very modest way, however, for the rebuke the old County Commissioners' Court received at the polls upon the same subject was fresh in the minds of everybody. Supervisor Walker's resolution is as follows : '' As it has been made by law the duty of the Board of Supervisors of every county in the State to provide a place for keeping in confine- ment persons charged with violation of the laws of the State, be it therefore resolved by the Board that in their judgment some action is necessary and right to be given to the subject of building a good, substantial jail, in respect to the wants and wishes of the people of Fulton county." A committee of three — Supervisors Walker, Rawalt and Bradbury — were appointed to investigate the matter. A remonstrance was liere presented, containing 527 names, against the county making any appropriations till a vote could be taken at the spring election. Nevertheless,* the committee reported favor- ably upon the subject and recommended the building of a jail, say- ing that "while they acknowledged the right in the fullest sense of the word for the people to direct their agents in the performance of their official duties where those duties rest by a positive rule of law on mere matters of expediency, yet your committee believe that they are bound l)y positive enactment in sec. 12, act 14, of the or- ganization law, to build a jail when necessary ; and your committee cannot entertain a single doul)t of the necessity of a suitable jail, nor of the ability of the county to build one without an increase in the ordinary amount of tax." The contest was Ion": and hot, but the jail was ordered built. The site of the present prison was selected and a jail erected 24 feet square, at a cost of $4,214.22. The task of keeping the poor at the county's farm seemed to be burdensome and extravagant. Accordingly, in 1851, the poor farm was ordered sold. L. F. Ross was the purchaser, at $1,425. It was soon found, however, that the expense of keeping paupers was much greater under their new mode than when they were kept at the county farm. So, in September, 1852, it was resolved to buy a farm and build a suitable house thereon for the accommodation of the county's unfortunate. In 1854 a farm was purchased within two miles of Canton, upon which the necessary buildings were erected, and since then the poor have been provided for there. The subject of building railroads was agitated as early as 1836; but upon the explosion of the great internal-improvement system inaugurated by the State, nothing more was done in this direction for some years. During the decade between 1850 and 1860, how- ever, railroads were projected in almost every direction. In 1853 the Board ordered a subscription of $75,000 to be made to the Mis- sissippi & Wabash Railroad, and to the Petersburg & Springfield road. As neither of these roads, or others of the jirojected ones, were built no bonds were issued to them. In 1857, Oct. 15, $100,- 000 in bonds were issued to the J. & S. Railroad, bearing 8 per HISTORY OF FULTOX rOUNTY. 287 cent, interest. Aug. 10, 1858, a like amount was issued to the Peoria & Hannibal R. R., and again Oct. 15, 1859, another $100,000 in bonds were given to the same company, bearing 7 per cent, interest. These lines now constitute the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Thus we see the county has given $300,000 to railroad companies, which is the sum total of all subscriptions made by the county. There are many townships in the county, however, which have given largely to aid the construction of roads. The first of these bonds were redeemed in 18(30. Five of them were bought for $600 each. They fell lower the following year, and the county called in four, for which they gave $590 each. In 1862 they went still lower and live were purchased for $2,900, or $580 apiece. From that time forward our bonds advanced rapidly in value, and in 1874 were worth all their face called for. That year the county paid $3,000 for three of them, and the following year paid $20,000 for twenty. To date of Sept. 10, 1878, 210 of these bonds had been redeemed, for which the county paid $196,570. Ninety of them still remain outstanding. The present vear, how- ever, provision is made for redeeming fifteen of these, and the re- maining seventy-five were refunded for a long period with privilege of redeeming after three years. The Board let the contract for building the present safe and com- modious jail structure in February, 1867, to E. Kirkbride and Jackson Wiley for $28,300. An additional lot was purchased adjoining the one already owned by the county and upon which the old jail stood, for $350. The entire building is in height two sto- ries, with basement. The architectural design is modern, very neat and well proportioned, presenting as light and cheerful appearance as a prison well can. The jailor's residence is constructed of red brick, and the jail part of limestone. In the Sheriffs residence are eight cheerful rooms, with closets, wardrobes and halls. In the jail part there is an eight-foot corridor extending from east to west through the entire south end of the jail. This was once used as a dining hall. Facing a small corridor on the west side of the build- ing are eight cells, four below and four above. Three of these on each tier are about 5x8 feet in size and one 7x8 feet. Fronting east are four cells. Up-stairs on this side is the women's department, consisting of two large rooms. The jail is one of the most substan- tial in this part of the State. We append here a table of the expenses of carrying on this large county for a period of six years. The Circuit Clerk, it will be observ- ed, is of but little or no expense to the county directly. He makes his own salary from fees charged for services, and not only that, but turns over to the countv no little revenue. 288 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY. COUNTY EXPENDITURES. 1872. 187.3. 1874. Poor-house and farm $4,200 S4,150 $.3,514 County poor 3,370 3,194 3,435 Criminal 2,2H8 3,8.3S .3,190 Circuit Court 2,773 2,374 4S7 County Court 3,404 3,493 1,732 County Clerk 4,034 4,080 3,465 Circuit Clerk 90 105 Superinten. lent of Schools 1,480 1,404 .368 Board of Superyisors 1,790 1.2S1 1,128 Records and blanks 2,679 2,258 2,042 Public grounds and buildings.. 673 1,093 452 Elections. 1,577 2,758 1,253 Roads and bridges 8,790 2,625 1,024 Ferries 1,929 1,662 1,804 Jurors 2,261 1,584 1,179 Wolf scalps 940 250 820 Miscellany ()3 275 504 Total current expense.^ 42,381 36,319 26,502 Bonds receiyed 28,700 25,000 Intere.st paid 16,994 12,260 11,852 Total paid out 88,075 48,579 63,354 1875. 1876. 1877. .?5,782 $5,000 $5,229 3,002 4,096 5,197 3,794 4,030 6,269 1.135 3,280 1,086 2,041 2.342 2,181 3,103 3,155 97 440 3,169 384 400 1,300 1.177 1,201 2,092 1,847 1,965 1,589 7.32 511 1,553 1,422 1,125 17,263 4,227 4,379 1,544 1,870 1,518 2,146 2,036 2,127 433 524 513 367 47,252 36,264 37,157 16,000 21,500 15,000 11032 9,605 7,957 74,284 67,369 59,914 CHAPTER VIII. BLACK HAWK WATJ. BLACK HAWK (.'ROSSES THE MISSISSIPPI. In 1831 Black Hawk and his band crossed to their old homes on Rock river, bnt negotiated a treaty and retnrned to the west side of the Mississippi, promising never to return. But April 6, 1832, he again crossed the Mississippi into Illinois with his entire baud. It was not on a war raid that brought him over in 1832; but as there is a diversity of opinions in regard to his motives we will briefly give a few of the most credible. It is claimed that he was invited by the Prophet to a tract of land about forty miles up Rock river. ()thers say he crossed with no hostile iutentions, but to accej^t an invitation of a friendly chief, Pit-ta-wak, to spend the summer with him. Still others, who agree that he did not come to light, say that when he retired to the Avest side of the Mississippi the previous year he received a large quantity of corn and other provisions, but in the spring his provisions were gone, his followers were starving, and he came back expecting to negotiate another treaty and get a new supply of provisions. There is still another explanation, that may enable the reader to harmonize the preceding statements and to understand why Black Hawk returned in 1832. It is well kuown that in nearly all the treaties ever made with the Indians, the Indian traders dictated the terms for their allies and customers, and of course received a large share of the annuities, etc., in payment for debts due to them. Each tribe had certain traders who supplied them. George Davenport had a trading post at Fort Armstrong. His customers were largely the Sacs and Foxes, and he was held in high esteem by them ; in fact his word was law. It is said that Black Hawk's band became indebted to him for a large amount and were unable to pay. They did not have good luck hunting during the winter, and he was like- ly to lose heavily. If IMack Hawk, therefore, could be induced to come to this side of the river again and the people so greatly alarm- ed that a military force would be sent in pursuit of him, another treaty could be made ; he might assist in making terms and get his pay out of the payments the Government would make, and all would be well. Mr. Amos Farrar, Avho was Davenport's ])artner for some years, and who died in Galena during the war, is said to 290 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. have declared, while on iiis death-bed, that tiie " Indians were not to be blamed ; that if they had been let alone there would have been no trouble; that the band was owinjj: Mr. Davenjiort and he wanted to fjet his pay, and would if another treaty iiad been made." Altliou<»h Black Hawk's movement across the Mississippi was at onee construed as a iiostile demonstration, and Davenpoit skillfullv cultivated the idea, he was aecompanied by his old men, women and children. Xo Indian warrior ever went on the war-path incumbered in that way. More than this, it does not a]>pear, from the fJth of April until the battle of >Slillmau's Run on the 12th of ^lay, that a singula settler was murdered, or suiFered any material injury at the hands of Black Hawk or his band. In truth, Hon. H. 8. Townsend, of Warren, Jo Daviess county, states that in one instance, at least, wlien they took corn from a settler they ])aid him for it. Capt. AV. B. Green, of Chicajro, writes : " I never heard of lilaek Hawk's band, while passing up Rock river, eommittinf)' any dejiredations whatever, not even petty theft." Frederick Stahl, Esq., of Galena, states that he was informed by the veteran John Dixon that "when Black Hawk's band passed his post, before the arrival of the troops, they were at his house. Ne-o-pope had the young braves well in hand, and informed him that they intended to commit no depreda- tions, and should not fight unless they were attacked." We do not wish to upiiold Black Hawk in the depredations he committed upon the whites. We do, however, desire to record events inijjartially. AVe believe Black Hawk's motives were greatly mis- understood, and it is due to his fame as well as to posterity to record the facts of this war as impartially as it is in our power to do. What- ever his motives migiit have been, it is the unanimous testimony of the survivors now residing on the old battle-fields of that day, that except the violation of treaty stipulations and an arrogance of man- ner natural to the Indian who wanted to make a new trade with the "Great Father," the Sacs and Foxes at first committed no serious acts of hostility, and intended none, until the alternative of war or extermination was presented to them by the whites. TROOPS RAISKT). N(j sooner had volunteers l)eeu calleil for than recruitinu' beuan in Fulton county. Gen. Stillman began to muster his men at Cantor, and ere long was off" to the seat of war. Ca})t. D. W. Barnes raised and commanded one company; ('aj)t:iin Asa F. Ball another. Asa Langsford was First Lieutenant of the former eomj)anv and Thomas Clark Second Lieutenant. These men furnished tiieir own horses and j)rovisions. They moved to Peoria, which was to be a rendezvous for troo])s. Here they remained for ten days, and one old silver-haired veteran tells us he had as fine a time there as he ever has had in his life. There they found Stephen Stillman, a brother of Major Stillman, who kej)! a "tavern" and consequently had plenty of" lieker." Stephen was a soldier of the war of 1812 and HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 291 had lost one leg, hut had provided himself with a wooden one, which answered this jovial tavern-keeper very well. He was liberal with his whisky to the boys, and all they had to do for ten days was to take care of their horses and have a jolly good time drinking Still- man's whisky, and now and then, merely to break the monotony, have a fight. When the ten days had passed they were joined by com- panies from McLean, Peoria and Ta/ewell counties. There was a question now who should have command of these battalions, Col. Bailey or Major Stillman. Col. Bailey claimed it on the ground of seniority, but as they were old friends tliis contention did not last long. It was agreed that both should command, — take turn about. On reaching Dixon Gen. Gaines found them both jolly good fellows, and the men all liked them; and so they decided to hold equal rank and both command. Col. Bailey lived at Pekin and died several years ago in that city. Gen. Stillman was born in Massachusetts in 1792 ; came to Sangamon county, 111., in 1824, and to Canton, Fulton county in 1830. He was a Commissary in the war of 1812, and when residing in New York was Captain of an artillery company. He was a tall, finely- appearing man, and especially did he ])resent an im])osing appear- ance when adorned in military costume. He broutrht the first goods at Copperas-Creek Landing and engaged in mercantile busi- ness at Canton for six years. He located Copperas-Creek Landing, and it was recognized as his although he never really owned it. It was known as the "lost land," and could not be bought. On Jan. 18, 1818, he was married to Hannah Harwood, a daughter of Oliver Harwood, a native of the old Bay State, and who came to New York early in life. He was in the Revolutionary war, was wounded and taken ])risoner, and the British were preparing to execute the death penalty u})on him when he was captured by the Americans. Mrs. Stillman, who resides at Canton at present, was born in Herkimer county, N. Y., April 25, 1799. They had two children when they came to the State and two born to them afterwards. Of these but one is living, namely, Mrs. Mary Barber, wife of Norris Barber, of Elmwood, Peoria county. Gen. Stillman was a brave officer and one who had the esteem of all the men he commanded. The accounts of the famous "Stillman defeat," as generally recorded in histoj-y, does this brave command(n- great injustice. Many attribute the cause of that disaster to his lack of judgment and eagerness to meet the foe when really he was forced to go against his will and better judgment. The soldiers became impatient to rout the Indians, and Gov. Reynolds ordered Major Stillman with his command to move on and meet them. This he objected to doing, saying with his small force of raw militia he could only meet with defeat. The Governor urged him, and then he asked to have Capt. Henry of Springfield accom})any him, which he refused to do; and it only remained for Major Stillman to obey the orders of his superior. His men were undisciplined, and many 292 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. of them had just came from the East and South and had never seen an Indian, and none were familliar with the Indian mode of warfare. The consequence was that as soon as they saw tlie long line of painted redskins and heard their terrible war-whoop, they were so frightened that they could not shoot their loaded guns. The Major and some of his brave officers tried to restore the panic-stricken ranks to order, but in vain; and it was only the superior generalship of their cool and deliberate commander that prevented the slaughter of half his command. While Gen. Stillmau's name will ever be coupled with this disastrous defeat, let no word of reproach be spoken of him for the cause of it. It was a defeat, an ignoble one ; but had the com- mander been less able, less cool, less brave, indeed less a general, many more of those frightened pioneers would have fallen in their own blood on the field of " Stillman's defeat." Major Isaiah Stillman, afterward promoted to General, died at Kingston, Peoria county, April 1(3, 18(31. stillman's defeat, Dixon was the point where the regular and volunteer troojjs were to meet. Major Stillman with his men reached Dixon, May 10th. The steady, careful movements of the regulars made the volunteers very impatient, and the latter were also exceedingly anxious to ob- tain the laurels to be won. The men under command of Major Stillman were particularly anxious to "ketch" the Indians before they could get away. They said the regulars would come cj'awling along, stuffing themselves with beef, and the Indians would never be "ketched." The officers yielded to the impatience and jealousy of the men, and requested Governor Reynolds to let them go out and reconnoitre the country and find the Indians. Captain Eads, from Peoria, insisted very strongly that they should be allowed to go. The other caj)tains all volunteered, for they did not wish to be termed cowards. The question with them was not whether the mat- ter was prudent and necessary, but whether they dared to go. INIajor Stillman consented to go, against his Ijetter judgment. He asked Mr. John Dixon's opinion, and the latter told him very decidedly tliat the business of "ketcliing" the Indians would prove very dis- astrous for a little force of less than three hundred men. Major Stillman then said that as all his officers and men were determined to go, he niust lead them if it cost him his life. Stillman's force started, and just before night May 12, 1832, they encamped at White Rrd(M- that those in the rear were in danger of shooting those in front. The Indians came on whooping, yelling and firing, and en- circled around on both sides. Major Stillman ordered his men to mount and retreat and form a line across the creek, and also ordered them to break the line of the Indians on the left. Here was confu- sion, and one veteran says they did not go to the right or to the left but right straight fi)r home. When they arrived at the creek great effort was made bv the officers to halt "their men and fii^ht. The "to" brave Oa})t. Adams cried out to his men, " Comeback, you cowards, and we will whip them." With eight men he made a stand and repulsed a squad of Indians each time, who made eight separate and distinct charges upon them. At last, seeing that with that little force he could do nothing, he told his men they would have to look out for themselves. Two brave soldiers were with him .at this time and soon saw him fall ; but he sold his life dearly. He had his horse shot from under him Avhen the retreat began. He bore a deadly hatred towards the Indians, as they had killed many of his relations. Major Perkins was overtaken and killed about a mile and half from the creek, and his body terribly mangled. The loss at this disastrous engagement fell most heavily ui)on this county. Of thirteen sturdy pioneers who fell at this the battle of the Syca- more, Bird Ellis, John Walters, Tyus Chi Ids and Joseph Farris were from Fulton county. There were three of the Farris boys in the company, and Jerry was with his brother Joseph when he was killed ; and he was fired at but escaped when the stalwart brave hit him over the head with his gun knocking him down. He crawled to a thicket of bushes and lay three days before he was rescued. 294 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTV. HORRIBLE MASSACRE. After the fatal engagement Avhicli has since been known as "Stillman's defeat" or " StiUraan's run," the Indians began to com- mit great depredations upon the whites. Among other fiendish and murderous raids was one made upon a little settlement on Indian creek. Three families by the names of Davis, Hall and Pettigrew lived there. The Indians appeared in the day-time and massacred them in cold blood, taking a savage delight in their infernal deeds. Some of the inmates were immediately shot down, others were pierced through with s])ears or dispatched with the tomahawk. The Indians afterwards related with an infernal glee how the women squeaked like geese when they were run through the body with spears, or felt the tomahaw-k entering their heads. All the victims were carefully scalped, the children were chopped to pieces with axes, and the women were tied up by the heels to the wall of the house. There were two voung; ladies who tried to conceal themselves bv crawling; into bed. They were discovered by two young braves who deter- mined to have them for wives. Their names were Rachel and Silvia Hall, aged fifteen and seventeen. They were hurried by forced marches beyond pursuit. After a long and fatiguing journey with their caj)- tors through a wilderness country, with but little to eat, aud being subjected to a variety of fortune, they were at last rescued, §2,000 being given as a ransom. It is said that the Indians exacted by far the largest ransom for the elder sister, as she was more quiet and gave the Indians less trouble ; but they let the younger sister go pretty cheap, as she was so saucy and impudent that she made her captors much trouble. The women are still living in the northern part of the State. AVe are told by a lady who saw the Misses Hall just after their release, that they related to her all the details of the horrible murder of their father, mother and little sister, and their neighbors. They said they could see the scalp of their little sister everv dav in the wio;:wam. After their rescue from the Indians, each of these voung ladies were given a section of land bv the United States. The account of these atrocities spread rapidly throughout every settlement, creating the greatest panics among the pioneers. Many of them were frightened out of their wits, although no hostile In- dians were within fifty miles of them yet ; with these flicts and rumors afloat, and the limited means of protection they had at hand, aud each cabin being almost entirely isolated, we do not wonder at their timidity. The scare the settlers of Fulton county received is most graphically described by ]Mr. Swan in his History of Canton, under the title of The Westerfield Defeat," which account we give below in full. THE WESTERFIELD DEFEAT. In the spring of 183*2 the Black Hawk War was a source of great alarm to the citizens of Canton. Major Isaiah Stillman, of Canton, HISTORY OP^ FULTOX COUNTY. 295 in command of a battalion of volnnteer infantry, was in the field, and had nndcr him most of the yonng men of the community. On the 13th of May, 1882, the force nnder his command met with a defeat above Dixon, in Lee county, on what has since been known as "Stillman's run," and the news soon reached Canton, coupled with the fact that Bird Ellis, Tyus Childs and John Walter, from the vicinity of Clinton, had been killed, and a number of others from here wounded. This news not only cast a gloom over the community, but created a feeling- of insecurity in the bravest of the settlers, and of decided alarm, amounting in many cases to absolute ])anic. The settlers were certainly liable to attack from the red- skins, who were known to be in force and on the war-path to the north. There was n(j adecjuate force in reach to prevent any incur- sion they might feel disposed to make, when the "Westerfield De- feat," as it was called in derision, occurred. Perhaps never in the history of frontier life has there occurred so broad a farce with so many of the elements of tragedy and melodrama combined. The news of vStillman's defeat had reached Canton, and grief-stricken mothers were in the first anguish of their mourning for slaughtered sons, when rumors reached the settlement of a purj)ose on the ]:)art of Black Hawk and his warriors to move southward for an attack on scattered inhabitants. The excitement was intense. Stories of slaughtered families, of burnt homes, of captive women and children subjected to every fiendish indignity, were the current subjects of conversation at every gathering. Meetings were called in everv neighborhood, and preparations for defense or refuge begun. Bl(K'k- houses and stockade forts were erected, and scouts kept constantlv in the prairies to the northward to warn the people of the approach of the Indians. One of these forts was erected around the store and residence of Joel Wright, on the corner of AVood and Illinois streets, where Mrs. Wilst)n now resides. This fort consisted of two block- houses and a palisade inclosure of split logs. This was built by standing the logs on end in a deep trench, which was then filled up and the dirt well })onnded around the logs. In March, 1832, scouts were sent out by the people of Canton to see if any indication of hostile Indians could be discovered. These scouts had been out several days, but had brought in no report of an alarming nature, when one day toward the last of the month Peter Westertield, an old frontiersman, and Charley Shane, a French- man, determined to go on a scouting expedition on their own respon- sibility. They were both well mounted, and, crossing Big creek north of town in the prairie, rode nearly north until they reached a point nearly in tlie line between Farmington and Ellisville, on Spoon river. The morning before they started out a number of mounted white men had crossed the prairie from Peoria to Quincy, and their trail, of course, was fresh and showed very plainly in the dried prairie grass. They had ridden in single file ( Indian fashion,) and a better scout then even Peter Westerfield might have been deceived 29() HISTORY OF FUI.TON COUNTY. by their trail. Wlien Westerfield and ISliaue reached thit^ trail, thev both dismounted, examined it carefully, and both were satisfied that it had been made by a large party of mounted Indians. They cau- tiously followed the trail until their suspicion crystallized into com- parative certainty, when, remounting, they started back toward Canton to alarm the citizens, and take measures for the safety of themselves and femilies. As they neared Big creek — which by the melting of snow had risen until it M-as out of its banks — they had a new cause for alarm. Jonathan Buffum and Ed. Therman had holed a wolf, and Avere shooting into the hole. .They were in a direct line between Avhcrc Westerfield and Shane reached Big creek and Col. Barnes' place, where John Lane now lives. These bovs were not onlv shooting, but indulging in all sorts of unearthly yells, imitating Indians, screaming and hallooing. Another pioneer was squirrel-hunting in the same vicinity, and another party shooting at a mark in the same neighborhood. Westerfield and Shane listened to these noises with undisguised fear. That it was Indians there could be no mistake, — Indians at bloody work, shooting, tomahawking and scalping the families of Col. Barnes and Henry Therman. I^hey did not stop long to con- sider, but ])lunged headlong into the turbid waters of the raging Biir creek, and riuht i>allantlv did their nol)le steeds buifet the mad waves until the angry stream divided them from the dreaded foe. Their saddles were wet and heavy, and would load their beasts too much for the fearful race for life they were entering upon, and, with a coolness never too much to be admired, they dismounted and relieved their gallant steeds of the dripping leathern saddles, which were deposited for safety in a convenient thicket of hazel. This was the work of but a moment, when they remounted their bare- backed animals and were away over the smooth prairie, across the few ravines, and on, on to the. fort at Canton. As they jiassed the cabin of Wheaton Chase they shouted, '^Injins are killing Barnes' folks : flee for your lives ! " Soon Coleman's grocery was reached, and the cry of "Injins! Injins ! " reiterated. On, on to the fort they rode, and still their cry was "Injins! Injins!" "The Injins have killed everybody at Barnes' and Therman's ! " And now began a scene of the wildest confusion. Men shouted the dreaded alarm ; women screamed ; small boys, pale with fright, crept into the dense hazel-thickets and fled for their lives. Some of these boys were thus hiding for days and days, subsisting on roots, berries and elm-bark. "To the fort ! To the fort ! " was now the cry, and soon the people were gathering, a pale, nervous, affrighted throng, within the little wooden inclosure which was then their only hope of safety. To us, who from the distance of nearly fortv years contemplate the scene, it is a broad comedy ; but to those affrighted pioneers it was a tragedy, the denouement of which might ■prove fatal to them and their loved ones. It was known that Keo- ^&-_ ^m^- I *t ^1 C^ r H>^^ •.•^, --'• tZt:?yz^^ CANTON Lib;. Mil i . , 0^ THE HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 299 kuk and three thousand warriors were encamped opposite the Yel- low Banks, held in check only by his promise of neutrality ; and who would believe the word of the treacherous red-skin ? Black Hawk's band, too, were on the war-path. They had defeated Major Stillman, and men from Canton were among the victims, while between here and the scene of that disaster there was no sufficient force for the protection of the infant settlement. All these facts were well known, and had been frequently canvassed among the settlers. Peter AYesterfield was a man, too, in whose word the most unbounded confidence was placed. He was a Baptist licensed preacher, a man of undoubted courage, and had had a considerable frontier experience. He believed the trail he had seen, and the yells and firing he had heard, to be the work of Indians, and had no doubt that Col. Barnes' family had been massacred. What won- der the defenseless people were frightened ! Preparations for defense, however, were not neglected. The women filled several large kettles with water, and determined to aid all they could in the common defense by using it on the foe ! There were incidents of broad comedy intermingled, even then, with the tragedy, that caused grim smiles to illumine even faces white with fear, — incidents that have served to enliven many a fireside description of those frightful days. Joel Wright was, by common consent, selected as the commander of the fort, and Isaac Swan as his second in command. Joel was dressed in a light suit, with a linen roundabout. During the excite- ment he was everywhere, — assuring frightened women, issuing orders for defensive prejmrations, and distributing powder and lead to the men. Be it understood, the women preserved their courage far better than their lords, as was evidenced by the fact that when no male hand could be found sufficiently steady to pour melted lead into bullet-molds, a woman volunteered to make the bullets, and made them without s])illing a drop of the metal. Mrs. Dr. (^oy- kendall was particularly noted for her coolness and courage on this occasion, and did most of the bullet-molding. To recount all the varied phases of this scare would itself recpiirt; a volume. Some were dramatic, most farcical, as viewed through the light of forty years, and by the knowledge that there was absolutely no danger. Among the amusing incidents of the day was the arriv- al, at the fort, of Jerry Coleman and 'S({uire McKim, who were at Coleman's mill, on Big creek, when Westerfield's news was com- municated to them. Jerry got the word a few seconds in advance of jMcKim, and being lame, set out at once. McKim, however, was not long in overtaking him. McKim wore an old-fashioned dress or swallow-tailed coat, and as he ran past the slow-paced Jerry, the coat-tails offered so tempting an aid to the boys's flight that he could not refrain from seizing hold of them with both hands. Mc- Kim was a large, portly man, who weighed nearly two hundred; at the same time McKim was a frightened man, and fright is ever self- 19 300 HISTORY OF FT'LTOX COUNTY. ish. He wa.s not willing to be retarded by the weight of Jerry at- tached, like the weight to the tail of a kite, to his eoat-skirts, so he turned on Jerr}" and tried to disengage his hold ; but Jerry's grip was always good, and fear had turned it into a grip of iron : he would not let go. " For God's sake, Jerry, let me go, or we will both be killed I Please, Jerry, let me save my own life I" But Jerry heed- ed not his pleadings; like Sindbad's Old Man of the Sea, he could not be shaken off. McKim turned to run, but still the weight of the crippled boy would retard his speed, and he Mould turn again and plead and fight, and pray for deliverance from the tormenter. Jerry loved life and feared Indians too much to be influenced either by prayer, threats or blows. He hung on, and was still hanging on when McKim dashed into the fort. Jerry found his father gone and the store thrown wide open. He took possession and sold out the whole stock of powder and lead in a few moments, not stopping to take an account of sales or settle with customers. It had cost him nothing, and he sold at cost and was satisfied. Wm. Hannan, Charles Reeves and Williain Babbett, boys of per- haps a dozen years old, were so much infected with the contagion of fear that they determined to seek refuge in flight. They according- ly left town and took to the timljcr. They crossed Big creek north of Jacob Ellis' mill, and struck down the creek through the timber to a point \ve>t of Lcwistown, where they hid in a dense thicket. Young Reeves had on a pair of buckskin breeches, and during his flight he had got them completely saturated with water. When the ])arty took to cover he ])ulled them off and hung them up on some brush to dry. This was a serious error on Charles's part, as the se([uel showed. He had not taken into his calculation the peculiar idiosyncrasy of buckskin, and found, to his chagrin, that the pants which had fitted exactly before they were wet, and been too large while saturated Avith the treacherous fluid, were in their dried state infinitely too small. — so much so that l)y no amount of stretching, coaxing or pulling could they be induced to come over his l)are limbs. He had to give it up in despair, and made the rest of his tri]> through brush and briers in a primitive toilet, more simple and con- venient than |)leasant. They were out all the day of the AVester- field scare, all the succeedina: night, and until the next night, sub- sisting on l)erries and elm-bark. How long th^y would have hidden no one can affirm — perhaps they would have been hiding until this day — had they nf>t been attracted by the sound of an ox-driver's •• \V(»-haw, Buck," and ventured to " interview" him, thus learn- ing that danger was over and that they could safely return to their homes. At C'ol. Barnes' the news was tardy in coming that Westerfield brought. The colonel was out serving at the head of his company under Stillman. Stephen Babbett's wife heard the alarm sounded <»n the east side of Big ceek, and, gathering up one child and calling HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 301 to her two remaining children to foUow, ran at her ntmo.st speed to Barnes'. Henry Andrews, then a hoy of perhaps fourteen years, saw her coming and called to know what was the matter. "Oh," she exclaimed, "the Indians are murdering everybody across the creek. The people are running and hallooing 'Indians! Indians!'" Andrews at once sent Col. Barnes' two younger boys over to old Mr. Swegle's to give them them the alarm, and in a short time they returned, bringing wntli them the old gentleman — who was fir ad- vanced in years — and his old lady and daughter. Mrs. Barnes now took the direction of affairs, and directed the party to seek shelter in a thicket at the head of a neighlxtring ravine. To reach this thicket the party were instructed to strike the ravine at a point considerably below, and then to follow up the b(xl of the stream, wading in the stream to hide their trail. The two small bovs led the wav, and the old gentleman and the women and children followed. There were fourteen persons in all, and oidy one boy, armed with a trusty rifle to protect them, Henry Andrews, brought up the rear; and as he followed he picked his flint and jirepared for the struggle for life and foi- the lives of the women and children who were confided to his guardianship. "Oh, Henry," said Mrs. Barnes, "what can you do with so many of us?" "I Avill do the best I can and kill as many of them as I can," responded Henry. On reaching the cover of the dense hazel-thicket, the party took to cover, except Henry, who stood guard f)r a couple of hours ; and they seemed mortal hours to tiie boy, who looked each moment to have the red-skins pounce upon him. At last, grown tired of wait- ing, Henry determined to venture to Canton and see what the real condition of aifairs might be. He ])roceeded very cautiously, keep- ing in the cover of the hazel-brush as much as possible, until he reached the "Morse quarter" adjoining Canton, when he came upon John Huff", who was out on guard. Hufl" was frightened, and it was with difficulty Henry suticeeding in making himself known : he succeeded finally, and proceeded to the fort. Here he found the wildest confusion existing. All crowded around him, believing him sole survivor from among the settlers on the west side of the creek. Mutual ex})lanations followed, and at once the scare was at an end. This scare Avas named, in honor of its progenitor, "Westerfield's De- feat," and as such it is still known. The Westerfield scare was by no means confined to Canton, but spread through all the surrounding townships. In the Mallory set- tlement — now Putman township — were many settlers, among whom were the Mallorvs, Fellowses, Stricklands and Holcombs. There was ./ 7 7 an understanding between Isaac Fellows and Joel Coykendall, at (knton, that if any serious alarm was given, Joel should communi- cate the news to Fellows. No sooner had the word brought by Wes- terfield reached Canton, of proximity of Indians, than Joel mounted a fleet horse and rode at utmost speed to Fellows's, to warn him of 302 HISTORY OF FTI.TOX COTXTY. danger, accordiug to his promise. The men in the neighborhood had met that afternoon to drill, the place of muster being near old Mr. Holcomb's. Thither Coykendall was directed by Mrs. Fellows, who, terribly alarmed, gathered up her two children, Penella and Stephen, and calling for her sister-in-law, Mrs. Cyrus Fellows, started for the same place. The company at drill were terribly excited when Coykendall com- municated his news, and at once, by common consent, separated, with the understanding that they would meet and fort at Holcomb's, whose house was the most roomy in the settlement. Holcomb's house was a cabin with two rooms, and situated on the prairie. He had no stable, but on the ground, ready for raising, had the logs for a small log barn. The men were wonderfully expeditious in collect- ing their little families at Holcomb's, — so expeditious, indeed, that not a man of them had thought of his arms. When all were asssem- bled, the scene would have beggared the pencil of Hogarth to paint all its serio-comic and tragic eifects. Women with disheveled locks were praying; men palsied with fear, and children screaming with affright. Some one suggested that a fort must be built about the house. The suggestion was grasped at, as drowning men grasp at straws. Old Mr. Holcomb siezed a spade, and rushing out before his door, began to excavate. "M'hat on arth are you a doin', old man?" shouted his wife. "Diggin' a fort." said he, as he frantically exhumed s])adeful after spadeful of the rich, black loam. It was soon discovered that the supply of barn logs Mould not be sufficient for a stockade ; so it was decided to build a breast-work. This was soon completed, and was only about three feet in height. Then was discovered a dire calamity. Here was a breast-AVork, and here were brawnv defenders, but there was onlv one irnn that was serviceable. Breast-works are a good thing in themselves, but with- out arms their strong points in defensive warfare could not be brought out to advantage. What was to be done? So much time had been occupied in ])re]>aring their fortifications that it was not probable there would be time to return to their homes for arms before the murdering savages would be upon them, and then, the women have since suggested, their lieges were too much — well, say demoral- ized, to venture so far from the fort. Some one suggested clubs ; and as there hap})ened to be a convenient thicket, the suggestion was at once adopted. Clubs, those primitive weapons of warfare, were cut in such abundance that Mrs. Isaac Fellows persists to this day in saying there were fully four wagon-loads, — enough to keep the Holcomb family in wood until long after corn-planting. While the vouno- and athletic men were euiratred in the club bus- iness, old Mr. Strickland, who weighed nearly three hundred pounds and was too fat to venture so far as the thicket, engaged in imi)ro- vising for himself a weapon more formidable than the club. Pro- curing a bayonet with about one-third of the jwint end broken off, he fastened it to a hoe-handle ; then stationing himself before a win- HISTOEY OF FULTON COUNTY. 