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STUDENTS AND EXAMINERS;

WITH

A DESCRIPTIVE CHART.

T LOOK UPON PHRENOLOGT AS THE GUIDE TO PHILOSOPHY AKD THE HAXDMAIB
.■>P CHRISTIANITY. M'^HOEVER DISSEMINATES TRUE PHRENOLOGY IS A PUBLIC B' 38

KFACTOR. Ilorcce MaiiH.

THE PROPER STUDY OF MANKIND IS MAN.

Pope.

NEW YORK:
FOWLER & WELLS CO., PUBLISHERS,

775 Broadway.
1890.

i^iisered, according to Act of Congress, in the j^ear 1808. ■">»,•

SAMUEL ^ WELLS,

wue Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southore
District o? New York.

PREFACE.

[j^HE first Phrenological Chart ever produced
was printed on a single slieet, the size of our
common note paper, and was sold for a cent. It
simply gave the names of the organs then discov-
ered by Dr. GtALL. The next was larger, and gave
both the names and definitions of the oro-ans ; still
later, the charts of Drs. Gall and Spuiiziieim em-
braced all the above, together with some account of
the Temperaments. But as it was with the invent-
ors of the steam-engine, the locomoti\'e, and the
steamboat, so it has been with phrenologists. Each
succeeding author is supposed to have availed him.
self of all that has been ^Droved to be true and useful,
adding thereto his own observations and experiences.
Thus the improved charts of to-day are as unlike
those first printed as are the modern steamers, loco-
motives, and engines to those first invented.

During our thu'ty years' experience in the prac-
tical application of scientific rules to character read-
ing, we have used many different charts, revising
old ones year after year, and adding one improve-
ment after another. The present work embodies our
latest and best ideas on the subject, so far as they
can be set forth in this condensed and popular form.

IV PREFACE.

It contains not only all of the Piiren'oloOY of pre-
vious charts or hand-books for self-instruction, but
it embraces much more of Physiology and Physi-
ognomy than any former book of the kind.

In this Illustrated Hand-book we have endeavored
to incorporate just that kind of matter best suited
to both the Examiner and the Examined, and to
put it in the smallest possible compass compatible
with completeness of statement and ample illustra-
tion. We have endeavored" to be systematic in our
arrangement, succinct and clear in our expositions,
and popular rather than technical or professional in
our style. We do not claim that this work is free
from error. Our knowledge of Anatomy, Physiol-
ogy, Chemistry, Astronomy, etc., will, we doubt
not, increase with our years and with more careful
study ; so we intend it shall be with our knowledge
of Phrenology and Physiognomy. We hope to re-
vise this and all our other works when time may
permit. We ask examiners and readers to kindly
point out errors and to suggest improvements, that
we may correct the former and incorporate the latter
in future editions.

That this little work may be the means of encour-
aging the reader to correct any errors of judgment
or improper habits he may possess — to cultivate and
develop all the higher qui^lities of mind and heart—
and to make the most of his opportunities and of

himself, is the desire of

THE author.
New York, January, 1869.

OTRODUCTIOJf.

THE BRAIN AND THE SKULL.

The Human Skull.

OME knowledge of tli«
structure of the human
brain, and of its appear-
ance when exposed, as
well as of the general
forms of the skull, will be useful
to the learner. We can here
merely give very brief descrip-
tions, referring those who desire
further information to our larger
and more elaborate works.

The human brain is an oval
mass filling and fitting the inte-
rior of the skull, and consisting
of two substances, a gray, ash-
colored, or cineritious portion, and a white, fibrous, or medullary por-
tion. It is divided, both in form and function, into two principal
masses — the cerebrum and the cerebellum.

The cerebrum is divided longitudinally into two
■equal hemispheres, and each of
these, in its under surface, into
three lobes. But the most remark-
able feature in the structure of the
cerebral globe is its numerous and
complicated convolutions, the fur-
rows between which dip deeply
down into the brain. By means
of these foldings the surface of the brain is greatly increased, and

* The side and top of the cerebrum are seen in this engraving. A A. The scalp
turned down. B B. Edge of the base of the skull, the top having been savi'ed off and
removed. C. Dura Mater, a part of the lining membrane of the skull raised up Irom
the brain. D. Left hemisphere of the brain. E. Right hemisphere, F. The longi«
tudinal cleft or fissure which divides the hemispheres.

In the next engraving the brain ig fully exposed.

Bbain in the
Skull.*

Brain Exposed.

VI

INTRODUCTION

power gained with the utmost economy of space; for it io a demon-
strated fact, that in proportion to the number and depth of these con-
vohitions is the mental force. " The mind's revolvings," as Wilkinson
a I beautifully expresses it, " are here represented

/ ^2 iu moving spirals, and the subtile insinuation of

^'^ ^ thought, whose path is through all things, issuey
p--^ with power from the form of cerebral screws.
Y — ^ They print their shape and make themselvcB
__ ^- ■; room on the inside of t4ie skull, and are the most

m^'^^^l^^^"""""^^ irresistible things in the human world."