303 (low in an arm-chair, he poised his blunt spear, and with an expec- tant look, pronounced himself ready to send whoever of the red-skins should present himself at that window to his last account. As Strickland sat expectant, waiting, watching, he prayed, — for he was a religious man, — watched and prayed, determined to die at his [)()st, — and no Indian within fifty miles ! While Strickland was preparing his formida])le weapon, old Mrs. Stewart, who weighed nearly as much as that old hero, was loading and doubly loading the only serviceable gun. Still the Indians did not come, and men and women began to breathe easier. Finally one bold pioneer volunteered to go down the road toward Canton and see if he could discern any signs of the enemy. He soon returned with hair erect and eyes dilated, and declaring that the " Injins" were coming, marching in solid column, at least a thousand strong ; and now Pandemonium was a quiet place compared with Fort Holcomb. Men, women, children, all were screaming, all were praying, all were — but why attempt to describe what is indescribable? Had Black Hawk, with any of his braves, been within a mile, the noise then and tliere would have frightened them out of the country. Still the Indians did not a})pear. Dark came, lights were extin- guished, and in darkness and doubt the frightened people watched and waited. Twelve o'clock, and still no ruthless savaofe. Dawn, rosy dawn, came, and still the wary savage failed to make morn hideous with his terrible war-cry. And now came a suspicion, faint at first, but gradually growing stronger until it crystallized into con- viction, that the scare was without foundation, and then, all at once, men became l)rave. Messengers were now found willing to go to Canton to learn the extent and cause of the alarm. Thev soon re- turned, bringing the good news that there was not an Indian within, perha|)s, one hundred miles of the county line ! The Westerfield scare was communicated to the Moores' Grove settlement by a runner, who crossed below the Lewistown bridge and made his way to Harvey Crosswait's. Crosswait communicated the alarm at once to his neighbors, inviting them all to take refuge at his new log house, which was (piite roomy and tolerablv well cal- culated for defense. Between Crosswait's and Joshua Moores' there was a ravine that, on account of the melting snow, had been con- verted into a raging torrent. Crosswait went as nearly to Moores' as this torrent would permit, and hallooed across to old Mrs. Moores. The old gentleman was now ([uite old, and Walters, his son-in-law, had just been killed at Stillman's defeat. Old Mr. Moores gathered up his sick wife in his arms and, followed by his daughter Jennie, her sister, and their four children, they started for the expected ])lace of safety. On arriving at the slough, they waded in across the bottom for some distance to a foot-log across the small stream, Mr. Moores carrying his wife, the two daughters wading, each carrv- ing a child and leading one. When the foot-log was reached, Mrs 304 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY. Moores expressed her belief that the alarm was false, and insisted on being taken back home ; but at length, yielding to the entreaties of her children and the expostulation of her husband, consented to go forward. The whole party crossed over, the old folks by crawling on their hands and knees, and the vouug-er women bv wadinir through the swift current, carrying one child and dragging the other. This was not accomplished without danger, as the water was deep and the current swift. When the two young women reached the shore, they noticed close behind them a neighbor woman, Mrs. Robinson, with two children, wading through the overflowed bottom toward them, and at once determined to wait for and assist her across. When Mrs. Robinson reached the foot-log, Mrs. AValters called to know where he was. Mrs. Robinson replied, "T don't know. He and his brother were with me until we got to the creek, and then disappeared : I don't know what has become of them." It proved that both men, who were young, stout and hearty, had deserted the poor woman to her fate, and in company had started, as fast as their frightened limbs would carry them, for Spriugfield. They did not return for more than three weeks. Mrs. Walters and her sister aided Mrs. Robinson to cross the stream, and accompanied her to Cross- wait's where the company, with many of their neighbors, remained until dark, when another runner arrived from Jacob Ellis's, inform- ing them that there had been no danger. John Orendorff, Esq., relates the incidents of the W^esterfield scare occurring east and south of Canton. Orendorff and Richard Addis had started to Hazael Putman's place — since known as the "Woods Farm," — to attend the muster of their militia company. On the way- across the Canton Prairie, and when near the mound, they met Richard Tompkins, who informed them that Peter Wester- field had just come home, and brought word that the Indians were killiny; evervbodv north of Canton ; that Barnes' folks had all been killed, and the danger was imminent. "Who has seen Westerfield ?" asked Orendorff. "George Anderson," was the reply. Orendorff expressing doubt of the truth of Anderson's statement, to some ex- tent re-assured Tompkins, and he consented to return and go with Orendorff and Addis to Westerfield's house. Westerfield resided on what is now known as the "Capps Farm." On arriving at Wester- field's they found the place deserted, Westerfield having fled to the woods with his family for shelter. They accordingly turned and rode over to Putman's. Here they found the militia company in consultation as to the course to be pursued. Esquire Orendorff was called upon for his opinion, and, after questioning Anderson, who w^as the only person present that had seen Westerfield, he ex- pressed himself in favor of sending a messenger at once to Canton to ascertain the facts, and volunteered to go himself on that errand. Addis at once volunteered to accompany him. The company agreed to remain together at Putman's until their return. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 305 Orendorff and Addis set out at once on their mission, and -had scarcely struck the high prairie before they discovered Peter West- erfickl coming from toward his place, and evidently with the inten- tion of joining them. AVesterheld was mounted, bare-backed, on v sorrel, raw-boned animal ; his head was "enturbaned" with a red bandana handkerchief; he carried his rifle and shot-pouch by his side, and wore a look of grim determination. He was evidently going tc^war, and his courage would not fail him. Westerfield communicated his news to Urendorlf and Addis, said he had hid his family, and was going to the fort at Canton to aid in its defense. On arriving at Canton they found the scare had subsided, Henry Andrews having come in from the Barnes farm with news of their safety, and that no Indians were in that vicinity. When Westerfield heard this, he grasped Orendorff's arm and exclaimed, "I tell you, Orendorff, it is true, I know. Didn't I hear them and see their trail ?" It was no use telling Westerfield that his senses had be- trayed him. Orendorff and Addis now I'ode back to Putman'sto notify the com- pany that the danger was imaginary ; but on arriving there they found that the valiant militia, taking a new scare, had run to their homes and were hiding out their families. Thus ended the most exciting day in Canton's pioneer history. CLOSE OF THE WAR. The war went on, resulting in the defeat of the Indians and the capture of their leader. The rangers came home and were dismissed from service. They received therefor the remunerative sum of H6 cents per day for self and horse. Afterwards the general Government was kind enough to give each ])articipant 80 acres of land. INCIDENTS. The following incident was related by one of the few remaining veterans of the war: One day the General (Stillman) and some of the officers started out reconnoitering on a high hill. Some of the boys thought this presented an excellent oj)portunity to play a good joke on their commander and officers. Accordingly they fixed themselves up in blankets to look like Indians, skirted the hill and appeared to the scouting party from the bushes. The General and party of course thought them Indians, discharged their guns at them and started on a general stampede into the camp, yelling, "Indians ! Indians !" and immediately called all the men into line. On dis- covering their mistake the boys had a merry time over the scare, and it was a standing joke on the officers as long as the campaign lasted. Theodore Sergeant was Lieutenant of the Canton militia company during the Black Hawk war, and in that capacity for a considerable period of time had command of the com])any. After Stillman's de- 306 HISTORY OF FULTON COUXTY, feat, an order came from the Governor to Sergeant for seven men from the Canton company. Sergeant at once mnstered his men in front of Child & Stillman's store, and read the requisition, calling upon those who would go to fall in after the music, which was at the same time ordered to march and counter-march. Up and down tramped the musicians before the company, but not a man fell in behind them. Sergeant was equal to the emergency. Ordering the music to cease, he went into the store and bought two gallons f)f whisky, which he passed down the ranks treating every man. "Now boys," said he, "I've got to have seven men or I'll draft them. Music ! forward, march ! Boys, fall in, you who want to go." Either the whisky or the threat, or patriotism, proved potent, and nine more than the required number at once fell in. CHAPTER TX. CRIMINAL KEiJOHD. The criminal record of Fulton county, as the dark contents of this chapter will clearly show, brings her to the front rank in this partic- ular, as she stands in every noble one. Since the day wicked Cain slew his brother Abel in the very morning of the world's history, the earth has been bathed in human blood shed by jealous, angry or infuriated human brothers. In Fulton county it seems that life has been held as of little value by many of our people. Men and women for slight pretenses have taken the life of their fellow creatures. The knife, pistol, gun, poison and other weapons have been used with a prodigal hand. For the most trivial offense the knife has l)een plunged to the vitals of the victim, the fatal bullet sent to his heart, or the deadly lotion dealt out. By the observant it will be noticed as a significant fact that in the following list of murders com- mitted the oiFense to cause the deadly act to be done has been gener- ally slight. Seldom justifialjle, it seems to an impartial observer, yet it will be noticed that the punishment meted out to the criminal has invariably been light. Not one in the long list of murderers has been punished with the death penalty. We are not claiming that in any particular case such should have been done, but wish to record the facts impartially as we find them. As above mentioned, it would seem from this state of public sentiment that life is looked upon as not very sacred or valuable by many persons of this county. To illustrate further the slight value placed upon life by some, aside from the terrible facts recorded below, we will refer to a trial once brought before a justice of the peace of Liverpool township. Two neighbor women were brought to trial and prosecuted for the attempt upon the life of another neighbor woman. One of these, while making soap in the open air, had contracted with the other for a verv small sum of monev, only a few dollars, to kill the third woman referred to. The committal of the dark deed was thoroughly dis- cussed, and plans laid to carry it into execution. The woman who for a few dollars had bargained to take the life of one of her neigh- bors intended committing the deed with a garden hoe. We do not wish to reflect upon the high moral standing of the citizens of Fulton county in general, but as faithful historians we must impar- tially record things as they exist. We have not attempted to give a list of the persons who were in- 308 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY. dieted for manslaughter. There is a \'erv long list of these, many of whom are not murderers simply because they failed in aim, not because they did not intend to commit the deed. We give every case where a person was indicted and tried for murder. James Off den. In 1840 there was a house-raising at John Morris', in Union township, near Troy Mills. Among those present was James Og- den. While at dinner Ogden thought he was insulted by another party, and being of an irritable temperament he became very cross, angry, abusive and profane. George Morris, a young man, became incensed at Ogden's abusive manners, and made his feelings known. The two soon got into a tight. Ogden kicked Morris very hard during the tussle. When parted, Morris remarked that he was badly hurt. He was taken into the house and laid upon a bed, no one supposing that he was seriously hurt ; but within fifteen minutes he died. After some time had elapsed Ogden gave himself up to Sheriff La master, was tried, found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary for one year. He served a portion of his time and was pardoned by Gov. Carlin. We are told that his treatment while at the penitentiary was very mild, he being permitted to drive a team through the streets of Alton and do general outside work. Neheiaiah Northup. About noon one day in the summer of 1847 or '48, Norman Bea- mas was married in Liverpool, In the evening of that day, Xehe- miah Xorthup, a resident on the north side of Liverpool island, got to carousinu; around with women's clothes on. and endeavoring to be a whole "shivaree" of himself. He was not known to have any particular charge against either Beamas or his new wife ; but when it was about dusk he met Beamas on the common, passed a few words with him and started off with a gun on his shoulder, waving it up and down. At the distance of a few rods, walking with his back still turned toward Beamas, he fired off the gun, and lo ! the shot struck the bridegroom on the neck and lower part of his face, shat- tering his louver jaw to pieces and killing him instantly. Xorthuj) was arrested and bound over to court under a moderate penalty, but he finally left the country and has since never been heard of. It is related that only a half-hour before the death of Mr. Beamas, the bride was dozing in a rocking-chair and had a very distinct dream of seeing her husband murdered! Jackson Louderback, Daniel Louderback and John Curless. These parties were indicted March G, 1849, for the murder of Abraham Ijittlejohn, of Woodland township. The history of tlic case, as we have been informed, is as follows: Some time previous to the murder two brothers l)v the name of Baldwin came into the HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 309 neighborhood preaching a new religion. They were formerly fish- ermen, we are told, and came from Havana. Their education was limited, bat what they lacked in knowledge they made up in zeal and earnestnes, and consequently found many converts to their views. Among them were many of the best and most respected peo])le of that portion of the county. In derision their followers were called Baldwinites, but Union Baptists was the name they claimed. Thov were infatuated with their new relip-ion and held meetings \'ery often. It was at one of these meetings that Little- john lost his life. It was held at a school-house, or church, and he was appointed to keej) order. It seems that the Louderbacks and oth- ers came to this meeting expressly to create a disturbance ; at any rate they did so, and while Littlejohn was putting one of their number out of the house Jackson Louderback reached in from without and cut him in the abdomen with a knife. From the wound made he soon died. Jackson made his escape and never has been captured. Daniel and John Curless were arrested and liberated on bail. Dan- iel's case was postponed from time to time until the November term, 1851, when he came to trial. Julius Manning assisted the prosecu- tion. Wead (Sz Goudy and I^ewis Ross defended. The case was a sharply contested one. He was acquitted. The other cases were then stricken from the docket. Nancij Wilcoxen. Nancv Wilcoxen, a woman of questionable character, was in- dicted, March 17, 1852, for the killing of William Weston. She went from her home in Liverpool townshij) to Liverpool on the day of the night of the murder, and purchased a knife for the avowed purpose of killing Weston. He was at her house, and it is said he bore but a little better re])utation than the woman. That night she killed him. Her attorneys were Manning, lioss and Blackwell, while Wead c\: Goudy assisted the prosecution. She was found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to the penitentiary for six years. She was pardoned, however, before her term of service was completed, came back to this county, and subsequently went to Sangamon county, where she died. Rebecca Dj/e. This was a case brought from McDonough county on a change of venue, but it was the most exciting trial ever held in the county. It lasted nine days. The court room was crowded at every session, many ladies being constantly in attendance. On the evening of the 27th of May, 1854, Mrs. Dye killed her husband, James Dye, as it was alleged. David R. Burress was arrested as an accessory to the crime, but broke jail before trial. INIrs. Dye was tried at the April term of the Circuit Court, 1855. The prosecuting attorneys were Messrs. Goudy, of Fulton, Wheat, of Adams, and Schofield & 310 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Mack, of Hancock. For the defense, Messrs. Manning, of Peoria, Kellogg and Ross, of Fulton, and Cyrns Walker of McDonough. Probably a more able array of counsel could not have been procured in the entire State. William C Goudy opened the ease for the people and Cyrus Walker for the defense. Some eighty or ninety witnesses were examined. The case was given to the jury after able arguments on l)Oth sides. It remained out for fifteen hours and l)rought in a verdict of guilty, and fixed the punishment at confine- ment in the penitentiary for five years. She was pardoned long be- fore the expiration of her term, returned to ^lacomb, and died in 1874. Willi a III Taif. In Novemljer, 1857, AVm. Tait was indicted for the killing of Hamilton Brown at Astoria. One night while passing along the street Brown was struck upon the head with a stone or a piece of iron. From the wound inflicted he died. Tait was supposed to have thrown the stone and therefore was indicted for the murder. He was liberated upon bail fixed at S500. He was tried and ac- quitted. Cyrus Walker was his attorney. Simon H. 0. and John W. HanJij. A fracas occurred in the little village of Slabtown Wednesday, April 27, 1S.j9, in which Daniel Richardson was instantly killed and John O. Hardy severely wounded. There had been a lawsuit that day in which Richardson was interested, and it not termin- ating to please him, and, it is said, he being somewhat intoxicated, became quarrelsome. He attacked, as it was claimed, John O. Hardy, an elderly gentleman, and struck him two or three times, when young Hardy approached ; and as he attempted to draw a pistol Rich- ardson threw a stone, which struck the weapon, causing it to discharge its contents into the young man's thigh. The old man then drew a knife and stabbed Richardson to the heart, killing him instantly. The two Hardys were l^rought to trial at the June term, 1859, on the charge of murder. From 96 men a jury was chosen and the case given intr) their hands. They rendered a verdict of "not guilty." Isaac H(irri><. A young man l)y the name of Vaughn was murdered at \'ermont, Tuesday, July 15, 1860, by Isaac Harris, another young man. The weajion used was a club. The young men had always been warm friends. They were traversing a road near Vermont, and Vaughn became so helpless from excessive drinking that he fell upon the ground and could not get up. Harris tried to arouse liini by pounding him with a stick, but without success. He then took a fence stake and literally pounded the prostrate man to death. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 311 Vaughn was taken home and died that same evening. It seems that there was no ill-feeling between the two men : they were only drunk. Harris Mas indicted for murder and tried at the October term of the Circuit C(»urt, found guilty of manslaughter and sent to the penitentiary for fifteen years. Jackson Bolcn. In Nov., lX(j'2, BokMi klHcd James Mahary, of Vermont. Tliis occurred during the war, and it seemed the latter had charged the former with being a Missouri jay-hawker and thief. Bolen hearing of the charges, went to Mahary fn- satisfaction, when a collision en- sued, which resulted in Mahary being stabbed to death. Bolen was indicted Feb. 26, 186.'>, and tried at tlic March term of the Circuit Court and acquitted, the jury believing he committed the deed in self-defense. Thomas Wrlf//if was brought to trial at the March term of the Circuit Court, 18()2, for the killing of a Mr. Helm. The case was dismissed during trial by the prosecution for want of evidence. Geon/c W. Pofh. Friday, -lau. l(J, 18()."), at Apple's school-house, four aud a liaH' uiiles east of I^ewistown, Zachariah Shaw, jr., met his death, bv b(>- ing stabbed with a bowie-knife in the hands of Geo. W. Potts. A spelling-s(>hool had been in session at the school-house, and imme- diately after its close an aftVay occurred between several i)ersons, resulting in Shaw's death. Potts made his escape. He was indicted Feb. '28, 1863, for manslaughter, but he could not be found. The case ran along from term to term until Dec. 14, 1860, when it was stricken from the docket. I'J/i Watkius, Ahra/taiit l^'lhatii, Henrij iSchrodcr and Jackson Welch. These })arties, who resided in Menard county, killed an innocent and inoffensive boy near Havana, Mason county, and were brought here on a change of veuvu' from that county. They were taking a drove of cattle through the county, and stoj)]ied at Havana and be- came intoxicated. They met their victim, who was a CJerman boy of twelve or fifteen years of age, in the road, and ordered him off, and without further provocation shot him down. Thev were all acquitted. Ira (Uh. This man killed a Mr. Baker, of Woodland township. Both l)arties were respected, and well-to-do citizens. They got into a fuss, however, over the difference of only fifty cents in making a settlement with each other, and Cobb shot Baker with a pistol. 312 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. The ball entered the head of its victim and proved fatal immediately. Cobb was indicted for murder Sept. 29, 1864. He took a change of venue to Peoria county, was tried, found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced for ten years. A new trial was granted, and by agree- ment the case was returned to this county, here he broke jail and was gone four years. Shortly after his escape he was captured in Indiana. Sheriff Waggoner hurried forward to get his prisoner, but ere he arrived Cobb had again escaped. This time lie evaded the authorities for about four years, w^hen Sheriff Waggoner caught him in Kansas. When he returned he was brought to trial, but the prosecution was compelled to beg for a continuance, as everv wit- ness for the State had either died or left the State. He pleaded guity, we believe, and was sent to the penitentiary for one year, but was soon pardoned. Thoriuoi BicharcUon. In June, 1805, the village of Marbletown was thrown into con- siderable excitement by the announcement of the murder of Daniel Lash. Lash was a farm-hand at the time in the employ of Hiram Marble. Richardson, a cripple, kept what was familiarly known as a "jug grocery," — in other words, a saloon. Lash, who was a des- perate fellow and regarded as an outlaw, came to this saloon using threatening language toward Richardson, and soon endeavored to strike him. Richardson in the mean time secured a hatchet, and when opportunity [)resented struck Lash a hard blow, which |>roved fatal. Lash exclaimed "He has killed me!" and after walking about seventy yards fell. Richardson was arrested for the murder, but the grand jury refused to indict him, and he was set at liberty. (.Vftheriiie Lorix, itlidx Cutlicrinc ToclrJ, and Robert Todd. These parties were indicted April 20, 1865, for committing mur- der by poisoning ; they were tried at the November teriii of the Circuit Court, 1865, and found not guilty. Rol)ert, however, was not discharged until April 20, 1866. A further account will be given in the history of IMeasant townshij), where the murder was committed. Willidin A. Jonea. The victim of this fracas, which occurred in Bryant, was Wesley Pittman. Jones was indicted April 21, 1866, found guilty of man- slaughter April 18, 1867, and sent to the penitentiary for two years. He killed Pittman with a rock. Sheriff Waggoner took him to State's prison, where he died. John Yanu'/I. This man was indicted April 23, 1867, for killing City Marshall James P. Goodwin, of Lewistown. He took a change of venue to HISTOEY OF FULTON COUNTY. 313 McDonough county and was sent to the penitentiary for fourteen years. He, however, only served f.bout eighteen months, when he was pardoned. Oscar Craig. Craig shot and kiHed Thomas Brown, in Otto, and seeminglv without any provocation whatever. He was indicted for murder Aug. 25, 187(J, took a change of venue to Tazewell county and was acquitted. Lemuel Furdy, Pitts Lawrence Purdy n)id Samuel JVicholson. These parties were indicted Aug. 29, 1871, for the murder of a Swede. The fatal affair occurred on the night of the 4th of Julv, 1871, at a saloon called Shoo Fly, one mile east of Lcwistown. A majority of the crowd at this place that night were intoxicated. The Swede had hut recently come to this cotintry and is said to have been a very (piiet, inoifensive man. In a fracas that occurred he was struck down with a club, and he died from the effects of the in- juries received. Nicholson was tried at the April term, 1873, and found "not guilty." Pitts L. Purdy took a change of venue to Schuyler county, where he also was acquitted. Lemuel Purdy took a change to Macon county, tried, found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced for five years. He was pardoned at the end of three vears. All of these parties were accounted good, respectable citizens. John Marion (Jhesiteif. (Jhesney killed a negro at Abingdon, Ivnox county, in 1873. He was indicted for murder in the fall and a change of venue was taken to this county, where, at the Decendier term, 1873, he was acquitted. William Odrll. Odell was indicted for murder Aug. 1, 187o. He was a consta- ble and lived at Havana, Mason county. He levied upon a boat belonging to a man by the name of Patterson, who lived near the Copperas-creek dam. Patterson was a bad character and a desper- ate man, which fact was known to Odell. He attem])ted to retake the b(xit from Odell, and in the attempt Odell began shooting at him, and fired four times, killing him instantly. ()dell was tried in tins county and acquitted. Jonathan B. Berry. About sundown July 10, 1876, Jonathan B.Perry shot and killed John J. liulicker, of Pleasant township. Berry had married a widow lady named Maggie Shuman, and on the evening of the murder Berry was whipping one of her boys ; and to help control 314 HISTORY OF FULTOy COUXTY. him she sent one of her sons, Willie Shnman, a boy of a dozen sum- mers, to Mr. Lalioker's, who lived near, for assistance. Mr. L. hurried over according to the request, and as the two entered the yard Berry warned Lalicker not to enter the house. Berry fired at him through a window and again in the house, one of the shots proving fatal, killing Lalicker almost instantly. Berry was indicted at the August term of Circuit Court, 1876, and tried at the Decem- ber term, found guilt\' and sent to the penitentiary for ten years. He is now confined there. liichrirf} B. Heather. In 1876, Oct. 26, Richard B. Heather killed S. Peter Jnhnson, at Abingdon, Knox county. His bail was fixed at §15,0s a workman. An altercation ensued between th«im. Willis had a hatchet in his hand and seemingly made some movement with it toward Mavall, when the latter said. " You are not sroinii; to hit me with the hatchet, are you ?" Willi* threw the hatchet down and they both walked toward the gate. Upon arriving at the gate ^layall pulled out a knife and cut Willis, from the wound of which he died. Mayall was tried at the December term of the Circuit Court, 1876, and acquitted. Jaeoh Mabett. Mabes was indicted for murder Sept. 1, 1877, for the killing <>f Br\-an Daily, in Orion township. Both men were intoxicated and were each driving a wagon along the road. Mabes tried to drive around Daily, which the latter prevented. He then struck him with a missile, the blow killing Daily. Mabes was admitted to bail Dec. 7, 1877, the amount of the bond being S3,0lace while the disputants were rising to a half-standing ])osition. Stephen Joy was indicted for murder August 21, 187 J), and his trial ])ostponed. Friday, Septembei' o, 1879, Joy was brought be- fore Judge Shope, on a writ of hahatx corpaK, to have an examiu- ation with the object of securing his bail. After a very full hearing the Judge admitted him to bail in the sum of |25,OOr3, which was given, and the trial set for the next term of Court. 2Q CHAPTER X. PIONEER LIFE. LOG CABIN'S. We shall, in this t'liapter, give as clear and exact description nf" pioneer life in this county, as \ve can find language to picture it in, commencing with the time the sturdy settlers first arrived ^itli their scantv stores. They had migrated from older States, where the prospects for even a com])etency were very poor, many of tlicm coming from Kentucky, for, it is sup])osed, they found that a good State to emigrate from. Their entire stock of furniture, imple- ments and family necessities were easily stored in one wagon, and sometimes a cart was their only vehicle. As the first thing after they arrived and found a suitable location, they would set about the building of a log cabin, a descri})tion of which may be interesting to the younger readers, and esjiecially their descendants, who may never see a structure of the kind. Trees of uniform size were selected and cut into pieces of the de- sired length, each end being saddled and notched so as to bring the logs as near together as possible. The cracks were ''chinked and daubed" to ])revent tlie wind from whistling tiirough. This had to be renewed every fall before cold weather set in. The usual height was one story of about . made by laying small logs or stout ])oles reaching from gal)le to gable, suit- able distances a])art, on which were laid the clapl)oards after the manner of shingling, showing tAvo feet or more to the weather. The clapboards were fastened l)y laying across them heavy poles called "weight poles," reaching from one gable to the other, being kept apart and in their place bv laying pieces of timber between them called "runs," or "knees." A wide chimney ])lace was cut out of one end of the cabin, the chimnev standinu- entirelv outside, and l)uilt of rived sticks, laid up cob-house fashion, and filled with elay, or built of stone, often using two or three cords of stone in building one chimney. For a window a piece about two feet long was cut out of one of the wall logs, and the hole closed, sometimes with glass but oftener with greased paper pasted over it. A doorway was also cut through one of the walls, and the door was made of spliced clap- boards and hung with wooden hinges. This was opened by pull- HISTORY OF FULTOX fOFXTY. ^,19 iiig- a leather latch-string which raised a wooden latch inside the door. For security at night this latch-string: was pulled in, but for frieuds and neighbors, and even strangers, the "latch-string was always hanging (nit," as a welcome. In the interior, upon one side, was the huge tire-place, large enough to contain a back-log as big as the strongest man could carry, and holding enough wood to supply an ordinary stove a week ; on either side were poles and kettles, and over all a mantle on which was placed the tallow dip. In one cor- ner stood the larger bed for the old folks, under this the trundle- bed for the children; in another corner stood the old-fashioned, large spinning-wheel, witli a smaller one by its side ; in another the' pine table, around which the family gathered to partake of their plain food ; over the door hung the ever trustful rifle and powder-horn ; while around the room were scattered a few splint-bottomed chairs and three-legged stools; in one corner was a rude cupboard holding the table ware, which consisted of a few cups and saucers and blue- edged plates, standing singly on their cd:ges against the back, to make the display of table furniture more conspicuous. These simple cabins were inhabited by a kind and true-hearted peojdc. They were strangers to mock modesty, and the traveler, seeking lodgings for the night or desirous of spending a few days in the conununity, if willing to accept the rude offering, was always welcome, although how they were disposed of at night the reader may not easily imagine; f>r, as described, a single room was made to serve the purpose of kitchen, dining-room, sitting-room, bed- room, and parlor, and many families consisted of six or eight mem- bers. Soon finer and more costly buildings were erected. Mr. Swan in his History of Canton describes the first frame building erected in that city as follows : "The first frame house erected on grounds now within the j)res- cnt city limits was l)uilt for Deacon Nathan Jones, in the spring of 1S30. Isaac Swan was the 'boss carpenter,' and was aided by the deacon. This building is still standing, on the south side of Jones street, between Wood and Lewistown streets, and is now occupied by Mrs. Dean. It is a two-story frame house. The frame, of the ' old-fashit>ned ' variety, was built without any sawed stufl'; the joists and studding being split out of heavy tind)er, the sills and plates hewed, and the weather-boarding of split boards, shaved. The weather-boarding was not jointed, but the ends of the clapboards were shaved thin and la})ped. The roof was laid with split and shaved oak shingles. The floor, door-frames, corner-boards and stairs, were alone of sawed hunber. When the carpenters had fin- ished their work, Mrs. Jones took the job of painting, and did quite a respectable job, too, painting it Venetian red. This house was considered the most stylish in the country. As Deacon Jones was Postmaster and kept the postoflice at his house, it became the place of resort for the most intelligent of the pioneers, who would congregate here and discuss educational and religious topics. This 320 HISTORY OF P^ULTON COUNTY. building was not on the original town plat, however, being then considered out of town. The first frame erected on the original town site was built in 1831, and was the property of Joel Wright. This building was, in fact, but an addition to an already existing cabin. Isaac Swan was also the builder of this. It was occupied bv Mr. Wright as a store-room, and was situated on the southeast corner of Wood and Illinois streets. This building is still stand- ing, but has been removed from its original site, and is now standing on First street, between Illinois and Cole streets. It was occupied until recently by David Will, as a wagon-maker's shop." SELEC'TIOX OF PIOMES. For a great many years but few thought it advisable to attempt farming on the })rairie. To many of them the cultivation of the prairies was an untried experiment, and it was the prevailing opin- ion that the timber would soon bec(une very scarce, — a fear soon proven to be without foundation. Another obstacle that was in the way for a great many years, was that no plows suitable for breaking the prairie land could be had. The sod was very much tougher then tiian it was in after years when the stock had ]iastured the prairies and killed out the grass to some extent. It would be astonishing to the younger residents to see the immense crops of prairie grass that grew u})on the fields which are to-day in such a high state of cultivation. It grew in places six to twelve feet high. It was these immense crops of grass that furnished the fuel for the terrible fires that swept over the j)rairies during the fall. Then, again, there was so nuich of the prairie land that was considered too wet to be ever suitable for cultivation. Many of the older set- tlers now living well remember when farms that are now in th<> highest state of cultivation were a vast swam]). There was another draw'back in the settlement of the prairies, and that was the great labor and cost of fencing. But the princi[)al reason fx)r locating in the tind)er was that many of their cabins were poor, half-finished affairs, and protection from the driving storms was absolutely re- quired. The timber also sheltered stock until such times as sheds and out-buildings could l)e erected. That the time should soon come when intelligent, enterprising farmers would see that their in- terest lay in im)>roving ])rairie farms, and cease clearing fields, when there were boundless acres presenting no obstacle to the most perfect cultivation, argues nothing in the policy of sheltering for a tim(^ in the woods. In regard to the pioneers settling along the timber, we often hear remarks made as though the selection of such locations implied a lack of judgment. Those who are disposed to treat it in that manner are asked to consider carefully the above facts, when they will conclude such selection argued in their favor. Clearing of timber land was attended with much hard labor. The underbrush M'as grubl)ed up, piled info heaps and burned. The large HISTORY OF PTU/rOX COUNTY. 821 trees were in many cases left standing, and deadened by girdling. This was done by cutting through the bark into the wood, generally through the "sap," all around the trunk. MILLING. Not the least of the hardshi})s of the pioneers was the procuring of bread. The first settlers must be supplied at least one year from other sources than their own lands. But the first crops, however abundant, gave only partial relief, there being no mills to grind the grain. Hence the necessity of grinding by hand power, and manv families were poorly provided with means for doing this. Another way was to grate the corn. A grater was made from a piece of tin, sometimes taken from an old, worn-out tin bucket or other vessel. It was thickly perforated, bent into a semi-circular form, and nailed, rough side upwards, on a board. The corn was taken in the ear and grated before it got dry and hard. Corn, however, was eaten in various ways. Soon after the country became more generally settled, enterpris- ing men were readv to embark in the millinii; business. Sites alono; the streams were selected for water-power. A person looking for a mill-site would follow up and down the stream for a desired loca- tion, and when found he would go before the County Commis- sioners and secure a writ of ad (jiiod (Janunivi. This would enable the miller to have the adjoining land officially examined, and the amount of damage by making a dam was named. Mills being such a great public necessity, they were permitted to be located ujion any person's land where the miller thought the site desirable. BAND-MILL. John Coleman established a mill nortli of the Fairview bridge. This mill was celebrated for " makino- haste" — and meal — "slowlv." It was said that it ran so slow that the dogs were in the habit of chewing in two the band while the mill was running, when Cole- man would call to Jerry, who drove the team, to know what was the matter; and Jerry would respond that the "dod-durned dogs had chewed the band in two again." Jacob Ellis erected a water-mill between Canton and Lewistown about 1824, which did a good busi- ness. He erected another mill near Canton, on Big Creek, al)out 1829-30. NATIVE ANIMALS. The wild animals infesting this county at the time of its settle- ment were the deer, wolf, bear, wild-cat, fox, otter, raccoon, wood- chuck or ground-hog, skunk, mink, weasel, muskrat, opossum, rab- bit and squirrel; and the principal feathered game were the quail, prairie-chicken, and wild turkey. Several cf these animals furnished meat for the early settlers ; but their principal meat did not consist 322 HISTORY OF FULTO>' COUNTY. long of game. Pork and poultrv were .soon raised in abundance. The wolf was the most troublesome animal, it being the common enemy of the sheep. It was quite difficult to protect the sheep from their ravages. Sometimes pigs and calves were also victims of the wolf. Their howlings in the night would often keep fomilies awake, and set all the dogs in the neighliorhood to barking. Their yells Avere often terrific. Says one settler: " Suppose six boys, having six dogs tied, whipped them all at the same time, and you Mould hear such music as two wolves would make." To eifect the destruc- tion of these animals the county authorities oifered a bounty for their scalps ; and, besides, big hunts were inaugurated for their destruction, and " wolf hunts" are prominent among the memories of the early settlers. Such events were generally turned into a holiday, and everA'body that could ride a nag or stand the tramp on foot joined in the deadly pursuit. A large circuit was generally made by the hunters, who then closed in on every side, driving the hungry wolves into the center of the corral, where they were despatched. The return home with the carcasses was the signal for a general turn-out, and these " pleasure parties" are still referred to by old citizens a,< among the pleasantest memories of early life in Fulton county. Many a hungry wolf has been run down on the prairies where now is located a town or a hue farm residence. This rare old pastime, like much of the early hunting and tishing the pioneers indulged in here, departed at the appearance of the locomotive. BEE-HUNTING. During the early settlement of this part of the State, one of the prevailing customs of the pioneers was " bee-hunting," Often a small company would travel many miles into a wild, unsettled country, in search of the sweet, flavored honey of the wild bee. Large trees containing many gallons, and often a barrel, w'ere fre- quently found by bee-hunters. The little, busy bees would be carefullv watched as thev flew heavilv laden with the richest extract of the flowers that were purely native and unknown to the present generation. They always took a "bee-line" for their homes. This was a correct guide to the sturdy hunter, who had studied with care the ways of the bee and by their knowledge took advantage of the little insect. Once on t e trail, good bee-hunters were almost certain to capture the rich prize. After the bee-tree was discovered it was no trouble to get possession of the honey. The tree was felled, and the hunters would rush for their booty ere it was lost by running out upon the ground. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. The pioneer was more freely and heartily social with his friends, and cold toward his enemies, than we seem to be at~the present day ; and he showed Mhat race he belonged to by his efforts to establish religious, philanthropic and educational institutions. The young HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 32.3 folks, we have no doubt, found many ways of robbing; old Time of loneliness. It would be unfair to suppose them, especially the ladies, destitute of fashionable aspirations, but the means for gaudy display were very much eircumscril)ed in those days. The male attire consisted chietly of buckskin, or homespun cloth, — we might add home-woven, the loom being tar more common in or near their rude huts than the piano or organ. They were not, however, desti- tute of musical taste, and many of their vocal performances would compare favorably with our present choirs. We may safely say they sang with the spirit. Most of the ladies, also, wore homespun, which they manufactured from wool, flax, cotton, and the bark or lint of the nettle, colored with such ingredients as nature provided, without the aid of art. A few even adopted buckskin. How many yards of the latter article were required for a fashionable dress in those times, or in what particular style it was cut and trimmed, we are not informed, and must leave the ladies to draw their own con- clusions. These dresses certainly were durable, and shielded the wearer in out-door exercises incident to the planting, attending and gathering of crops, in which pursuit the ladies in all new couutries assist. Another of the prevailing fashions was that of carrying fire- arms, made necessary by the presence of roving bands of Indians, most of whom were ostensibly friendly, but like Indians in all times, treacherous and unrelial)le. These tribes were principally Pottawatomies. There were also in the northern part of the State several tribes of hostile Indians, ready at any time to make a mur- derous, thieving raid upon the white settlers ; and an Indian war at any time was an accepted prol)ability ; and these old settlers to- day have vivid recollections of the Black Hawk and other Indian wars. And, while target practice was nuich indulged in as an amusement, it was also necessary for a ])roper self-defense, the settlers finding it necessary at times to carry their ji-uns with them when they went to hoe their corn. In some instances their guns were stacked in the field and the laborers worked for a certain dis- tance around them, and then moved the guns to a certain position and again proceeded with their work. These were only a few of the hardships incident to pioneer life, which was largely made up of privations, inconveniences and dan- gers. They had few labor-saving machines and no reliable markets. Even communication by letter with their distant friends and rela- tives was rendered difficult for want of proper mail facilities, and sometimes for the want of money to pay the postage on the letters sent to them, — the postage then being twenty-five cents for a single letter, many of which remained in the office for weeks on account of the inability of the persons addressed to pay the postage. 324 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUIsTY. PEEACHIXG OF THE GOSPEL. The early settlers were not entirely without preaching. Says an old pioneer on this subject: "The ministers of the Gospel of the Savior of the Avorkl hunted us up and preached to what few there were ; therefore we did not degenerate and turn heathen, as anv community will where the sound of the gospel is never heard. I shall not give their names, though sacred in memory, for they were not after the fleece, but after the flock, because they had but little to say about science and philosophy, but spoke of purer things." EDUCATIOX. Though struggling under the pressure of poverty and privation, the early settlers planted among them the school-house at the ear- liest practicable period. So important an object as the education of their children they did not defer until they could btiild more come- ly and convenient houses. They were for a time content with such as corresponded with their rude dwellings, but soon better build- ings and accommodations were provided. As may readily be sup- posed, the accommodations of the earliest schools were not good. Sometimes school was taught in a small log house erected for the purpose. Stoves and such heating apparatus as are now in use were unknown. A mud-and-stick chimney in one end of the building, with earthen hearth and fire-place wide and deep enough to take in a four-foot back-log, and smaller wood to match, served for warm- ing purposes in winter and a kind of conservatory in summer. For windows, part of a log was cut out in either side, and may be a few lights of eight-by-ten glass set in, or just as likely as not the aperture would be covered Avith greased paper. Writing benches were made of wide planks, or likely puncheons, resting on pins or arms, driven into two-inch aus^er-holes, bored into the logs beneath the windows. Seats were made out of puncheons, and flooring of the same material. Everything was rude and plain ; but many of America's greatest men have gone out from just such school-houses to grapple with the world and make names for themselves, and have come to be an honor to their coiuitry. Among these we can name Abraham Lincoln, our martyred President, one of the noblest men ever known to the world's history. Stephen A. Doug- las, one of the greatest statesmen of the age, began his career in Illinois teaching in one of these primitive school-houses. James H. Murphy, who taught school at Canton in an early day, will probably remember the time he was asked for a holiday by his scholars and he refused to grant it. The following morning four of his scholars, J. L. ^Murjihy and three Fenton lioys, went to the school-house quite early, entered, locked and barred the door, and refused the teacher admittance when he came, ludess he would grant them the desired holiday. He expostulated, but the boys Avere obdurate. He resorted t<» the chimney, covering the top ot HISTORY OF FTiLTOX f'OUXTY. . :125 smoke the boys out, but this proved useless. Fiually he broke through a window and eifected an entrance, when the boys pitched into him and proved the stronger. They bound him with ropes, yet he wouki not promise the holiday. At last they threatened to duck him in a pond that was near unless he promised. This was to severe for him ; so he yielded and gave the school the holiday. But all these things are changed now. We no longer see log school-liouses. Their places are filled with handsome frame or brick structures, which for elegance and beauty of design rival those of older-settled countries; and in place of the "masters," who were " looked up to " as su])eri()r beings, and were consulted on all matters of law, physic and religion, there are teachers of liberal culture, intelligent and ])rogressive, many of whom have a broad and comprehensive idea of education, and regard their labor as something more than teaching merely in order to make a living, — more than a knowledge of a great number of facts in the uni- verse of mind and matter. It means culture, the educating, devel- oping and disci])lining of all the faculties of the human mind. It is the comprehension of the entire being of liian ; and the school or teacher who takes charge and care of the young should provide the means and methods for carrying forward the process in all departments of their comjilex natures, physical, mental and s])iritual. MARKETS. The earliest settlers of the county went to St. Louis with what little produce they had to sell, and the merchants bought all their goods in that city. Soon, however, Peoria became a market, and pro- duce was wagoned to that city and from there sent south on the river. There was at that time no sale for corn, or comparatively none, and wheat would bring but a small price; so that really there was no impetus given to the raising of grain of any sort, except for home consum])tion, until the advent of the railroad. At that time improev- ment began. The great resources of the county which had scarcely supplied more than home demand were then turned to supply the wants of thousands. That occasion, the advent of railroads, was the commencement of agricultural development. It was the com- mencement of the manufacturing institutions the county can now boast of; it was the building of her thriving cities and towns ; indeed it was the beginning of ])rogress. One of tlje earliest steam-boats in the Illinois-river trade was the steamer " Exchange," which plied l)etween St. Louis and Peoria. She was familiarly known as "the Shingle Weaver," so called from the fact of her carrying upon her hurricane deck a machine for cut- ting shingles, which was operated by the machinery of the boat, cutting whenever the boat was in motion. Shingle timber w(tuld be obtained at the wood-yards along the river, and market found for the manufactured goods either at St. Louis or Peoria. This 328 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. boat was an especial favorite with the people of tins county, many of whom would, when desiring to take a trip by river, wait for her coming, and most of the early stocks of goods were shipped on her ; she also carried most of the county's "beeswax" and other products to their market. " When the iirst settlers came to the wilderness," says an old set- tler, "they all supposed that their hard struggle would be principally over after the first year ; but alas ! we looked for ' easier times next year ' for about ten years, and learned to bear hardships, privation and hard living as good soldiers do. As the facilities for making- money were not great, we lived ])retty well satisfied in an atmos- phere of good, social, friendly feeling, and thought ourselves as good as those we left behind when we emigrated West." CHILLS AND FEVER. One of the greatest obstacles to the early settlement and prosper- ity of this county was the "chills and fever," or "ague," or " Illinois shakes," as it was variously styled. This disease was a terror to new comers. In the fill of the year everybody was afflicted with it. It was no respecter of persons ; everybody shook \yith it, and it was in pvery person's system. They all looked pale and yellow as though they were frostbitten. It was not contagious, but was a kind of miasma floating around in the atmosphere and absorbed into the system. It continued to be absorbed from day to day, and week to week, until the whole body corporate became charged with it as with electricity, and then the shock came ; and the shock was a regular shake, with a fixed beginning and an ending, coming on each day, or each alternate day, with a regularity that was surpris- ing. After the shake (^ime the fever, and this "last estate was worse than the first." It was a burning, hot fever and lasted for hours. When you had the chill you couldn't get warm, and when you had the fever you couldn't get cool. It was exceedingly awk- ward in this respect ; indeed it was. Nor would it sto]) for any sort of contingency. Not even a wedding in the family would stop it. It was imperative and tyranni(!al. When the appointed time came around everything else had to be stopped to attend to its demands. It didn't even have any Sunday or holidays. After the fever went down you still didn't feel much better. You felt as though you had g-one throuo;h some sort of collision and came out not killed but badly demoralized. You felt weak, as though you had run too far after something, and then didn't catch it. You felt languid, stupid and sore, and was down in the mouth and heel and partially raveled out, so to speak. Your back was out of fix and your appetite was in a worse condition than your back. Your head ached and your eyes had more white in tiiem than usual, and altogether you felt poor, disconsolate and sad. You didn't think much of yourself, and didn't believe other people did either, and you didn't care. You HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 827 didn't think much of suicide, l)ut at the same time you almost made up your mind that under certain circumstances it was justi- fiable. You imagined that even the dogs looked at you with a kind of self-complacency. You thought the sun had a kind of sickly shine about it. About this time you came to the conclusion that you would not accept the whole State of Illinois as a gift, and if you had the strength and means, you jucked up Hannah and the baby and your traps, and went back "yander " to Injianny, Ohio, or old Ka in tuck. '■ And to-lay the swallows flitting Rouml my rabin see nie sitting Mocjilily within tiie sunshine, Just inside my silent door, Waiting for the ' ager,' seeming Like a man forever dreaming ; And the sunlight on me streaming- Throws no shadow on the floor ; For I am too thin and sallow To make shadows on the floor — Nary shadow any more I " The above is no picture of the imagination. It is simply recount- ing ^vhat occurred in hundreds of intances. Whole families would some times be sick at one time, and not one member scarcely able to wait u})(m another. One widow lady on the Illinois river informs us that she lost nine children from this dreaded disease ! COOKING. To witness the various processes of cooking in those days would alike surprise and amuse those who have grown up since cooking- stoves and ranges came into use. Kettles were hung over the large fire, suspended on trammels which were held by strong poles. The long-handled frying-pan was used for cooking meat. It was held on the fire by hand; or, to save time, the handle was laid across the back of a chair. This pan was also used for baking short-cake. A better article was a cast-iron spider, which was set upon coals on the hearth. But the best thing for baking bread was the flat-bot- tomed bake-kettle, of greater dej)th, with closely fitting cast-iron cover, and commonly known as the " Dutch oven." With coals over and under it l)read and biscuit would quickly and nicely bake. Turkeys and spare-ribs were sometimes roasted before the fire, sus- pended by a string, a dish lacing ])laeed underneath to catch the dri})pings. IMPLEMENTS. The agricultural implements used by the first farmers here would in this age of improvement be great curiosities. The plow used was called the bar-share plow. The iron point consisted of a bar of iron about two feet long, and a broad share of iron welded to it. At the extreme point was a coulter that passed through a beam six or seven feet long, to which were attached handles of eorresjiond- 328 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. ing length. The mold-board was a wooden one split out of wind- ing timber, or hewed into a winding shape in order to turn the soil over. Sown seed was bruslied in by dragging over the ground a sap])ling with a bushy top. Tn harvesting the change is most strik- ing. Instead of the reapers and mowers of to-day, the sickle and cradle were used. The grain was threshed with a flail, or trodden out by horses or oxen. avomp:n's w^ork. The men were not called upon to endure alone all the hardships and labor of frontier life. The women also had their physical labor to perform, and much of it was quite arduous. Spinning was one of the common household duties. This exercise is one which few of the present generation of girls have ever enjoyed. The wheel used for s})inning flax was called the " little wheel," to distinguish it from the " big wheel " used for spinning yarn. These stringed instruments furnished the principal music of the family, and were operated by our mothers and grandmothers with great skill, attain- ed without pecuniary expense, and with far less practice than is necessary for the girls of our period to acquire a skillful use of their costly and elegant instruments. The loom was not less necessary than the wheel. Not every house, however, in which spinning was done had a loom ; but there were always some in each settlement who, besides doing their own weaving, did some for others. Settlers, having succeeded in spite of the wolves in raising sheep, commenced the manufacture of woolen cloth ; wool was carded and made into rolls by hand-cards, and the rolls were spun on the " big wheel." We occasionally find noAV, in the houses, of the old settlers, one of these big wheels, sometimes used for spinning and twisting stocking yarn. They are turned with' the hand, and with such velocity that it will run itself while the nimble worker, by her backward step, draws out and twists her thread nearly the whole length of the cabin. A common article woven on the loom was linsey, also called linsey-woolsey, the chain being linen and the filling woolen. This cloth was used for dresses for the girls and mothers. Nearly all the clothes worn by the men were also home-made. Rarely was a farmer or his son seen in a coat made of any other. If, occasionally, a young man appear- ed in a suit of " boughten " clothes, he was suspected of having gotten it for a particular occasion, which occurs in the life of nearly every man. Not until the settlers had supj)lie(l themselves with the more use- ful articles of clothing and with edibles of various kinds, did wheat bread become a common article of food. It is true they had it earlier, but this was only served (Ui extra occasions, as when visitors came, or on Sundays ; and with this luxury they would have a little "store coffee." "The little brown jug" found a place in almost HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 329 every ' liome, and -was often brought into use. No caller was per- mitted to leave the house' without an invitation to partake of its contents. PLEASURES OF PIONEER LIFE. The historv of pioneer life generally presents the dark side of the picture; but the toils and i)rivati()ns of the early settlers were not a series of unmitigated sufferings. Xo ; for while the fathers and mothers toiled liard, they were not averse to a little relaxation, and liad their seasons of fun and enjoyment. They contrived to do something; to break the monotony of their daily life and furnish them a good, hearty laugh. Among the more general forms of amusements were the " quilting-bee," "corn-husking," "apple-par- ino;," '' loff-rolling " and "house-raising." Our young readers will doubtless be interested in a description of these forms of amuse- ment, when labor was made to afford fun and enjoyment to all ])ar- ticipating. The "quilting-bee," as its name implies, was when the industrious qualities of the busy, little insect, that "improves each shining hour" were exemplified in the manufacture of quilts for the household. In the afternoon ladies for miles around gathered at an a])pointe(l ])lace, and while their tongues would not cease to play, tlieir hands were as busily engaged in making the quilt ; and desire was always manifested to get it out as quickly as possible, for then tlie fun would begin. In the evening the gentlemen came, and the hours would then pass swiftly by in playing games or dancing. " Corn-huskings " were when both sexes united in the work. They usually assembled in a large barn, which was arranged for the oc- casion ; and when each gentleman had selected a lady partner the luisking began. When a lady found a red ear she was entitled to a kiss from every gentleman jiresent ; when a gentleman found on(» he was allowed to kiss every lady present. After the corn was all husked a good supper was served ; then the " old folks " would leave, and the remainder of the evening was spent in the dance and in having a general good time. The recreation afforded to the young people on the annual recurrence of these festive occasions was as highly enjoyed, and quite as innocent, as the amusements of the present boasted age of refinement and culture. Mr. Swan in describing the pioneer dwelling and habits and cus- toms, says : " The furniture of the cabin was as primitive as the occupants. In one corner — perhaps in two or three corners — were the bed- steads. These were your genuine 'cottage bedsteads,' made by bor- ing one hole, say four feet from one corner of the cabin, into a ' house-log,' another hole, say six feet from the same corner, on another side ; opposite these holes was set an upright post, usually a section. from the body of a peeled sapling; in this post two holes would be bored at any desired height, and at right angles Avith each other ; poles were inserted in these holes, making in this manner a 330 HISTORY OF FULTON COFXTY. square frame ; over this frame was laid a covering of clapboards, or, as some denominated them, 'shakes/ and on top of this platform the bed was spread. The chairs were not exactly chairs, but three-legged stools or puncheon benches. The cupboard was literally a cupboard, being a puncheon supported by pins driven into holes in the house-log"^ at some convenient corner. The boxes which had held the family dry goods while eii rotife to the new country generally furnished the table, and a trough or troughs the meat and soap barrels. Hollow logs sawed into sections and pro- vided with a puncheon bottom furnished a receptacle for meal, potatoes, beans, wheat, ' and sich like truck' — to ukjc the pioneer vernacvdar. The table Avas bounteously supplied with ' samp,' ' ley hominy,' ' corn pone,' honey, venison, pork, stewed pumpkin, wild turkey, ])rairie chicken and other game. Wheat l)rcad, tea, coffee, and fruit — exce])t wild fruit — were luxuries not to be indulged in except on special occasions, as a wedding or gala day. 'Samp' was quite a frequent dish. It was made by burning a hole into some convenient stump in the shaj)e of a mortar; this hole was filled with corn and pounded by a large i»estle hung like the old-fashioned well-sweep pendent from a long ])ole, which was nearly balanced on an ui)right fork. This ])olc had a weight attached to one end and the pestle to the other; the weight would lift the pestle, while man- ual f)rce was expected to bi'ing it down. When the ' sam]>' wa'^ ]»ounublic square and back. "Fonts was defeated, but, as he believed, not fairly, and he de- termined to renew the contest on another occasion. This was also understood, and the final struggle was looked forward to by the settlers with even more expectant interest than the first. Accord- ingly, a few weeks later, one Saturday, Fonts came to town for the purpose of meeting Coleman, He stopped at Dickev Johnson's, where he left his coat and put himself in fighting trim. Johnson accompanied him to town and acted as his friend and second. Fonts soon met Coleman, and informed him that he had come to town ex- pressly to settle their little trouble. Coleman began to draw his leather coat, but before it Avas ofi^ Fonts took the same advantage Coleman had taken in the previous fight, and struck him. This advantage was all he desired, and vigorously did he follow it up. Coleman was not easily handled, however, and soon was stripped and in fighting trim. The fight was a des])crate one, and it was soon apparent that neither would acknowledge defeat. Fonts, how- ever, had so well followed up his advantage that Coleman's friends parted them, and ever after neither could be induced to attack the other. "Foot-racing, jumping, and wrestling were also indulged in on Saturdays, and among the pioneers were men of .fleet foot, strong- arm, and sinewy limb, John Anderson, a saddler who worked for 332 HISTORY OF FULTON COUXTY. Bryant L. Cook, was credited with the fleetest foot prior and up to the storm of 1835 ; while Alexander Cumming, a brother-in-law of Jacob Weaver, was said to excel all others in juni2:)in!u:;. In 1830 and immediately succeeding years John Scurlock and Abram Put- man were the champion runners, and Putman the champion jumper. Occasionally the sport Mould be varied by a horse-race, while whisky and jokes were freely indulged in. Some of these pioneers were rare old jokers, too. The point of their jokes would some times rub a raw place in their victim, but for that so much the better." ^ V" PUTMAN Tf ^ LEE TP -oC^J^"^ OF THE UMVfHSlTY Of ILLINOIS. CHAPTER XI. ARCHAEOLOGY. Perhaps no district of country in the West contains more of the traces of that mysterious pre-historic people known to us only as the "Mound-Builders" than does Fulton county. There is not a township of land in the county which does not contain more or less of these traces, and in some of them arc works which in extent and character will compare with any in the West. These works of the Mound-Builders here are of four different classes: 1. Mounds, varying in size from two or three feet in diameter to immense pyramids, like one near Waterford, containing over an acre of ground, and of an altitude of over forty feet in its original condition, and the one in Otter Creek Valley near Otto, which looks in the distance like an immense hay-rick and is over two hundred feet long and between forty and fifty feet high ; 2. Excavations usually circular, in regular lines in most cases, some small, others of great size and considerable depth ; 3. Regular for- tifications, square, elliptical, or following the accidental configura- tion of the ground ; 4. Terraced hills. One of the most interesting pre-historic points in the county is located on sections 31 and 32 in Kerton township. Here, on the summit of a high blulf, is a field on the land of a Mr. Fisher, knoAvn as the " Mound field," containing, perhaps, twenty-five acres, that may properly be called a city of the dead. In this field there is a level space of five or six acres enclosed by two rows of circular, cup-shaped depressions, inside of which is one large mound which must originally have been thirty or forty feet high. To the south of this level the bluff" line, with its indentations, forms the border of the field, and here are the remains of not less than one hundred and fifty thousand human beings buried literally by the cord ! Where the bluff" begins to descend, it appears as though a step had been cut with the bluff face not less than ten feet high, and here were corded skeletons laid as one would cord wood, but with the bodies arranged just as one would preserve the level of the file best without regard to direction. This burial place follows the bluff' line for some distance, where the skeletons appear to have been covered by a peculiar light-colored clay, which must have been brought from a considerable distance, as it is not found in the locali- ty. There are also two pits near the brow of the bluff on the side- 21 336 lllriTOliV OF FLLTUN COUNTY. hill, which appear to have been (triginally about forty feet in diam- eter and of jjreat depth, which have been walled uj) i)v placing skeletons around the outside, as one would wall a well, coveriui: the work with the same clay as in the other burial place. These skele- tons are excellently preserved, in many cases the smallest processes of bone beini; in as sound a condition as though buried but a year ago. Over the entire surface of this field — which is in cultivation — the human hand canu.tt l)e placed without ])lacing it on broken pottery, bones or shells. At one point near the large mound an area of about two acres, which is evidently a " kitchen midden," or refuse heap, covered with broken j)ieces of the bones of animals, broken household uten- sils and broken tools, to a considerable dej)th. In this refuse heap are the bones of nearly every animal known to have inhabited this country. Back of the square spoken of are a considerable num- ber of ordinary mounds, arranged without much regard to order. Just oi)posite and north of Duncan's mill, on the north blufP of Spoon river, are extensive and in many respects singular remains extending for two or three miles. After leaving the Spoon river bridge going north on the Lewistown road, one observes running nearly parallel witii the j)resent road what ai)|)ears to be an old dis- used road going up the bluil'. A closer inspection discloses a ridge of earth several feet in height, extending from near the foot of the blutf to very near the summit, with a dei)ression running j)arallel with it. On the crown of the blutit' are mounds of earth. built out from the brow of the hill, not elevated above the surface level but as though they were dumps of earth for some projected railroad. These mounds continue close together for nearly a mile; on the blutf back of them runs a low ridge of earth which follows the tortuous outline of (he bluff, and still back of this ridge circular depressions, some of which are fully fifty feet in diameter and from three to five feet deep. Xear this line of works is a low natural ridge on the top of which an earth-work exists, being an artificial atldition to the ridge, building it uj) for a distance of two hundred yards, fully thirty feet higher than the natural elevation of the ridge. From the north end of this ridge the same class of uKUinds and embank- ment spoken of again apjH'ar, extending nearly a mile further uj) the river bluff. In these mounds — which are in the woods — considerable excavat- ing has l)cen done in a desultory way, and many objects of interest exhumed, among which are wedges of hardened copper, — stone turned into the shaj)e of a sleeve-button with a long shank, and plated with (!oj)j)cr as skillfully as a modern jeweler could jdate with silver. These works do not apjK^ar to have been purely (lefensive, as but few imi)lcments of warfare are found in or al)out them, while domestic tools and implements of peace are found in great abund- ance. In Bernadotte township on the Dyckes farm is a low