1-^73^^ ^^V- The cerebellum lies underneath the posterior

'^^^^^■^^^^ ti^lf of the cerebrum, and is about one-eighth the

^j/i^^^^^^> ^^^^ ®^ ^^^^ latter organ. It is divided into lobes

W/il ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ lobules, and consists of a gray and a white

^^ substance, like the cerebrum, but is not convo-

^^ ; luted on the surface like the cerebrum ; the gray

^^ matter screwhat darker than that of the ceru-

5^^ brum occupies the surface of the cerebellum, the

/^v^ white being interiorly disposed.

0^^. Extending from the base of the brain to the

^T^'^A ^ atlas or bony pivot on M^hicli the head rests^
yuAw^^ is the medulla oblongata. It is conical in

4( Mu^ shape, and may be considered as merely the

^r^li^>i head or beginning of the spinal cord, which

/mM\ continues it, and, in fact, extends the brain down

/«M1^ the vertical canal, and by means of the nerves

$^~J^ wdiich it gives off, and which pass through
■■ " ^ notches between the vertebrae, connects it with

every part of the body. There are generally
reckoned eleven pairs of nerves arising from the
* ' '^ brain, and thirty-one from the spinal marrow.

Spinal Cord and It is thus seen that the whole nervous apparatus
Nerves.* -^^ included in the mental system, and that the

Drain, as the organ of the overruling mind should be, as it unquestion-
ably is, is omnipresent in the human body.

Now, as is the soul which is incarnate in it, so is the brain in texture,
size, and configuration ; and as is the brain, so is its bony casement, the
cranium, on which may be read, in general forms and special eleva-
tions and depressions, and with unerring certainty, a correct outline of
the intellectual and moral character of the man.

* a. The brain, h. Cerebellnm. /. Me.lulla oblonorata. r/, g. Nerves distributed to
the arms, k, Tc. Great sciatic nerve, dis^tribiited to the lower limbs. /. Dorsal nerve.
n. Lumbar nerve, ni. Plexus of cervical nerves. 1. Olfactorj' nerve. 2. Optic nerve.
3. 4, 5, 6. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth nerves. 7. Portio dura of the seventh nerv«
%~ Auditory nerve an(^ P{\r vagnffi, % Hypoglo^g^l B^We.

INTRODUCTIOK.

vil

Male Skull.

Female Skull.

The heads of the sexes differ in shape as ranch as do their hodily
forms. The engravings here presented are from two skulls in our
possession, and were copied by daguerreotype, and show their relative
size and shape. The ftrst is from the skull of a man, and is a fair speci-
men of the male liead. It rises high from the opening of the ear, «, to
Firmness, b. It is large in the social region, particularly at Amative-
ness, c. The phrenological organs of force, pride, energy, and self-reli-
ance are predominant. The second
is of a well-balanced female skull,
and is fine, smooth, and even. The
leading developments are at d, in
the region of Philoprogenitiveness,
Adhesiveness, and Inhabitiveness,
while at h and c it is much less than
in the male. At e, Benevolence, and
at /, Veneration, the female is rela-
tively more developed, but less so at Firmness and Self-Esteem, h.

The skulls of races and nations also differ widely in form, and
these ditferences are found to correspond with known dilferences of
character. In the Caucasian it will be seen that the forehead is
prominent and high, the coronal region elevated,
and the back-head moderately projected. The
facial angle, measured according to Camper's
method, is about 80°. It indicates great intellect-
ual power, strong moral or spiritual sentiments, and
a coinparatively moderate development of the pro-
pensities. The special organs in which the Cau-
casian brain most excels, and which distinguish it
from those of all less advanced races, are Mirthfulness, Ideality, and
Conscientiousness, the organs of these faculties being almost invariably
small in savage and barbarous tribes.

See what a contrast between the Caucasian skull and those of the
Korth American Indian and the negro here represented ! One of the
most distinctive traits of the
aboriginal American skull is
roundness. This quality is
very manifest in every as-
pect, but still more so in the
vertical and back views than
in the one here presented.
Great breadth immediately Negro Skull.
yj.bove the ears and in the ^'egion of Cautiousness and Secretiveness,
and a lofty coronal region, are also prominent characteristics. The
forehead is broad and very prominent at the lower part, but retreating,
and not high, Th§ fe^el^-head in the region of the affections is^ t^

Caucasian Skull.

Indian Skull.

Vlll

INTRODUCTION,

general, only moderately developed, but there is almost always a large
and sharply defined occipital protuberance.

The negro cranium is long and narrow. Compared with that of
the Caucasian, the difference is seen to be striking. Iii the side
view of the former the frontal region is less capacious than in the
latter, the forehead more retreating, and the occiput comparatively
more full. The facial angle is about 70"^, the jaws being large and
projecting, and forming what is called^ the prognathous type. Here
the animal feelings predominate over both the intellect and the moral
sentiments. The top view shows the facial bones compressed laterally,
but projecting enormousty in front.