hill, ellip- HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 337 tical ill form, which is terraced in a .singular manner. All around the side of the hill at the same elevation is a terrace perhaps twelve feet wide, and rising from this a second terrace about four feet high. These terraces are uniform, of the same height, width and grade, with places on the upper terrace where the hill has been leveled back a few feet in a circular form. Near this terraced hill are the remains of ancient pottery works, the mis-shaped and over-burned fragments filling the side of a hill fn- an area of one or two acres. North of the village of Bernadotte about one mile there is an elliptical ditch which appears to have been a fortification, containing within the ditch fifty or sixty acres of ground. This ditch, although the plow has aided in filling it for years, is still quite deep and clearly defined. Near this place a stone was observed projecting from the earth, and parties guided by the dictum of a spiritual medium dug it up expect- ing to find buried treasure under it; but did find a flat stone hearth at a depth of several feet, on which were fragments of burned wood and charcoal, showing that it had been used for fire. At AVaterford and in its vicinity are a great many ancient mounds, one of which is pyramidal with a road up the east side. There are also several ancient burial places near here, but none on so extensive a scale as that in Kerton township. Liverpool township is also rich in pre-historic remains, including several very large mounds ; and some artificial hill terraces at Pol- litt's farm above the plank road, one on quite an extensive scale. One of the most interesting archaeological relics in this county are the ancient furnaces, evidently for the working of ores or metal. One of these in Kerton township was discovered by citizens engaged in cutting a road-way around a side hill. This furnace was built up with rock laid up in a circular form, and was surrounded by scorisB and some metallic slag. There are several other furnaces of the kind in the county, one of which, on the old Dilworth farm in Farmer's township, shows by its immense quantity of cinder, coal, clinkers and metallic scoriae that extensive works of some kind were carried on here with coal for the fuel supply. Just north of Seville, on a bluff of Spoon river, are quite exten- sive Nvorks supposed to be defensive in their character, but which have not been fully investigated. Near London Mills in Young Hickory township, are quite extensive works, mostly mounds, which have received but little attention. In fact there is scarcely a stream in the county the banks and i>lufl's of which do not show traces of prehistoric po])ulation. The mounds in this county are evidently of three classes : Sacred mounds, which were used for the sacrificial fires ; burial mounds, which were erected over the last remains of important personages ; and mounds which were used for domestic habitations. In the lat- ter class hearths are frequently found, and domestic utensils. These were probably residences similar to those of some tribes of our present Indians. First, poles or logs set up in a circle, then covered 338 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. with brush or grass, and the whole with earth to a considerable depth. The sacrificial mounds always contain burnt earth, burnt bones and frequently, too, the charred bones of human beings. In the burial mounds only the bones of a few persons are found, prob- ably of some chief and his immediate family, and usually near them are utensils of the kitchen, arrows, pottery and such articles as were most prized in life by the departed. In some localities immense shell heaps exist, while it is not uncommon to find in a mound shell from the sea, notably the conch shell and sea periwinkles, the latter very common. Implements of both hardened copper and copper in its soft state are often found, and a metal resembling iron in color and texture, but hard enough to cut glass, and which resists the action of almost all the acids. The writer has specimens of this metal which show under the action of acid only that copper enters into their composition. No file will affect this substance, yet it yields readily to the grindstone and can be sharpened to carry a fine but brittle edge. This metal was prob- ably a composition of copper and one or two other metals, tempered by a process not now known to the scientific world. Xorman But- ler, a blacksmith in Toulon, Stark county, 111., one day in 1853 accidentally tempered brass so that it would turn a file, — an experi- ment which he never afterward could successfully imitate. That these Mound-Builders were not of the same race as our Indians, is at once apparent from the bones of the latter being of a reddish hue, while those of the Mound-Builders are of a differ- ent shade and much larger. Dr. Schenck, of Duncan's Mills, has a large collection of these prehistoric bones collected with especial reference to diseased bones and surgery. Some of these specimens show fractures which have been set with considerable skill ; some indeed which would not disgrace the average surgery of this age. Some of these skeletons belonged to men who were giants, some over seven feet high ; some have skulls equal to the average European skull in shape and brain capacity, while the general average is much superior to the Indian or negro skull. It is our opinion that the Mound-Builders were a pastoral people who had made considerable progress in civilization. In the winter, doubtless, they drove their flocks and herds to the bluffs and rich, sheltered bottoms where they could obtain shelter, and in the summer drove them to the prairies for pasturage. Doubt- less, like the Chinese of to-dav^^ thev esteemed their native hills sacred and sought to be buried there no matter where the iron hand of death overtook them ; and their friends, respecting this desire, were in the habit of bringino; the bones of each familv or tribe to these sacred burial places, after they had been stripped of their flesh, for permanent burial. Perhaps some future archieologist will delve among these ancient ruins and find a key to the mystery of the builders of whom we to- day know next to nothing ; and unless some means are taken by the HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 339 Government or societies organized for the purpose, and these meas- ures at no distant day, they will have become so far obliterated by the plow and by unskilled diggers that the slight clues they con- tain will be buried in an oblivion greater than now enshroud the history of their builders. s CHAPTER XII. MEXICAN WAR. When war was deelared against Mexico in 1846 by oiir Govern- ment, enlistment of troops immediately l)egan all over the conntry, but nowhere was greater promptitude manifested than in Fulton county. Several other companies were raised and offered beside the one accepted, but were refused by the Governor, the quota of the State being already more than filled. Capt. Lewis W. Ross raised Co. K, tendered it to the Governor, and it was accepted and assigned to the Fourth regiment. Col. Ed. D. Baker commanding. The company was mustered in at Alton July 4, 1846, and moved to Jef- ferson Barracks, Mo., and then proceeded to the front, where no company did more valiant service for our country than Companv K, of Fulton county. Veterans never fought more nobly or effectively than did the volunteers to the Mexican war from this county. Their brave commander, Col. Baker, won for himself and men a never- perishing name. At the gk:»rious capture of Vera Cruz and the not less famous storming of Cerro Gordo, these troops did valiant service. In the latter action, when, after the brave Gen. Shields had been placed hors de combat, the command of his force, consisting of three regi- ments, devolved upon Col. Baker, this officer with his men stormed with unheard-of prowess the last stronghold of the Mexicans, sweeping everything before them. Such, indeed, were the intrepid valor and daring courage exhibited by Illinois volunteers during the Mexican war, that their deeds should live in the memory of posterity through future ages. Many of the veterans of this war enlisted a few years later to defend the same old flag from the insults of a domestic foe that thev had so bravelv against a foreign one. Amono- them were Col. Baker, who fell at Ball's Bluff, and Lieutenant Boss, who became Brigadier General and won laurels that will wreath his name with honor for generations after he has passed from earth. The Company was mustered out at New Orleans, La., May 26, 1847, and returned to their homes and resumed the various occupa- tions which they had quit a year previous to defend our country. In rumaging through the old records and papers on file and stowed awav in the Countv Clerk's office we were fortunate enouo;h to find a complete official muster roll of the men of this company, which we give below. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 341 In the list e. stands for enlisted, m. o. for mustered out, res. for resigned, dis. for disability, and disch. for discharged. 4tli REGT. ILL. INF. VOL. COMPANY K. Captain. Lewis W. Ross, e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26, '47. First Lieutenants. Geo. W. Stipp, e. July 4,'46, res. Aug. ."0,'4G. Leonard F. Ross, e. July 18,'46, m. o. May 26, '47. Second Lieutenants. John B. McDowell, e. July 4, '46, res. Aug. 30,'46. Robert Johnson, e. July 4, '46. res. Dee. 20,'46. Joseph L. Sharp, e. July 4,'46, m. o. May 26, '47. Sergeants. Marvin Scudder, e. July 4,'46, m. o. May 26, '47. Stephen B. Webb, e. July 4,'46, died at Matta- moras, Oct. 24, '46. Robert Carter, e. July 4,'46, disch. Nov. 9,'46, dis. Samuel D. Revnolds, e. Julv 4, '46, m. o. Mav 26. '47. :Milton C. Dewey, e. July 4,'46, m. o. May 26,'47. Jas. B. Anderson, e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26,'47. Corporals. Thomns W. Head, e. Julv 4, "46, disch. Nov. 26, '46. dis. Tracy Stroiid, e. July 4. '46, m. o. May 26,'47. Jas. \V. Anderson, e" Julv 4, '46, m. o. Mav 26, '47. Edward Brannon e. July 10, '46. m. o. May 26, '47. Siuioon Cannon, e. July 4,'46, m. o. May 26, '47. Jas. Dunsmore, e. July 4, '46, died Oct. i,'46, at Matamoras. Privates. Ackerson, Garrett, e. July 4, '46, m.o. May 26, '47. Andrews, Hanuon, e. Julv 4,'46, m. o. Mav 26, '47. Bennington, Geo., e. July 4, '46, mo. o. Mav 26, 47. Bervard, John, e. July 4,'46, ditch. Dec. 20,'46, dis. Beadles, 'Wm., e. Julv 4, '46, di.sch. Mar. 7. '47, dis. Bristow, Isaac M., e. Julv 18. '46, ra. o. Mav26,'47 Clark, David, e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26,'47. Crittenden, Uriah, e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26, '47 Crawford, Jas., e. July 4,"'46, ra. o. May 26, '47. ("ollins, David, c. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26, '47. Carter, Simeon, e. July 2.'46, m. o. May 26.'47. CooTi, Ross, e. July 4'46, m. o. May 26, '27. Cannon, John, e. Julv4,'46, m. o. May 26, '47. Carter John S. S., e. July 4,, 46, died Oct. 27, '46, at Carmago. Dalley, Chas., e. July4,'46, m. o. May 26,'47. Dobson, Joseph, e. July 4. '46, disch. Feb. 8,'47' dis. Dobbins, John F. P., e. Julv 4,'46, disch. Nov. 9, '46, dis. Deiter, John, e. July4,'46, disch. Aug. 24,'46, dis. Deiter. Joel, e. July 4,'46, disch. Aug. 24,'46, dis. Ellis, John, e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26, '47. Ellis, Jacob, e. Julv 4,'26, m. o. Mav 2(;,'47. Engle, Wm, H., e. July 4, '26, m. o."Mav 26,'47. Foot, Zach., e. Julv 4, '46, m. o. Mav 26,''47. Freeborn. Philip T., July 4,'46, m. 6. May26,'47. Fitzpatrick, Michael, e. July4,'46, m.o. May 26, '47. Gregory, Jesse, July 20,'46, m. o. May 26,'47. Hoover, Richard e.July 20, '46, m. o. May 26, '47. Hannum, Joshua B., e. Julv 4, '46, ra. o. May 26, '47. Kelly, Ephraim, e. Julv 20, '46, disch. Sept. 18, '46, dis. King, Horace B., e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26,'47. Kimball, Myron, e. July 4, '46, m. o. May26,'47. Lyon, Ely, e. July 4, '46," m. o. May 26,'47. Land, John, e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26,'47. Mason, Wra. C, e. July 18,'46, disch. Aug. 30, '46, dis. McNeil, Malcolm, e. July is, '46, disch. Oct. 8, '46, dis. McKee, Patrick, e. July 18,'46, disch. dis. Monroe, Thomas, e. Jiilv 20, '46, disch. Feb. 8, '47 dis. Morton, Richard W., e. Julv 4, '46, ra. o. May 26, '47. Mayall, Joseph, e. Julv 4,'46, m. o. May 26,'47. Milslagle, Elias, e. July 4,'46, m. o. May 26,'47. Moovor, William, e. July 4, '46. m. o. ilay 26, '47. Myers, Jonas H., e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26,'47. jSlurphy, Wm., e. Julv '20,'46, m. o. Mav 26, '47. Patton, Hugh, e. July 4,'46, m. o. ISIay 26,'47. Painter, Wm., e. July 4,'46, disch. Nov. 9,'46, dis. Pig. John,e. July 20, '46, disch. Sept. 26,'46, dis. Powell, Andrew M., July 4, '46, m. o. May 26, '47. Reid, John H., July 4. '46, m. o. May 26,''47. Rigdon, Stephen, e. Julv 4, '46, ra. o." Mav26"47. Ross, Pike C, e. July 4.'46, ra. o. Mav 26,'47. Shields, David, e. Jiily 4, '46, m. o. M"ay 26,'47. Sieele, John, e. July 4','46, m. o. May 26, '47. Smith, James H., e. July 4, '46, m. o. May 26, '47. Smith, David, e. July 4','46, m. o. May 26,'47. Stevenson, Thomas,"e. July 20,'46, in. o. May 26. '47. Turner, Oren, e. Julv 20, '46, disch. 8, '46, dis. Tavlor, Julius J., e. .Julv 4, '46, ra. o. May 26,'47. Wilson, Samuel, B., e. Julv 4,'46, disch, Oct. 4, '46, dis. Yaw, Alonzo, e. July 4, '46, died Sept. ]0,'46. CHAPTER XIII. THE REBELLION. FIEST I^'DICATIO^'S OF THE WAR. When, in 1861, the war was forced upon the country, the people were quietly pur.'suiug the even tenor of their ways, doing whatever their hands found to do, — working the mines, making farms or culti- vating those already made, establishing homes, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories ; in short, the country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. The people were just recovering from the depression and losses incident to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the North were buoyant with hope, looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for comfort and competence in their declining years. They little heeded the mutterings and threatenings wafted from the South. They never dreamed that there was one so base as to attempt the destruction of the Union their fathers had purchased for them with their life-blood. "While thus surrounded with peace and tranquillity they paid but little attention to the rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh, of others. The war clouds grew darker and still darker, the thunders of treason grew louder and louder until April 12, 1861, when the fear- ful storm burst upon the country and convulsed a continent with its attendant horrors. On that day the rebels, who for weeks had been erecting their batteries upon the shore, after demanding of Major Anderson a surrender, opened fire upon Fort Sumter. For hours an incessant cannonading was continued ; the fort was being damaged severely ; provisions were almost gone, and Major Anderson was compelled to haul down the stars and stripes, — that dear old flag which had sel- dom been lowered to a foreitrn foe ; bv rebel liands it was now trailed in the dust. How the blood of patriotic men of the ]Sorth boiled when on the followinof dav the news was flashed along the telegraph wires that Major Anderson had been forced to surrender I And nowhere was greater indignation manifested than in Fulton countv. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 343 THE FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS. Immediately upon the surrender of Fort Sumter, Abraham Lin- coln, America's martyr President, — who but a few short weeks before had taken the oath of office as the nation's chief executive, — issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers for three months. The last word of that proclamation had scarcely been taken from the electric wires before the call was filled, and men and money were counted out by hundreds and thousands. The people who loved their whole government could not give enough. Patriotism thrilled and vibrated and pulsated through every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the school-house, — every calling offi?red its best men, their lives and fortunes, in defense of the Government's honor and unity. Bitter words spoken in moments of political heat were forgotten and for- given, and, joining hands in a common cause, they repeated the oath of America's soldier statesman, " By tJte (rreat Eternal, the Union must and shall he preserved." Call the young men in the prime of their life; Call them from mother, from sister, from wife ; Blessed if they live, revered if they fall, — They who respond unto Liberty's call. Seventy-five thousand men were not enough to subdue the Rebel- lion ; nor were ten times the number. The w^ar went on, and call followed call, until it began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the Free States to crush out and subdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money there was a willing and ready response ; and it is a boast of the people that, had the supply of men fallen short, there were women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to offer themselves as a sacrifice on their country's altar. Such were the impulses, motives and actions of the patriotic men of the North, among whom the sons of Fulton made a conspicuous and praise- worthy record. VARIOUS mp:etings held in the county. The tocsin of war was sounded, meetings w^ere held in every township, village and city, at which stirring and spirited addresses were made, and resolutions adopted admitting of but one interpre- tation, — that of unconditional allegiance and undying devotion to their country and their country's flag ; that, at whatever cost of blood or treasure, the stars and stripes, wherever floating, must be honor- ed ; and the supremacy of the law of the National Union sustained. A meeting was held at Canton, April 20, 1801, at the old Con- gregational church. Ira Johnson was called to the chair, and stated the object of the meeting to be, to express the feelings of the people in regard to the difficulties then in our country, and to re- spond to the call of Gov. Yates for military force to aid the 344 HISTOKV OF FULTON COUNTY. Forleral Governmpnt in sustainin(tsed of the following gentl(Mnen : John W. Ingersoll, W. II. Haskell, William liabccick, (J. W. Fast and Tracy Stroud. The meeting was then addressed by lion. William Kellogg, W. H. Haskell and James PI. Stij)]). Ivcsolutions were adopted, which showed this people to be patriotic and ready to sacriiice all for the Union. After this an op]K)rtuiiity was given for enlistments, and forty names were enr(»lle(l. At the court-house in LcwMstown, on Tuesday evening, April 23, a meeting was held with George Humphrey in the chair. The com- mittee on resolutions were H. B. Evans, R. B. Stevenson, M. Eich- elberger, S. V. Shope, L. W. James, James Hasson and Hubert Cam[)l)ell. The meeting, which resolved to support the Govern- ment, was addressed bv L. F. Ross, R. R. McDowell, M. S. Kind:)all, L. W. Ross and S. C." Judd. A large and enthusiastic; meeting of the citizens of Farmington was held Saturday evening, April 20, for the purpose of discussing the condition of the country. A. K. Montgomery ])resided, and Dr. J. Gregory acted as secretary. The following resolutions were adopted with but one dissenting voice: AVhereas, events have lately transpired which call for all .aood citizens to express in what estimation they hold tlie institutions of Americans and Amer- ican liherty, therefore Remhcd, That when the Government of the United States is attacked, we can recognize no distinction between the foreign and the domestic foe. Remhed, That since forbearance has ceased to call the traitors of the South to fealty to the Government, we heartily apjirove of the measures rectMitly taken by the administration, choosing ratlier to bear the burdens of a just war than to enjoy the ease under an ignominious peace. licsolrcd, Tiiat we will freely assist, with all the means in our i)ower, the ef- forts of the Government to viuuiuisii traitors, whether at home or at)road, Resolml, That we are firmly and devotedly attached to the United States, and to the flag under which our "fatluTs fought;" ami, wi- lierehy pledge our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor to sustain the one and defend the other. Similar meetings were held in all parts of the county, and resolu- tions, full of ])atriotisni and devotion to the country and the old flag, were sent forth as the sentiment and voice of the people. Immediately, in response to the call for troops, enlistments began. As early as April 30 a company of 100 was organized at Canton. They drilled in the city for some tlays,and so impatient were they to strike a blow in defense of the dear old flag which had been trampled beneath the feet of traitors at Sumter, that they wanted to be oft' immediately to the scene of conflict. jSIany of them were afraid thev would not "get to go." They little reaJized the magnitude of the war. HISTORY OF FULTON COUXTY. 345 A meeting- was held Saturday evening, April 27, for the purpose of making arrangements to raise subscriptions for the benefit of this company, to equip it, etc. J. G. Piper was elected president and C. C. Dewey secretary. Hon. A. C. Babcock, G. W. Fast, S. C. Thorp, J. W. Ingersoll, H. P. Fellows, J. H. Dorranee, B. F. Rubk^, T. Atwater, G. W. Hardesty and P. C. Stearns were appointed a com- mittee to procure subscriptions. This company was named the Ful- ton Volunteers. Wm. Babcock was elected Captnin, L. C. Chase First Lieutenant, Wm. Ti'ites Second Tvieut(Miant and J. H. Dorranee Third Ivieutenant. While the above company was being raised at Canton, a company was gotten up at Lewistown with L. F. Ross as Captain, T. A. Boyd First Lieutenant and A. Willison Second Lieutenant. This com- pany was originally the " Fulton Blues," and was organized about the year 1857, by Capt. Leonard F. Ross. On Monday, Ajjril 29, it was permanently re-organized for the U. S. service and was after- wards transferred to the 17th Regiment as Co. H. At Vermont a company was organized, and Thomas Hamer w^as elected Captain, Josiah Dennis First Lieutenant, and Hinman Rhodes Second Lieutenant. A company was also rai-^ed at Fairview, which left for Camp Mather, Peoria, May 15. Before leaving their homes, however, they were presented with a fine flag by the ladies of Fairview. They were accompanied to Peoria by the Fairview Brass Band. It was noised around Canton that this company, after being in camp, needed flannel shirts ; and within a few days 75 shirts were made and sent to them. On Friday morning. May 10, 1861, the Fulton Blues left Lewis- town for camp at Peoria. The public s(]u;ire was filled with citizens to witness the flag presentation and departure of the company. Capt. Ross marched the boys to the residence of Dr. R. R. McDowell, where each of them was provided with a flannel shirt, made for them by the ladies of Lewistown. Each and every man was also pre- sented with a copy of the New Testament, accompanied by the re- quest to write therein his name and age, and name of his father, guardian or other member of his family, with place of residence. At nine o'clock the company was paraded in front of the court- house, where a large number of ])co]>le had gathered. H. B. Evans was chosen to preside over the assembly. He called the large con- course of people to order, and on behalf of the ladies Dr. McDowell presented to the company a beautiful flag. Capt. Ross received the colors with pledges that they should not be disgraced, and handed them to Ensign Woolfolk, who received them in the name of the company. The brass band played and three cheers were given for the ladies. The company took their places in the wagons, receiving meanwhile the sorrowing farewells of their friends. They were then driven to Havana, where a boat was taken for Peoria. 346 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. The Fulton Lip;ht-Horse Invincibles were organized Tuesday May 7, '(51, l)y C'apt. W. A. Presson. Other companies were raised. Call after call was made by the Government and each time Fulton county nobly responded. While some thought the policy of the administration wrongful and hurtful, and that the desired end might be attained in a more conciliatory manner tiian by the stern and bloody arbitrament of war, yet the majority believed their only recourse was a resort to arms. DEATH OF SENATOR D0UC4LAS. While tlie people throughout the State were busily engaged in preparing for the war, the sad news of the death of her beloved Senator, Stephen A. Douglas, was announced. Funeral services were held in almost all towns of this county upon the death of this distinguished statesman. At Canton, Thursday, June 6th, 1861, a meetino- was held at Graham's Hall to make suitable arranocnients for ceremonies. S. A. Gee, \Vm. Kellooo- P. L. Snvder and James T. Slack were appointed a committee of arrangements. G. Barrere, Thomas Snyder, W. H. Haskell, Dr. Henry Ingersoll and S. Y. Thornton were selected as a committee to draft resolutions. On Friday, as for several days previous, the flag was bound in black and displayed at half-mast. Shortly before two o'clock p. m. the bells commenced tolling, and continued while a procession was formed uj)on the public square, headed by the Canton Silver Cor- net Band and Masonic Lodge. It marched to the Baptist church, where the fc^llowing exercises took place under the direction of T. Stroud, chief marshal and master of ceremonies. Hon. John G. Graham was called to the chair and Messrs. P. L. Snyder, Ira John- son, S. N. Breed, Dr. Henry Ingersoll, J. M. Bass and G. Barrere were chosen vice ])residents; S. Y. Thornton and Alpheus Davison, secretaries. Prayer was then offered by Rev. Dr. Webb, which was followed by singing by a choir organized for the occasion under the direction of Mr. E. P. Ingersoll, Mrs. Law presiding at the instru- ment. Resolutions fitting and full of sorrow at the loss of the great Senator were passed. Wni. H, Haskell then delivered an oration upon the life and services of Mr. Douglas. Hon. Wm. Kellogg made a brief address. He was followed by John G. Graham, S. A. Gee, G. Barrere and J. T. Slack. The b(>nediction was pronounced by Rev. P. Bergstresser, and thus endcnl the services of respect to a great and beloved statesman. A PICTURE OF A SAD AND DESOLATE HOME. The boys went forth to the field of carnage ; and what vivid words can the pen employ that will do justice to their heroic valor, to their une(iualed and unparalleled bravery and endurance? Home and home comforts, wives and little otics, fathers, mothers, sisters, broth- ers, were all given uj) for lilc and danger on the lields of battle, — for •m.-»^J-I' < l.lli lliJ.....l^V«wC^ HISTORY OV FULTON COUNTY. 347 exposure, fatigue, disease and death at the point of the bayonet or the cannon's mouth. But while they were thus suffering let us not suppose that the mother, and sister, the wife, the children were free from the tortures of anxiety, of the loss of dear ones. Yes; while the brave boys upon the Southern field suffered indescribably, the wife and little ones at home endured sufferings beyond the power of pen or tongue to describe. Let us picture a home where the hus- band and the wife and the little ones are thus separated. The picture of one will only reflect those of hundreds of others. We look into the plain but tidy room. A mother is preparing her evening meal. Upon a chair, and leaning her little arm on the window-sill, a little child is kneeling, looking fur into the dusky shadows that encircle the brow of night. Her dark eyes have a longing, desolate look, and on her brow lies one of life's shadows. At last she speaks : "Oh, mamma, papa has been gone so long! why don't he come?" The mother sighs and her heart repeats, "So long?" But the little one must have an answer, and mamma tries to comfort her: "Papa has gone to war, dear; gone to fight fi)r his country; and when the war is over he will come back to see mamma and little Bessie." "But it seems so long, mamma ! When will the war be over?" "Mamma cannot tell, dear; but we will hope for the best." Their frugal meal is now ready, and mother and child sit down with heavy hearts, their eyes wandering to the place where papa used to sit; but there is no manly form, — only a vacant chair. In the mother's heart sad questions will arise : "Will he return to us? or will some swift-winged bullet, sped by a traitor's hand, de- stroy the life so dear to us?" Oh, why could not all men have been true to a government so mild, — to their country so vast and grand? Why should they cause sorrow and death to o'er-spread our land, and the voice of wailing to go forth from every fireside ? In silence the meal is ended, and the little one, whose eyes have grown heavy, is taken upon the mother's lap, and prepared for rest. Her little prayer is said, and a good-night kiss given for papa. She falls asleep, and the shadow is chased from her brow. But the shadows hover darkly round the mother's heart, as she thinks of distant battle-fields ; of wounded and dying men whose lives, and those they love more than life, have been given up that their country might be saved. And on this September evening a terrible battle has closed. For three daysthev have fought, and now the evening shadows unite with clouds of smoke, and our army is victorious ; but the ground is strewn with the dead and dying. Hark ! here is one who speaks : "Water, wa- ter; won't Bessie bring me water?" But Bessie's soft hands cannot reach him; kind but rougher and stranger hands give him the cool- ing drops, and with a weary sigh for his home, wife and litth^ one, his breath is gone, and the brave heart beats no more. Rumors of the terrible fight reach that quiet home ; then come dispatches, making rumors facts. How long and dark are the hours •348 HISTORY OF FULTOX COUNTY. of suspense to the anxious wife and little one ! Eagerlv the papers are watched for every word concerning the division in which was the loved one, and now at last comes a list of the killed and wound- ed in his regiment. AVith fast-beating heart the pcior wife takes the list of wounded tirst, that she may still have some hope. His name is not there. With hushed breath and heart beating faster, she scans the list of the killed, until she comes to his name. The paper falls from her nerveless hand and she sinks heavily to the floor. Bessie bends over her, and the touch of her smooth hands and the sound of her sweet voice bring the widow back to life that is now so dark. But for Bessie's sake she will still be brave, and struggle on alone, — no, not alone. Bessie is still with her, and their heavenly Father will lead them through the darkness. This is only one of the many pictures that are drawn upon the pages of unwritten historv. Have traitors nothing to answer for? soldiers' aid society. The continued need of money to obtain comforts and necessaries for the sick and wounded of our army, suggested to the loyal ladies of the Xorth many and vajious devices for the raising of funds. Every city, town and village had its fair, festival, picnic, excursion, concert, which netted more w less for hospital relief. The ladies of Fulton honored themselves and their county by their noble, gener- ous work in behalf of the soldiers. Their devotion to the loyal princijdes of the national Government was undying, and its defend- ers were objects of their deepest sympathy. During the dark and trying days of tha Rsbellion they were ever on the alert raising funds, sending food, clothing, delicacies and medicines to the soldiers in the hospital and at the front. In the noble efl'orts the ladies made to palliate the sufferings of their brothers upon the Southern fields of carnage, they were actu- ated by love of country, devotions to kindred and sympathy for those in distress. Though jihysically incapacitated to share with them the toils and perils of battle, yet before its smoke and the echoes of its artillery passed away, the offerings of their hands would relieve their pain, and inspire them with holier ardor for the cause they were defending. The number of weary sufferers on the field of battle and in the lonely hospital relieved by their bounty, none but the Recording Angel can tell. The ladies of Lewistinvn organized a Soldiers' Aid Society Nov. 28, 1862. Similar societies were organized in many towns of the county, but we Mill let the following detailed statement of the first year's labor of the Lewistown society suffice as an illustration of the labor of all the others : The money contributed was mostly used in purchasing material for making clothing. Those goods which were sent to the 17th and 103d Illinois Regiments (the latter wholly and the former mostly made up of Fulton men), to the Quincy hos- HISTORY OF PULTON COUNTY. 349 pitals and State Sanitary Coniniissioii for 1862-'63 were as follows: Cash 1227.26; UU towels ; 94 shirts ; 42 handkerehiefs ; Gl pairs drawers; 7 coats; 51 pair woolen socks; 3 vests; 1 pair of pants; 6 pair of slip])ers; 37 pillow cases; 15 sheets; 3 quilts; 1 lb. woolen yarn ; () doz. wash-basins ; 1 bushel turnips; 1 barrel but- ter; 21 pounds butter; 6 barrels pickles; 1 J barrels dried apples; 2 barrels apple b.utter; 1 J barrels sauerkraut ; 140 dozen cakes; 6 loaf cakes; 66 pies; 52 dozen eggs; 2 chickens; 1 pound tea; 19 packages dried fruit ; 26 cans fruit; needles and thread; reading matter and other small articles. soldip:rs in fulton county. There are many rumors afloat relative to Fulton county's loyalty during the dark days of the Rebellion, which are very much exag- gerated, so far as we are abh^ to learn. Among othei- things much has been said about United States soldiers being sent to the county while tlie war was in progress. That soldiers were sent into the county is a fact ; but many have a wrong impression as to the cause of their being sent here. The semi-official report made by Provost Marshal Phelps, and published at the time, concerning the reason why the soldiers were brought to the county and what they did while here, is perhaps the most authoritative account of the affair we arc able to obtain. It is substantially correct even in detail, and we give the entire letter below, that our readers may see the Mar- shal's statement in full : " In view of the troubles existing' at this time in the southern portion of Ful- ton county, and to alhiy any unnecessary apprehension therefrom, and also for the purpose of correcting evils and misunderstan(lin,'61, res. April 18,'62. Jas. B. Rowley, e. May 'io.'Gl, term expired June, '64. Seond Lieutenant. Das-id A. Parks, e. May 13,'61, res. Dec. 27,"61. Sergeant. <;. A. Schaper.e. May 2>,'61. J. V. D. Da\ls, e. May 2 >,'61, d. Oct. 20, '62. Corporals. L. B. Martin, e. Mav iJ.'Ol. D. M. B(jyuton, e. May 2j,'61, d. Sept. 7,'61, dis. James M." Moor, e. May 25, '61. Privates. Allen, Siras, e. May 2.5,'61. Blont. Allen, Jr.. e. May io.'ei. Bower, Wm., e. May 2.j,'61. Bovnton, Jonah, e. Mav 2-3''61. Barker, Cha.s.. e. May 2.5.'61,d. Aug. 18.'62. Bumnaugh, C. W., e. May 2-5, '61. Blackall, Thos., e. May 2.5,'61, d. April 3,'62. Babbett, Joel, e. Mav 25,'61. Colville, Wm., e. May 25,'61, kid. at Shiloh, April 6.'62. Driggs. Wm. H. e. Mav 2;j.'61. Edmonson, W. II. 1. e. May •2.5,'61. d. May 11, '62. Edmonson, Wm. H.. 2, e. Mav 25, '16. Ellis, Wm., e. Mav 25,'61, died Oct. 31,'61. Giles, D. E., e. May 25.'61. Hunts, Geo. W., e. May 2.J,61, d. Aug. 9,'62,wnd. Head, Wm. E., e. May 2.j,'61, d. Nov. lu,'62. Haggard. Joseph, c.M"ay 2o,'61, died July 11, '62. Hurlbut, I). A., e. Mav 25,"61, d. Feb. 6,'62. Hall. C, e. May2.i,'6], v. Johnson. H. D., e. Mav 25,'61, d. Feb. 7,'62. Lake, Wm. D.. e. May 2.5,'61, died Oct. 7,'62. Lambert, C. C, e. May 25,'61, v. Leevv, J. T., e. Mav 2.3,'61. Lamb, W. H., e. May 25,'61. Mann, Isaac, e. May 25, '61. McConnell, W. J., e. May 2o,'61. Mutt. John M., e. Mav25,'62. Murrev, Wm., e. May 25,'61, died Oct. 31, '6L Morris", Edward, e. May 2.5,'61, d. May 3,'62. Norris, M. D., e. May ij,'61. Parks, C. E., e. May 2.5,'61, d. Oct. 20,'62. Penny, W., e. May 25,'61, d. May 5,'62. Pardiin, J. J., e. May 2.5,'61, d. June 13,'62. Russell, John, e. May 2.5,'61. d. April 2y,'62. Rodenbaugh, J. H., e. May 25,'61, d. May 13,'63. Shaw. Amos, e. May 25, '61. Steel. Geo. W., e. May 25,'61, d. April 27,'63. Small, L. H., e. May 25,'61. Saunders, Genend L., e. May 25,'61, d. May 16, '62. Smith, F. M., e. 25,'61, v., m. o. May4,'66. Smith, J. C, e. May 25,'61. Schank, Jacob, e. May 25,'61, d. April 29,'62. Singleton. A. A., e. May 25,'61, d. April 2<),'6"2. Taylor, H. N., e. May 2.3,'61, d. Aug. 7,'62. Venable, C, e. May 25,'61, d. Sept. 20,'61, dis. Weaver, Eldridge, e. May 25,'61. Weaver. Jonathan, e. May 25, '61. Welsh, Barclav, e. Mav 25,'61. Wilmarth, C. S., e. May 25,'61, died May 6,'62. Wagner, A. H., e. May 25,'61, d. July 10,'61, dis. Wesifall. A. P., e. May •25,'6L Wilkins, Philander, e. May 25,'61. Culver. D. S., e. June 1, '61. Corzette, Peter, e. June l.'Gl, died May 6,'62. Davis, Joseph, e. June 1,'61, d. April ;^,'62. Henderson, Wm. C, e. Dec. 1S,"63, m. o. May 4, '66. Jacobs, H. F., c. Junel,'61, d. May 11, '62. Neaglev Martin, e. Sept. 11, '61, kid. at Shiloh. Prinze," Christ., e. June 1,61, kid. at Shiloh. Powell, Al., e. June 24,6], v., m. o. May 4,'66. Post, Harrison, e. July 26.'61. Perinc. J. L.. c. Aug. 6.'62, d. April 27.'63. Palmer. H. C, e. Dec. 31, '63. m. o. May 4,'66. Rust, John, e. May 2o,'61. Shepherd. Wm., e. June 1,'61, died May 31,'62. i While, Milton, e. June 1,'61. White, F. M..e. June 1, '61. Walling. J. M., e. Dec. 28.'63, m. o. May 4,'66. Fogg, David W., e. May 25, '61, in Co. E. Newton, Walter, e. Ma"y 25,'61, in Co. E. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY, 357 COlVtPAKY H. Captains. Leonard F. Ross, e. May 13, '61, promoted col. Thomas A. Boyd, e. M ly 13, '61, res. April 24, '62. \Villiam W. Hull, e. May 25, '61, m. o. June'64. First Lieutenants. AsiasWillison, c. M.iv 1:>,'61, res. April 18, '62. M S. Kimhall. e. May 20,'61, pro. eapt. Co. C. Wm. C. Stockdale, e. May 2.5, '61, m. o. June, '64. Second Lieutenant. Wm. E. Yarnell, e. May25,'61, pro. 1st. lieut. Co. E.,8th regt. Sergeants. .Tames J. Hall, e. May25.'61, d. May 13,, '62. Chauncey Blaek, e. May 25,'61, pro. 1st. lieut. Corporals. Christian D. Bliss, e. May 25, '61. C. B. Tt>mpkiiis, e. Mav25,'61. L. W. Potts, e. May 25,'61, v. D. G. Campbell, e. May 25,'61, died Sept. 12, '62. Privates. Bakeu, Greenbury, e. May 25,'51, d. April 20'62, wnds. Birger, .1. S., e. May 25, '61, promoted. Ba.sor, John, e. May 25, '61. died Mar. 8, '62, wnds. Beeson, J. A., e. May 25,'61, d. Oct. 26,'62. Bennett, John, e. May 25, '61. Bjrrys, J. B., e. May 25,'61, d. July 22,'6'2. Bovven, Evan, e. Mav 25, '61. Brooks, N. C, e. May 25, '61. d. Dec. '20, '62. Buck, J. H., 0. Miy 25,'61, d. July 22,'62. Birch, A. W., e. May 25,'61, v.. pro. 1st Lieut. Boadownie, S. M., e. May 25,'61, d. May 13,'62. Cappee. Toliias, e. May 25,'61. Carey, Patrick, e. Mav25,'61, v.,m.o. Mav 4, '66. Chillis, J. K., e. May 25, '61, died May ]5,'62. Cunningham, T H., e. May 25, '61, trans, to sun- boat service. Donnellv, John, e. May 25, '61. Day, C. M.. e. May 2.5, '61. Dickenson, E. J., e. ]May25,'6l. Glacken, E. F., e. May 25, '61, v., m.o. May 4, '66. Goodman, Thos., e. May 2.5,'61. v, Gray, J. A., e. Mav 25. '61. Hnffuer, Wm. J., e. Mav 22.'61. Ham, R.W., e. May 25,'61, d. June 29,'62, wnds. Harris, James, c. M ly 2i),'61, trans, to gun-boat. Hassoii, H. C., e. MaV 25, '61. Jones, S. M., e. May 25,'61. Kent, J. F., e. .May 25.'61. Kent, Divid, e. M.iy 22,'61, died April 14,'62, wnds. Kent, E. Y., e. Mav25,'6L Kindall, J. K., e. May 25.'61, d. May 2.'62. Layton, Thomas, e. May 25,'6I, kid at Fred- "erickston. Mo., Oct. 21, '61. Lewis, A. H., e. May 25, '61. Love, Archil.iald, e. Mav25,'62. Ma.xwell, J. T., e. May 25.'61. Mixwell, J. L., e. May 25, '61. McClay, Samuel, e. Mav 25. '61. McDowell, J. R., e. Mav25,'61. Messplay, G. 8., e. May 25,'61. d. Aug. 6,'62. Millis,)n, John, e. May 25, '61. Moranville, Eli, e. May 25, '61. S'elson, Thomas, e. Mav 25, '61, trans, to gun- boat. Pixley, Thiddeus, e. May 25,'61, d. June 20,'61. Pricket, Nicholas, e. May 25, '61, died March 28,'02. Roatson, J. V., e. May 25, '61, v. Sevier, Noah, e. Mav 25.'61, v. Shiner, G. W., c. May 2.5,'61, died April 4,'62, wnds. Slack, J. T. Jr., e. May 25.'61, v., d. Dec. 19,'65. Snell, Samuel, e. May 25,'61. Steuson, Alfred, e, May 25,'61, d. July 26,'62. Smith, James T., e. Mav 25,'61, d. June 20/62. Trite, W. H., e Mav 25,'61, d. May 5, '62. Waddell. O. B., e. Mav 25, '61. Walling, Eli, e. May 25,'61, d. May 13,'62. Weaver, T.M., e. May 25, '61. v., m.o. May 4, '66. Wheeler, Samuel, e. May 25, '61. Walker, F. M., e. Mav 25,'61, d. Mar. S,'62. White, C. W., e. Mav25,'61. Wilson, J. W., e. May 25,'62. Westfall, O. C, e. May 25,'61, d. Nov. 4,'61. Woolfolk, A. C, e. Mav 25,'6]. Wilson, J. N., e. May 2.5,'61, d. Aug. 14,'62. Zepjierer, W. H., e. May 25, '61. Barney, H. C., e. May 26,'61, m. o. May 4,'66. Black, J. n., e. May 28,'61, d. Mar. 10,'63. Brick. J. E., e. June 26, '61. Barber, Geo., e. Dec. 17,'63, m. o. May4,'66. Bush, Sampson, e. Dec. 12, '63, m. o. May 4, '66. Cline, H. L. D., e. June 1, '61, d. May 2,'62. Edwards, J. W. Edwards, W. O., e. Nov. 28, '63, m. o. June 13, '65. Foote, G. M.. e. Oct. 15,'61, died Mar. 28,'62. Griffith, Edward, e. Feb. 25, '64, m.o. June 5, '6.5. Hill, J. B.,e. Aug. r2,'61. Hill, Henry B., e. Sept. 25, '61. Humphrey, W. H., e. June 1,'61. Herrill, D. H., e. Dec. 7,'63. Krider, John, e. Feb. 15,'64. m. o. Mav 4, '66. Locke, W. E., e. May 26,'61, died Nov. 18,'61, wnds. McCammy, D. W.,e. May 28,'61. v., m. o. Mav 4, '66. McConnell, J. L., e. May28.'61. Morgan, R. A., e. Dec. 7. '63. McCrasky, Sabron, e. Dec. 3, '63, m. o. April 19, '66. Norman, S. H., e. June 1,'61, d. Nov. 10, '62. wnds. Rcsor, J. W., e. June 1,'61. Siever, Levi. e. Jtme 1,'61, v. m. o. May 4, '66. Smith, J. W., e. Oct. 21, '61, v. m. o. ^iay 4,'66. Shaw, S. Slack, W. H., e. Dec. 19,'63. Smith, A., e. Feb. 2.'64, m. o. May 24,'65. Seiver, Jacob, e. Feb. 1,'64, m. o. May 4, '66. Weaver, R. G., e. Feb. 1.'61, died Dec. 4.'64. Willis, B. F., e. Feb. 1, '64. Yarnell, J. H., e. June 1,'61. 18th INFANTRY. COMPANY I. Thomas, Wm., e. Mar. 10, '65. Belloss, Amos, e. Mar. 7, '65, m. o. Dec. 16,'65. Thomas, Robert, e. Mar. 10, '65, m. o. Dec. 16, '65. Wilcox, Geo., e Mar. 7, '65. Bellass, Peter, e. Mar. 7, '65, died April 4, '65. Mahoney, John, e. Oct. 3, '64. 21st INFANTRY. COMPANY F. Gilson, Charles B., e. Mar. 8,'64, m. o. Dec. 16, '65. Greer, D. B., e. Feb. 10,'65, m. o. Dec. 16,'65. Knock, Samuel, e. Dec. 16, '63. COMPANY G. Brvant, M. A., e. Oct. 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 10,'6.5. Dadv, Owen, e. Oct. 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 10,'65. Dongla.s, C. W., e. Oct. 10,'64, m.o. Oct. 10,'6.5. Gove, Joel, e. Oct. 10,'(54, m. o. Oct. 10,'65. Lindslev, W. J., e. Oct. 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 10.'65. Lovejov, Ami, e. Oct. 10,'64, m, o. Oct. 10,'6.5. Mitchell, J. F., e. Oct. 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 10,'65. Stime, W. E., e. Oct. 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 10,'65. Whitney. A. B., e. Oct. 10,'64. Washburn, Volnev, e. Oct. 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 10, '6.5. Hall, H, W., e. Oct. 10, '64, m. o. Oct. 10, '65. 358 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY, 26tli IXFANTRY. Oregon-. B. F., e. Aug. 23/61. v.. m. o. July 20, '"65. Bates, G. D., e. Jan. •25,'64, in Co. C, m. o. July 20, '66. COIPANY K. Captain. John B. Bruner, e. Jan. 28,"62, pro. Major. Privates. Beers, W. R.. e. Dee. 16.'61. died Aug. 11,"63. Onion. M. P.. e. Dec. 18.'61, died Aug. 20.'63. Roekhold, L. C, e. Dec. 30,'Cl. Robiii.«on, W. G.. e. Dec. 18,'61. Shook, J. M.. e. Aug. 12,'61, Co. E, 27th Regt. Cox, John, e. Aug. 12, '61, Co. E, 27th Regt. Musselman, G., e. Aug. 12.'61, Co. E. 27th Regt. Perkins, R. J., e. Mar. 21. '64. 28th INFANTRY was organized at Camp Butler, August, '61. It proceeded, Aug. 28. to Thebes: Sept. 9, to Bird's Point. Mo. ; Oct. 2. to Fort Holt, Ky. : Jan. 31, "62, moved to Paducah, Ky. ; Feb. .5, moved up Tennessee river; Feb. 6, took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Heiman ; Feb. 13, a detachment of 48 men and 12 officers met the enemy (.500 strong) at Little Bethel Church, and immediately attacked and routed them. Arrived at Pittsburg Landing Mar. 17. It wa.s assigned to a position in the Peach Orchard. April 6, they repulsed the attacks of the enemy, holding its position from 8 A. M. to 3 P. M. On the mortiing of the 7th. it held a position on the right of the line, and was hotly engaged until the battle closed and the rictory was won. During these two, long, trying, bloody days, this regiment behaved nobly, and its lines were never broken nor was it driven back by the enemy, though often most hea-vily pressed. The regiment sustain ed the fearful lo.ss of 2.39 men killed and wound, ed: was engaged in the siege of Corinth dur- ing the mouth of May, '62 ; marched to Mem- phis, arriving July 21, '62; marched Sept. 6, reaching Boli%'ar, 14th; Oct. 5, engaged in bat- tle of Matamora, losing 97 men, killed, wound- ed and missing: returned to Bolivar Oct. 7; Dec. .30, were assigned to duty of guarding rail- road from HoUy Springs to Waterford, Miss. : was engaged in the siege of Vicksburg from June 11 to July 4, '63. On the 12th of July, "63. near Jackson. Miss., the 28th, 41st and -5:^ niinois and 3rd Iowa lufantrj-, not exceeding 800 men, were ordered to charge across a level open cornfield, some six hundred yards, and carry a strong line of the enemy's work;-, mounting 12 guns and manned by at least 2,000 men. The brigade swept gallantly for- ward, under a destructive fire of grape, can- ister and minie l^ullets. The enemy ap- I)earing upon both flanks as it reached the ditch, it was compelled to fall back, with a loss of more than haif of the rank and file killed and wounded; out of the 128 men of this regimen engaged, 73 were killed and wounded and 16 taken prisoners. The regiment remained at Natchez during the latter part of '63. doing pro- vost guard duty. The regiment re-enlisted Jan. 4, "64. May 18, proceeded to Illinois for veteran furlough; rettiming, arrived at Natchez July 8: were engaged in several ex- peditions; Oct. 10, was consolidated into four companies; was engaged in the siege of Span- i.rarch. 15. '66. COIP.AJVY A. Second Lieutenant. John R. Easley, m. o. Mar. 15,'66. Sergeants. 3. A. Blair, e. Aug. 1,'61, d. Aug. 26,'64. J. P. Smith, e. Aug. 1, '61, trans, to U. S. Narv. J. M. Smith, e. Aug. 1.'61. d. Aug. 26.'64. Private.^. Allen, G. W., e. Aug. 1.'61. v. m. o. Mar. 6,'66. Brewer, J. S., e. Aug. 1,'61, v. m. o. Mar. 1.5,'66. Crosbv, D. M., e. Aug. 1,'61. Carv, F. M., e. Aug. 1,'61, d. Mar. 28, '62, dis. Dutro. J. B.. e. Aug. 1.'61, v. France, W. L., e. Aug. 1,'61. v. died Feb. 28,'64. Fisher, John. e. Aug. l."61, d. May 7,'62, dis. Hanks. J. A., e. Aug. 1,'61, v. pro. 2d Lieut. Co. E. Hedge, Richard, e. Aug. 1,'61, died. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 359 Newton, D. W., e. Aug. 1,'61, kid. at Shiloh. Strokes, Wm., e. Aug. 1,'61, v. m. o. Mar. 1.'),'66. Smith, W. P., e. Aug. 1,'61. Wilcox, B. F., e. Aug. 1,'61. Walling, E. P., e. Aug. ],'61, m. o. Aug. l(;,'t;4. Williainsun, J. A., e. Aug. 1,'61, v. ni. o. Mar. 7,'6t). Davis, Lukins, e. Sept. 27, '61, v. m. o. Mar. 15,'t)fi. Schoolcraft, Benj., e. Aug. 17,'61, died Oct.l,'(i:!. Davis, J. G., e. Aug. 22, '61, v. in Co. G. Moore, J. G., e. Aug. 22,'61. in Co. G. COMPANY H. First Lieutenant.. Isaiah Denness, e. Aug. 17, '61; term e.K.'W. Second Lieutenant. J. B. Carithers, e. Aug. 15,'61, resigned Aug. 8, '63. Corporals. J. Q. Ludlum, e. Aug. 15,'61, m. o. Aug. 26,'64. C. R. Watkins, e. Aug. 15, '61, v. Wm. H. Barrow, e. Aug. 15, '61, died of wnds. April 26,'62. Thomas Barrow, e. Aug. 15, '61, m. o. Aug. 26, '64. William H. Wier, e. Aug. 15,'64, wnd: d. Dec. SI, '62. Privates. Arnold. J. M.. e. Aug. 15,'61, v. Aten, Henry, e. Aug. 15, '61. d June 1'.).'62, dis. Atherton, James, e. Aug. 15,'61, v. Barrow, Jinken, e. Aug. 15.'61, m. o. Aug.16,'64. Burton, Lemuel, e. Aug. 15, '61. Carter, John, e. Aug. 15, '61, v. m. o. Mar.l5,'i)6. Dollar, Wm., e. Aug. 1.5,'61. Easley, D. M., e. Aug. 15,'61, v. m. o. Mar.l5,'6(;. Etnire, Samuel, e. Aug. 15,'61, d. Oct. 2,'62, wnds. Farrand, James, e. Aug. 15,'61, v. Hill, George, e. Aug. 15, '61. Howard. S. M., e. Aug. 15,'61. v. House, B. F., e. Aug. 15,'61, v. Hall, F. A., e. Aug. 15,'61, d. Aug. 16,'62. dis. Jacob, J. A., e. Aug. 15, '61. Kelso, John, e. Aug. 15, '61, d. Aug. 16, '62, dis. Ludlum, Alma, e. Aug. 15"61, m. o. Aug.26,'64. Mercer, Charles, e. Aug. 15, '61, d. Aug. 2,'62, dis. Moore, J. W., e. Aug. 15, '61. Musgrove, S. R., e. Aug. 15, '61, m. o. Sept.8,'64. Musgrove, B. F., e. Aug. 16, '61, m. o. Aug. •26, '64. Morrison, G. V., e. Aug. 15,'61, v., kid. Sept. 20, '64. Moses, Samuel, e. Aug. 15,'61. d. Oct. 22,'62, dis. Powell, J. C, e. Aug. 15, '61. Pettinger, William, e. Aug. 15, '61, kid. at Shiloh. Stevens, Robert, e. Aug. 15, '61, m. o. Aug. 26,'64. Sapp, John, e. Aug. 15, '61. Thompson, John, e. Aug. 15,'61, m. o. Aug. 26,'64. Thomas, G. W., e. Aug. 15, '61, v., m. o. Mar. 15,'66. Wilson, Charles, e. Aug. 15, '61, m. o. Aug, 26, '64. Wilkins, Ralph, e. Aug. 15,'61. Wood, Kli, e. Aug. 15,'61, kid. at Shiloh. Bedwell, Bouj., e. Mar. 21, '64, m. o. Mar. 15, '66. Brfiwn, Peter, e. Jan. 18, '62, m. o. June 19, '65. Brick, G. W., e. Mar. 24, '64, m. o. Mar. 15, '66. Cooper, M. T., e. Mar. 24, '64, m. o. Mar. 15, '66. Coonev, Geo., e., Sep. 6, 61, m. o. Sept. 4, '64. Cameron, J. H., e. Jan. 14, '64, d. May 12,'65, dis. Denness, Charles, e. Oct. 11, '61. Dickinson, Geo., e. Nov. 14, '61. Dobbins, Franklin, e. Jan. 8,'62, died of wnds Oct. 14, '62. Galbreath, William, e. Aug. 8, '61, d. Jan. 28, '63, dis. Hallidav, J. C, e. Mar. '21, '64, m. o. Mar.15,'66. Hermoii, Calvin, e. Aug. H,'61, kid at Shiloh. Hermon, J. P., e. Sept. L'til. Ingram, Simp.son, e. Sept. 1,'61. Knowles, Noah. e. Mar. •29,'64. m. o. Mar.l5.'66. Moore, Wra., e. Mar. 14, '64, m. o. Mar. 15,'6«5. Miller, Michael, e. Mar. 26,'64, m. o. Mar.15,'66. Morrison, C. B., e. Mar. 21, '64, m. o. Mar.15,'66. Mc.Mullen, Horace, e. Sep. 1,'61, m.o. Sep.4,'64. Price. W. M., e. Sept. 27,'61, died Sept. 2,'63. Reese, G. W., e. Sept. 1,'61. m. o. Sept. 4,'64. Sturgeon, Simpson, e. July 22, '61. Thompson, Charles, e. Feb. 30,'64, d. Jan. 18, '65, dis. Thompson, J. M., e. Mar. 21, '64, m. o. Mar. 15,'66. Thomas, Samuel, e. Sept. 1,'61, m. o. Sept. 4, '64. Thomas, Erastus, e. Sept. 1,'61, m. o. Sept.4,'64. Thomas, R. T., e. Sept. 1,'61. v.,m. o. Mar.16,'66. Wood, Aaron, e. Mar. 14, '64, m. o. Mar. 6, '66. Warner, Alfred, e. Sept. 1,61, m. o. Sept. 4, '64. Watt, Henrv, e. Oct. 28,'61, v., m. o. Mar.15,'66. Wilev, J. W., e. Sept. 1,'61, d. July 24,'62,wnds. Youst. Elijah, e. Sept. 1,'61, d. Oct. 22,'62, dis. Bateson, Geo., e. Mar. 10, '65, m. o. Mar. 10,'66. Hays, James, e. Mar. 10,'65, ra. o. Mar. 10, '66. Nelson, Edward, e. Mar. 10,'65. m. o. Mar.10,'66. Rutledge, Simon, e. Mar. 10, '65, m. o. Aug. 11, '65. Wiley, J., e. Mar. 10, '65, m. o. Mar. 1C,'66. COMPANY I. Sergeant. Xndn-w J. Pett>-, e. Aug. 27,'61, died Mar. 6'62. Corporals. ,fohn Smith, e. Aug, 27, '61, wnd. v. James H. Rogers, e.Aug. 27, '61, died April U. '62, wnds. Private.^. ('lift, E. M.-, e. Aug. 27,'61, v. m. o. Mar. 15,'66. Murphv, W. H. e. Aug. 27, '61. Mussie,"M. W., e. Aug. 27,'61, d. Oct. 20,'62, dis. Phrimraer, S., e. Aug. 27, '61, m. o. Aug. 26,'64. Rogers, Jackson, e. Aug. 27, '61. m. o. Aug. 26.'64. Rogers, J. L., e. Aug. 27, '61, m. o. Aug. 26,'64. Stevens, Joseph, e. Aug. 27, '61. Stambaugh, J., e. Aug. 27, '61, m.o. Aug. 26,'64. Voorkes, T. J., e. Aug. 27, '61. Voorkes, J. M., e. Aug. 27, '61, right arm shot off at Metamora. Craig, Wm., e. Jan. 5, '64. Hubbard, W. H., e. Mar. 1,'62, v. Turpin, Martin, e. Jan. 18,'64, died Feb. 12,'64. Miller, W. F., e. Feb. 1.5, '64. Eickelberger, J., e. Mar. 4, '65, m. o. Mar. 4, '66. Allen. Geo., e. Aug. 4,'62, in Co. F. 29th regt. Courtnev, R., e. Oct. 4,'r)4, in Co. A, 31st regt. Soaper, S.. e. Oct. 4,'64, in Co. A, 31st regt. Williams, J. J., e. Oct. 4, '64, in Co. A, 31st regt. Wages, Isaac, e. Oct. 4,'64, in Co. A, 31st regt. Murphy, J. E., e. Aug. 15, '61, in Co. I, 31st regt. Anderson, Henrv, e. Oct. 3, '64. Maloon. Wm., e. Oct. 4,'64, in Co. I, 32d regt. Wilcoxen, D., e. Jan. 8,'62, in Co. I, 32d regt. died Mav 1,'62. Mann, J., e. Oct. 5,'64, in Co. I, .3'2d regt. Mallon, Wm., e. Oct. 4, '64, in Co. I, 32d regt. Moore, David, e. Aug. 23,'61, in Co. E, 3.3d regt. Lines, W. H., e. Mar. 20,'65, in Co. C, 34th regt. DaCogan, E., e. Mar. 20,'65, in Co. G, 34th regt. Forrest, Daniel, e. July 3,'61, in Co. F, 35th regt. 36th INFANTRY. Ammerman, A. A., e. Oct. 3, '64, in Co. E, pris. war. 360 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY Bier. S. B., e. Oct. 4,'64, in Co. E. Chamberlain, Wm., e. Oct. 3, '64, in Co. E. Fig ltd, I)d\-id, e. Oct. 3,'64, in Co" E. Leigh, I., e. Oct. 3,'6t, in Co. E, died of wnds. Dec 7 '64. Shrevesi L., e. Oct. 4,'64, died Jan. 13,'65. Diinblrtzer. H., e. Oct. 14,'(>4, in Co. H. Fisher, I. B., e. Oct. 18,'64, in Co. H. Rav, Wni. W., e. Oct. 1.5,'64, in Co. H. Buckner, \V. E., e. Oct. 19.'f>4, died Jan. 15,'6.5. McBride, W. P., e. Oct. 14,'64, supposed to have died. Sayers, F. M., e. Oct. 14,'64, in Co. K. 37th INFANTRY. COMPANY C. Brigg, Henn-, e. Aug. 1,'61. v. in. o. May 1.5, '66. Cleaveland, Chas., e. Aug. 1,'61. v. m. o. May ]5,'66. Cleaveland, James, e. Aug. 1,'61. v. m.o. Oct. 4,'64. Chadwick, W., e. Aug. 1,'61. kid, Oct. 4,'63. Carman, T. H., e. Aug. 1,'61. Hender, Vernon, e. Aug. 1,'61. m. o. Oct. 4,'64. Hawkin.'s, J. S., e. Aug. 1,'61. Jacobs, F. J., e. Aug. 1.'61. v. Morrell, W. C, e. Aug. 1,'61. v. pro. Q. M. ser- geant. McCormifk, J., e. Aug. 1.'61. d. Nov. 16,'62. dis. Manner, G. B., e. Aug. 1,'61. kid. Mar. ",'62. Potter, A. J., e. Sept. 1,'61. Rowling, C. J., e. Aug. 1.'61. m. o. Oct. 4.'f4. Rich, Peter, e. Sept. i,'61. v, m. o. May l.'i.'fifi. Snuire.s, C. S., e. Aug. 1,'61. m. o. Sept. 20,'W. Ward, J. S., e. Aug. 1,'61. di^d Nov. 18,'61. COMPANY F. G-illigor, W. H., e. .\ug. 19,'61. m. o Oct. 4, '64. Hill, C. F., e. Aug. l',t,'61. m. o. Sept. 10,'64, Maltby. C. c. Aug. l'.i,'61. m. o. Sept. l'.t,'64. :59th REGIMENT. COMPANY F. Drake, J. C, e. Feb. 23,'64. m. o. Dec. 6,'6.'). Hiirvev. Henrv, e. Feb. i!l>,'64. m. o. Julv 17,'6.5. Letwiler, C, e. Feb. ■J9,'64. m. o. Dec. 6,'6.'). Lusk, P., e. Feb. 'i.'Ol. died at Andcrsonville. Mittimore, A., e. Feb. 29,'64 died Mar. 23,'64. Smith, A., e. Feb. 2,'64. d. Mav 6,'6.5. dis. Buttertield, F. L., e. Feb. 4,'64. ra. o. Mav 30, '6.1. Gillmore, Wm., e. Aug. 7, '61, in Co. F. 41st regt. 42d INFANTRY. Day, Geo., e. Aug. 20,'61. Biruett, James, e. .\ug. 3,'61. m. o. Feb. S,'6.">. (^hamberlain, Wm., e. Sept. 1.5,'61. leg ampu- tated. Courtnev, H. H., e. Aug. 3, '61. v. m. o. Dec. 16, '65. Corbin, Wm., e. Aug. 3,'61. d. Aug. 31, '62. Diiryea, J. W., e. Aug. 10, '61. v. Gibson, J. .\., e. Aug. 3, '61. wounded. Green, W. R., e. Aug. 10, '61. v. m. o. Aug. 3, '6.->. Hoag, J., e. Aug. 29,'61. v. m. o. Dec. 16,'6.5. Johnson, W. H., e. Aug. 13, '61. Morse, W. C, e. Aug. 10,'61. m. o. June 3, '6.'). Oldham, J., e. July 13,'01. v. ra. o. Dec. 16,'6.j. Roberts. J. J., e Aug. 10,'61. d. for dis. Thompson, John, e. July 30,'61. v. m. o. Dec. 16,'6.i. Vogland, F. E, D., e. Aug, 27,'61. m. o. Sept. 16,'64, ■ ' 47th INFANTRY Was organized at Peoria, Aug. 16,'61. It pro- ceeded to Benton Barracks, Sept. 23; May 9, '62, was engaged at Farmington, Miss.; was engaged May 21. m. o. Oct. 11,'64. Jackson. J. A., e. Aug. 16,"61. m. o. Oct. 11, '64. Kirkeudall. Wm., e. Aug. 16,'61. v. Logan, Geo., e. Aug. 16, '61. m. o. Oct. 11, '64. McFarland, John, e. Aug. 16,'61. m. o. Oct. 11. '64. Patton. Wm., e. Aug. 16,'61. m. o. Dec. ]7,'64. Romine, S., e Aug. 16, '61. m. o. Oct. 11, '64. Stewart, S. G., e. Aug. 16,'61. m. o. Oct. 11, '&4. Toland, G. W., e. Aug. 16,'61. m. q. Oct. 11, '64. SulHvan, S. D., e. Aug. 16,'61. m. o. Jan. 21, '66. Sullivan, Elijah, e. Aug. 16, '61. v. m. o. Jan. 21, '66. Thurman, S. H., e. Aug. 16.'61. d. Dec. 15,'62. dis. Warriner, J. C, e. Aug. 16,'16. m. o. Oct. 11, '64. Wendall, J. R., e. Aug. 16.'61. m. o. Oct. 11, '64 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 361 Hollistor, II. F., e. Av^. 2,'64. m. o. Jan. 21, '00. Stewart, Win., c .Sept. l,s,'(il. m. o. Aufi. l,s,'04. MfKonzie, .1. S., e. Aug. 18,'(il. <1. Jan. •J.'O:!. dis. Sampson, J. T., e. Aug. 18,'61. d. Dw. 10,'01-. ai«. Simp.s.)n, C. J., o. Aug. 18,'0l. died Aug. 18,'63. Sampson, W. B., e. Aug. 18, '01. m. o. Get. 11, '04. Fountain, Svmuel. Snvder, H. II., e. Aug. 21, '61. in Co. F. Wilmot, L. I)., e. Aug. 16,'Gl, in Co. G. m. o. Aug. 11, '04. coMPA:r Y I. Chadwick, Geo., e. Sept. 4,'61. m. o. Oct. 11, '04. D.ivis, J. 11., e. Sept. 4, '01. D.ift, W. II., e. Sep-. 4,'61, Galer, R., e. Sept. 4, '01. v. m. i\ Jan. 21, '00. Leeper, G. T., e. Sept. 4, '01. m. o. Get. 11, '04. Leeper. W. G., e. Sept. 4,'01. m. o. Get. 11, '01. Saunders, Henry, e. Sept. 4, '01. Stoddard, Israel, e. Sept. 4, '01. d. June 24, '02. dis, Tullis, Daniel, e. Sept. 4.'01. died of vvds. Get. 4,'02. COMPANY F. 47th consolidated. SergeantK. John J. Bell, e. Fel). 24, '05. m. o. Jan. 21, '00. J. G. Thorn, e. Jlar. l,'0.i. m. o. Jan. 21, '00. Wm. Maxwell, e. !\Iar. 1,'0«. m. o. Jan. 21, '06. Privates. CuUey, John, e. Feb, 23, '65. d. Nov. 18, '05. dis. Dvwson, Rol)t., e. Feb. 21!, '()5. m. o. Jan. 21, '00. Davis, Joseph, e. Feb. 2:!, '65. m. o. May 23. '05. Fahee, Wni., e. Feb. 21, '65. m. o. Jan. 21, '66. G imble, J., e. Mar. 1,'65. m. o. Jan. 21,'0{i. Hendrieks, James, e. Mar. 1,'05. m. o. Jan. 21, '00. Hendrieks, Wm., e. Feb. '23.'65. m. o. Jan. 21, Johnson, Levi, e. Feb. 25,'65. m. o. Jan. 21, '(iO. McKinney. J. G., c. Mar. 2, '65. m. o. Jan. 21, '66. Ohern, M., e. Feb. 24,'65. m. o. Jan. 21, '66. Turl, F., e. Mar. 1,'65. m. o. Jan. '21, '06. SOth INFANTRY Was organized in the mouth of August, 1861, by Col. Moses M. Bane. The .50th was engaged at Shiloh, April 61hand7th; engaged in the siege of Corinth, May, 1862. June 4 it pursued the enemy as far as Bjoneville, Miss., return- ing to Corinth June 10. The regiment wsus en- gaged in a number of battles and skirmishes, during their service. About three-fourdis of the regiment re-eidisted as veterans and were mustered Jan. 16,'04, when they left for Illinois for veteran furlough. The 50th was one of the best drilled regiments in the service. In the prize drill July 3,'05, with the G3d Illinois, 7th Iowa and .50th Illinois competing, the latter won the prize banner. They were mustered out of service July 13, 1865. Lieutenant- Colo n el. Mer\-in B. Converse, e. Sept. 10, '61, m. o. July 13, '65. Adjutant. Walter S. Wood, e. Aug. 26, '64, res. April 14, '65. QtmrfermaMfr Sergeant. \. J. Ransom, e. Sept. 10,'01,d. Julvl5,'62, dis. Miller, Wm., Co. F, e. Nov. 14, '64. Randall, Stephen, Co. F, e. Nov. 14, '64, m. o. July 13, '65. Seott, Joseph, Co. F, e. Nov 14, 'M, m. o. July 13, '65. COMPANY G. Captain. Jacob Fleming, e. Sept. '25,'61, m. o. July 13,'65. First Lieutenants. E. P. Birrett, e. Dec. 12.'61, res. July 13,'62. Lewis Zolman, e. Sept. lO.'Ol, res. Aug. 31, '62. James D. Graham, e. Sept. 25, '61, m. o. July 13, '65. Second Lieutenant.^. J. B. Strode, e. Sept. lO.'Ol. m. o. July 13,'65. A. S. Wright, e. Dec. 14,'61, kid Gct.'5,'64. Sergeant. J. W. DeVaney, e. Sept. 10,'61. m. o. July 13,'G5. Corporals. Wm. Gustin, e. Oct. 1,'61, d. May 6,'fi2, dis. J. A. Gustin, e. Oct. 1,'61, m. o. Oct. 7,'64. O. S. Hunger, e. Sept. 10,'61. Privates. Burgett, W. C, e. Sept. 10,'61, m. o. Sept. '27,'64. Bvbee, C. H.,e. Oct. 1.'61. Blain, J. H., e. Sept. 19,'61, m. o. July 13,'65, corpl. Binghman, W. H., e. Get. 8,'61, died July 19.'02. Comptou, J. J., e. Sept. 24, '01, m. o. Sept. 27, '04. Chicken, N. D., e. Get, 12,'01, m. o. Oct. 7,'64. Culver, Solon, e. Oct. 8, '61, m. o. Oct. 7, '64, corpl. Fridley, A. T., e. Oct. 1,'61, m. o. Sept. 27,'64. Fate, Martin, e. Oct. l.'Ol, m. o. Sept. 27, '64, corpl. Fate, G. R., e. Sept. lO.'Ol, m, o. Sept. 27,"04. (Jraham, J. S., e. Sept. 25,'01, d. July 1,'02, dis. Holt, Ira, e. Sept. lU.'Ol, m. o. Sept. •27,'64. Jennings, G. W., e. Sept. 24,'01, d. June 17, '02, dis. Knock, W. R., e. Oct. 1,'61, m. o. July 13,'65, Sergt. Knock, Bruce, e. Oct. 1,'01, m. o. Sept, 27, '64. Leslie, T. H., e. Sept. 10,'61, pro. hos. steward, U. S. A. Moon, D. R., e. Sept. ]0,'01, m. o. Sept. 27, '64. McQueen, T., e. Oct. 1,'01, v. m. o. July 13,'65, sergt. McGee, Terry, e. Oct. 8,'01, v. m. o. July 13,'65, sergt . Nolan, Augustus, e. Oct. 8,'61, m.o. Oct. 7,'64. Nolan, John, e. Oct. 8,'61, d. June 21, '62, wnds. Overton, C. E., e. Sept. lO.'Ol, iiro. 1st sergt. 1st Ala. Inf. Quigley. E. J., e. Sept. 10,'61, m. o. Sept. 27,''64. Reese, H, B., e. Sept. 10, '01, m. o. Sept. 27, '64. Reese. J. W., e. Sept. lO.'Ol, m. o. Sept. 27.'04. Wheeler, A. O., e. Sept. lO.'Ol, m. o. Sept. 27,'04. Wyant, I. F., e. Oct. 8,'01, m. o. Oct. 7,'64. Zolman, A. P., e. Oct. 8,'61, kid. May 16,'62. Anderson, R. R., e. Mar. 7, '65, m. o. Jidy 13, '65. Anthony. Wm., e. Mar. 9, '65, m. o. July 13. '65. Anderson, J. S., e. Jan. 26, '64, d. Mar. 7,"'65, dis. Bogue, Wm., e. Feb. 8,'64, m. o. July 13,'65, corpl. Bean, Joseph, e. Feb. 4, '64, m. o. Jtilv 13, '65. Berry, Tlios. A., e. Feb.2.5,'64, m. o. .tuly 13,'65. Bradley, Samuel, e. April 1, '65, m.o. Jidv 13, '65. Chicken, John, e. Jan. 20, '05, m. o. July 13, '05. Conn, G. W., e. Mar. 7, '05, abs. sick at m. o. of regt. Dor.sey, N. H., e. Mar. 7,'G5, m. o. July 13,'65. Graham, J. S., e. Feb. 8,'64, m. o. July 13,'65, corpl. Gustine, Wm., e. Mar. 7,'65, m. o. July 13,'65. Graham, J. T., e. Feb. 10,'65, m.o. Ju'lv 13,'65. Gregory, D. B., e. Feb. 10, '65, m. o. July 13, '65. 362 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Hoopes, John.'e. Jan. 26, '(U. m. o. Julvl3,'65. Knock, .T. N.,e. Feb. 2.5, '64, m. o. July 13,'6.5. Lamb, E. H., e. Mar. 7,'6.i, m. o. Julv 13, "0.1. Mathe\v.s, J. T., Feb. 1CI,'6.5, m. o. July 13,'6.5. >rcMullen, Rufus. e. Mar. 7, '65, m.o. Julv 13,'fw. Pickering, A. L., e. Jlar. 9, '6.5, m. o. July 13, '65. Parks, James, e. Mar. 7, '65, m. o. July 13, '65. Pickering, J., e. Feb. 10, '65, m. o. June i6, '65. Strode, .\. H., e. Feb. 8,'64, m. o. Julv 13,'6.5. Strode. \V. .«., e. Feb. 10,'65, m. o. July 13,'65. Allder, I. F., e. Nov. 14, '64, died Jan. 18,'65. Cory, J. W., e. Nov. 17, '64, m. o. July 13, '65. Klemj), A., e. Nov. 30, '64, m. o. Julv 13,'65. Marshall, J. M., e. Nov. 14,'64, m.o."july ],'65. Poe, Anthony G., e. Nov. 14, '64, died Jan. 12, '65. 51st INFANTRY Was organized December 24, '61, and on Febru- ary 14,'62, was ordered to Cairo, 111., Col. Cum- mings commanding. April 7, the regiment moved against Island No. 10: on the , J. D., e. Feb. '25, '65, m. o. Sept. 25,'65. Luther. John, e. Feb. 25,'65, m. o. Sept. '25, '65. .McICinney. E., e. >Iar. 14, '65, in. o. Sept. 25, '65. Moore, Ezekiel, e. Fel). 14, "65, m.o. Sept. 25,'65. McCreary, W. H., e. Feb. '25. '65, m. o. Aug. 62,'6.5. McCreary, J. L., e. Mar. •20,'65, m.o. Sept. 15,'65. -McKinlev, M. G., Feb. 25,'65, m. o. Sept. 25,'65. Mille, G.'W., e. Feb. •2.5.'65. Mills, Andrew, e. Feb. •25.'65, m. o. Sept. •25,'65. Oatman, Jacob, e. Feb. 25,'65, m. o. Sept. 25,'65. Provard, Robert, e. Feb. 25, '65, m. o. Aug. 9, '65. Provard. C. W., e. Feb. 25,'65, died April 2,'65. Pickett, W. W., e. Feb. •25,'65, m. o. May 23,'65. Pretman, J. W., Feb. 25,'65, m. o. Sept. 25,'65. Pavton, Elijah, e. Feb. 25,'65, m.o. Sept. 25,'65. Rooks. William, e. Feb. •25,'65, m.o. Sept. 25,'65. Rawalt. John, e. Mar. 6, '65, m. o. Sept. 25, '65. Schooley, Benj., c. Feb. •25,'65, m.o. Sept. •25,'65. Sebree, Preston, e. Feb. 25,'65m. o. Sept. '26,'65. Singleton, Milton, e. Feb. '25, '65, m. o. Sept. 25, '65. Scott, Robert, e. Feb. 25,'65, m. o. Sept. 25,'6o. Scrivner, Leander, e. Mar. ■20,'65, m. o. Sept. 25, '65. See. David, e. Mar. 17,'65, m. o. Sept. 8, '65. Sylva, T. W., e. Feb. 25,'65, m. o. Sept. •25,'65. Wilke, J. H., e. Feb. 25,'65, m. o. Mav 23,'65. Wilcoxen, W. H., e. Feb. '25, '65, m. o. Sept. •25, '65. Ward, E. L., e. Mar. 18,'65, m. o. Sept. 15,'65. Wages. John, e. Fel). 2o,'65, m. o. Sept. 25,'65. Wise, Jacob, e. Feb. 25,'6o, m. o. Sept. 25, '65. Eldridge, J. B., Co. B, e. Dec. 24, 'G3, kid. June 20, '64. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 363 Thos. McCor-.nick, corpl., Co. F, e. April l.').'Gl>, m. o. June 16,'65. Jones, Warren, Co. F, e. Mav .S,'62. Kellv, F. M., Co. F, e. A))ril 24,'62, m. o. June 16, '65. Wisner, W. E., e. Dee. 2J.'63, Co. I, 52d Inf., m. o. July 0,'65. Williams, E.'C, e. Feb. 6,'(;4, Co.I, 52d Inf., m. o. June 24, "Go. 53d INFANTRY. Mann, C. W., Co. A., v. Oct. 19, '64, sub. ni. o. July 22, '6.5. Sommers, A. J., Co. A.,e. Dec. 7, '64, sub. m. o. July 22, '65. COMPANY K. Edwin Vaucler\-ere, Coriil. e. Jan. ;<,'62. klii. Oct. 5, '62. Cameron, A. A., e. Jan. 9, '62. d. Aiil. 2o,'63. dis. Elliott, I. v., e. Jan. '.),'6i died Apl. 10,'62. Elliott, Jasper, e. Jan. '.»,'62. died June 21,'62. MeCabe, John, e. Jan. 1(),'62. died Apl. 12,'62. Shields, J. B., e. Jan. '.i.'62. ni. o. Fel). It'i.'ii.'y. Warner, S. 1)., e. Jan. lo.'lil. ni. o. July 22, '65. Carr, William, e. :Mar. 11, '62. died July S,'62. Kirk, Wm., e. Mar. 10, '62. d. Oct. 16, '62. dis. Keys, T. J., e. Mar. 8,'62. Kirk, George, e. Mar, 9,'65. m. o. July 22, '65. Lovell, George, e. Mar. .s,'62. m. o. 'Slur. 26, '65. Loyell, Sam'l., e. Mar. S,'62. m. o. July 15, '65. pris. Marble, H. A., e. Mar. 8, '62. Richardson, Oils, e. Mar. 1, '62. d. June is, '62. dis. Ellison, Silas, e. Dec. 7, 'til. ni. o. July 22, '65. MeCune, H. S., e. Mar. 1,'62. . Sandeison, J. C. e. Mar. 11, '62. d. Dec. 24, '62. dis. Niblack, J. M.,e. Apl. 15,'65. m. o. May 8, '65. Tunderberk, D. H., e. Apl. 15, '65. m. o. May 8, '65. Saffer, John F., e. Noy. 14, '64, Co. F., 3d Inf. m. o. July 22,, 65. 55th INFANTRY Was organized at Camp Douglas, and mustered into service Oct. .31, 1861. Nov. 9, left Camp Douglas. Remained at Camp Benton until Jan. 12, 1862, when it was ordered to Paducah, Ky. On the morning of March 15 marched out with expedition from a point some 14 miles above Pittsburg Landing, for the sur- prise and overthrow of Corinth. The opening of the battle, Sunday morning, found the regiment in posi tion with an effec- tive force of 873 men. Col. Stewart was wotxnded and 9 of the line offlcers, 3 of whom died of wounds; 102 enlisted men were killed and mortally wounded, and 161 wounded and taken prisoners. The regiment was with the army in advance on Corinth, and at Russell's house, May 17, lost, in skirmish, 8 men,— 2 killed and 6 wounded. Entered Corinth May 30; thence, \Ht\\ Gen. Sherman, westward along Memjihis and Charleston R. R. The regiment re-embarked with army, and was present and under fire at battle of Arkansas Post, Jan. 10 and 11, 1863, losing three men wounded. Was at Vicksburg in 1863, partici- pating in the tight. Participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss. On 30th Oct., 1863, marched from East Point, (m Tennessee river, for Chat- tanooga. During night of 23rd, with rest of brigade, manned a fle^t of pontoon boats in North Chiekamauga creek, and in the midst of rain and intense darkness, with muffled oars, descended and crossed the Tennessee river and captured the enemy's picket line. Nov. 25, marched with Sherman to the relief of Knox- ville, E. Tenn. June 27, 1864, participated in assault upon Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. July 22 the regiment was again engaged, with aneftec- tive force of 239 men, and came out of the en- gagement with 180 men. Was in the siege of Athmta: in battle of Jonesboro. In a short campaign of a little over two months the regi- ment lost half its number. Marched with army, via Ricnmond, to Washington; partici- pated in the grand review at W'ashington. During its term of service the regiment marched 3,374 miles. Lieutenant-Colonel. Theodore C. Chandler, e. Dec. 19,'62. res. July 3, '64. Surgeon. Charles B. Tompkins, e. Nov. 25, '64. m. o. Aug. 14, '65. Fird Amstant Surgeon. John B. Tompkins, e. May 5,'65. m. o. Aug. 14, '65. COMPANY A. Captains. Wm. N. Bresson, e. Oct. 31, '61. res. Mar. 13,'62. Jacob M. Augustine, e. Oct. 31, '61. kid. June 27, '64. Henry Augustine, e. Aug. 23,'61. m. o. Nov. 6, '64. Harrison H. Priokett, e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Aug. 14,'6.5. First Lieutenants. Casper Shleich, e. Oct. 31,'61. kid. Dec. 29,'62. Capt. Wm. F. Cootes, e. Sep. 1,'61. res. Mar. 30,'63. Capt. Wm. McCumber, e. Sep: 2,'61. m. o. Aug. 14,'65. Sergt. Second Lieutenants. Levi Hill, e. Sep. 30,'61. kid. May 19, '63. John P. Phillips, Sergt. e. Aug. 23, '61. Corporals. Geo. Luckey, e. Aug. 12,'61. d. July 24,'62. dis. John C. Glass, e. Aug. ;50,'61. kid." May 19,'63. 1st Sergt. Peter Shleich, e. Aug, 31, '61. Trans, to I. C. S. J. Simpson, e. Aug. 9,'61. G. A. Buftum, e. Oct. 7,'61. d. Jan. '63. dis. Privates. Apple, N., e. Sep. 10, '61. Banks, J. M., e. Julv 31, '61. Babbitt, C. e. Aug."9,'61. Bolander, Harvey, e. Sep. 2,'61. kid. July 22, '64. Bull, Wm., e. Aug. 9,'61. Boyle, Jason, e. Sep. 12,'61. Burnside, G. M., e. Sep. 14, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Barclay, J. M,, e. Oct. 9, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Brown, E. C, e. Sep. 2,'6]. d. Jan. 28,'63. dis. Burns, John, e. Sep. 20,'61. kid. Mav 22,'63. Sergt. Brader, Sam'l., e. Oct. 10.'61. m. o. Oct. 31,'64. Barclay. J. C, e. Sep. 11, '61. m, o. Oct. 31, '64. 364 HISTORY OF FULTON COUXTY, CoTkendall, M., 'c. Oct. 16,'61. ;d. Jan. 28,'6.3. dis. Cox, M. T., e. Sep. l.'fil. m. o. Aug. 14. "65. Coleman, ,W. H., e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Aug. 14, '6.5. Chambers, Chas., e. Sep. 2,'61. Cadwallader, John. e. Sep. 2,'61, pro. Lieut. 2d Mississippi Col'd Regt. Clark, James, e. Sep. 14,'61. died July 0,'64. wds. Deford, Milton, e. Aug. 31, '61. Deems, Joseph, e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Sergt. Duryea. B. F., e. Sep. 2,'Gl. m. o. Oct. 31,'64. Deford, Thijma.s, e. Sep. 1,'61. Eveland, Lorenzo, e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Elrodd, T. J., e. Aug. .31, '61. died Aug. 21, '63. Frye, David J., e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Aug. 14, '6.5. .sergt. Filer, Lorenzo, e. Sep. 3,'61, m. o. Oct. .31,'64. Garritt. S. S., e. Sep. 24,'61. trans, to Art. Glass, W. M., e. Oct. 12,'61. m. o. Aug. 14.'65. corpl. Gav, J. H., e. Sep. 14.'61. d. Sep. 4.'62. dis. HufTard, F. M., e. Sep. ]0.'61. died Nov. 19,'63. Hart, H. L., e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. corpl. Hamilton, C. F., e. Aug. 31,'61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Holden, Bartley, e. Aug. 31, '61. Missing in ac- tion June 27, '64. Hebb, Joseph, e. Julv .3n,'61. m. o. Oct. .31, 'W. Hastey, Willis, e. Oct. o.'Ol. kid. July 2.S.'64. Jones, Abner, e. Sep. 2, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Lowe, W. H., e. Aug. 5,'6]. m. o. Oct. 31. '64. Lowden, James, e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Lowder, A. J., e. Aug. :!1,'61. m. o. Aug. 14, '6.5. Sergt. Lenhiirt, H'enrv, e. Aug. 31, '61. died Aug. 21, '63. Lingenfelter, Aarou, e. Aug, 0,'61. m. o. July 22, '6.5. V. Lenhart. Is uah, e. Aug. 31, '61. Miran, Chus., e. Aug. ]3,'6l. died Oct. 17,'6.3. Mitchell, Mathews, e. Aug. 13,'61. m. o. Aug. 14, '65. Corpl. V. Maxwell, A. B., e. Aug, S,'61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Maxwell, D. R., e. Aug. 5,'61. d. Mar. 10,'65. dis. V. McCiimber, Orvill, e. Sep. 2,'61. d. Jan. 28,'63 dis. Mills, J. H., e. Sept. 13,'61. m. o. Aug. 14,'fi.5. Sergt. V. Morgan, Newton, e. Sept. 13,'61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. McCiiUough, J. R., e. Aug. 2.5,'61. m. o. Aug. 14. '65. corpl. V. Negley, Daniel, e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Nov. 1,'64. sergt. Norman, James, e. Sep. 12,'61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Prickett, J. P., e. Sep. .3, "61. Porter, Edgar, e. Oct. 17,'61. m. o. Nov. 1,'64. Pritchard, Benj., e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Mar. 27. '6.5. Pollock, Harrison, e. Oct. 7,'61. Porter, F. J., e. Aug. 31, '61. d. Sep. 14,'62. di.s. Peters, W. T., e. Aug. 13,'61. Robbins, J. F., e. Aug. 26, '61. Redfarm, Mark, c. Aug. 31, '01. ra. o. Oct. 3], '64. Rockhold, Chas., e. Aug. 5, '61. died Sep. 11, '63. Reeves, D. M., e. Sep. 6, '61. Ross, S. M., e. Aug. 31, '61. Roseboom, A., e. Oct. 9,'61. Scanlan, Tho's., e. Aug. 8.'G1. m. o. Aug. 14. '65. corpl. V. Shaw, Harvey, e. Oct. 5, '61. m. o. Mavl0.'6.5, v. Sebree, James, e. Aug. 10,'61. m. o. Oct. 31,'64. corpl. Tobin, Patrick, e. Sep. 2,'61. kid. May 10,'G3. Vaughn, J. A., e. Aug. 15,'61. m. o. Aug. 14, '65. V, White, J. M.,e. Aug. 8.'61. d. June6,'65. wds. V Wheeler, J. P., e. Sep. 24,'61. m. o. Aug. 14,'65- Sergt. V. Williamson, N.. e. Aug. 22,'61. Wilson, Benj., e. Aug. 31, '61. d, Sep. 4, '62. dis. White, J. H., e. Aug. 31, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Wellington, H., e. July 31, '61. m. o. Oct. 31,'64. Cox. A^ J., e. Mar. 7. '65. m. o. June 8,'65. Fiugle, C. P., e. Mar. 7,'65. m. o. Aug. 14,'65. COarPANY D. First Lieutenants. J. R. Robert.s, e. Sep. 12, "61. m. o. Nov. 26, '62. Jacob Frink, e. Sep. 12,'61. m. o. O.n. 30,'64. Wm. S. Johnson, 2nd Lieut., e. Oct. 31, '61. Res. Mar. 5, '62. Chas. G. Burnap, 1st Sergt. e. Sep. 12,'6]. J. K. Niles, 1st Sergt. e. Sep. r2,'61. m. o. Nov. 4,'64. Sergeants. Job Vaughn, e. Sep. '22, '61. m. o. Nov. 1,'64. James M. Green, e. Oct. 11,'61. m. o. July 12,65. Corporals. M. C. Athearn, e. Oct. 8, '61. kid. Aug. 31, '64. sergt. James Havell, e. Sep. 12, "61. v. T. Wilhelm, e. Sep, 12,'61. m. o. Nov. 1,'64. sergt. .Tames Knapp, e. Sep. 22,'61, m. o. Oct. .31, '64. J. A. Knott, e. Oct. .s,'61. d. Jan. 2S,'63. di.s. Asa Morris, e. Sep. 22. '61. m. o. Aug. 14. '65. 1st sergt. v. Privates. Abbott, Joseph, e. Oct. 8, '61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64- Athearn, J. F., e. Oct. 8.'61. m. o. Oct. 31, ,64. Bavless, Wm., e. Oct. l'.t.'61. Boiincy, W. W., e. Oct. 8,'61. m. o. Oct. 14,'65. Sergt. V. Bonncy, S. P., e. Oct. 18,'61. m. o. Oct. 31.'64. Burlingame, Sam'l.. e. Sep. 22, '61. d. Jan. 28, '63. dis. Bulger, John, e. Sep. 22,'61. m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Burk, D. S,, e. Sep. 12,'61. kid. Aug. 12,'64. Bragg. J. F., e. Sep. 22,'61. died Jan. 1,'64. Carder. Benj., e. Oct. 5, '61, died Jan. 15, '64. Curry, J. W., e. Sept. 16,'61. kid. May 19,'63. Conger, John, e. Sept. ]2,'61. Cameron, J. H., e. Oct. 8,'61, m. o. July 15,'65,v. Curfman, G. W., e. Oct. 19,'61, m. o. Aug. 14, 65, sergt. v. Campbell, W. H., e. Oct. •29,'61, m. o. Oct.31,'64. Cheuhall, Philip, e. Oct. 1,'Gl. died .Jan. 10,'62. Criss, W. IL, e. Sep. 27, "61, m. o. Oct. 31, "64. Dewev. A. S., e. Oct. l>i.'61, missing at Shiloh. Davisi', Benj., e. Oct. 20,'61, d. Feb. 11,'6'2. Erwin, Je.'^.se. e. Sept. 8, '61. Fields, G. H., e. Aug. 26,'61. Fisher, Jacob, e. Oct. 15, '61. Greathouse, Daniel, e. Sept. 11, '61. Hughes, T. H., e. Sept. 12,'61. HufFord, James, e. Sept. 12, '61, m. o. Aug. 14, '65, V. Hill, Solomon, e. Oct. 8,'61, d. .Tan. 28,'63, dis. Hartson, James, e. Oct. 18,'61. Hallibaugh, Wm., e. Oct. 19,'61, d. Jan. 28,'63, dis. Johnson, Thos., e. Oct. 22,'61. Jordan, Chas., e. Sept. 14,'61. Knight, .SamL, e. Oct. 11, '61, m. o. Aug. ]4,'65, Corpl. V. Laswell, James, e. Oct. S.'61. Michaels, F. A., e. Oct. 24, '61. Paden, E. F., e. Se])t. 27,'61, m. o. June 17. '65. Pallett, Geo., e. Sept. 12,'61, m. o. Oct. 31,'64. Parker, G. T., e. Sept. 11, '61. Ross, W. A., e. Oct. 22,'6]. Rodenbangh, L. N., e. Sept. 22,'61, died Nov. 16, '62, wnds. Sheaneman, John, e. Oct. 17, '61, m. o. Aug. 14, '65, Corpl. pris. Saville, Edward, e. Sept. 29. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 365 Shaw, Hiram, e. Oct. 19,'61, m. o. Aug. 14,'65. Sh:i\v, James, e. Oct. '25,'t)l. Sebree, Preston, e. Sept. 22. 