"We might carry these comparisons still farther, and show that each
nation has its peculiar type of skull, the English differing strikingly
from the French, and the American from both, and so on, but space
will not here permit, and we must refer the reader to " New Physiog
nomy" for additional particulaiLi 0:1 this and kindred topics.

Bones of the Head and Face.*

* A. Frontal bone. B. Temporal bone. C. Zygoma. D. Mastoid process. E. Pa-
rietal bone, F. Occipital bone. G. Malar bone. H. Superior maxillary bone. I.
Nasal bone. K. Inferior maxillary bone, I... Angle of the jaw, M. Condyles. N.
Cojinoid procebB.

HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

I.

FIRST PRINCIPLES.

I. PHRENOLOGY DEFIISTED.

(^jHRENOLOGY is a system of
^0> mental philosophy founded on
^•^■^ the physiology of the brain. It
treats of mind, as we kiiow
it in this mortal life, associ-
ated with matter and acting
through material instru-
ments.

In its jDractical application,
Phrenology becomes ah art,
and consists m judging from
the head itself, and from the
body in connection with the
head, what are the natural tendencies and capabilities of the
individual.

Phrenology does not now claim to be entirely complete as
a science or perfect as an art, and it demands recognition and
acceptance only so far as it has been firmly established on the
broad and immovable basis of the constitution of man.

The chief principles of Phrenology — every one of which is
supported by an array of unquestionable facts and susceptible
of the clearest proof — are the following:

1. The Brain is the Organ of the Mind.

2. Each Faculty of the Mind has its separate or special

Organ in the Brain.

1*

Fig. 1.— "The Dome of Thought.

10 HOW TO READ CHARAOTER.

3. Organs related to each other in Function are grouped to-

gether in the Brain.

4. Size, other things being equal, is the Measure of Power.

5. The physiological conditions of the Body affect Mentai

Manifestation.
8. Any Faculty may be Improved by Cultivation and may

deteriorate through Neglect,
7. Every Faculty is normally Good, but liable to Perversion.

II. BRAIN, THE ORGAN OF MIND.

While in this material world, where the ail-wise Creator
has seen fit to place it, mind can neither act nor be acted
upon except through an organized apparatus. Impressions
of external objects must be received through the organs of
sense and their delicate nervous filaments, and thought can
find expression only by means of the physical instruments
under its control.

Now, if we go behind these instrumentalities, tracing back
the nerves which ramify through all the bodily organs
to their focus in the interior of the cranium, what do we
find ? Not mind, but brain — not the immaterial intelligence
wliich receives, analyzes, and compares the impressions trans-
mitted through these nerves, but a material apparatus — an
organ. Without this org^an, no mental manifestation would
be possible while mind remains linked to matter.

That the brain is the organ of the mind is now universally
admitted, and it is necessary merely to mention a few of the
facts by means of which the truth of the proposition has been
established.

1. Consciousness localizes the mind in the brain, giving a
clear conviction that it is there, and nowhere else.

2. Deficiency of brain is always connected with a low
degree of mental power.

3. The brain is found to be larger and more complicated in
proportion to the strength and variety of the faculties mani-
fested.

4. Mental. (Usturbances ahv^^ys accompany affections of the

FIRST PRINCIPLES. H

brain, a fever or a blow on the head often changing an intel-
ligent and gifted individual into a raving maniac.

5. The rapid withdrawal of the blood from the brain causes
a swoon, and temporarily suspends consciousness.

6. Where a part of the skull has been removed and the
brain laid bare by an injury, it has been found that conscious-
ness could be suspended by merely pressing on the brain with
the fingers, and restored by withdrawing the pressure.

Y. It has been observed also, in cases where the brain has
been exposed to view, that in dreamless sleep it is motionless;
that dreams agitate it in proportion to their vividness, and
that when awake the motion is still greater.* Cases coming
under this head are quoted at length by Mr. Combe in his
" System of Phrenology," to which the curious reader is
referred.

It being proved and conceded that the brain is the organ
of the mind, it follows that every mental affection must be
accompanied by a corresponding state of the organ, and that
every state of the organ must be attended by a certain deter-
minate condition of mind ; and secondly, that the manifesta-
tions of mind will bear a strict relation in power and variety
to the size and quality of its instrument.

III. THE BRAESr A CONGERIES OF OKGAXS.

The brain, as a whole, is admitted to be the organ of the
mind, as a whole. The mind is made up of many separate
faculties, from which fact alone it might be inferred that the
brain has a corresponding separate organ for each. That
such is the case is conclusively proved by evidence which
can not be set aside or successfully controverted. A small

* A writer in the Medico- ChinirgicaZ Review mentions that many years ago he had
'' frequent opportimities of witnessing similar phenomena in a robust young man, who
jost a considerable portion of his skull by an accident which had almost proved mortal.
When excited by pain, fear, or anger, his brain protruded greatly, so as sometimes to
disturb the dressings, which were necessarily applied loosely ; and it throbbed tumultu-
ously, in accordajice with the arterial pulsations."