'Gl. Shoup, A. D., e. Sapt. 22,'Gl. m. o. Aug. 14, '64. Smith, H irrisou, e. Sjpt. 22,'61, d. Jan. 28, dis. Shelleuberger, Wm., e. Aug. 19,'tJl. Twitchell, S. B., e. Aug. 2G,'(>1. Tliompsoa, S. L., e. Sept. 22,'Gl. Vice, (t. B., e. Sept. 22, '61, trans. V. R. C. White, T. J., e. O.'t. 8,'Gl, died Dec. 26,'61. Wilkie, J. W., e. Oct. y,'6]. Young, James, e. Oct. 1,'Gl. Yates, T. J., Oct. 18, 'Gl. COMPANY F. Qiptain. Vincent Brink, e. Oct. 3,'61, died Oct. 31, 'G3. Sergeant. H. M. Hiney, e. 03t. 4,'61, m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Corporals. Mason McCane, e. Oct. 4,'Gl. P. B. Ferguson, e. Oct. 4,'Gl, d. Jan. 2S,'63, dis. sergt. RichirJ Hmey, e. Oct. 4, '61, kid. Mav 22, '63. J. H. Beadles, e. Oct. 4,'Gl, d. Dec. G,'G2, dis. Privates. Bond, B. F.,e. Oct, 12, '61. Cjllier, Wm., e. Oct. 5,'Gl, m. o. Oct. 31, '64. Fugue, J. N., e. Oct. 8,'61, ra. o. Aug. 14,'G5, v. Lyaarger, L., e. O't. 3, '61. Liitz, A. B., e. On. 5,'61, died Dec.'62. McCaughey, J. W.. e. On. 3,'Gl, m. o. Oct.31,'G4. M_'Elr,)y, W., e. O -t. 3),'G1, d. Feb. 18, 'G3, dis. S uiders, F. S., e. Oct. 3,'Gl. Faiss, Saml., e. Oct. 12. '61, d. July 25, '65, dis. v. Bjve IS, Corydju, e. Njv. 26,'Gl. B. C. Swar.s, 1st Lieut. Co. K, e. Oct. 31, '61, res. Mar. 13, '62. COMPANY G. Captain. Peter Rjberts, e. Aug. 20,'61, m. o. Aug. 14,'65. Privates. Loucks, Delos, e. Oct. 4. '61. Gay, J. VV., e. Jan. 2,'61, m. o. Aug. 14,'65, sergt. wnds. 57tli INFANTRY. Prior, M. F., e. Dec. 16,'61, Co. I, 57th Inf. m. o. Dec. 24, '61. Wages, C. H., e. Dec. 16, '61, Co. I, 57th Inf, m. o. Julv 7, '65, corpl. Wages, Alfred, e. Dec 16, '61, Co. I, 57th Inf. m. o. July 7, '65, corpl. Bowley, David, e. Jan. 4,'62, Co. I, 57th Inf. Thomas, J. N., Sept. 17, '61, Co. K, 57th Inf. d. Sept. 14, '62, dis. Thorn, Michael, e. Sept. 28,'61, Co. K, 57th Inf. d. Sept. 14, '62, dis. 58tli INFANTRY. Shreve, J. A., sergt., Co. B, e. Feb. 24, '64, ra. o. June 24,'GG. Skinner. J. L., Co. C, e. Aug. 2,'64, m. o. April 1,'66. Castle, Diniel, Co. F, e. May 17,'65, m. o. Nov. 17,'66. Farris, Wm., Co. I, e. May 14, '65, m. o. Nov. 24, '66. Girdner, John, Co. I, e. Mav 25. '65. Morris, Wm., Co. I, e. May27,'G5. 59tli INFANTRY. Nichols, W. C, Co. A, e. July 17, '61, d. Dee. 4, '62, dis. FielUng, E., Co. C, e. Dec. 5,'63, kid. June 27/64. Herr, G. W., Co. C, e. Jan. 5,'64, m. o. Dec.8,'65. Melvin, T. J., Co. C, e. Dec. 5, "63, pro. com. sergt. Nels:)n, B. F., Co. C, e. Dec. 5,'63, m. o. Dec. 8, '65, sergt. Stier, G. R., Co. C, e. Dec. 5, '63, pro. 2nd lieut. eOth INFANTRY. Harrington, musician Co. E. e. Dec. 25,'61. Pierce, Jackson, Co. C, e. Dec. 25,'Gl, m. o. July 31, '65, V. Hess, W. R., Co. G, e. Mar. 24,'64, m. o. June 2!),'65. Maxwell, J. M., Co. G, e. Mar. 20,'G4, m. o. June 29, '65. McConnaday. I., Co. G, e. Mar. 30, '64, m.o. June 3, '65. 61st INFANTRY. Ball, Joseph J., prin. musician, e. Mar. 11, '62, m. o. Sept. 8, '65, V. Jaggers, Nathan, Co. B, e. Feb. 16,'62, m. o. Sep. 8, '65. Hibbard, C. M. Co. F, e. Mar. 24,'62, d. July 19, '62, wnds. Miller, Lacy, Co. F, e. Mar. 24, '62, died April 23, '62. Walters, J., Co. F, e. Mar. 24,'G2, m. o. Sept. 8, '65, corpl. Whealdon, N., Co. F, e. Mar. 24,'62, d. Oct. 2, '62, dis. Walters, James, Co, F, e. Mar. 24, '62. Winner, W. J., Co. F, e. Mar. 24, '62. COMPANY I. Captain. Henry S. Goodspeed, e. Feb. 1, '62, m. o. Mar. 24, '65. Privates. Kimball, Henry, e. Mar. 11, '62, m. o. Sept. 8, '65, V. Cunningham, A., e. Mar. 11, '62, m. o. Sept. 8, G5, V. Easley, Reese, e. Mar. 11,'62, m. o. Mar. 24,'65, wnds. France, John, e. Mar. 11, '62, m. o. Sept. §,'65. Harris, Isaac, e. Feb, 15,'62, died Oct. ]9,'(>1. Steeber, V., Co. A. 63d Inf. e. May 14, '64, m. o. July 13,'65. Childers, C. W., musician Co. K, 63d Inf. e. Dec. 1,'61, m. o. July 13,'6.5. Hendricks, J. M., prin". musician 64th Inf. e. Dec. 3], '63, m. o. July, 11, 'G5. Minge, Wesley, Co. D, Glih Inf. e. Nov, 1,'61, m. o. Dec. 24, '64, corpl. Hendricks, John, Co. D, &4th Inf. e. Feb. 21, '64, m. o. July 11, '65. Wheoles, T. F., Co. I, 64th Inf. e. Jan. 4,'64, m. o. June ]0,'65. Mills, S. W., Co. F, 66th Inf. c Mar. 18,'64, m. o. July 7,'65. 67th (Three Months) Infantry. H. G. Covkendall, Sergeant- Major, e. May 31, '62, pro. Capt. Co. D. 72d Inf. COMPANY F. Sergeant. Wm. H. Black, e. May 31, '62. ra. o. Oct. 6,'62. L. E. Trites, e. May 31, '62, m. o. Oct. G,'62. H. H. Downing, e. Mav 31, '62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. A. E. Plattenburg, e. May 31, '62, ra.o. Oct. 6,'62. A. J. Rounk, e. June 12,'G2, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Corporals. J. H. Rodenbaugh, e.May 31, '62, .n.o. Oct. 6,'62. L. F. Randolph, e. June 2,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. G. B. Vitturn, e. May 31, '62, ra. o. Oct. G,'G2. Amos Naylor, e. May 31, '62, ra. o. Oct. G,'62. Geo. Turner, e. June 4, '62, ra. o. Oct. 6, '62. Wm. Maxwell, e. May 31,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. 366 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Musician. A. F. Small, e. May 31, '62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Privates. Andrews, Harvey, e. June 4,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. porpl. Arnold, J. A., e. June 5,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Black, George, e. May 31, '02, m. o. Oct. 6,'G2. Berry, John, m. o. Oct. (5, '02. Barnes, Thos., e June 3,'02, m. o Oct. 6,'C2. Barker, Deriorn, e. June 3, '02, m. o. Oct. 0,'62. Bri.ster. W. H., e. June r),'02, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. Birch, Chas., e. June 4,'02, m. o. Oct. 6,'02. Bryant, \Vm., e. June 1,'62, ni. o. Oct. 0,'G2. Boman, J. H., June 3, '62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Bell. J. M., e. June 2,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'02. Bates, Edgar, e. June 4, '02, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Gather, Harvey, e. June 5, '62, m. o. Oct. 0,'62. Gaplinger, Chauncy, e. June 4,'02, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Carr, Joseph, e. June 1,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Goles, H. G., e. May 3,'62, m. o.Oct. G,'02. Devaughn, Kmanviel, e. June 5,'62, m. o. Oct. 6, '62. Donly, Franklin, e. May 31, '02, d. Jiine 24,'62, dis. Denuison, Isaac, e June 2, '62, ni. o. Oct. 6, '62. Eby, J. M.. e. June 2,'62. ni. o. Oct. 6,'62. Eads, Jo.«.>ph, e. June 2, '62, m. o. Oct. 6, '02. Eskridge, J. T., e. June 2,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Emry, J. H., e. June 3, '02, m. o. Oct. 6, '62. Ellis" Newton, e. June 2, '62, m. o. Oct. 6, '62. Filch, Asa, e. June 5, '62, m. o. Oct. 6, '62. Fox, iTanies, e. June 2, '62, in. o, Oct. 0,'62. Gibbons, Patrick, e. May 31, ni. o. Oct. 0,'02. Grim, William, June 3, '02, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. Hull", Burton, e. May 31, '62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62 Hughes, W. T., c. .Uine 4,'62, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. Heckard, Martin, c. June 3,'02, m. o. Oct. 6, '62. Harwick, James, e. June3,'02, ra. o. Oct. 0,'62. Jarnagan, John, c. June 2, '62, m. o. Oct. 6,'(i2. Knapp, J. D., e. June ."),'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Lockwood, John, June 3,'62, ni. o. Oct. 6, '62. Martin, James, e. May 31, '02, m. o. Oct. 0,'62. Mills, Joseph, e. June 2, '62, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. McAdams, 8. 1)., e. June 3, '62, ra. o. Oct. 6, '62. Newhall, Samuel, e. June 4, '62, m. o. Oct. 6, '62. Oatman, Jacob, e. June 2, '62, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. Phelps, S. S., e. June 1,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Proctor, Joseph, c. June 1,'62, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. Painter, J. G.. c. June 3, '02, m. o. Oct. 6, '62. Penny, John, e. June 3,1)2, ni. o. Oct. (),'62. Reeves, J. VV., e. June 1,'62, m. o. Oct. 0,'62. Roberts, Stephen, e. June 3, '62, m. o. Oct. 6, '02. Shraden, G. W., e. June 2, '02, m. o. Oct. 6,'02. Saville, Daniel, e. June 4, '02, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. Sweetser, Luke, e. May 30,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Tanquery, \V. P., e. June 4, '02, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. Turner, Albert, e. June 3,'02, m. o. Oct. 0,'02. Thomas, A. O., e. June 4,'e2, m. o. Oct. 6,'02. Varner, S. C., e. June 5, '02, m. o. Oct. fl,'02. Vulgamove, Wm., e. June 5, '62, m.o. Oct. f'>,'02. Wansel, Wm., e. June 1,'02, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Whiimore, Jacob, e. June 2, '02, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Wilcoxen, Wm., e. June 2,'02, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Williams, William. Weaver, William, e. June 2,'62, d. June 24,'62, dis. Warden, G. W., e. June 6,'62, m. o. Oct. 6,'62. Youngman, James, e.June 1,'62, m.o. Oct. 6, '02. Smith, J. A., Co. G, e. June 4,'62. m. o. Oct. 0,'62. Tlst (Three Months) Infantry. COMPANY 1>. Sergeant. Geo. Mahaffey, e. July 6, '62. Corporal. William Hunter, e. July 10,'62. Privates. Brunt, James, e. July 4, '62. Bush, Sampson, e. July 6,'62. Doran, John, e. July 5, '62. Davis, John, e. July 4, '02. Hempill, James, e. Julv 7,'62. Wilson, G. B., e. July 4,'e'2. 72d INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Chicago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board of Trade. Its tirst bills were put out for one company, calling itself the "Hancock Guards," on July 23,'62, and exactly one month after- wards the entire regiment was complete and mustered into service for three years. The very day of their muster they started for Cairo, arriving on the 24th. Their strength at that time was 37 ofHcers and 930 men. The 72d participated in many engagements during their three years' service in the field. At the battle of Franklin, Tenn., they fought witli commendable bravery, being in the hot- test of the fight from four in the afternoon till midnight, during all which time the battle raged witli terrific fury. In tliis tight the 72d lost nine officers and l.j2 men, who were either killed or severely wounded. COMPANY I. Captain. Abiier E. Barnes, e. Aug. 21, '62, pro. by presi- dent. First Lieutenant. Jacob Schank, e. Aug. 14, '62, res. Oct. 2y,'64. Second Lieutenant. E. .S. Gorham, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug. 7, '65. Sergeants. J. D. Mantania, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. May 31, '65, corpl. S. S. Havvken, e. Aug. 14,'62. Corporals. Asa Eagle, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. Nov. 5, '62. wnds. W. W. Thompson, e. Aug. 14, '62, died Mar. 17,'63. John Freeborn, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. for pro. Wm. Sparks, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug. 7, '65, sergt. Privates. Barber, J. S., e. Aug. 14, 'f>2, trans. Barnes, H. C, e. Aug. 14,'62, d. for pro. Bags, L. B., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug. 7,'6.'>. corpl. Brimstall, D., e. Aug. 14,'62, died April 22,'63. Cliew, Edward, e. Aug. 14, '62. Craiml)lelt, J., e. Aug. 14, '62. Flake, H. B., e. Aug. 14, '62. pro. corpl. Fuller, I. O., e. Aug. 14,'02, m. o. Aug. 7,'65, sergt. Gorham, E. S., e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. Aug. 7,'65, sergt. Hcrr, J. D., c. Aug. 14, '62, d. Sept. 7.'64. Hovt, Aln-aham, e. .Vug. 11, '02, kid, May 22,'63. Hai-land, J. M., e. Aug. 14. '02, m. o. Aug. 7,'65. Knott, J. M., e. Aug. 14, '02, m. o. Aug. 7, '05. Lucah, W. H., e. Aug. 14,'02, died Dec. 0,'64, wnds, corpl. Lecper, G. W., e. Aug. 14, '62, died May 27,'63of wnds. McBride, A. J., e. Aug. 14,'02, m. o. Aug. 7,'65. corpl. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY 367 McKeever, J. D., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. May 31, '65, corpl. Morris, W. H., e. Aug. 14, '62. m. o. Aug. 7, '65. Melviii, Eli, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug. 7, '65, corpl. Painter, H. H., e, Aug. 14,'62, m. o. Aug. 7, '65. Peterson, Robert, e. Aug. 14,'62, ra. o. Aug. 7, '65. Pool, Thomas, e. Aug. 14, "62. m. o. Aug. 7. '65, corpl. Sullivan, .T. H., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug. 7, '65. Throckmorton. Wm., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. May 24, '65. Thorp, L. R., e. Aug. 14, '62, d. April ;W,'65, wnds. corpl. Trulock, S. M., e. Aug. 14, '62, kid. Nov. :50,'64. Thomas, L. ¥.. e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug. 7, '65, sergt. White, James, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. Feb. 7, '6:3, dis. Vertrice, N. J., e. Jan. 5,'64, trans. 83rd INFANTRY. Keller, J. H., Co. C, e. Mar. 12,'64, m. o. Sept. 8, '65. Cook, John, Co. G. e. Aug. 11, '62, d. for pro. Harshberger, W. H., Co. G. e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 26,'65. Jones, E. R., Co. G, e. Aug. 9, '62, m. o. June 26, '65, corpl. Phillips P., Co. G, e. Aug. 0,'62, kid. April •29,'65. ■ Rice, Jesse, Co. G, e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. June 26,'65. Sehocklev, John, Co. G, e. Aug. 9, '62, m. o. June"26,'65. Thurman, J. M., Co. G, e. Aug. 10, '62, m. o. Jnn 26,'65. Moore, Wm., Co. G, e. Mar. 15. '64. Hendricks, J. J., Co. H, e. Aug. 12, '62, m. o. June 26, '65. Palmer, F. R., Co. H, e. Aug. 12,'62, died Nov. 25, '62. Shaflfer, R., Co. H, e. Mar.8,'65. Singleton, A. P., Co. H, e. Mar. 4, '65. Singleton, J. R., Co. H, e. Mar. 4, '65. Sturgeon, John, Co. H, e. Mar. 8, '65. THE 84th INANTRY was organized at Quincy in August, 1862, and left for Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23rd, 951 strong. The 84th was a fighting regiment from the first, and was engaged in the following battles: Stone River, Dec. 13, '62, Jan. 12 and 13, '63, loss 228 men; Woodbury, Jan. 17, '63; Chicamau- ga, Sept. 19 and 20, '63, loss 172 men; Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Ringold, Nov. 24, 25 and 26,'63, loss 9 men ; Dalton, Fel). 22,'64, loss 4 men. In the Atlanta campaign at Buzzard's Roost, May 10,'64; Dalton, May 13,'64; Resaca, May 14, '64; Burnt Hickory, May 26 to 31, and June 1, 2 and 3 ; Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna, Atlan- ta, Jonesboro and Lovejoy Station, loss in the campaign, 125 men; Franklin and Nashville, loss 20 men. Total casualties in battle, 558 men. From the 84th but oiie man was taken pris- oner ; but 10 men deserted ; only 1 man ever sent to military prison ; and but 4 tried by court martial. Lieutenant Colonel. Thomas Hamer, e. Sept. 1,'62, res. July 24, '63. Major. Caleb B. Cox, e. Sept. 1,'62, m. o. June S,'65. Quarta'master. James A. Russell, e. Sept. 1,'62, res. July 25, '63. First Assistant Surgeon. Frank W. Hunter, e. July 24,'62, res. Sept. 27, '64. Sergeant Major. J. B. Green, e. Aug. 5,'62, m. o. June 8,'65. COMPAXY A. First Lieutenant. Thos. G. Wisdom, e. Sept. 1,'62, d. Aug. 25, '63. Privates. Carnahan, Fielder, c. Aug. 2,'62, m. o. June S.'65. CO.AIPANY B. Captain. L. M. Scott, e. Sept. 1,'62, m. o. June 8,'65. First Lieutenant. Wm. M. Provine, e. July 30,'62, hon. d. May 15, '65. Second Lieutenants. -Emmor Dihvorth, e. Aug. 7,'62, res. Oct. 31, '63. W. A. Highland, e. July 2S,'62, ra. o. June 8, '65. Corporals. Edwin Knock, e. July 28, '62, missing at Chick- amauga. Robert A. Burns, e. Aug. 6,'62, died Juno 7,'63. A. S. Stanton, e. July 2s,'62, m. o. June S,'65, sergt. W. J. Moore, e. Aug. 4,'62, d. Mar. 27,'63, dis. Amos Knock, e. Aug, 6,'62, died Oct. 11, '64, wnds. sergt. Privates. Atherton, David, e. July 2S,'62, m.o. June8,'65. Bartholomew, L., e. July 20, '62, trans. V. R. C. wnd. Boyd, J. E., e. July 31, '62, died Andersonville pris. June 15,'64, No. of grave 1,471. Beans, Amos, e. Aug. 2, '62, m. o. June 8, '65. Bishop, Daniel, e. Aug. 2,'62, d. Mar. 11, '63, dis. Bartholomew, A., e. Aug. 4, '62, kid. at Chicka- maugii. Battin. (.;. ^^'., e. Aug. 7,'62, trans. V. R. C. Cramlet, Jesse, e. July 28, '62. m. o. June 8,'65. ('adwalder, Jesse, e. July 28, '62, died Dec. 7, '62. Cope, W. v., e. July 2S,'62, m. o. June 8, '65. Dilworthy, H. \V., e. Aug. 7,'62. d. Dec. 5,'62. dis. Dobbins, W. A., e. July 29,'62. died May28,'64. wds. Ea.sley, Mark, e. July 28,'62. m. o. June 8,'65. Corpl. Easley, D. L., e. July 28,'62. m. o. June 8,'66. Faucher, L., e. July 28, '62. wnd. 4 times. Franklin, Benj., e. July28,'62. trans. V. R. C. wnd. Farquhar, I. W., e. Julv 2S,'62. m. o. June 8, '65. Sergt. Greenell, 1. W., e. July 28,'62. d. Mar. 24,'63. wnds. Hughes, Da^-id, e. July28,'62. trans, to V. R. C. Hughes, I. M., e. July 28,'62. d. Jan, 22,'63. dis. Hasty, William, e. July 28.'62. e. Jan. 24, '63. wnds. Hall, Francis, e. July 31, '62. m. o. JuneS,'65. wnds. Harland, W. V., e. Julv:30,'62. trans, to P. C. Hickle, G. W., e. Aug. 4, '62. trans, to V. R. C. Hodyis, Wm., e. Aug. 7, '62. m. o. Jtine 8, '65. Harland, Monroe, e. Aug. 7, '62. kid. Oct. 11, '63. Ilillger, Thos., e. July 28,'62. trans. V. R. C. Johnson, H. A., e. July 28,'62. captured Dec. 31, '62. Knock, Daniel, e. Julv 25,'62. died Oct. 1,'62. Kinsey, W. A., e. July 24,'62. d. Apl. 27,'6:5. dis. Koons, A. J., e. Julv 7,'62. d. Dec. 20,'63. dis. Miner, J. W. e. July 29,'62. kid. Dec. 31, '62. 368 HISTOEY OF FULTOX COUNTY. Miller, J. H., e. Aug. 5,'62. m. o. July 9,'65. Miller, G., e. Aug. »,'G2. died Dec. 7, '64. Prati. II. v., e. July ii8,'62. m. o. June 8, '65. Parks, Joseph, e. July 2«,'62. Russell, Dilworth, e." Aug. 7,'62. m. o. June 8, '65. Corpl. Swinkins, Francis, e. July 28,'62. d. Dec. 13,'C4, wnds. Shaddock, Robert, e. Aug. 1,'62. died Jan. 10, '63. wuds. Walters, W. A., e. July 29,'62. d. Aug. 10,'63. dis. Wildman, A. G., e. Aug. 4,'62. kid. at Stone River. Websier, Monroe, e. Aug. 7, '62. died Feb. 5, '63. Y(jst, Samuel, e, Aug. 7, '62. died Nov. 3,'62. Zoll, Carothers, e. July 23, '62. d. Oct. 20, '64. wnds. Sergt. Zinc, J. F., e. July 28,'62. d. Apl. 11, '63. dis. Nance, H. H., m. o. May 26, '65. COMPANY F. Captaim. Joseph Nelson, e. Sep. 1.'62. res. Dec. 15,'63. R. D. Dilworth, e. Aug. 7, '62. m. o. June 8. '65. First Lienteiiant. F. W. Ross, e. Aug. 7, '62. m. o. June 8, '65. iSergeants. J. M. Moore, e. Aug. 7, '62. trans, to V. R. C. Stephen Bogue, e. Aug. 7, '62. d. Jan. 8, '62. dis. Corporals. D. W. Litchfield, e. Aug. 7, '62. died Jan. 11, '63. wnds. R. M. Miller, e. Aug. 7,'62. d. Dec. 10,'63. wnds. Win. Nelson, e. Aug. 8,'62. d, F'eb. 14, '63. wnds. Wni. Walker, e. Aug. 8,'62. kid. at Stone River. Privates. Adams, J. F., e. Aug. 7, '62. kid. at Chicka- maugd. Beers, Jauez, e. Aug. 7, '62. d. Mar. 4, '63. dis. Brown, Win, e. Aug. 11, '62. died Jan. 5. '63. Bayer, J. B., e. Aug. 7, '62. trans. Brigade oand. Brown, Thos., e. Aug. y,'62. d. June 7, '63. dis. Crater, F. M., e. Aug. y,'62. Clark, John, e. Aug. y,'62. m. o. June 8, '65. wnds. Deobler, T. H., e. Jiilv 28, '62. Durell, F. VV., e. Aug. 22,'62. d. Apl. 14,'63. dis. Dewiit, Solomon, e. Aug. 7, '62. m. o. June 8, '65. France, B. H., e. Aug. 7,'62, m. o. June 8,'05, wnds. Foster, N. T., e. Aug. 8,'62, m. o. June 8,'65. Corpl. Forquer, Wm., e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 8, '65. Glympse, Eli, e. Aug. 8, '62, kid. at Chicka- luauga. Gritiiu, Lewis, e. Aug. 13,'62, d. Mar. 17, '63, dis. Kirkuride, John, e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 8, '65. Kinnie, E. E., e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 8, '65. Kinsey, J. R., e. Aug. 7, '62, d. Feb. 9,'63, dis. Koonts, .r.is., e. Aug. 7, '62. Knock, W. A., e. Aug, 9, '62, ra. o. June8,'65. Kirkbride, Wesley, e. Aug. 22, '62, trans. Brig. band. Lowe, B. F., e. Aug. 7,'62. Litchfield, Durant, e. Aug. 7, .62, m. o. June 8, '6.5. Morgan, J. H., e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 8,'6.5. Moore, John, e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 8, '65, wnd. Menteer, J. V.,e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 8, '65, sergt. McHenry, John, e. Aug. 7, '62, died Dec. 2,'62. Morrison, J. A., e. Aug. 8, '62, trans. V. R. C. Moore, Edward, e. Aug. 2,'62, d. Oct. 15,'62. Martin, A. G. e. Aug. 9,'62. Nunamaker, J. W., e. Aug. 7, '62, died Sept. 23, .64. Nebergall, B. P., e. Aug. 10,'62, m. o. June 8,'65. Porter, A. K., e. Aug. 7, '62, trans, to marine service. Porter, E, F., e. Aug. 7, '62. Purnell, Joseph, e. Aug. 7,62, d. Ap. 16,'63, dis. Pollock, H. C..e. July 20,'62, died Feb. 27,'64. Parish, Asburv, e. Aug. 9, '62. Reese, Jacob, e. Aug. 4, '62, diad Feb. 6,'63. Benner, Ephraim, e. Aug. 9,'G2, m. o. June 8, '65, serg. Bowland, T. R., e. Aug. 9,'62, died Aug. 17,'63. Sexton, James, c. Aug. 7, '62, d. Mar. 4, '63, dis. Shafler, L. J., e. Aug. 7. '62, died Dec. 10, '62. bh.iw, Wm., e. Aug. 7, '62, missing at Stone River. Thomas, W. A., e. Ang. 7,'62, m. o. June 8,'65. Walker, Amos, e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 8,'65. Hoopis, Ellis, unassigned recruit. 85tli INFANTRY. The 85th was organized at Peoria in August, '62, by Col. Robert S. Moore, and mustered in- to service Aug. 27, '62. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., Sept. 6,'62, as.signed to Thirty-Sixth Brigade, Eleventh Division, Tljird Army C;orps, Col. D. McCook commanding Brigade, Gen. Sheridan commanding Division, aud Gen. Gilbert commanding Corps. The 85th marched in pursuit of the enemy under Gen. Bragg, Oct. 1,'62, was engaged in the battle of Champion Hill, at Pe^r^'^■ille, Kentucky, Oct. 8, and moved with the army to Nashville, Tenn., arriving Nov. 7, '62. Regiment mustered out June 5, '65, at Wash- ington, D. C, and arrived at Camp Butler, 111., June 11, "65, where they received their final dis- charge. Major. S. P. Cummings, e. Aug. 27, '62, res. April 6, '63. Quartermaster. W. H. Evans, com. Jan. 14,'64, m. o. June 5,'65. COMPANY G. Captain. Wm. McClelland, e. Aug. 27,'62, res. Dec. 21,'62. First Lieutenants. LaFayette Curless, e. Aug. 27,'62, res. Nov. 12,'62. J. M. Robertson, e. Aug. 27, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. Sergeants. Lewis Post, e. Aug. 11, '62, trans. V. R. C. Irving Shannon, e. Aug. 11, kid. June 27, '64. McDonald Cox, e. Aug. 11, '62. L. D. Gould, e. Aug. 11, '62, died Nov. 1'64. Corporals. Wm. Roe, c. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 5, '65, sergt Henry Aten, e. Aug, 11, '62, m. o. June 5, '65, 1st sergt. W. F. Brvant, e. Aug. 11, '62. J F. Keiinedv, e. Aug. 11, '62. trans. V. R. C. Elias Wheeler, e. Aug. 11, '62, d. Aug. 31,'63, dis. Thos. Harlon, e. Ang. 11, '62. m. o. June 5,'65, sergt. Perry Adkinson, e. .\ug. 11, '62. Jackson Smith, e. Aug. 11, '62. Musician. Samuel Simmers, e. Aug. 11, '62. ^l/i.-O'/TT^ Ji3^fe^^>'^ CASS TP. 't'5' ? '"* i -u,>;s ^IS: :^^.d. BERNADOTTE ^ h '.--T^Uj^I/ WOODLAND ^ -// idi^ny ^10^/2^iC€^ Qf THE X HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 371 Wagoner. (Jeo. Cooper, e. Aug. 11,'62. Privates. AtwaLer, M. L., e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June .'),'65. Atwater, Win., e. Aug. 12, '62, d. Mar 1,'tio dis. Aten, .Jdhu, e. Aug. 12, '62, m. o. Juue 5, '6.'). Brown, Perry, e. Aug. 12, '62, m. o. June 5, '6.'). Brown, Thos., e. Aug. 12, '62, m. o. June 5, '6.'). Bu.shnell, A. P., e. Aug. 12,'62, ni. o. June '),'K\ Brewer, Aaron, e. Aug. 12,'62, died June 22,'64. Bovd, Wm., e. Aug. 12,'62, died Feb. 12,'6.".. Castor, S. L., e. Aug 12,'62, m. o. June5,'65. (Xirless, John, e. Aug. 12, '62, m. o. June 5, '65, eorpl. Curless, L. D., e. Aug. 12, '62, m. o. June 5, '6.'). Clupper, P. W., e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 5, '6.5, corpl. Dodge, John, e. Aug. 12. '6.5, m. o. June 5, '65. Douglass. J. W., e. Aug. 12, '62, trans. V. R. C. Kdiiionds, B. F., e. Aug. 12,'62. Faw.sett, Michael, e. Aug. 12,'62, died Apl.5'6;i. Faw.sett, Levi, e. Aug. 12,'62, d. Jan. l.'i;:i, ills. Holt, Solomon, e. Aug. 16,'62. ni. o. June5,'65. Hays, Daniel, e. Aug. 16,'62. died Dec. 1,'62. Hagan, J. B., e. Aug. 16, '62, died Jan 28,'6:!. Hensley, J. W., e. Aug. 16,'62. Jones, J. M., e. Aug. 16,62, m. o. June 5, '65. Kelly, Wni., e. Aug. 16,'62, d Julv liS,'6:!. Kelly, Josiah, e. Aug. 16,62, d. July 21), '68, dis. King, D. M., e. Aug." 16, '62, d. Apr.' l,'6;i. dis. Line, D. T., e. Aug. 16, '62. Longfellow, D. G.,e. Aug. 16,'62.kld June 27,'64. Lamperell, Chas.,e. Aug. 16, '62, m.o. June 5, '65. Lafarie, Henrv, e. Aug. 16, '62, m.o. June 5, '65. Latourett, H. A., e. Aug. 16,'62. Levingston, Jno, e. Aug. 16, '62, m.o. June 5. '65. Levingston, T. A., e.Aug. 16,'62,d.Oct.l,'62,dis. MeCi-nib, A.,e. Aug. 16, '62, m.o. June 5, '65. MeCay, John, e. Aug. 16, '62. Meek," (i. W., e. Aug, 16,'62. d. June 15,'63, dis. McKee, F. M., e. Aug 16,'62, m.o. June 5. '65. :Monroe, Biraui, e. Aug. 1(),'62. O'Danuel, Thos., e. Aug. 16. '62. Prentice, Wm., e. Aug. 16. '62, m.o. .lune 5,'65. Prentice, Berry, e. Aug. 16, '62, kid. at Ken. Mt. Parr, J. N., c. Aug. 16, '62, m.o. June 5, '65. Plunk, Marion, e. Aug. 16. '62, m.o. June 10,'65. Parker, N. B., e Au6. 16.'62, m.o. June 5, '65. Powell, Geo., e. Aug. 16,'62, trans, to V.R.C. Reeves, Peter, e. Aug. 16,'62, missing at Kene- saw Mt. Heed. (i. W., e. Aug. 16,'62, m.o. June 5,'65. Smith, L. C, e. Aug. 16,'62, d. .Vpril 1,'63, dis. Snodgrass, J. H., e. Aug, 16, '62, kid atKenesaw. Shargo, G. W., e. Aug. 16,'62. d. Oct. 1,'62, dis. Stephens6n, J. N.,e. Aug. 16, '62, m.o. .Fune 5,'65. Severns, Marion, e. Aug. 16, '62, kid. at Kene- saw Mt. Still, Solomon, e. Aug. 16,'62, trans. V-K.C. Still, Sam'l, e. Au6. 16,'62, died Dec. 5, '62. Still, Robt., e. Aug. 16,'62, d. April l,'6;i, di.s. Shields, James, e. .A.ug. 16, '62, kid. at Kenesaw. SncKlgrass, J. W. e. Aug. 16,'62, di'jd Oct. S,'68. Seymour, Louis, e. Aug. 16, '62, trans, to Eug. C. Shores, John, e. Aug. 16, '62, kid. at Kene.saw. Smith, Wm., e. Aug. 16, '62, ni. o. June 5,'("i5, sergt. Thomas, Aaron, e. Aug. 16, '62, trans, to V.R.C. Thomas, David, e. Aug. 16,'62, m. o. June 5, '65. Tavlor, David, e. Aug. 16, '62, m.o. June 5, '65. Taie, T. J., e. Aug. 16,'62. Thompson, Jno., e. Aug. 16,'62, m.o. June 5,'(')5. Workman, Geo., e. Aug. 16, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. Wheeler, Thomas, e. Aug. 16,'62, d. Oct. :«). '62. dis. Wright, L. P., e. Aug. 16, '62, m. o. June 5, '65., sergt. Woodruff, J. H., e. Aug. 16,'62. COMPANY H. Captains. Nathaniel McClelland, e. Aug. 27, '02, res. Nov. 12,'6'2. 23 David Maxwell, e. July 31, '02, res. May 14, '03. J. T. McNeil, e. July 31, '62, res. Aug. 29,'C)4. I. A. Mardis, e. July31,'62, m. o. June .5,'65. First Lieutenants. Luke Elliott, e. Aug. 27,'62, res. Nov. 21,'62. A. J. Horton, e. Aug. 6, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. Second Lieutenants. Wm. Cohren, e. Aug. 27,'62, res. Nov. 12,'62. W. M. Shields, e. July 31, '62, res. Feb. 16,'63. Sergeants. S. B. Palmer, e. July 3, '62, m. o. June 5, '66. Kli Shields, e. Aug. 6,'62, kid, June •27,'64. Amos Kinza, e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. June 5, '65. Corjjorals. J. T. Zinuuerman, e. Aug. 6,'62, m.o. June 17,'65. G. H. Wetzel, e. July 3),'62,m.o. June5,'6.5. .\nders(in Jennings, e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 7, '65, serg. II. Shields, e. Julv 31, '62, m. o. June 5,'65, sergt. Franklin Shellev, e. July 31,'62,d. Mar.9,'6.5, dis. D. S. Shank, e. Aug. 6,'6'2. • J. W. Swann, e. Julv 31, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. E. J. Elliott, e. July 31. '62, kid. June 27, '64. ifii.'iiciaiis. II. H. Willson, e. Aug. 5, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. M. K. Dob.son, e. July 31, '62, m. o. June.5,'6.5. Wagoner. Benj. Bolen, e. July 31, '62, d. Jan. 2'.).'63, dis. Priratai. Barnes, G. W., e. Aug. 6,'tl2, d. Jan. 2',),'63, dis. Branson, C. R., e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. .Tune 5, '65. Bloomhcld, II., e. Aug. 6,'62, died Feb. 11, '63. Barnes, J. A., e. A>ig. 6, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. Cunninghitm, John, e. July 5,'62, died at Bow- ling Green, Kv. Crable, Joseph. e.July 31,'62, d. Feb. 3,'63, dis. Cunningham. Wm., e. July 31, '62, died at Bow- ling ( ireen. Ky. Coope, Abraham, e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. June 5, '65, sergt. Collins, Wm., e. Aug. 6,'62, d. Dec. 20,'64, wds. Duncan. Chas.,e. Aug. 15, '62, m. o. June 5, '65, corpl. Davis, Joseph, e. July 31, '62. Dutton, Daniel, e. Julv 31, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. Dial, Lewis, e. Aug. 6,'62, d. Feb. 20,'65. Elgin, W. F., e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. Engle, T.B.,e. /uly 31,'62, ni.o.June4,'65,corp'l. Fi'uton, J. D., e. Aug. 4, '62, m. o. June 5,'6.5, Freitley, W. H., e Aug. 6, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. Iludnall, Wm., e. July 31, '62 m. o. June 5, '65. Henderson, S. I)., e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5, '65, sergt. Horton, J. B., e. July 31,'62, d. June 19,'63,dis. Horton, Marion, e. Aug. 6, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. Hughes, C. A., Aug. 6, '62, died June 20,'64. Ilughey, J T., e. Aug. 6,'62, trans. toV.R,C. Heaton', Simon, e. Aug. 0,'62, kid. Nov. 2'.t,'64. Horn, Jacob, e. Aug. 6.'62, trans, to V.R.C. Hudnall, Wesley, e. Aug. 6, '62, m.o. June 5, '65. Jameson, James, e. Julv 31, '()2, d. FeV). 3,'63, dis. Johnson, H. J. e. Aug. 5,'62, ni. o. June 17,'65. Jellison, Benj., e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. Kingery, J. F., e. July 31, '62, sick at m. o. Lane. Richard, e. July 31,'<)2, sick at m. o. Lovell, Henry, e. July 31, '62. d. Feb. 3,'63, dis. Myers, Solomon, e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. MeClaren, W. H., e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5, '65, sergt. MeClaren, .(. W., e.July 31, '62, m. o. June5,'65. Newberry, Geo., m. o. June 5,'65. Osborn, Wm., e. Aug. 5, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. Palmer, Joel, e. Julv 31, '62, d. .Ian. 10,'63, dis. Powell, J. R., e. July 31, '62, m. o. Aug. 12,'65. Parker, M. V., e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. Plank, M. V., e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. Rodgers, Michael, e. Julv 31, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. 372 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Sears, L. J., e. July 31, '62, June 5,'65. Sears, Lemuel, e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. Swisher, H. C, e. 3ulv31,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. Shields, J. B., e. Aug. 6,'62, sicliat m. o. Shields, Wm., e. Aug. 6, 62, m. o. June 5,'65, corpl. Shrier, F. M., e. July 31, '61. Severus, Wm., e. Aug. 6, '62, m. o. June .5, '65. Severns, Eli, e. Aug. 6, '63, d. Mar. 20. '65. dis. Snodgrass, Robt.. e. Aug. 4,'62, m.o. June5,'65. Salsburj', James, e. Aug. 4, '62, trans, to Eng. C. Shaw, Geo. W.. e. Aug. 6. '62, died at Nashville. Shields, B. F., e. July 31, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. Shanon, Nathan, e. Aug. 6,'62, d. May. 9,'63, dis. Thompson, J. A., e. Aug. 6,'62, died of wnds. July 7,'64. Thompson, Samuel, e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. [June 5,'65, corpl. Turner, C. C, e. Aug. 6, '62. Thosio, John, e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. July 22,'65. was pris. Toler, J. T., e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. June5,'65. Wheeler, Arden, e. Aug. 6, '62, m. o. June5,'65. Worlev, Daniel, e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. June 5,'6.5. Zellers, F., e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. June 17,'65, was pris. C03IPA>fY I. Captain. W. H. Marble, e. Aug. 27,'62, res. April 9,'63. Second Lieutenant. Hugh McHugh, e. Aug. 27,'62, res, Feb. 9,'63. Sergeants. A. A. Cameron, e. Aug. 27,"62. trans. Eng. C. L. V. Tarter, e. Aug. 27,'62. d. July 31, '64. John Rennau. e. Aug. 27,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. Robt. MuUican, e. Aug. 27,'62, m.o. June 5,'65, sergt. Corporals. Jeremiah Cockley, e. Aug. 27,'62, d. at Nash- ^•ille. Tenn. J. W. Belless, e. Aug. 27,'62, m. o. une 5,'65. William Landon, e. Aug. 27,'62, m. o. June 5, '65. L. Collins, e. Aug. 27,'62. trans. Eng. C. sergt. James Moslander, e. Aug. 27, '62, m. o. June 5, '65, sergt. Ezariah Thomas. Chas. Mathews, e. Aug. 1,'C2. m. o. .June 5,'65. Milo Butler, e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5,^65. Musician. Wm. MeCaustland, e. Aug. 1, '62, d. Feb. —,'63. Wagoner. Edmund Curless, e. Aug. 1,'62, pro. 1st Lieut. Privates. Amsden, Lincoln, e. Aug. 1,'62. Belless, Wm., e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. Cakley, John, e. Aug. 1,'62, died Jan. 18,'63. Frazef, Thomas, e. Aug. 1,'62, died Jan. 1,'63. Fatchcraft, Henry, e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. Gilson, Sanford, e. Aug. 1,'62, d. Mar. —,'63. Gray, Vison, e. Aug. 1,'62, d. alNash\ille. Graham, W. A., e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5,'65, corpl. Horton, Isaac, e. Aug. 1, '62, d. Oct. — , 62. Hughes, X. P., e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5,'65, sergt. Hughes, Wm., e. Aug. 1,'62, died Nov. —,'62. Hall, Josiah, e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 19,'65, pris. Holmes, J. R., e. Aug. 1,'62, trans. V. R. C. Keller, Sylvester, e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5, '65. Lapole, John, e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5, '65. Lovell, Wm., e. Aug. 1,'62. Minnes, Wm., e. Aug. 1,'62, d. at Louis\llle, Ky. Markel, Solomon, e. Aug.1,'62, m. o. June5,'65, corpl. Moore, J. E., e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. McCroskev, E., e. Aug. 1,'62, died Dec. —,'62. Phillips, W. H., e. Aug. 1,'62, trans. V. R. C. Richardson, Isaac, e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5, '65, corpl. Royes, T. J., e. Aug. 1,'62, d. Oct. —,'62. Statts, T. J., e. Aug. 1,'62. Sanders, Geo., e. Aug. 1,'62. Smith, W. H., e. Aug. 1,'62. Tyra, Geo., e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. Trayes, John, e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5, '65, corpl. Trapp, Oliver, e. Aug. 1,'62, d. Feb. 9,'63. Walker, Austin, e. Aug. 1,'62, kid. at Kenesaw Mountain. Wilkes, Lemuel, e. Aug. 1,'62, m. o. June 5, '65, sergt. Winchel, Albert, e. Aug. 1,61, d. Aug. 3,'63. Markley, Wm., d. Oct. —,'62. Menuef, John, e. Feb. 8,'64. Moore, J. H., Jan. 5,'64, d. Mar. 13,'65. Moore, Ellis, e. Jan. 5, '61, ab. at m.o. of regt. Dewey, I. B., Co. D, 86th Inf. e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 6,'65. 89tli INFANTRY. COMPANY A. Coi-poral. S. Alden, e. Aug. 5, '62. Privates. Buck, Jacob, e. July 31, '62. Baughman, David, e. Aug. 1,'62, kid. May 27,'64. Coleman, A., e. Aug. 5,'62, d. Mayl6,'63, dis. Hebb, .Saml., c. Aug. 4, '62, m. o. June 19,'65, corpl. Kunkle, I. H., e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. Junel0,'65. Rowley, Reuben, e. July 31, '62, d. Sept. 16,'63, dis. Sterling, Henrv, e. Aug. 7, "62, kid. Sept. 19,'63. Thomas, D. M., e. Aug. 1,'62, died Mar. 12,'63. Tavlor. Thomas, e. Aug. 11, "62, m. o. June 10, '65. THE 96tli INFANTRY Was organized at Rockford in August, '62, by Col. T. E. Champion, and mustered in Sept. 6. Oct. 8, it moved to Newport, Ky. ; on the 29th moved to Lexington and Harrodsburg, where it remained four weeks, and thence removed to Danville, where it arrived Nov. 28. The regiment was mustered out June 10, '65, at Cam}i Harker, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago June 14,'65, where it received final pay and discharge. t'03IPANY B. Captains. David Salisburj-, e. Sept. 6, '62, res. Feb. 17, '63. A. B. Whitnev, e. Sept. 6,'62. res. Jan. 8,'64. E. J.Gilmore, e. Aug. 9,'62, kid. June 25,'64. G. H. Burnett, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 10,'65_ First Lieutenant. A. A. Bangs, e. Sept. 5,'62, m. o. June 10,'65. Sergeant. O. Ferrand, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 8, '65. Corporals. J. D. Fulsom, e. Aug. 9,'62. S. H. Lindsey, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. May 10, '65, sergt. Arthur Cook, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. Mav 10,'65, sgt. Willard Whitney, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. May 10,'65. Privates. Burnett, Jerome, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. May 10, '65, corpl. HISTORY OF FUI.TOX COUMTY. .173 Butler, Isaac, e. Aug. 9, '62, m. o. May 10,'6o. Bangs, G. A., e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. May 10,'r.5. Barron, Orvill, e. Aug. 9, '(52, iii. o. May 10, '(i5. Brown, ,Tanies, e. Aug. 9, '62. died Jan. 2.