The cause of these appearances obviously was, that the brain, like the muscles and
other organs of the body, is more copiously supplied with blood when in a state nf
activity than while at rest ; and that when the cerebral blood-vessels were filled, ii. j
vojauic of the brain w^^s augajented, ms[ the protrusion above ^oticecl took place.

12 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

portion of this evidence — all that our space will allow — may
here be cited :

1. In all other parts of the system — throughout all nature,
in fact — each function has an organ for itself Siglit has the
eye ; hearing, the ear ; digestion, the stomach ; and it may be
further observed, that wherever the function is compound, the
organ is correspondingly so, as in the case of the tongue, in
which there is one nerve the office of which is to move the
member and thus subserve the purpose of speech, a second
which communicates the sense of feeling, and a third which
conveys the sense of taste.* In short, in tlie whole human
frame there is, so far as we know, not a single instance of one
nerve performing two functions. Reasoning analogically,
therefore, we infer that functions so essentially different as
observing and comparing — not to speak of others still Avider
apart — must have separate cer-ebral organs.

2. Individuals frequently exhibit extraordinary capabilities
for some particular pursuit or branch of study, while in regard
to all other departments of mental effort they never rise above
mediocrity. If the brain were a unit in function, each faculty
should be manifested with equal efficiency tln-ough its agency.

3. The various mental powers in man do not appear simul-
taneously. The child loves and fears long before he has any
notion even of veneration or of moral responsibility. He
observes, too, the qualities of external things almost from the
commencement of his existence, but the power to reason con-
cerning them comes later. This seems to show that loving,
for instance, requires the exercise of one part of the brain, and
venerating another — that observing has one organ, and
reasoning a different one.

4. In dreaming, one or more faculties may be in active
exercise, while all the others are apparently dormant, Emo-

* But the most interesting example of distinct functions being dependent on distinct
organs, is furnished by the spinal marrow. This is composed of two double columns,
the anterior being appropriated to motion, the posterior to sensation. This, Sir Charles
Bell clearly proved in the following manner : he cut an anterior nerve at its root in an
ass. and the parts through which it ramified lost the power of motion, though feeling
remained unimpaired. He cut a posterior nerve in another, and the parts thiipugU
which it ramifled lost the power of feeling, but ret^^lBcd that of motioa,

PiBSt PRINCIPLES. 13

tions of love, fear, anger, and jealousy may arise and succeed
each other, coming and going without order or restraint (the
controlling organs being asleep), or a thousand vivid but
disjointed conceptions may fill the mind — sometimes rational,
but often er absurd, and always differing from the ordinary
and orderly operations of the fully awakened brain. If the
brain were a single organ, these partial manifestations could
not occur, but all the faculties would be asleep or awake
together.

5. Partial idiocy and partial insanity are plainly contradic-
tory to the doctrine of the organic unity of the brain. Some
idiots, utterly deficient in intellect, have strong moral feelings.
Others manifest only the propensities. In niany, perfectly
idiotic in everything else, some particular faculty is strongly
developed — as Time, Tune, or Calculation. Pinel mentions
an idiot girl who manifested wonderful propensity and talent
for mimicry — could imitate anything she saw or heard, but
wlio displayed no intellectual faculty in a perceptible degree,
and evidently attached no ideas to the sounds she uttered.*
Were deficiency of brain, as a whole, the cause of idiocy,
these phenomena could not occur, for whatever brain might
exist would be as competent to manifest one faculty as
another. Partial insanity furnishes equally conclusive evi-
dence on the same point.

6. Partial injuries of the brain result m a suspension of one
or more faculties, while the others retain their normal activitv,
which could not be tlie case if the brain were a single organ.

7. Referring to our own individual consciousness, we may
satisfy ourselves at any time that tlie faculties must act
through a plurality of organs, for we find ourselves feeling
and manifesting not only diflferent but opposite emotions at
the same time. This would be clearly impossible with but a
single organ for all the faculties.

*Mr. Combe mentions an idiot in Liverpool, named Jones, who manifested great
facility in learning languages ; " Show him," he says, " a passage in the Bible, and he
will point out and read the parallel passage in seven or eight other languages. But
about the meaning he has no idea. Now if the brain were a single organ, this would
be the same as if a man had the power of walking east, without having the power of
walking west.r

14 Sow TO READ CHAtlACTieil.

III. GROUPS OF ORGANS.

The location of any particular organ being known, it would
naturally be inferred that other organs having related func-
tions might be found in the same region of the brain. This
inference is in accordance with the fact as established by
observation, and furnishes another evidence of the truth of
Phrenology, for this arrangement is the natural one, and the
one which best serves the purpose of facilitating the action
of the faculties through their organs, each being thus enabled
to support and co-operate with the other members of the
same class. It will also be seen, further on, that the arrange-
ment of the groups in the cranium is in accordance with the
same beautiful natural order.

IV. SIZE THE MEASURE OF POWER.

That size, other things being equal, is the measure of
power, is a universal and undisputed law, and requires no
detailed exposition here. It is the basis of all our calculations
and reasonings in mechanics and natural philosophy as well
as in Physiology and Phrenology.*

v. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS..

In stating the general law, that size is the measure of
power, we are always careful to add the qualifying clause —
" other things being equal." The " other things" which
modify this law in the case of the brain are certain physio-
logical conditions, such as Temperament; Quality; Healtli;
, Respiration ; Circulation; Digestion; Activity; Excitability;
:ind Balance or Harmony, all of which affect mental manifes-

* When the brain is below a certain size, idiot-ism is the invariable result. In the
lowest class of idiots, the horizontal circumference of the head, taken a little higher
than the orbit, varies from 11 to 13 inches ; in a fuU-sized head, the circumference is
22 inches ; in Spurzheim's skull it is 223^. In such idiots the distance from the root
of the nose, backward over the top of the head to the occipital spine, is only 8 or 9
inches ; in a full-sized head it is 14 ; in the skull of Spurzheim it is 15 6-10. Let those
who deny the influence of size reconcile these facts with thai.- belief. "But," say
some, " we know idiots who have large heads." Our reply is— so .a we ; but, then, in
these cases, the brain is not healthy. A large leg is usually indicativ of strength ; but
this is not the case when the leg is large from disease. But though dl-case be absent,
if the size of the brain be very deficient, idiocy is invariable, and men -cmarkable for
great force of character, as Bruce, Cromwell, Bonaparte, Franklin, Webster, and Bui'us,
invariably have heads of unusual magnitude.

tation in a greater or less degree, and must always be taken
into account in estimating character.

VI. IMPROY ABILITY.

Every faculty of the human mind is susceptible of being
improved by judicious culture. This is a principle of great
]u-actical importance, and affords opportunity and encourage-
ment to every one (for all have more or less need of improve-
ment), and especially to those who have marked and embar-
rassing deficiencies of character. It is only applying to the
mind through its organ, the brain, or to a faculty of the mind
through its special organ, the same means we make use of to
strengthen the arm or increase the flexibility of the fingers —
properly adapted exercises. The improvement of man does
not imply the extinction of any faculty or the creation of
new faculties, but the development and training of all existing
mental powers. The means through which each faculty may
be strengthened, if too weak or restrained, if too active or
influential, will be pointed out in another place.

VII. ALL THE FACULTIES GOOD.

Each faculty is in itself good, and was given by the Creator
for the benefit of its possessor and the world, but may be
perverted and distorted, and thus made an instrument of evil,
or stunted and dwarfed, so as to become impotent for good.
When rightly developed, acting in harmony, and with the
lower faculties duly subjected to the higher, each contributes
its share to the welfare and happiness of man.

There is no organ of murder, but there is a faculty intended
to impart energy, executiveness, force and effectiveness in
character and action, which, when large, active, and not
restrained by the more conservative powers of the mind,
may lead to violence and bloodshed. So the property-
getting, accumulating propensity, ^iven us for the laudable
purpose of making a wise provision for the future, may, by
perversion and lack of moral control, become the instigator of
fraud and theft. In all cases the evil is the result of a disorderly
manifestation, and not the legitimate action of the faculty.

16 HOW TO HEAD CHARACTEE,

n.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.

I. BODY AND BRAIK.

MT has been stated in the previous chapter that mental
manifestation, depending primarily upon the size of
the brain for its power and efficiency, is modified by

certain bodily conditions Avhich affect the action of the organs.
These conditions are so important in their practical bearings,
that the student of Phrenology, especially if he have in view
any application of the science either in public or merely
among his friends and acquaintances, should not fail to make
himself familiar with them.

The intimate connection between body and brain is illus-
trated in many ways, and in the experience of every one.
They act and react upon each other. The nerves which
ramify through every part of the body, all have their focus in
the brain. If the body be ill, weak, or exhausted, the brain
gives but feeble manifestations. If the body be stimulated
or exhilarated, the brain shares its strengthened or quick-
ened action. The influence of mind upon body is not less
potent. Hope and joy quicken the circulation, brace the '
nerves, and give firmness and tension to the muscles. Grief
and despondency have a relaxing tendency, weakening the
Innbs and deranging all the functions of the body, and
especially those of digestion and secretion. In the same way
other conditions of body and mind, whether constitutional
and 2)ermanent or pathological and temporary, act and react
upon each other, making it necessary for him who would
study mind and read human character to make'himself familiar
with the conditions of the body, and equally so for him who
would minister to the needs of the body, either in sickness or
in health, to make himself acquainted with the existing state
of the mind as well as its permanent characteristics.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 17

II. TEMPERAMENT.

First in order, in noting the physiological conditions which
affect mental manifestation, is temperament, which may be
defined as " a particular state of the constitution depending
upon the relative proportion of its different masses and the
relative energy of its diiferent functions."

Temperament has generally been looked at from the stand-
point of physiology and pathology rather than from that of
anatomy, and the classification of the various constitutional
conditions now generally accepted by physiologists is founded
on the distinjt influences of the stomach, the lungs, the liver,
and the brain, either of which predominating gives its peculiar
conformation and complexion to the body and its specific
tone to the mind. We have, then, under this arrangement,
four temperaments. They are called: the Lymphatic Tem-
perament; the Sanguine Temperament ; the Bilious Tem-
perament ; and the Nervous Temperament.