^,'6:^. Beck, J. A., e. Aug. 9, '02, m. o. June 10, '6.5. Brogar, Henry, e. Aug. 9,'62, d. April 10, '63, dis. Carl, 'VVm., e. Aug. 9,'G2, trans fo V.R.C. Collins, Alfred, e. Aug. 9,'62, died Jan. 28,'6:i. Cleveland, M. H., e. Aug. 9, '62, m. o. June 10, '65, cori)l. Cleveland, E. T., e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. May 13,'65. Collins, LaFavette, e. Aug. 9, '62. Cooper, (t. J., e. Aug. 9,'62, died Nov. 18,'63. Dombiski, Henrv, e.Aug. 9,'62,m.o. June 10, '65. De Voe, I. W., e." Aug. 9,'62, trans, to V.R.C. Edwards, Alfred, e. Aug. 9,'62, trans, to V.R.C. Fisher, Whitman. e.Aug.9,'62,d.Mar.l9,'63,dis. Fuller, Wni., e. Aug.'9,'62, m. o. June 10,'65. Gillmore, M.,e. Aug. 9, '62, d. Jan. 5, '65, dis. Hendee, G. E., e. Aug. 9, '62, m. o. Mav 13, '65. Hoagstraat, H., e. Aug. 9,'62, kid. May 14,'64. Litwiler, James, e. Aug. 9, '62, kid. May 14,'(il. O'Connell, James, e. Aug. 9,'62, died Aug. 24,(53. Potter, Edwin, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 10, '65. Rich, Esau, e. Aug. 9,'62, kid. Nov. 24, 63. Washburn. John, e. Aug. 9, '62, kid. Dec. 16, '64. Young, James, e. Aug. 9, '(52, d. June 16,'63, dis. Fidler, John, Co. C, e. Aug. 15,'62, kid. Sept. 20, '63. McCreadie, Wm., Co. C, e. Aug. 15. '62, died at Andersonville pris.. June 4, '64. Savage, Jerrv, Co. C,, e. Aug. 1,'(52, trans, to V. R. C. COMPANY I>. Carpenter, G. W., e. Aug. 6,'62, m, o. June 10, 65. Hankins, C. S., e. Aug. 11, '62, ni. o. June 10,'65. Peppard, Chas., e. Aiig. 12, '62, m. o. June 10, '65, sergt. Ricks, Edw., e. Aug. 7,'62, m. o. June 10,'65, corpl. Sells, W. D., e. Aug. 2,'62, died July 30,'63. Thaver, Eli, e. Aug. 13, '62, missing in action. Drurv, W. E., Co. G., e. Aug. 11, '62, d. Mav 22, '(53, dis. (ray, Henrv, Co. G., e. Aug. 7, '(54, m. o. Juuf 16,'65, corpl. Hill, James, Co. F., 102d, e. Jan. 4. '64. Olson, Peter,'Co. I., 102d, c. Dec. 15,'63. THE 103d INFAKTRY Was ograiuz<>d in August, '62, and mustered in Oct. 2. The 103d was exclusively a Fulton county regiment, having been raised entirely in this county. The regiment received orders Oct. 30 to move to Cairo, and thence to Columbus, Jackson and Bolivar, -where it was assigned, Nov. 2, to First Brigade, Fourth Division, Thirteenth Corps. The regiment was engaged in sundry marches and reconnoissances, from Jackson and Bolivar, during November and December, 1862. On the 9th of November it engaged the enemy near Coldwater, Miss., driving him, killing 15 and capturing 70 pris- oners. Oft the 28th of November went on a campaign to Tallahatchie river, where they met a strong force of the enemy and drove them from their position. On the .30th of December went into winter quarters at Jack- son. The 103d took part in the battle of Resaca, Ga., where they sustained quite a heavy loss, and among the brave men who fell there was the gallant Col. Willard A. Dickerman, who gave up his life May 28, '64. The regiment was mustered out June 21, '65 at Louisville, Ky.. and proceeded to Chicago, where, June 24, '65, it received final payment and discharge. Colonels. Amos C. Babcock, e. Oct. 2,'(52, res. Oct. 18,'62. W. A. Dickerman, e. Oct. Is,'(i2, kid. at Resaca, Ga., Mav 28, '64. G. W. Wright, e. Oct. 18,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Lieutenant Colonels. Asias Willison, e. Oct. 18,'62, res. Jan. 8,'65. Charles Willis, e. Oct. 2,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Adjutants. S. S. Tipton, e. Aug. 2, '62, res. June 19, '63. A. E. Waystafr, e. Aug. 6, '62. F. B. Lermond, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Quaiiermaster. William Miller, e. Oct. 18,'62. m. o. May ]5,'65. II. S. Ingersoll, e. Aug. 11, '(52, m. o. June 21, '65, Surgeon. Richard Morris, e. Nov. 15, '62, ni. o. June 21, "(55. First Assistq,nt Surgeon. S. S. Buck, e. Oct. 2,'62,m. o. June 21, '(55. Second A.msiant Surgeon. J. W. VanBrunt. e. Oct. 3,'(52, m. o. June 21, '65. Chajdain. W. S. Peterson, e. Oct. 2,'62. Sergeant Major. S. R. Quigley, e. Aug. 11, '62, ni. o. June 21, '65. Quartermaster Sergeant. Wilson Fisher, e. Aug. 11, '(52, m. o. June 21, '65. Commissary Sergeant. George Stipp, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Hospital Steward. H. J. Miffin, e. Aug. 22, '62, d. June 8, '63. John Hughes, e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Principal Musicians. C. E. Payne, e. Aug. 14,'62, died July, 20,'63. H. E. Schaefer, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. .rune21,'65. E. A. ParAin, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. COMPANY A. Captain. W. W. Bishop, e. Oct. 18,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. First Lieutenant. I. W. Worley, e. Oct. 18,'62, res. Jan. 15,'65. Second Lieutenant. Howard Willison, e. Oct. 18,'62. First Sergeant. Wm. M. Standard, e. Aug. 9,'62, pro. 1st Lieut. Sergeants. John Milburu, e. Aug. 9.'62, kid. Nov. 25,'63. Alonzo M. Cole, e. Aug. 14, '62, ab. at m. o. of regt. Sidney R. Quigley, e. Aug.11,'62, pro. serg. maj. Henry C. Black, e. Aug. 7, '62, d. Mar. 17,'63,dis. Corporals. John Thompson, e. Aug. 9,'62, kid. Nov. 2.5,'63. Robt. B. Evans, jr., e. Aug. 7,'62, m. o. June 29, '65, 1st Sergt. John A. Chambers, e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, Sergt. W. C. Staten, e. Aug. 3,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. C. W. Fluke, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Perry Morauville, e. Aug. 11, '62, died Oct. 30, '63. Andrew Barrett, e. Aug. 8,'62, d. Nov. 5,'63,dis. Alexander Morauville, e. Aug. 9, '62, m. o. June, '21, '65. a74 HISTORY OF FUI/roX COUNTY, Musicians. <;. R. Jordan, e. Aug. 14,'62, d. Mar. 29,'(;a, dis. T. J. Piersol, e. Aug. 22,'6J, m. o. Mar. 10,'r,3. Wagoner. William Weaver, e. Aug. 22, '62. Privntpji. Aruett, J. N., e. Aug. 11,'&2, m. o. .luue 21. 'H."!. Anderson, John A., e. Aug. 22,'G2, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Alshurv, Levi, e. Aug. 22,'62. m. o. June 29.'Go. Barnhill, Wm. B., e. Aug. 8,'62, d. June 26,'6:^, for pro. Beezlev, Paul, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 21, Hw. Beezlev, John M., e. Aug. 9,"62, died Sep. 10, '63. Bechelshymer, Hezekiah, e. Aug. 9,'62, died Aug. 25, '63; wads. Bird, William, e. Aug. 9,'62, ni. o. June 21,'65, .sergt. Bramble, George F., e. Aug. 9, '62. ni. (i. May 16, '65. Berrv, John, e. Aug. 2, '62. Berry, Elliott, e. Aug. 4,'62. Bishop, Thomas S., e. Aug 22,'62, kid Nov. 25, '63. Cockrell, Nathan, c. Aug. 9,'62, died Aug. 23,'63. Clifford, Kelson, e. Aug. 11, '62, trans, tol. C. Covert, Robert, e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Cozan, Joseph, e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Chambers, J. B., e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. .lune 21, '6.5. Chamber, (Jeoi^e W.,e. Aug. 21, '62, ni. o. .Tune 21, "65. Clark, Isiuic B., e. Aug. 13,'62, trans, to V. R.C. Calhoun, Andrew, e. Aug. 13,'62, died Feb. 9. '64. Childers, James A., e. Aug. 14,'62, died Jan. 29,63. Dougla.ss, John, c. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. .Iune21,'6,). Day, Nathan L.. e. Aug. ]7.'62. Davis, George J., e. Aug. 16, '62. Da\is, Thornton, e. Aug. 21, '62, ni, ". June 21, '65. Evans, Edward F., e. Aug. 7,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Ellis, James A., e. Aug. S,'62, died Jan.8,'63. Ellis, Isaac, e. Aug. 22,'62, d. Mar. 17,'(i3. dis. Fitzgerald, William, e. Aug. 14, '62. (Juthrie, William, e. .\ug. 22, '62, ni. n. .Time 21, '65, corpl. (Justine, Samuel H., e. Aug. 22, '62, m. o. June 21,'fi5. Hill, William, e. Aug. 12,'62, died Mar. 23,'6;!. Houston, O. P., e. Aug. 9,'(i2. Harrison, John e. Aug.12,'62. Horn, Isaac, e. Aug. 1, '62, kid. Nov. 25,"6;;. Horn, William, Jr., e. .\ug. 2(1, '62, died June 25,'(«. Horn, Jonathan, c. Aug. 22, '62, d. Jan. 27, '65, sergt,, dis. Horn, Erasmus, e. Aug. •22,'(i2, died .'^ept, 9.'63. Hunter, William, e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. June •22, '(i5. Hedge, Eder, e. Aug. 21, '62. died Mar. :',i),'6;!. Hedge, Stephen B., e. Aug. •22,'62, m. (i. June 21, "()5, corpl. .lenning, Nathan L.. e. Aug. 14, '(Vi, m. o. June 9,'6.5. Kruzan, Findlcy, c. Aug. 20,'62, d. Mar. 29,'(i5. Livingston, Johii, e. Aug. >>,'62, m. o. June 21. '65, sergt. Livingston, J., e. Aug. 29, '(>2, m. o. June 21, '(w. Livingston, William, e, Aug, 21,'62, kid, Aug. 1,5, '64, Lenhart, Isaiah, e. Aug. 16,'62, m.o. June21,'65. McCumber. Anson, e. Aug. 7,'62, d. 25,'64, dis. McCJhee, I)a\-id, e. Aug. 7,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Messplay, .lames, e. Aug. 9, '62, m.o. Juno 21, '65. Osborn, (ieorge F., e. .Vug. 5, '62. m. o. June 21, '65. Reeves, David H., e. Aug. 3,'62, died Dec. 31. '63, wnds. Smith, Abram, e. Aug. 8, '62, kid .lune 27, '6.1. Smith, William C. e. Aug. m,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Summers, John W., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Toolev, Jo.siah. e. Aug. 13,'62, died Feb. 3,'63. Toolev, Joshua, e. Aug. 7,'62, tran.s. to 40th 111. Iiif. Voris, Abraham, c. Aug. 13, '62, died July 13,'63. Wells, Greenberrv D., e. Aug. .5,'62, m. o. June ■21, '6.5. Wells, James H., e. Aug. 5. '62. Wright, William M. e. Aug. 14, •(;2. Willson, Howard, e. Aug. 14, '62, pro. 2d Lieut. Walker. John, e. Aug. 2(.t,'62. Stone, Archibald, e. Aug. 22, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Call, George B., e. Mar, 21, '64, kid. July 28,'64. Coaklev, (ieorge W., e' Nov. 8, '63. trans, to 40tli 111." Inf. Hill, Robert W,, e. Mar. 9,'C>4, trans, to 40th Inf. Iknrv, Levi E. Jones", Thomas S., e. Mar. 21. '64. kid. June •27, '(VI. Livingston, Isaac, e. Aug. 20, '62, d. Jan. 8,'.55. dis.. Moranville, Charles L.. e. Mar. 21, '64. kid Aug. 19,'64. Shaw. Amaziah. e. Mar, 21, '64, trans, to 40tli 111. Inf. Tipton. Samuel S., pro. Adjutant. Wartield, William, e. Mar. '25, '64, kid. June •27, '(Vl. COMPANY J$. Captui))--'. (). I). Cariieuter. e. Oct. 2, '62, res. April 7,'63. William Walsh, e. Oct. 2,'62, died Nov. •25,'(53. .\ndrew Smith, e. Aug. '22,'62, m.o. June ■21, '(i5. First Lieutenant". J. S. (Jardner, e. Oct. 2,'62, res. Feb. 5, '63. J. M. Swartz, e. Aug. 14,'62, ra. o. Juue '21, '65. Srrond Lieutenant. S. B. Boer, e. Aug. 14,'(;2. res. Aug. ]0,'63. Firt't Sergrnnl. Simon I!. Beer. c. .\ug. 14,'6'2, pro. 2d Lieut. Scrgennt?. James E. (J. Hibbard, o. .\ug. 14, '62, m. o. .June 21, '65. Andrew Smith, e. Aug. 22,'62, i>ro. 1st Lieut. Elijah Lanman, o. Aug. 22,'tV2, kid. June •28,'64. .Vllen W. Smith, e. .-Vug. •26,'(i2, died Uar. 19,'6:;. Corporals. I Joseph Prosser, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. May 2,'6o. I William HummoU, e. Aug. 14,'62, sergt., abs.at ' ni. o. regt. Jacob W. Kist, e. Aug. 14, '(i2. Christ B. Fisher, e. Aug. 14. '62, m. o. June 21. "65, 1st sergt. Edward Hancock, e. -Vug. 2(i,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. James A Dailey, e. Aug. 11. '62. ni. u. June 21. '65, sergt. .lohnson Brunner, e, Aug. 14, "62, trans, to I. ('. Musicians. Henry E. .Schaefor. e. Aug. 14,'62, app. jirin. musician. Elim A. Parvin, c. Aug. 14,'62, app. prin. nni. Wagoner. Alfred P. Potter, e.Aug. 22,'62, m.o. May •29,'65. Privates. Arringdle, Francis, e. Atig. •20,'62, m. o. June •21,'(i.5. Alms, Henry, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Alms, Andrew, c. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. May 19,'C5. Anno. Henrv. e. Aug. 14,'62, died Aug. '27,'63. iiis'i'oi;^' OF Kn/rox corxTV. 375 KiikiT, .l;niR's I).. V. AiiK. I l.'ili^. Burrow, .Fanu's, v. Au.s,'. M.'iJ'J, iii.o. .luiiu 21,'Im. liinvors, .Jos'.'jih. o. Aii.ir. Jl.'(ii>, kid May 14.'(>4. Uovvers, Daiiii^l, o. Aii^r. M.'iVJ, diod Sept. IT.'ii.!. Cariieiitt'r, .Iiilni H., c. Ant;. H.'t'>-. in. o. .litiu' ■JI.'Cm. ( 'iniiiiii.uliinn, .Miriin I!., v. \\i\z. I l.'iVJ. in. o. .(unr ■-'l.'Ci.'i. t 'lino. l,ouis, \\iix. 1 l.'iij. Clark, Ilc-nry. t'. Aii;_'. I l.'^.J. kM. Nov. L'.'i.'Ci:',. D.uiaud, Ik'iij.iiiiiti M.. f. An^-. II, 'i;.'. ilii'il ,-:c])r. 2-2.'M. l).ulv,.lolm R., I.', .\ilfi-. 1-1, '61;, 111. o. .luiic 15, 'I'm. Davis, Klirnczor, c. Aur. 21,'i',-j, d. Mar. 10,'Gl. Klliott, Cyrus, v. .\uk. 14,'i'rJ. i 1. o. .Tunc •J1,"Im. Fisiier, .lolin \V.. c. .\uk. li.'i'J. 111. o. Mayi'J, '05, coriil. Fisher, .losluia.!.. v. Ann. IJ.'il'i, 1st srr.ut. trans. to 1. C. Flower, William H.. Auu. 1 l.'d'J. 111. u. .lunc 24, '(').">. Fry, Isaac, c. Aug. 14,'ii2. diod .Vug. (i,'i>4. (Uadmaii, Thomas, c. Aug. 14.'i)2, abs. at ni. o. of rcRt. (Jlass, Uriah .1.. c .Vng. ■Ji)."r)2. coriil. abs. at +11. (I. of regt. Llall, ,Joshua, e. .Vug. 14,'ii2, trans, to 4(itli Inf. HunimcU, Saiiiufl, v. Aug. 14, 'ill, 111. o. .Iniic 21,'t)5, corjil. Hancy, Henry, e. Aug. ]l,'iJ2, 111. o. .Inne 21,'»'i5, (•orpl. Ileartlcy, William L., Aug. 14, '(12, d. May 7,'ti;!. Henry, .lohn, e. Aug. 22, '112, died Dec. ^(l.'lio. lleariley, .lohn, e. Aug. 14,'fi2, m. o. .luiie •25,'t;5. Ilitcs, Tllouiiis, e. .Vug. 21. '112, 111. o. .1 line 21 ,'(J5. .lackson, Ira, e, Aug. 14, '(12, 111. o.luly 14. '(15. Kiugswortli, .lohn, c. Aug. 14, '112, d. Mar. i(,'(l:i. ICnhn. Conrad, e. .Vug. 2(J,'(12,m. o. .Tune 21, '(15. Kc|)lcr, .Samuel, e, .Vug. 14,'tJ2, died Aug. '24. '(i:!. , Marklcy, .T. F., e. Aug. 14,'(i2, died .Fan. 12,'0:!. Markle'y, Marion, c. Aug. 14, '(12, died March (l,'(i:!. McClcrg, .lohn K., c. Aug. 14, '(12. >rc('lerg, William, c. Aug. 14, '112, ni. o. .luiio 24, '(15, was pris. .Moutg(.)niery, George, e. .Vug. 14, '(12, abs. at m. o. of regt. .Montgoincrv. .Vdani. e. Aug. 14, '112, 111. o. .lunc 21, '(15. Montgomerv, Richard, e. Aug. '22, '(12. klil. Nov. ■2.5, •(;:',. Mantonga, Amos., c. .Vug. '20, '(12, died Aiml 10, '(i;!. Mantonga, Sylvester, e. Aug. 1;;, '(12, kid. .lunc •.27,'(i4. Nfartiu, Jjcwis, c. Aug. 14, '(i2, 111. o. .lunc 21, '(15. Norville, Elisha, e. Aug. 14, '(12, m. o. ,Iune21, '(15, sergt. Overman, Oscar, e. Aug. 14, '(12, in. o. .Tunc 21, ()5, cori>l. Parker, Allen S., e. Aug. 14.'(i2, died Oct. 5,'();!. Palmer, Archibald D., e. Aug. 14, '(12, kid. Nov. ■22, '(■>4. Pratt, Thomas, c. Aug. 14, '(C Pepitt, William, e. Aug. 14. '152, kid. Nov. •25,'t;;!. Roberts, ,To.seph T., e. Aug. 14,'t32, d. ^far.KI.'Cvl. Heed, William ^M., e. Aug. '22, '(12, m. o. .lunc '21, '(15, sergt . Swartz, Christopher M.. c. .Vug. 14, '(12, m. o. .Tune 21. '115. Swartz, Henry, e. Aug. 14, '(12, m. o. .rune 21, '(15. Stobaugh, .Tames, e. Aug. 14, '02. SlKjcmaker, .Vbraham, e. Aug. 14, '(12, m. o. .Tune 21, '(15. Seward, .Tasi)er.I., e. Aug. 14, '(12. Smith, .loseph .T., e. Aug. 22, '(12, died Jan. is, 'r-,3. Spcer, .lohn (i., e. Aug. 22, '(52, died .Tulv 10, '(U. See, Daniel, e. Aug. 2(),'62, d. April l(l,'(i;l. Terry, William L.. c. Aug. 14. '(■)2, trans, to J. C. Volmar, Daniel, e. .Vug. i:i,'Ci2, m. o. .fuue 21, '(15. Whiting, Joint A., e. Aug. 14,'G'2, died Feb. '2, "(13. Whiting, Salathiel, e. Aug. 14,'62, died Nov. fi, •(33. V\'hceler, Joseph H., e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. June 21. '115, corpl. Zeil>v, William, e. Aug. 22,'62, kid. Nov. 25,'6:!. Vniio, James W.,e, Dec. 15,'6o, kid. June 'iT.'Rl. Donney, Frank E. .lamicsou, Ezra, died June I'J.'Go, Morris, P. W., e. Fel). 10,'(54, trans, to Kith Inf. Keed, William. Swartz, .lohn W., jiro. 1st Eieiit. COMPANY C. Captain. F. M. Taylor, c. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. .luue 21, '(j5. First Lieutenants. II. 1,. Xicolet, e. Oct. 2,'(i2, res. Mar. (;,'(!:;. William Wilkinson, e. Aug. 11, '02, res. Julv 11, ,04. (i. S. Chapin. c. Aug. 15, "02, m. o. June 21, '05. Strond Lieutenant. .1. S. Smith, c. Oct. 2,'(i2, re.s. Apl. :;,'(35. First Sergeant. .loliii H. Harris, e. Aug. 12,'(32, d. Feb. 0,'(15. Sergeants. William Wilkinson, e. Aug. 11, '(32, pro. 1st Lieut. Joshua M. Gibbs. e. Aug. 0, '02, d. May 9, '05. Alexander E. Wagstaff, e. Aug. 0,'(12, trans, to Co. G. Enos Kelsey, e. .Vug, 11, '02, m. o. June 21, '05, 1 st sergt. Corpurals. J(jseiih I'arnham, e. .Vug. 5,'02, m. o. May .'W, '05. Henry S. liigersoll, e. Aug. 11, '02, pro. Q. .sergt. (ieorge Stipj). e. Aug. 9, '02. pro. Com. sergt. Francis M. Hunt, e. Aug. 11, '(32, m. o. June 21, '(35. Gorham S. Chapin, e. Aug. 15, '02, d. June 8, '65, for pro. Kns.sell J Tanner, c. Aug. 15, '02, sergt. died Aug. '24, (34, wnds. Samuel Spillman. e. Aug. (1,'('>2. Mu.'^ieians. Washington F. Randolph, e. Aug. 14, '02, d. April S,'64. a Robt. E. Snyder, e. Aug. 22,'(32, d. March IT.'On, dis. Private-^. Alibott, Joel, e. Aug. 13,'e2, died June l.S,'(3S. Andrews, Jf)siah, e. Aug. 12,'(i2. 111. o. June 21, •(35. Armstrong, (iardner M., e. Aug. 7, '02, m. o. .lunc 21, '(15, .sergt. Ball, Edwin N., e^ Aug. 9,'fi2, trans, to I. C. .June '28, '63. Bailey, George L., e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. .luue 21, '(35, corpl. Bass, George M., e. Aug. 13,'02, m. o. June 21, '(35, sergt. Bavlor, Theo., e. .Vug. '20, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Hari)er. ^lat.. e. Aug. 17, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Holler, Will., t'. .Vug. 12. '62, ni. o. June 21,'65, corpl. Johnson. B., e. Aug. ]U,'62, m. o, June 21, '65. Lermond, F., e. .Vug. 14,'t')2, pro. Sergt. ilaj. Lawrence, Wni. D., e. Aug. 11. '62. m. o. June 2'.l.'65. Lowland, Wm., e. Aug. 14,'62, died Oct. 1,'63. Lowe, Mo.ses, e. Aug. 11,'62, died July 23,'64, wnds. rrrsToijY of rri/roN county. 379 I^wis, Geo. H.,e. Aug. 22,'fi2, died Oct. lS,'t>4, wiirts. Mo&s, Jos. H., e, Aug. 14,'02, m. o. June Jl/G."). Mayo, Da-\id, e. Aug. 12, '61, m. o. June 21,'t)5, sergt. .Miller, .loel J., e. Aug. 11,'62, d. Jan. JT.'Ci.'), dis. Manning, J. A., e. .\ug. 1."),'62, died May HI, '(i;! McDonnell, Wm. H., e. Aug. 12, '02. m. o. May 27, '65. Orondorff, H. H., e. Aug. 20,'62, d. May r,i.'6.-), for pro. Orendorff, Jno. W., e. Aug. 20,'62, d. May 2s,'(i4, wnds. Points, Dan'l, e. Aug. 20,'62, d. Mar. 16,'63, dis. Prichard, Gilford, c. Aug. 1.5,'62, ahs. at ni. o. of regt. Pricliard, S., o. Aug. 22,'62, d. Aug. ir),'Gl, dis. Post, Wra., e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. June21,'6.'). Kamsey. J. P., e. Aug. 22,'62, d. May 0,'68, dis. Kockhold, Samuel W., e. Aug. 22, '62, ra. o. June 21, '65, as sergt. Rea, Sam'lG., e. Aug. i:!,'62, died June 21, iM, wnds. Spry, John, e. .\ug. 14, '62, abs. at m. o. of regt. Stuart, Jacob, e. Aug. 14, '62, abs. m. o. of regt. Stephens, M., e. Aug. 20, '62, d. June ",'64, dis. Tavlor, Geo. W., e. Aug. 18, '62, corpl. Wliite, Elijah, e. Aug. 18,'62, ni. o. June 21, ■6.'), corpl. W'Lse, John, e. Aug. 20, '62, m. o. June 21. '65. Ware.Juo. H., e. Aug. 15,'62, died Nov. 21, '6:^, wnds. Walters, Jos. S., e. Aug. 11, '62, ni.o. June 21, '65. Wheeler, S., e. Aug. lo,'62. m. o. June 21. '65. Walters, Marion, e. -Vug. 22, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Hrowu, F., e. Feb. 15,'64, trans, to lllth Inf. Caves, S. B., e. Feb. 8,'64, trans, to 4(itli Inf. Degroft', J., e. Jan. 24,'64, trans, to 40th Inf. Eskeringe, J. T., e. Feb. 8,'64, d. Mar. 31, '65, wnds. Harwick, Gscar, e. Oct. 10,'62. Miller, Geo. E.,d. April 20,'63, dis. Parvin, Chas., e. Sept. 21, '64, died Oct. 22,'64. lUch. Pierce, e. Oct. 30,'62, kid. .July 28,'64. Snvder, Peter. Stafford, Wm., e. Oct. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Tary. .\lfred, e. Feb. 15,'64, trans, to 40tli Inf. COMPANY G. First Sergeant. Charles W. Griffith, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. July S,'6:!. Sergeant )<. Thos. A. Hill, e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. .luue 21, '65. Wm. I'euny, e. Aug. S,'62, died Nov. 28,'64. J. S. Brown, e. Aug. 9, '62, abs. at m. o. of regt. Robt. C. Thomas, e. Aug. 18,'62, d. Jan. 16.'63. Corporals. Wm. Gustiue, e. Aug. IS, '62, d. .Ian. 8, '65. Wm. W. Montgomery, e. Aug. 22, '62, trans, to I. C. Sept. 20,'6o. .Ins. Colton, e. Aug. 11,'62, m. o. .Innc21,'65. K. Whittaker, e. Aug. 18,'62, kid. June 27, '64. J. J. Williamson, e. Aug. 0,'62, m.o. June '21, '65. N. Breed, e. Aug. 5,'62, sergt. died Dec. 7,'(>1. wnds. .1. E. Revuolds, e. Aug. 13,'62, d. May 21, '65. V. Hanchet, e. Aug. 12,'62, d. Feb. 17,'65, sergt. Musicians. .1. H. Rodenbaugh, e. Aug. 22, '62, d. Jan. 15, '(io. Primieji. Amos, Americus, e. Aug. 15, '62, trans, to Co. I. Bishop, Columbus II., e. Aug. 5, '62, m. o. ,Iune 21, '65, corpl. Brown, Jeremiah, e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. May 27, •65. Beidenback, William, e. Aug. 20,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Breed, Frank R., c. Aug. 6, '62, abs. at m. o. of regt. 24 Byere, Isaac, e. Aug. 8, "62, m. o. .June 21, '65. Cery, Francis M.. e. Aug. 6, '62, kid. Fot>. 25, '65. Couyers, J., e. Aug. 13, '62, died March 5. '63. Counterman. William, e. Aug. 6,'62, trans, to I. C. Craig, James H.. e. Aug. 11, '62, abs. at m. o. of regt. Cozad, James, e. Aug. 11, '62. d. Sept. 6, '63. Carroll, Samuel, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. May 30, '63. ('rook, Josiah, e. Aug. 12,'62. ])uml)lazier, William G., e. .Vug. 22. '62, cap. May 27,'64. Davidson, Alphous, e. Aug. 0,'ti2. d. .Vjiril •25, '64. Foot, William, e. Aug. 22, '62. Griggs, Franklin, e. Aug. 18, '62, in. o. .June 21, '65. (iray, Wilson, e. Aug. 11, '62. Hunt, Lemuel, e. Aug. 18. '62, d. March 20,'63. Hudson, Stephen, e. Aue. 7, '62, ni. o. June ■21, '65. llutt'ord, Abraham, e. Aug. 8, '62, kid. .\Iav 27. '64. .lacobus. John, e. Aug. 13, '62, died .March .31. '6.5. .Jacobus, Thos. J., e. Aug. 13, '62, abs. at m. o. of regt. .lohnson, Abraham, e. .Vug. 11, '()2, d. Feb. 15, '63. Lingenfelter. Josiah. c. Aug. 8. '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Lazwell, Josiah, e. .Vug. 22, '62, trans. t(i 1. c. Oct. 22, '62. Mvers, Artemus. c. .Vus. 22,'i)2, kid, .lunc 27, '64. McEntvre, Samuel, e. Aug. 15, ■(i2, kid. .hiiic 27, '64. McEntvre, Waterman, e. Aug, lt;,'62. died March 28, '65. Maxwell, Jacob E., c. Aug. It, '62, kid. .June 27, '64. Moran, Oliver C, e. .Vug. 14, '62, died Mav 22, '63, Mifliu, Henry J,, v. Aug. 22,'62, (iro. Hosp. Stew. Miksell, Isaac, e. Aug. 22. '62, m. o. .June 21, '65. Xicholson, Jacob J., e. Aug. 11, '62. trans, to I, C, Oct. 22, '63. Nicholson, Wm., e. Aug. 22, '62, m. o .Inly 4, '65, Parks, Henry C, e. Aug. 15,'62, d. Feb. 6,'63. Purnell, Lewis, Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Prichard, John, c. Aug. y,'62, d. July 1 l.'(i3. Richardson, James A., e. Aug. 'il,'62. Richardson, Robt., e, Aug. 8, '62, m. o. .lune 21, 65, corpl. Roadcape, J., e. .Vug. 8, '62, trans, to I. C. Oct. 22, '63. Roadcape, .Allen, e. Aug. 8,'62, d. Feb. 28,'63, Robert, Wm,, e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. corpl. Record, C, e. Aug. 22,'62, trans, to I. C. Oct. 22, '63. Ryan, M. B., e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Rejniolds, L. J., e. Aug. 14, '62, died Sept. 14, '63. Reynolds, A., e. Aug. 11. '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Reynolds, J. W., Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Heynolds. Jesse, e. Aug. 22,'62, d. Feb. 22,'63. Rowlev, E., e. Aug. 13,'62, died April 13,'64. Shoemaker, I., e. Aug. 11, '62, d. March 28,'63. Shields, H. B., e. Aug. 14,'62, d. March 28,'63. Slater, Ed. D., e. Aug. 18,'62, d. Dec. •20,'64. Schenck, Oscar C, e. Aug. 22,'62, d. Oct. 2,'62. Stone, David, e. Aug. 13, '62, m. o. June '21, '65. corpl. Smith, J. M., e. Aug. 22,'62, kid. July 22,64. Stearns, P., e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Stearns, Horace, e. Aug. 7, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Sco\'ille, Geo., e. Aug. 8, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. sergt. 380 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Suydam, Ed., e. Aug. 6,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Switzer, lohn, e. Aug. 1.5,'62, died Aug. 8,'63. Slack, Irwin, e. Aug. U,'6J, m. o. June 21 '6o. Trader, George W., e. Aug. 13, '62, died Feb. 11,'63. Tilling, Robert, e. Aug. 11, '62, d. April 16, 63. West, James, e. Aug. 11, '62, d. Aug. 26,'63. Williamson, Jas. L., e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Williams, S., e. Aug. 22,'62, kid. May 27,'64. Yocum, I. W., e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. Juue 21,'65. Griggsby, Ellis, d. Jan. 15,'6:3. Harrison, James. , ^ , Hill Eph. A., e. Dee. 2, '63, trans, to 40th Inf. Hall, Jno. D., e. Dec. 2,'6-^, trans, to 40th Inf. Myers, D. M., e. Dec. 2,'63, kid. June 27, '64. Mvers, I. N., e. Oct. 14,'62, trans, to 40th Inf. Payne, John, d. April 13, '63, dis. Richardson, Wm., e. Oct. 10,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Smith, James, e. Jan. 1,'63, died Dec. 10, bo. COMPANY H. Captains. J. J. Hale, e. Oct. 2,'62, res. eune 3.'63. William Boyd, e. Oct. 2.'62, res. Nov. 11, '64. F. M. Putnam, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 21.'6o. First Lieutenants. W. W. Fox, e. Aug. 9,'62, res. Sept. 17,'64. J. L. Thoma-s, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 21,'65. Second Lieutenants. S D. Woodson, e. Oct. 2,'62, res. Mar. 26,'63. Asahel Randel, e. Aug. 9,'62, kid. June 27, '64 First Sergeant. William F. Fox, e. Aug. 9,'62, pro. 1st Lieut. Sergeants. Thomas Deens, e. Aug. 11, '62, trans, to I. C. Francis M. Putnam, e. Aug. 9, '62. pro. Capt. Samuel Campbell, e. Aug. 11, '02, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Jesse Hiuderleiter, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 21,'65. Corporals. Arthur Miles, e. Aug. 9,'62, trans, to I. C. April 28,'64. Wm. S., Kimball, e. Aug. 12.'62. died N'ov. '62. Wm. C. Lisenby, e. Aug. 22,'62, died April 18, '63, wnds. Asahel Handle, e. Aug. 9,'62, pro. sergt. com. 2d Lieut. Thomas D. Kelly, e. Aug. 12,'62, died June '63. Wm. J. Ashton, e. Aug. 12,'62. kid. June 15,'64. J. A. Ridle, e. Aug. 12,'62. kid. June 27,'64. J A. Westfall, e. Aug. 9,'62, trans, to I. C. May 31, '64. Musicians. Wm. T. Scott, e. Aug. 9, '62, m. o. June 22,'65. Samuel T. Wells, e. Aug. 22,'62, d. Sept. 18,'63. Privates. Agnew, G. W., e. Aug. 11, "62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Austin, J., e. Aug. 12,'62, trans, to I. C. Jan. 15,'64. Baker, John, e. Aug. 11, '62, died Aug. '63. Belless, W., e. Aug. 12,'62, trans, to I. C. Jan. 15,'64. Bennett, Amos, e. Aug. 9,'62. Bird, Henrv, e. Aug. 11, '62, d. April,'64. Bolen, W. J., e. Aug. 12,'62, corpl. kid. July 29,'64. Bolen, W. B., e. Aug. 12, '62, d. March. '6.3. Bordner, H. P., e. Aug. 11, '02, died Nov.'63, wnds. Clark, Robert, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. May31,'65. Cornell, R. A., e. Aug. 9,'62, abs. at m. o. of regt. Campbell, M. K., e. Aug. n,'62, kid. June 27, '64. Davis, W., e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Deford, F. M., e. Aug. 11,'62, corpl. kid. Nov. 25, '63. Deraott, C, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Evans, J., e. Aug. 9,'62, d. May,'64, wnds. Ford, W. A., e. Aug. 22, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Gibbeny. T. F., e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Glasscock, J. G., e. Aug. 12,'62, died July 6,'63. Hair, Elijah C,, e. Aug. 9,'62, d. for pro. Harris, Perry, e. Aug. 11, '62, wnd'd. Harris, W., e. Aug. 22,'62, kid. Nov. 25,'63. Hyde, John H., e. Aug. 15,'62, det. at m. o. of regt. Jellison, E,, e. Aug. 11,'62, kid. June 27,'64. Jenkins, D. M., e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Kimball, E. T., e. Aug, 9,'02, trans, to I. C. Lancaster, M., e. Aug. 9,'62, died April.'63. Lathburv, J., e. Aug. 18,'62, m. o. June 22,'65. Laws, Samuel T., e. Aug. 9, '62, trans, to I. C. Laws, W. H., e. Aug. 9,'62, m, o. June 21,'65, sergt. Lenhart, D. A., e. Aug. 22,'62, abs. atm. o. of regt. Lisenbv, J., e. Aug. 22,'62, trans, to L C. Dec. 15, '63. Linch, David, e. Aug. 9,'62, d. May ]8,'63. Matuev, D., e. Aug. ]1,'62, d. May,"64, wnds. Maxwell, D. E., e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 21. '65, corpl. McCarthy, D., e. Aug. 9,'62, died June, '63. McCumbei, John, e. Aug. 12,'62, trans, to I. C. Dec. 1.5, "63. Miller, Berhard, e. Aug. 9,'62, kid. Nieheson, J., e. Aug. r2,'62, m. o. June 21,'65. Nokes, Aaron, e. Aug. 12,'02, died Dec. 21, '62. Pressler, E., e. Aug. 12,'62, trans, to 40lh Inf. Reeves. N. T., e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. june 21, '65. Rice. Charles T., e. Aug. 9,'62. d. April 16,'63. Rice. Henrv, e. Aug. 12,'62, died Feb. 18,'63. Shortness, C., e. Aug. 12,'62. d. Jan. 7,'65,wnds. Shrvock, J. P., e. Aug. 1S,'62; d. April 16,'63. Sennett, A. R., e. Aug. 12,'62, died '63, wnds. Slock, G., e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Smith, B., e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. ^ ^ Smith, C. M., e. Aug. 11, '62, trans, to I. C. Smith, A., e. Aug. 12,'62, trans, to I. C. April 2S,'64. Smith, Barnett, e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '05, corpl. Sparger, Samuel, e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Stevenson. E. J., e. Aug. 12,'62, died Dec.'63. Stutes, Wm. F. M., e. Aug. 9,'62, det. at m. o. of regt. Stutes, A., J., e. Aug. 9,'62, det. at m. o. of regt. Stack, R., e Aug. 11, '62, died Dec. 18,'62. Thomas, J. L., e. Aug. 9,'62, pro. 1st. Lieut. Virgil, John, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 22,'65. Walker. Hen., e. Aug. r2,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, ' corpl. Weston, Sam., e. Aug. 9,'62. m. o. une 21, '65. Wilcoxen, James C, e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. corpl. Wright, S. B., e. Aug. 9,'62, died Feb. — , '63. Wright. W. O., e. Aug. 9,'62, d. Mar. —,'6.3, dis. Wells, Wm., e. Aug. r2.'62, d. June —,'64, dis. Austin, Wm. J., died July —,'63. Austin. John E.. died Feb. —,'03. Freeman, Martin, d. May — ,'63. Gibbons, Mark, Feb. 18,'64, trans to 40th Inf. June 19, '65. Taylor, Henry. Weston, Edwin. COMPANY I. Captains. Phillip Medley, e. Oct. 2,'62, res. Feb. 4,'63. S. H. Brown, e. Oct. 2,'62, res. April 1,'64. W. S. Johnson, e. Oct. 2,'62, HISTORY OF FTTT>TON COUNTY. 381 First Lieutenants. N. P. Montgomery, e. Oct. 2, '62. kid. .June 27, '64. Tim. Dewey, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Second Lieutenant. Zeb. Branson, e. Oct. 15,'62, kid. June 27,'64. First Sergeant. A. S. Vansyckle, e. Aug. 4,'62, kid. June 2,'64. Sergeants. Isaac H. Ray, e. Aug. 14,'62. James Howard, e. Aug. 15, '62. J. B. Patterson, e. Aug. 21, '62, d. Apl 5,'65, dis. David S. R. Jackson, e. Aug. 14,'62 . Corporals. Cornelius McWhirt, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. Dec. 15, '64, sergt., dis. ClifFord T. Lambert, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. Mar. — , '64, p'vt., dis. Wm. H. Zolman, e. Aug. 15, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. L. P. Zolman, e. Aug. 15,'62,- died Feb. —,'63. John Butler, e. Aug. 14,'62. Wm. Pierce, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Arthur F. Bust, e. Aug. 15,'62, trans, to I. C. W. H. Coons, e. Aug. 15,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Mu,ncians. VV. A. Gustin, e. Aug. 15,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. D. Smith, e. Aug. 14,'62, d. Mar. 20,'63, dis. Teamster. Levi Hedger, e. Aug. 14, '62. Privates. Allison, John, e. Aug. 15, '62, died Oct. 24, '62. Bevard, G., e. Aug. 14, '02, m. o. June 21, '65. Brown, Geo., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Berg, Henry, e. Aug. 14,'62, died April —,'63. Bekelshymer, Charles, e. Aug. 15, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, .sergt. Branson, Zeb., e. Aug. 15, '62, pro 2d Lieut. Bishop, Columbus H., e. Aug. 5, '62. Clanin, Thos. J., e. Aug. 14,'62, died Julv 3,'63. Clanin, John, e. Aug. 14,'62, died Oct. 11, '62. Clanin, Thomas, e. Aug. 14, '62. Cooper, John V., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Crawford, James, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Coons, Henry, e. Aug. 14, '62. Dervey, Tim., e. Aug. 14, '62, pro. 1st. Lieut. France, Isaac, e. Aug. 21, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. France, Wm. R., e. Aug. 21, '62, died Jan. '64. France, Michael, e. Aug. 21, '1)2, died Jan. '64. France, Robert, e, Aug. 14, '62. Goldsmith, James, e. Aug. 14, '62, corpl., kid. June 15,'64. Gray, Wm., e. Aug. 15, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Graven, John B., e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Howard, Geo. O., e.Aug. 14.'62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Hummel, G. F., e. Aug. 14,'62, trans, to 40th Inf. Holt, William, e. Aug. 15, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Hillyer, John C, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Krous, James, e. Aug. 21, '62. Kelly, Z. T., e. Aug. 14,'62, kid. June 15,'64. Littleton, George D., e. Aug. 14, '62. Littleton, John M., e. Aug. 14,'62, abs. at m. o. of regt. Littleton, F. e. Aug. 14,'62, died Mar. 18,'63. Lease, Dan., e. Aug. 14,'62, d. Jan. 30,'64, dis. McMuUen, Andrew, e. Aug. 14, '62. Miller, Geo., e. Aug. 21, '64, trans, to 40th Inf. Monroe, Enoch, e.Aug. 15,'62, died Aug. 20,'63. Monroe, Allen, e. Aug. 21, '62. Murry, Peter P,, e. Aug. 15,'62. Murry, Thomas, e. Aug. 21, '62, died Jan. ,'63. McQueen, Asa, e. Aug. 21, '62, abs. m. o. of regt. Nevin, Simon, e. Aug. 14, '62, died Oct. 20,'63. Nolan, Thos., e. Aug. 14, '61, died Feb. 18,'64. Nolan, Henry, e. Aug. 15,'62, d. Mar. 30,'63, dis. Paul, D., 6. Aug. 15,'62, d. Nov. 26,'63, wnds. Parkinson, Thomas K., e. Aug. 15,'62, m. o. June, 21, '65. corpl. Parkinson, J., e. Aug. 15, '62, ab. at m. o. regt. Patterson, Hamilton H., e. Aug. 15,'62, d. Mar. 27, '65, dis. Pattenson, William, e. Aug. 15,'62, d. Nov., '63. Pattenson, And., e. Aug. 15,'62, died Oct. 7,'63. Patterson, T. S. e. Aug. 21, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Snider, Wm. H., e. Aug. 21, '62, kid. Nov. 25,'63. Snider, Orville, e. Aug. 21, '62, kid. Nov. 25,'63. Smith, Robert W., e. Aug. 21, '62. Spry, Elias, e. Aug. 15,'62, det. at m. o. regt. Sheppard, George, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, corpl. Underwood, Jacob, e. Aug. 14,'62, d. Nov. 18, '63, dis. Valentine, M., e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. june21,'65. Warfleld, A., e. Aug. 15, '62, abs. at m. o. regt. Wren, J. O., e. Aug. 21, ,62, d. Mar.'63, dis. Peterson, Wm. S., e. Aug. 8,'62, App'ed Chap. Fanchon, M. T., e. Aug. 14,'62, kid. June 27,'64. Higgins, Hiram S., e. Atig. 14, '62. .lohnson, Gary C, e. Aug. 14, '62. Coleman, Wm. L., e. Aug. 14,'62, d. July 15, '64, dis. Grigsliy, Ellis, e. Aug. 22,'62. McKoggan, James, e. Aug. 22, '62. Clanin, J. S., e. Mar. 6,'65, trans to 40th Inf. Ames, Americus, abs. at m. o. of regt. Bishop, Nimrod C. Coons, Samuel. Long, William. Miller, JohnS. VanBrunt, J. W. Appointed Ass't Surgeon. Weston, Jos., e. Aug. 22,'62, m. o. June 21,'65, COMPANY K. Captains. J. C. King, e. Oct. 2, '62, died Jan. 3, '63. A. B. Smith, e. Oct. 2,'62, m. o. June 21,'65. First Lieutenant. Aaron Amesley, e. Oct. 2,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. ' First Sergeaiit. P. Barry, e. Aug. 22,'62, m, o. June 21, '65. Sergeants. D. Wilcox, e. Aug. 11, '62, died Dec. 19,'63,wnds. J. Stickler, e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 17,'65. C. W. Fellows, e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Tim. Coakley, e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Corporals. H. Stickler, e. Aug. 13, '62, died Julv 2, '64. J. B. Prentiss, e. Aug. 11, '62, trans, to I. C. J. E. McGrath, e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o June 21,'65. Geo. H. Woodcock, e. Aug. 12, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. W. Jacobs, e. Aug. 11, '62, sergt., abs. m. o. regt. J. Gibson, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. J. Briley, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. May 7, '63, dis. Jacob Debert, e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Mu,ncians. Payne, C. E., e. Aug. 14,'62, pro. prin. music'n. Wheeler. D. L., e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Private-s. Aub.iugh, Jesse, e. Aug. 13,'62, died Mar. 30,'65. Bricker, D. U., e. Aug. 13,'62, died June 18,'63. Bailie, Rufus M. e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. corpl. Burge, C, e. Aug. 13. '62, d. Mar. 29, '63, dis. Burge, Wm., e. Aug. 13,'62, died Dec. 17,'63, wnds. Benson, M., e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Baughman, H., e. Aug. 13,'62, corpl. kid. Aug. 23,'64. 382 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. Boulby, J. P., e. Aug. 12,'62, died Aug. 1,'63. Bucklev, A., e. Aug. 14,'62, died Feb4,'64. Banks,"Wm. S., e. Aug. 22, '62, died Mar. 19,'r):;. Custon, E., e. Aug. 1.3,'62, trans, to I. C. Sept. 1,'63. Cooper, Wm., e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 21, 'ft). Carroll, Wm. H., e. Aug. 13,'62, died Nov. 20. '63, wnds. Caldwell. J. B., e. Aug. ll.'tK, died Feb. 12,'63. Crippin, W. E., e. Aug. 13,'t52, m.o. June21,'6.D. Cathus, G. W., e. Aug. 14,'B2. Castello, W. A., e. Aug. 14,'62, m.o. June 21, '6.:), Coleman, J., e. Aug. 22,'62. Deford, Thos., e. Aug. 13,'<)2, cap'd May 28,'64. Dunham, J., e. Aug. 14,'62, ra. o. June 21,'65, corpl. Dorrance, W. M., e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 21,'6.i. Evans, A., e. Aug. 12,'62, died June 2.5,'63. Evans, M., e. Aug. 11,'62, abs. wnd'datm. o. of regt. Gasarow, A., c. Aug. 14.'62, m. o. June 21, '6o. Grim, G. D., e. Aug. 22,'62, died Oct. 14,'65. Holt, S. R., e. Aug. 13, '62, d. Feb., '6.3. Harkhouse, G. W., e. Aug. 11,"62. Harman, J. P., e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June '21, '6.5. Hews, A., e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Hughes, J. E., e. Aug. 13,'6'2. Haptonstall, J. H., e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 21, '6.5. Harper, J. W., e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Hallan, W. H., e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 24,'65. Hall, B., e. Aug. 14,'62, d. .Sept. 16,'63. Hughes, M., e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. ,iune 21, '6.5. Huber, W. C, e. Aug. 12,'62, died Jan. 4.'6.3. Heldebeidel. G., e. Aug. 14, '02, d. May 16,'63, dis. Harder. C, e. Aug. 14,'62. d. April 16,'63, dis. Jackson, G., e. Aug. 22, '62. d. Mar. 20, '63, dis. Jacox, M., e. Aug. 22,'62, kid. July 28.'(>4. Kellogg, H., e. Aug. 14, '62, died Dec. 20, '63. Ketchum, J., e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 21, '6.5. Ketchum, L. T., e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 21, '65, sergt. Lockwood. G., e. Aug. 11,'62, m. o. June 21, '6.5. Messinger, S., e. Aug. 13, '62, m. o. June 21, '65 McMillen, T.C., e.Aug. ]3,'62, d. Jan.17,'63, dis. Miller, N. D,, e. Aug. 22, '62, abs. at m. o. regt. Minnick, G. \V., e. Aug. 14, '62, m.o. June 21, '65. Xewman, J. P., e. Aug. 12,'62, m.o. June 21. '65. Provard, J., e. Aug. 14,'62, died May 15,'63. Paul. G. W., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Pierce, J. H., e. Aug. 11, '62, trans, to I. C. Sept. 1,'63. Re%-nolds, J., e. Aug. 13.'62, trans, to 1. C. Oct. "20, '63. Ringer, J,, e. Aug. 11,'62, ra. o. June 2\,'6o. Rose, H. G., e, Aug. 11, '62. cap'd May 28,'64. Scanlon, B., e. Aug. 12, '6J, d. July 6. "64. Silvernail, J., e., Aug. U, '62, died Nov. 27, '63, wnds. Schaefler, W., e, Aug. 12,'62, m. o. June '21, '65, corpl. Tallmadge, Theo. T., e. Aug. 12, '62. ni. o. June 21. '65. Varner, G. W., e. Aug, 15,'62, m. o. June 21,'65. Varner, J. M., e. Aug. 14. '62, trans, to 40th Inf. Veron, J. B., e. Aug. r2.'62, d. June 8.'63, dis. Wander, A., e. Aug. 12,'62, kid. June 6,'63. Weekel, J., e. Aug. •22,'62, m. o. June 21, '65. Zimmerman, G. W., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 21, '65. Anderson, J., d. April 16, '63, dis. Hugh, T., died Sept. 20,'63. Smith, J. K.. det'd at m. o. of regt. Wright, G. W.. pro. Maj. Lingenfelter, J., died Mar. 22, '65. Lewis, W. D. Peterson, Isaac B., died April 2, '64. Phillip, S. T., died May 8, '64. 113th INFANTRY. Snvder, J. L., Co. D, e. Dec. '26. '63, m. o. Sept. " 10, '6.5. Nelson, M. H., Co. E, e. Aug. 11,'62, died Jan. 5. '63. Ralph, C. M., Co. E, e. Aug. 11, '62, died June 8,'64. Runvan. L., Co. E, e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 20,'65. Runvan, J. W., Co. E, e. Aug. 11, '62, died Mar. 30, '63. COMPANY H. Second Lieutenant. G. A. Woodruff, e. Aug. 7,'62, m. o. June 20,'65. Corporals. Stephen Hamblin, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. June 20, '65, sergt. John Frith, e. Aug. 10,'62, m. o. June 26,'65, sergt. P. D. Sutton, e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 20,'65, sergt. Private!'. Chapman, A. P., e. Aug. 13,'62, d. Jan. 8,'63. dis. Devoe, Richmond, c. Aug. 9,'62, trans, to I. C, wnds. Everett, D., e. Aug. 13,'62, d. Nov. 14,'62, dis. Frith, C. W., e. Aug. 13,'62. Holmes, John, e. Aug. 7.'62, died Dec. 12,'63. Kellev, H. H., e. Aug. 11,'6'2, trans, to I. C. Mills," E. E., e. Aug. 7,'62, m. o. June •20,'65. Sammonds, Adam, e. Aug. 11, '62, died Feb. 18, '63. Sammonds. Nicholas, c. Aug. 13, '62. Sutton, Smith, e. Aug. 11, '62. Ji. o. June 20,'65. Straney. John, e. Aug. 11.'62, died Oct. 22,'64. while pris. Horton, P. I , e. Mar. 4, '65, Co. E, 118th regt. Schundy, Julius, e. Feb. 23,'65, Co. E, 118th regt. Capt. O. H. Clark, e. Oct. 29,'62, Co. C, 120th regt. 123tl INFANTRY. COMPANY I. Serge'int.'!. Jhon Patterson, e. Aug.'62, ra. o. June 2<8,'65. J. M. Killough, e. Aug.'62, d. Oct. 28,'63, dis. Corporal.''. S. F. Hallctt, e. Aug.'62, abs. at ra. o. of regt. J. 1). Drvden, e. Aug.'62, d. May 10,'63, dis. S. B. Morrison, e. Aug.'62, died Feb. 3,'63. J. M. Wood, e. Aug.'62, d. April 27, '63, dis. Pi-ivatc-i. Armstrong, J., e. Aug.'62, m. o. June 28,'65. Bradford, John, c. Aug.'62, died of wnds. Oct. 8, '62. Bargerhoof. W. R., e. Aug. '62, died of wnds. Baker, John W., e. Aug.'62, m. o. June 28,'65. Riddle, F. G., e. Aug. '62, m. o. June '28, '65. Catlin, S. P., e. Aug., '62, died of wnds. Cro.ss, H. E.. e. Aug., '62, died of wnds. Cozee, R., e. A>ig.'62, d. for wnds. Sept. 15,'62. Eastin. Ja.sper, e. Aug.'62, m. o. June 2S,'65. Hall, A. D., e. Aug.'62, abs. at ra. o. of regt. wnds. Hushoar, John, e. Aug.'62, died April 29,'63. Killnuah, Wm., e. Aug.'62. m. o. June 28,'65. Matthews, Eli, e. Aug.'62, d. April 20 '64, dis. Matthews, Martin, e. Aug.'62. died Feb. 5,'63. Matthews, Wm.. e. Aug.'62, m. o. June 28,'65. Morrison, J., e. Aug.'62, ra. o. June 28,'65. Poland. J., e. Aug.'62, died Nov. 3,'63. Price, Jo.seph. e. Aug., '62, d. April 13,'63, dis. Rodgers. J. W., e. Aug., '02. White, J. R., e. Aug. '62, m. o. June 28,'6.j. 132(1 INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Camp Fry. Chicago, by Colonel Thomas A. Pickett, and HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 383 was mustered in for one hundred days from Junelst,'64. The regiment received orders to move, June fith, for Columbus, Ky., where it arrived on the Sth, and reported to Brigadier- General Henry Price. On the 15th of June moved to Paducah, Ky., and reported to Col. S. G. Hicks. The 132d remained on duty at Paducah until expiration of senicc, when it moved to Chicago, and was mustered out Oct. 17, '64. Liaitenani Colovd. Wm. H. Haskell, e. .fune 1,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '04. Principal Musicians. A. F. Small, c. April •i9,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. J. J. Hosselkuss, e. May 9,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. COMPANY B. Second Lieutenant. .V. H. Heminover, e. June 1,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'G4. Sergeants. J. M. Onion, e. May 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Harry Post, e. May 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'r)4. Corporals. R. Lane, e. Mav 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '04. Wm. Dancev, e". M^y 10, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Joshua Belt, e. May 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Privates. Brick, B. S., e. May 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Beers, Samuel, e. Mav 10, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Berry. J. H., e. May 10,'G4. m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Barnes, Eli E., e. Mavl0,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Bronson, C. C, e. May 10, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Bromley, John, e. May 10, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Bovnton, E., e. Mav 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Bodkins, I. B., e. Mav 27,'64, m. o. Oct, ]7,'64. Chapman, J. W., e. May •JS.'iM, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Denston, J. H., e. May 10,'64, m. o. Ocj. 17, '04. Dunbar, F. C, e. May 27, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Dickenson, Mahlon, e. May 6, '64. Engles, James, e. Mav 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17. '64. Evans, Edward, e. Mav 1.3,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Foster, H. L., e. May 10,'64. m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Jameson, James, e. Mav 10, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Kingerv, M. M., e. Mav 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Leichlitcn, H., e. May 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. McCausland, Wm., e. Mav 15,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Mills, Da\'id. c. :Mav 16,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Miller, S., e. May 16, '64, died Aug. 9, '64. Newberrv, W., e. May 10,'64, m. o.Oct. 17,'64. O'Conner, N., e. Mav 14, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Onion, J. N., c. May 16, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'04. Parr, John, e. Mav 16, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Plotts. Alex., e. May 16,'64. m. o. Oct. 17,'64. I'avne, L. M., e. Mav 16,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Kevnolds, W. H., e. May 16.'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Southerland, W., e. May 9, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Southerland, Silas, e. Mav 12,'64, rejected. Shields, A. A., e. May 16V64, m. o. Oct. 17,'61. Shields, W. T., e. Mav 6, '64, rejected. Wallace, J. P., e. Isl-iy 27,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Rogers, James. COMPANY D. Captain. Frank E. Chase, e. June 1,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. First Lieutenant. H. A. Ander.son, e. June 1, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Second LJcuicnant. Wm. C. Babcock, e. June 1, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Sergeants. Wm. A. Ralston, e. May 2,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. C. C. Mendenhall, e. Mav 2,'(54, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. W. M. Bryant, e. April 30,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. C. Uempsey, e. May 3,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Corporals. P. M. Bays, e. May4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. M. A. Ringland, e. May 2, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Ora Chapin, e. May 6, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. ('. Weckmire, e. May 2, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. J. V. Morris, e. May 7,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. J. H. Chrisman, e. Mav 3, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. T. H. Barnes, e. ApriI19,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. G. M. L. Lucas, e. May 13, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Musician. A. L. Gridley, e. May4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Privates. Bordner, A., e. May 4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Brown, Geo., e. Mav 16, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Blum, John, e. May 23,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Bishop, D. A., e. May 25, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Childers, Abram, e. Mav 7, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Crusen, J. W., e. Mav 30,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Conner, T. K., e. May 6,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Cruisen, James, e. Mav 6, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Cordner, T. J., e. May 16,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. (Arouse, C. H., e. May 4, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'62. Colby, George, e. May 9, '64. Dickev, Lisle, e. Mav 2, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Danley, H. B., e. May 13,'64, died at Paducah, Ky., Aug. 26,'64. Dunn, David, e. Mav 6, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Darby H. H., e. May 8,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Dav, Howard, e. Mav 16, '64. Dunham, Patrick, e. May 10,'64. Filer, Joshua, e. May 25, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Fetters. O. P., e. May 4, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Greenville, E., e. May 14, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64, Green, Veley, e. May 6, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '62. Gapen, J. Z., e. May 9, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Goforth, W. P., e. May3,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Harper, Cartney, e. May 6, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Harper, Caleb, e. May 10,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Hall, V. E., e. May 6,'64, m, o. Oct. 17,'64. Heaton, M., e. Mav, 25,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Jay, W. S., e. May 5,'64, m. o. Oct 17,'64. Kimball, F. L., Mav 14, '64, died at Paducah, Ky., Aug. 10, '64. Little, X., e. May 2,'64, m. o. Oct 17,'64. Laws, Spencer, e. May 3,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Lantz, W. W., e. May 26,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Morris, W. W., e. May 26,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. McLain, John, e. Mav 14,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Merrill, G. A., e. May23,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Newton, J. A., e. May 1,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Pippet, J. E., e. Mav 16, '64. Phelps, E. F., e. Mav 25,'64. m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Ralston, J, C, e. May 8,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Schnebly, H. L., e. May 6,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Scrivner, L., c. May 9, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Smith, O. A., e. May 14, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Smith, G. S., e. Mav 5,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Sain, W. H., e. May 2,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Simpkins, James, e. Mav4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Van Dvke, H. W., e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Van Dyke, C. C, e. May 4, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Vance, Geo., e. Mav 5, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Wells, S. R., e. May 3, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Weaver, A., e. Mav4,'('>4, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Wheeler, W. E., e. May 16, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. COMPANY E. Captain. Sam'l Mutt. e. June 1, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. First Lieutenant. Geo. A. Turner, e. June 1,'G4, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Second Lieutenant. J. F. Smith, e. June 1,'64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. 384 HISTORY OF FULTO^* COU>'TY Sergeants. W. P. Tanquarv, e. April •28.'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'&4. O. D. Sebree. e. April 2.S,'frl, m. o. Oct. 17.'&4. G. B. Vittum. e. April 28.'&i, m.o. Oct. 17.'64. Geo. W. King, e. Mav 7,'64, m. o. Oct. a7.'&4. Dan. Sa\-ill, e. Mav 9,'64, m. o. Oct. 17. '&4. J. P. Fox, e. April 2.S,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Corporcds. G. M. Sebree, e. Mav 11. '&4, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. J. Martin, e. April 2S,'&1, m. o. Oct 17,'64. E. M. Belt, e. Mav 9,&4. m. o. Oct. 17,'64. J. C. Malonev, e. Mav 9,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Frank Dnnlev, e. Mav 16,'iH, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Geo. W. Craig, e. Mav 16,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'&4. J. M. Putnam, e. May 16,'&4, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Wagoner. J. Willis, e. April 29,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Privates. Authonv. Seth, e. Mav 22,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'&4. Arendale. J. T., e. April 30,'64, m. o. Oct.l8.'64. Bonner, Frank, e. April 28."t>4, m. o. Oct. 18,'&4. Barber, J., e. Mav 27,"&1, m. o. Oct. 18,'64. Barker, C. T., e. May 9,'64, m. o. Oct. 18,'i>4. Barker, Geo., e. Mav 2,'&4, m. o. Oct. 1S,'&4. Berkenshaw, Geo., e. April 30,'64, m. o. Oct. 18,'64. Bragg, J. F., e. April 28."&4, m. o. Oct. 18,'65. Binnix, Wm., e. April 28.'t>4, m. o. Oct. 18,'64. Bavlor, S., e. May -l.'&i, drowned June 15, "W. Bovles, Joseph, e. Mav 7, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Burgett, T. F., e. Mav2S,"64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Brees, A. T.. e. May 27,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Brown. Booker, e. May 3. '64. Curtis, Orlando, e. May 4.'ti4. Courtnev, T. J., e. May 5. '64. Ellis, J. H.. e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Evans, H. R.. e. Mav 3.'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Fanning, L., e. Mav 16,'64, m. o. Oct. 17. '64. Flake, Geo. e. April •28.'64. m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Grimm, H. B., e. April •29,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Hughes, W. T., e. April 28,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Hughes, W. P., e. May 1,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Hand, J. D.. e. Mav 6.'64. m. o. Oct. 17,'&4. Johnston. C. S., e. April :>0,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Jones. James, e. Mav 27, '64. m. o. Oct. 17,'64. . Jourdan, G. E.. e. Mav 28,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Lockwood, H. C, Mav4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Langlev, A., e. Mav 6,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. McClelien, H. T., e. May 30, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. McCrearv, W. H., April 29,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Malonev, Wm., e. April 29.'64.m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Manors", Sam'l, e. Mav 1, '64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. McVav", E. J., e. Mav 30,'64. Norcutt, C, e. April 30,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Onstatt, T. J., e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Oldhem, E., Mav 2.'64, m. o. Oct. ]7,'64. Plattenburg. W., e. Mav 2,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Putnam, B. T., e. Mav 28,'64, m. o. Oct. 17.'64. Rowlev, G. W., e. Mav 2,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Rowlev, Thos., e. Mav 6.'64, m. o. Oct. 17.'64. Rainev, J. E.. e. May 10,'M. m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Rankin, J. H., e. May 5,'6i, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Robert*, Lerov, e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Rockhold, E. "G., e. Mav 3,'64. m. o. Oct. 17.'64. Shinn, W. B., e. April •29,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Snvder, P. S.. e. Mav 14.'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Snvder, P. G., e. Mav 14.'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Snvder, R. D., e. May9,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Shallenberger, Benj., e. April 30,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Tanquarv, A. M., e. April 2S,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Tvler, Geo., e. Mav 10.'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Wolgamot, W. E., e. April 29,'64, m. o. Oct. 17.'64. Wieser, R. B., e. Mav 9, '64, m. o. Oct. 17, '64. Wvckoff, J. H., e. April 28,'61. m. o. Oct.17,'64. Wvsong, J. M., e. Mav 16.'&4, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Wilcox, O. D., e. Mav 3,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Wilson, W. H., e. May 9,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Wilson, T., e. May 29,'64, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Putnam, Alfred, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Van Buren, E\erett, m. o. Oct. 17,'64. Corporal. C. K. Offield, e. April 30,'61, Co. F, 134th regt. 137th REGIMENT. COMPANY D. Coporals. T. R. Johnson, e. Mav 4,'&4, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. G. H. Currier, e. May 4, '64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Privates. Beaver, D. M., e. Mav4.'64. m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Cook, W. C, e. Mav4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Cox. W. M., e. Mav 4,'64. m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Dressel, Peter, e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Fengel, C. P., e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24.'64. Freer, F. A., e. Mav 4, '64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Hagaman, A., e. ^iav4,'64, ra. o. Sept. 24.'64. Hines, J. R., e. Mav4,"64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Jones, O. D., e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24, '64. Kent. C. W., e. May 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24.64. Lippev, D. E., e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Merrill. A. H., e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24, '64. Moss, W. B., e. Mav 4.'64, m. o. Sept. 24,"64. Xelson, J. P., e. Mav 4.'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Ross, F. W., e. Mav4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24, '64. Sanford, A., e. Mav 4. '64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Smith, W. L., e. Mav 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Shultz. D. H., e. May 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Stanton, F. W., e. May 4. '64. Walton. J. J., e. Mav 4,"64, m. o. Sept. 24.'64. Griffith, H. L., e. May 4,'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. co:mpany I. Sergeant. L. H. McCain, e. May 12,'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Corporals. S. Miller, e. Mav 13,'64, m. o. Sept. 24, '64. J. Sw-ink, e. May 12,'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Privates. Heaton, Geo., e. Mavl0,'64. m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Alavall, D. S., e. Mav ]2,"64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Phillips, Jos., e. Mav 11, '64. m. e. Sept. 24,'63. Steel, J., e. Mav 12.'64, m. o. Sept. •24,'64. Vaughn, S., e. May 10.'64, m. o. Sept. 24,'64. Ackersou, J., e. Mav, m. o. Sept. 24, '64. Crabtree, B. F., e. May 13,'64,m.o. Sept. 24, '64. 138tli INFANTRY. COEPAXY C. Second Lieutenant. W. H. Rose, e. June 21, 64, m. o. Oct. 14,'&4. Sergeant. S. X. Rose, e. May 2,'64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Privates. Barbour, Robt., e. May 2,'64, m. o. Oct. 14,"64. Cutler. L. W., e. Mav 30,'64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Davis, W. H., e. Mav 12.'64. m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Hobbs, L.. e. Mav 7. '64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Morris, Michael, e. Mav 7,"64. m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Parkins. W. H., e. Mav 5,'64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Rose, B., e. Mav2.T>4, m. o. Oct 14,'64. Stevens, Chas., e. Mav 7,'64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Tavlor, Benj.. e. Mav 16.'64. m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Willis, J. H.. e. Mav 5.'64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Winchel, E. J., e. May 12,'64. m. o. Oct. 12,'61. C03IPAXY E. Bishop, I. E., e. Mav6,'64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64. Bishop, Jai., e. Mav 6,'64, m. o. Oct. 14, '64. Hartsou, J., e, May 5,'64, m. o. Oct. 14,'64. HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY. 385 148tli INFANTRY Was organized at Camp Butler Februarj' 21, 1865, for the term of one year. February 22 proceeded to Nashville, Tenu. March 1 moved toTullahoma. J\ine 18 five companies were ordered to Deckerd, one company was station- ed at McMinnville, and the other four com- panies were engaged in guarding the Nashville and Chattanooga Rxilroad from Lombardy to Anderson Station. Arrived at Springtied Sep- tember 9, 1865, where it received its final dis- charge. COMPANY B. Major. A. A. Hemenover, e. Feb. 10, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Captain. Walter Newton, e. Feb. 10,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. First Lieutenant. S. C. Varner, e. Feb. 10,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'6.5. Second Lieutenant. N. Dorrance, e. Feb. 10, '65, ra. o. Sept. 5, '65. Sercjeants. D. L. Sergeant, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. •Tno. Birber, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. M. H. Thorn, e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. G. W. King, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. J. M. Bell, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. F. Donly, e. Feb. 4.'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65, Corporals. J. R Garritson, e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. H. 8. Cain, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. H. Medley, e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. \Vm. McCord, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept, 5, '65. M. Spinnev, e. Feb. 4, '65. B. \\ heeler, e. Feb. 4,'G5, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Musician. J. M. Wysong, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Wagoner. J. M. Wilson, e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Privates. Abbott, Wm.,e. Feb. 4, '65, died Feb. 10,'65. Andrews, G. B., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Feb. 5, '65. Burnett, D. W., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. May n,'65. Brant, Jas., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o, Sept. 5, '65. Brant, G. C, e. Feb. 4, '65, d. Jane 12, '65. Barlier, Geo., e. Feb. 4, '65, ra. o. Sept. 5, '65. Binuix, \V. H., e. Feb. 4,'65. Bovvers, F., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Bricker, J. D., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Corzalt, F., e. Feb. 4,'6.5, died Mar. 1,'65. Drake, .1. L., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Drake, J. M. e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Ellis, H., e. Feb. 4. '65, m. o. Aug. 25,'65. Grissons, J. H.. e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Aug. 28, '65. Gooding, 8., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Golding, A. F., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5.'65. Hasty, \V. H., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. May 24,'65. Hinkle, S. R., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Hittibidal, Geo., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Hand, J. D., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Hezless, Wm., e. Feb. 4, '65. Jacob, G. W., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Jackson, Wm., e. Feb. 4, '65. Kennedy, A., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. June 19, '65. Lockwood, H. C, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'64. Louder, M. D., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Mabin, E., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. McClure, S. S., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. McCord, I., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Miller, I. N., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. July 14,'65. Newton, B., e. Feb. 4,'G5, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Oldham, E., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65, Plattenburg, W., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'64. Rhoads, Wm., e. Feb. S,'65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Rollins. E. S., e. Feb. 7, '65, died Mar. 16, '65. Rector, W. H., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. May 24,'65. Reynolds, D. C, e. Feb. 4,'65. Riihdall, D., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Rockhold, L. C, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Race, G. H., e. Feb. 4,'65. Rockentield, Asa, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Shiun, W. B., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Smith, J. H., e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5, '65. Strong, J. S., e. Feb. 4, '65. Shaw, John, e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'6.5. Shrader, J.,e. Feb. 4, '65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Shrader, J. C, e. Feb. 4,'65, died Feb. 10,'65. Shaw, S. R., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Webster, A., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Waddele, H. S., e. Feb. 4,'65, m. o. Sept. 5,'65. Thompson, C, e. Feb. 10,'65. Co. I. Thompson, John, e. Feb. 10,'65, Co. I. 151st INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and made up from various parts of the State, recruited under the call of December 19th, 1864. The regiment was ordered to Springfield, 111., where, Febuary 25, 1865, the field and staff officers were mustered in and the regiment was ordered to Nashville, Tenn., thence to Dalton, Ga., where they remained, drilling and doing guard and picket duty. April 23, Col.Woodall was ordered to proceed, under flag of truce, to Macon, Ga., to carry terms of sur- render to the rebel Gen. Warford. May 2 the regiment was ordered to Kingston, Ga., arriv- ing on the 12th, after a toilsome march. Here on May 13, 14, and 15, 1865, the regiment re- ceived the surrender of Gen. Warford, with 10,400 prisoners. The 151st was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., January 24, 1866, and moved to Springfield, 111., where it received final dis- charge Feb. 8lh, 1866. COMPANY B. Captain. Philip Slaughter, e. Feb. 17,'65, m.o. Jan. 24,'66. First Lieutenant. Wm. J. Harroll, e. Feb. 17,'65, m.o. Jan. 24,'66. Second Lieutenant. John Newland, e. Feb. 17, '65. m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Sergeants. J. W. Negley, e. Feb. 7,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Wm. Brvant, e. Feb. 7,'65, m. o. Feb. 21, '66. J. M. Brown, e. Feb. 7,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Corporals. W. A. Wheeler, e. Feb. 7,'65. A. Coleman, e. Feb. 14, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Stephen Hayden, e. Feb. 14, '65, m.o. Jan. 24, '66. Dan. Spanney, e. Feb. 14, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Musicians. J. M. Long, e. Feb. 14, '65, died Mar. 28,'65. A. Bacus, e. Feb. 8,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Wagoner. S. P. Darst, e. Feb. 7,'65, died Mar. 6,'65. Privates. Anderson, T., e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Barrow,s, R. H., e. Feb. 8, '65, died May ],'65. Biirge, F. M,, e. Feb. 10,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Boyer, L. D., e. Feb. 7, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Baxter, John, e. Feb. 15, '65, ai. o. Jan. 24, '66. 380 HISTORY OF FULTON COUNTY Churchill, J. M., e. Feb. 7,'65, m. o. Jan. 21/66. Caliee, J., e. Feb. 9,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'ii6, Cook, Jarrod, e. Feb. 9,'Co. m. o. Jan, 24.'66. Cook, "W., e. Feb. 10,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Churchill, AV. M., e. Feb. 7, '6.5, m.o. Jan. 24,'66. Cain, D. M., e. Feb. 9, '6.5, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Curtis, O., e. Feb. 9,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Bodds. Robt.. e. Feb. 7,'65, m. o. Jan. 24.'66. Ellis, J. \V., e. Feb. 14.'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Flake, G. W., e. Feb. 14,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Guilliams, J. W., e. Feb. 14, '65, m.o. Jan. 24, '66. Hudson. J., e. Feb. 10,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Hofl'man, M., e. Feb. 10,'65, in. o. Jan. 24, '66. Johnson, W. T., c. Feb. 14,'65. Kent, Wesley, e. Feb. 8.'65. m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Milligan, H., e. Feb. 7.'6.5, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Mills, W. H., e. Feb. 7,'65, died Oct. 18.'6o. Matzke, J., e. Feb. 7, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Preston, Ed., e. Feb. 10, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Purkle, Geo., e. Feb. 7.'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '65. Ramsey, Wm., e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Aug. 21, '65. Reed, G. W., e. Feb. 9,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Reed, James, e. Feb. 9,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. .Stephens. \V. H., e. Feb. 7. '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. .^uyder. R. D.. e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Teach, W. W., e. Feb. 7,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Triplet, T., e, Feb. 14,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Turner, John, e. Feb. 8,'65. m. o. Jan. 24. '65. Waddle, D.. e. Feb. 7. '65, ni. o. Jan. 24. '66. Wright, J., e. Feb. 7, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Zuck, J. N.. e. Feb, 7,'65, m^o. Jan. •24.'66. COrPANY c. S(rgeants. M. \'. Royd, e. Feb. 17,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. J. H. Thompson, e. Feb. 15,'6o, m. o. .fan. 24.'6t> Privates. Castello, J. H., e. Feb. 17,'65. Choekey, Benj., e. Feb. 17,'6o. Estes, A. P.. e. Feb. 17,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Hagan, R. B., e. Feb. 17. '65, died Feb. 28. '65. Riggs, John, e. Feb. 14.'65. Ross, N., e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24. '66. co>rp.\>ri' 1). Captain. Isaiic David, e. Feb. '21, '65, ni. u. Jan. 24, '66. First Lieutenants. J. M. Yarnell. e. Feb. 18.'65. d. June20.'65. Carithers Zoll, e. Feb. 18,'65, m. <>. Jan. 24, '66. Second Lieutenant. .1. -M. Lang.ston. e. Feb. 18.'65. m. o. Jan. 24. '66. Sergeants. A. H. Lewis, e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. S. R. Musgrove, e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. B. .9. Brick, e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. 24. '66. H. B. Hill, e. Feb. 12,'6.5, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. R. C. Vail, e. Feb. 15,'6.5, m. o. Jan. 24.'66. CorporaU. \\. S. Reesor, e. Feb. 12,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. B. M. Kingerj-, e. Feb. 15, '65. m. o. Jan. 24, '66. I. X. Elliott, e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24. '66. J. J. Coursey, e. Feb. 13,'65, m. o. Jan. 24. '66. C. Dennis, e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24.'66. T. R. Branson, e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. T. H. Barnes, e. Feb. 12,'65, ni. o. Jan. 24,'66. Robert Fellon, e. Feb. 15, '65. m. o. Jan. 24, '66. John Nelson, e. Feb. 17,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Mu9ician.<. H. A. Yarnell, e. Feb. 12,'65, ni. o. Jan. 24, '66. J. C. Dobbins, e. Feb. 15,'6.5, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Wagona'. John Jones, e. Feb. 15, '65, ni. o. Aug. 22,'66. Privaies. Arindale, J., e. Feb. 13, '65, m. o. Jan. 24. '66. Angel, Jacob, e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Adams, A., e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24. '66. Allison, D. W., e. Feb. 15,'65, died July 15, '65. Allison, J. R., e. Feb. 15,'65. Anderson, S., e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Adams, G., e. Feb. 17, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Babcock, C, e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Berry, W.. e. Feb. 12, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Bateson, L., e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Barnes. I., e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Bateson. A., e. Feb. 15, '65, m.o. Aug. 11, '65. Biass, J., e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. '24. '66. Carney, John. e. Feb. 12, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Culven', Thos., e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24. '66. Clark. John, e. Feb. 15, '65. Crouch, John, e. Feb. 15,'65, died Mar. 14,'65. Cunningham, S., e. Feb. 15, '65, died April 21, '65. Collier. Wm., e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Elliott, Joseph, e. Feb. 15,'65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Finley, J., e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Fleming. J., e. Feb. 15, '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Fleming, S., e. Feb. 15,'65, died April 15, '65. Fleming, Alex,, e. Feb. 12,'6o, m. o. Jan. 24,'66. Gassaway, A., e. Feb. 15. '65, m. o. Jan. 24, '66. Cfould, J. C, e, Feb. 18,'65. m. o. Jan. 24,'(3. Bird, S., e. Feb. 19,'62, died Feb. '63. Cole. J. S., e. Dec. 11, '63, m. o. Sept. 30,'6.5. ColUngs, H. W., e. Dec. 1,'63. m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Cunningham. T. H.. e. Mar. 15, '64. Crou.se, D. W.. e. Dec. 1,'63, m. o. June 16,"65, pris. war. Dalton. A., e. Dec. 17.'6:3, m. o. Sept. 26."65. Erford. G. D., e. Mar. 14 "64, m. o. Sept. 30,"65. Frank. M. K., e. Mar. 31, '64, m. o. .Sept. 30.'6.5. Ficklin. Wm.. e. Dec. 11, "63. died of wnds. April 10, '64. Glass, W. L., e. Mar. 31. '64, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Hunter. W. T.. e. Dec. 19, '63, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Harper, R., e. Dec. 11, "63, m. o. Sept. 30, '65. Holfman, P. P., e. Mar. 28,'64, m. o. Sept. 30,'f>5. Jordan, J. C, e. Jan. 26,'64, m. o. Sept. 30,'6o. Kenyon, Benj.. e. Jan. 16,'64. died Sept. 11, '6.5. Kerr, L. e. Aug. 15, '62, d. Nov. 17, "62. Lefler, S., e. Feb. 2, "65, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Lance, J. W., e. Mar. 26."(>1, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Lee. J., e. Mar. 28."64, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. McClure, H. S.. e. Mar. •2S,"64, m. o. Sept. 30,'6j. Miller. Amos. e. Dec. 17, '63, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Miller. A., e. Dec. 26,'63, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Morse, M., e. Dec. 26, '63, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Morse, H. D., e. Mar. 28.'64, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Montgomery," J. S.. e. Jan. 1,'64, m. o. Sept. 26, '6.5. McCann, A., e. Jan. 21, '64, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Morton, J. M., e. Mar. 26.'64, m. o. Sept. 30,'6.5. Phillips, E.. e. Mar. 28."64, m. o. Sept. 30,65. Pavne, J. N.. e. Dec. 29,"63, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Powell, \V.. e. Jan. 14.'64. ra. o. Sept. 30,'65. Pancake, D. C. e. Dec. 21, '63. ra. o. Sept. 30,'65. Starr, J., e. Mar. 28.'64, m. o. Sept. 30,'6.5. Thomas. A. O., e. Dec. 1,"63, m. o. Sept. 30,'6.3. Taylor. Alex, e. Dec. 26,'64, m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Taggett, J. W.. e. Dec. 17,'G3. died July 18,'64. Winn, J., e. Jan. 4,'i>4, ra. o. Sept. 30,'65. Westbv, W. H., e. Mar. 31.'64,ra. o. Sept. 30,'6.5. Wilson, Wm., e. Mar. 25, "64. Williams, J., e. Sept. 2,'61, ra. o. Sept. 30."6.5. Wooden, J. L., e. Feb. 24. '62. m. o. Sept. 30,'65. Clavberg, P., e. Mar. 8,'65, ra. o. July 15."65. Harnish, W. A. C, e. Mar. 8,'65, m. o. Sept. 30, '65. Kent, E. Y.. e. Mar. 8,'a5, m. o. July 15,'6;j. COMPANY ti. Captain. J. R. Covkendall. e. Dec. 20,'61,res. Feb. 16,'63. IIISTOKV OF PTTLTOX COUNTY 391 First lAeutenunt. L. B. Wlllnrd, t\ Dee. 20,'(il, iv><. Miiy ■Js/d:;. C. (!. Mathi'iiv. (_'. Oct. -l/m, v., iii. n. .Iiily 11,0.3. Win. ('hamlxr.s, e. Oct. 4.'. .Uily 1 l.T).'!. Wm. E. HaiiR'.-;. c. Nov. I.'iil, \.. in. o. .July 14, T,.-,. T. Shore*;, e. Oct. i.'ill. iii. n. July 11, T,.'!. Privttt(v. Brown, (i.. c. Sept. lVS.'CiI, v.. m. (i. .luly 14, 'ti.'). Boiinelt, n.. e. Oct. 4,'lU, v., ill. <■. .Inly 1 l.'O,''). Brown, \V. H.. c. Oct. ■Jl.'r,], v..ni.(i. ,Tnly 14,0.'). Brewer, (i. W., e. Oct. iin.Til, v., m. o. .Inly 14, 'i\b, sergt. Ilauglinian, S,, c. Xov. 1,'01, v.. m. o. .hily 14, 'O.'!. lieadles, W. \V.. c. Ctct. 4,'i;i. v., ni. o. .Inlv 14, 'O.'-.. Connor, T., e. Oct. lit, '01. v.. 111. n. .Inly 14,'0.i. Carter, ,1. P.. e. Oct. 19, '01, v., m. o. .Tuly 14, '05. France, W. T., e. Xov. l."i,'01, v., ni. o. July 14,'0.'i, (iregory, .1., e. Oct. li>,'6]. Gray, \V. O., e. Nov. 4, '01, v., m. o. .Inly 14, '0.5. Harlow, J., e. Oct. 1,'61, v.. m. o. July 14, '05. Harily, >-^. R. O.. o. Oct. i!.*<,'01, v., in. o. July 14,'G5. Hannon, M., e. Oct. 7, '01, v., m. o. July 11, "05. Jones.;, <;. \V., e. Oct. r.i,'01, v., m. o. July 14, '05. Johnson, A. S. e. Oct. 4, '01, v., ni.o. July 14,'05. Locke, E. M., e. Oct. 7,'01, v., m. o. July 14,'05. Pixley, W. H., e. Oct. :^,'01, v., m.o. July 14.'05. Pells, P. M., e. Oct. 13,'61, v., m. o. July 14.'05. Robinson, J. \V. e. Oct. 25, '01, v., in. o. July 14, '65. Spennv, (;,, e. Nov. 25, '01, v., m. o. Julvl4,'05. Todd, J. W., e. Dec. S.'Ol, v., ra. o. July 14,'05. Bauphiuan, P. S., e. Dec. 2, '01, v.. hiirned to death during the burninj;- of Coluiuliia, S. ('., Feb. 19,'0.5. Barber, J. B.. e. Mar. 24, '02, v., m.o. Julvl4,'05. (lark, J. T., e. Feb. 12,'(U, m. o. Aug. 1,'05, was pris. PIuRhes, T.. e. Feb. 12, '04, m. o. Aug. 2.'^,'05. Kellv, J., e. Feb. 12,'04, m. o. July 14,'e.5. Maxwell, D., e. Feb. ,s,'04.' m. o. July 14, '05. Johnson, M., e. Dec. 10, '03, in. o. July 14, '05. Kreuzan, X.. e. Feb. 15, '04, died Auk. .S,'04. Noakes, G. V., e. Dec. 10, "03, m. o. ,Iuly 14, '05. Nelson, Thos., e. Nov. 0,'01, v., m. o. July 11, '05, corpl. Pixley, T.. e. Doc. 10,'03, m. o. July 14, '05. Pearson, B. .V., e. Jan. 2,'()2, v., in. o. .Inly 14, '0.5. Rupe, M. B., e. Doc. 10, '03, ra. o. Julv 14, '05. Stearns, A. W., e. Dec. 10,'03, m. o. July 14. '05. Strosnider, J. K., e. Feb. 12, '04, in. o. .lulv 14,'t',5. Venters. A., e. Feb. 12, '04. in. o. .luly 14, '05. Wilson, G. B., e. Dec. l(i,'03, m. o. Julv 14, '05. Workman. J., e. Feb. 18. '04. m. o. Julv 14, '0.5. Brant, D. S., e. Nov. 17, '01, v., Co. 1. DeCamp, J. T., e. Nov. 15,'Gl. died Jan, 12,'04. Tourdot, L., c. Oct. 14, '01, v., Co. I. Dowdv, H. C, e. ,bxn. 25,'e4, Co. K, 11th cav. Lucas, F. M., e. Mar. 2S,'tU. Co. K. Lindsay, J. H., e. Dec. 11, '03, died Oct. 14,'04. McKeighan, J. K., e. April '23, '64, Co. K. Wilson, T. B., e. :Mar. 15.'05, Co. M, 11th cav. 12th CAVALRY. Captain. J. E. Kimberlv, e. Dee. 31, '01, C