1. The lymphatic temperament, depending on the pre-
dominance of the stomach, is characterized by roundness of
form ; repletion of cellular tissue ; softness of the flesh ; a
weak pulse, and a languid condition of the system generally.
The complexion is pale, the hair generally light, and the eyes
lio-ht and dull.

2. The sanguine temperament, depending upon the pre-
dominating influence of the arterial system, is indicated by
a moderate plumpness of parts; tolerably firm muscles; light
or chestnut hair; blue eyes; a strong, full pulse; and an
animated countenance. Persons with this temperament are
ardent, lively, and impressible, and possess more activity an?
energy than those having the lymphatic temperament.

3. The bilious temperament, having the liver for its b?>*is,
has for its external signs black hair ; a dark yellowish skin ;
black eyes; firm muscles; and harshly expressed forms. It
indicates great activity, energy, and power.

4. The predominance and abnormal activity of the nervous
system gives rise to the nervous temperament, a constitutional
condition marked by light, thin hair; slenderness of form;
delicate health ; general emaciation ; rapidity of muscular

18 How TO HEAD CHARACTER.

action ; and vivacity in sensation. It imparts great sensi'
bility and mental activity.

This classification has clearly a physiological foundation,
but the nomenclature adopted (drawn from pathology rather
than from anatomy or physiology) is objectionable, and two
of the conditions or- temperaments themselves — the lymphatic
and the nervous — as usually described, are diseased and
abnormal, and not healthy states of the constitution. While,
therefore, we acknowledge its value in a pathological point
of view, and take into account the morbid conditions it
embraces, we prefer to base our examinations on Avhat wti
deem a simpler, and at the same time a more comprehensive,
system founded on anatomy.

There are in the human body three grand classes or systems
of organs, each having its special function in the general
economy, namely : the Motive or Mechanical System ; the
Vital or ISTutritive System ; and the Mental or Nervous
System. On this natural basis rests our doctrine of the
temperaments, of which there are primarily three, correspond-
ing with the three classes of organs just mentioned, namely :

1. The Motive Temperament ;

2. The Vital Temperament ; and

3. The Mental Temperament.

Each of these temperaments is determined by the pre-
dominance of the class of organs from which it takes its
name. The first is marked by a superior development of the
osseous and muscular S3^stems, forming the locomotive appa-
■"^tus ; in the second, the vital organs, tlie principal seat of
^vwich is in the trunk, give the tone to the organization; while
■II tlie third, the brain and nervous system exert the control-
ling power.

THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT.

In the motive temperament the bones are comparatively
large, and generally long rather than broad, and the form
manifests a tendency to angularity. The muscles are onlj?
moderately full, but dense, firm, and possessing great strengtli.
The figure is generally tall ; the face long ; the cheek-bones
high ; the front teeth large ; the neck rather long ; the

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIOKS.

10

Fig. 2. -Wm. Reeves, D.D.*

shoulders broad', and the chest moderately full. The euni-
plexion and eyes are generally, out not always dark, and the
hair dark, strong, and rather abundant. The features are
strongly marked, and the expression striking and sometimes
harsh or stern. The whole system is characterized by strengtli
and toughness, and is capable of great
endurance. Persons in whom this
temperament predominates possess
great energy, physical power, and
capacity for work. They have strongly
marked characters, and are the ac-
knowledged leaders in the sphere of
active life. They are men for the field
rather than the council chamber, and
are often found at the head of public
works and of armies. They are observ-
ers rather than thinkers ; are iirm, self-
reliant, constant in friendship and in
love ; executive, ambitious, and persevering. They love
230 wer and conquest, and often pursue their ends with a reck-
less disregard for their own or others' physical welfare. As
speakers, they use strong expressions, emphasize many words,
and talk to the point, hitting the nail on the head wdth a
heavy blow.

There is an abnormal development of this temperament, in
Avhich both the vital and mental systems are sacrificed to
mere animal strength. It is marked by a small head, deficient
in the coronal region and broad at the base ; a short, thick,
neck; broad shoulders; expanded chest, and large, dense
muscles, the tendons of which are apparent through the skin.
The possessor of this excessive development is remarkable for
brute strength, and for nothing else, unless it be stupidity.
Muscle is a good tiling, but it is not well to absorb all" of one's
brain in jjroducing an excess of it.

Full or large Firmness, Combativeness, and Destructive*

* William Reeves, a popular Methodist clergyman, i? noted as an active, energetic,
and elficient worker in his chosen profession. His character is as strongly marked as
tiis features. He has black hair, dark brown eyes, and a dark complexion.

20 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

ness, and a strongly developed perceptive region are cliarac-
teristic of the motive temperament.

The motive temperament is generally predominant and
strongly marked among the North American Indians, and is
very common in Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and France. In
America, the States of Vermont, Maine, Kentucky, Tennessee,
Missouri, and Arkansas are noted for its development. It
prevails in mountainous regions.

THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT.

This temperament, depending upon the predominance of
the vital organs which occupy the great cavities of the trunk,

is necessarily marked
by breadth and thick-
ness of body, rather
'1^^^ ..^^^^^ than by length. Its

„ , prevailino; characteris-

""W^Hif tic is rotundity. The

chest is full ; the abdo-

^i^s^fe^Mft men well developed :

^'^^K ',/k >^#^fll^Hi^Sj the limbs plump and

*^^^^^^^'Vn^H^^^^^ tapering, and the hands

'^^***^\\L(^ I^Pf^^fHP and feet relatively

!P\V \ ^^H^^B small. The neck is

\iH^^^^^ short and tiiick; the

shoulders broad, but

not angular; and the

Fig. 3.— Eev. Charles H. Spuegeon.* head and face COi'rc-

sponding with the other
parts of the system, incline to roundness, as seen in fig. 3.
The complexion is generally florid, the eyes and hair light,
and the expression of the countenance pleasing and often
mirthful.

Persons in whom this temperament predominates are both
physically and mentally active, and love fresh air and exercise
as well as lively conversation and exciting debate, but are, in

* TJev. Charles Haddon Spurgeon is a very popular English minister of the Baptist
denomination. He is ardent, inapulsive, persuasive, and very efl'ective as a preacher.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 21

general, less inclined to close study or hard work than those
in whom the motive temperament takes the lead. They are
ardent, impulsive, versatile, and sometimes fickle ; and possess
more diligence than j^ersistence, and more brilliancy tlian
depth. They are frequently passionate and violent, but are
as easily calmed as excited, and are cheerful, amiable, and
genial in their general disposition. Being fond of jovial com-
p;iny and good living, they are more liable than others to
become addicted to the excessive use of stimulants, as well as
to over-eating, and should be on their guard against this
danger, and curb their appetites with a strong will.

Phrenologically, the vital temperament is noted for large
animal propensities generally, and especially Amativeness,
Alimentiveness, and Acquisitiveness. Benevolence, Hope,
and Mirthfulness are also generally well developed.

An undue and abnormal preponderance of the absorbent
system, and a sluggish action of the circulatory organs, pro-
duce the unhealthy- condition called in the old classification
the lymphatic temperament, characterized, bodily and men-
tally, by insurmountable languor, sloth, and apathy.

The vital temperament is the prevailing one in Germany,
Holland, and England, and in low countries and valleys
generally ; also among the negroes.

THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT.

The mental temperament, depending upon the predomin-
ance of the brain and nervous system, is characterized by a
frame relatively slight and a head relatis^ely large ; an oval
or pyriform face ; a high, pale forehead, bi'oadest at the top ;
delicately cut features ; an expressive countenance ; fine, soft
hair; a delicate skin, and a high-keyed flexible voice. The
figure is often elegant and graceful, but seldom striking or
commanding.

Sensitiveness, refinement, taste, love of the beautiful in na-
ture and art, vividness of conception, and intensity of emotion
mark this temperament in its mental manifestations. The
thoughts are quick, the senses acute, the imagination lively,
and the moral sentiments generally active and influential,

HOW TO READ CHARACTER

In the mental temperament, the superior portions of the
forehead together with the coronal region are most fully de-
veloped. Causality, Comparison, Ideality, Spirituality, and

Veneration are generally
prominent, while the or-
gans which lie in the bas-
ilar and posterior regions
of the cranium are not so
fully developed.

It is the excessive or
morbid development of
this temperament — unfor-
tunately A^ery common in
this age and country —
w^hich corresponds with the
nervous temperament of
the pathologists. It is
characterized by emacia-
tion of muscles, weakness of bod}'-, intensity of sensation, and
a morbid impressibility. The foundation for this diseased
condition is laid in the premature and disproj^ortionate devel-
opment of the brain, and it is built up by sedentary habits ;
tlie immoderate use of tea, coffee, tobacco; and other hurtful
indulgencies.

The mental temperament is the prevailing one among scholars
everywhere, and especially in Ireland, France, and America.

Fig. 4.— Algernon Charles Swinburne.*

BALANCE OF TEMPERAMENTS.

Where either of the temperaments exists in great excess,
the result is necessarily a departure from symmetry and har-
mony, both of body and mind, the one, as we have seen,
always affecting the character and action of the other. Per-
fection of constitution consists in a proper balance of tem-
peraments, and whatever tends to destroy this balance or
to increase existing excesses should be carefully avoided.

* A young English poet of undoubted genius, whose head is soniething like tl^at; of
pdgar A. Poe. Is he not sadly wanting in vitality ?

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.

23

Fig. 5.— Charles A. Mact.*

Fig. 5 is a tolerably good illustration of a well-balanced
temperament and a harmoni-
ous organization.

A thorougli practical knowl-
edge of the temperaments
alone will enable one to form
a correct 2:eneral estimate of
character. The practical dif-
ficulty (by no means unsur-
mountable, however) lies in
measuring accurately the rel-
ative proportion of the dif-
ferent elements in each indi-
vidual temperament, so as to
give each its due influence
on the character. Study,
careful observation, and the
necessary practice will enable the student to do this in time,
however, with great exactness.

III. QUAUTY.

The next physiological- condition to be considered, as affect-
ing mental manifestation and modifying the law of size, is
quality. A piece of wrought iron is much more tough than a
piece of cast iron of the same size. Density gives weight and
strength. Porous, spongy substances are light and weak.
The lion is strong because his muscles, ligaments, and bones
are dense and tough. It is the same in man as in beast, in
brain as in muscle. Real greatness can exist only where a
bulky, compact brain is combined with strong nerves and a
dense, tough, firmly-knit body. Men with small heads may
be brilliant, acute, and, in particular directions, strong, but
they can not be comprehensive, profound, or commanding;
and, on the other hand, men with large heads may be dull,
if not stupid, on account of disease or low organic quality.
Both high quality and large size are essential to the highest
s order of power, whether of body or of mind.

* yormerly a mercliaiit, now a 'banker in New York, He is a " Friend," or Quaker,

21

HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

It is difficult to illustrate by means of wood-cuts the con-
ditions denominated high and low quality respectively, but

HIGH QUALITY

LOW QUALITY.

Fig. 6.— Rev. F. W. Robertson.* Fig. 7.— Aktoine PKOBST.t

figs. 6 and 7 w^ill convey an imperfect idea of their external
manifestations. Observe the features of the two characters,
and note the difference.

lY. HEALTH.

Having taken note of the size of the brain and the original
organic quality of the body (with which the brain must
correspond), the existing condition of the whole, as regards
health, must be taken into account.

All states of the body affect the mind, as we have shown
in a previous section. The strong thoughts which have
moved the world have not been sent forth amons^ men throuirh
the agency of weak, sickly bodies. The motive power of
muscle and of brain is the same. We can no more write,
itudy, or think energetically and effectively when sick, than
we can wield the ax, the sledge hammer, or the scythe.

* An English clergjmian who resided in Brighton, of singularly refined tastes, fervent
piety, and impressive eloquence. He died in 1868.

t Antoine Probst, a bnital murderer, confessed that he killed seven persoQS—th^
Pe^^ring Family. He was executed in Philadelphia in 1866,

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 25

Animal power is not mind, but it is something which mind
requires, in this life, for its manifestation. Memory, reason,
eloquence, poetry, j^hilosophy, and even morality, are affected
by disease. A disordered body involves disordered or
■weakened mental manifestations. In some diseases, as in
consumption, for mstance, there is often great clearness and
vividness of conception and a high tone of moral feeling, but
there is, at the same time, lack of power and continuity, and
a fitful and vacillating state of mind. " A sound mind in a
Bound body" is the law; and in the sickly body, a weak and
inefficient state of mental action.

Y. RESPIRATION.

Respiration is one of the most im^^ortant functions of the
physical system. Breath and life are one. When the former
fails, death supervenes. Even plants breathe, in their way,
and die at once if air be excluded from them.

The power of respiration depends upon the size of the chest
and the condition of the luno-s. The size of the chest is
readily ascertained by measurement.* This, other things
being equal, will be the measure of the breathing power.
The general health as well as the condition of the lungs must
oe taken into account as modifying the energy of respiration.
The signs of good breathing power, in addition to a broad or
^^eep chest, are considerable color in the face, warm extremi-
ties, elastic movements, and vig-orous functions grenerallv.
Where it is deficient, there is general pallor, with occasional
flushing of the face, cold hands and feet, blue veins, and great
liability to colds and coughs.

Our vitality is in proportion to our respiration. The asser
tion of a distinguished physician, that " many people die for
vrant of breath — when it is their own carelessness alone that
prevents them from breathing," is no less true than startling.
If we only half breathe — and many scarcely do that — we only
half live. To expand the chest, therefore, and to increase our
breathing power where it is deficient, is of the utmost import-

* Military regulations require the circumference of the recruit's chest to be equal to
Vtte h^lf his height.

26 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

ance. Whether, as Alphonse Le Koy and others have con-
tended, the development of the chest be actually an absolute
standard of the length of life or not, it is clear enough that
by expanding it, life may be j^rolonged and health and beauty
promoted.*

VI. CIRCULATION.

Respiration and Circulation are closely related. Lungs
and heart co-operate harmoniously in the work of manufac-
turing vitality. Between the heaving of the chest and the
beating of the pulse, there is a definite relation both in
strength and rapidity.

Good blood is the result of pure food properly assimilated
find fully oxygenated by the copious breathing of pure air,
and it is the office of tlie heart to propel this blood through
the system. From the blood is made muscle, nerve, and
brain. If the blood be good, these are strong, healthy, and
efficient. If the blood be poor, or charged with impurities,
the structures built up by it will be weak and disordered ; for
" the blood is the life thereof"

The signs of a good circulation are — a healthy color in thp
face, warm extremities, and a slow, strong, steady pulse.

VII.' DIGESTIOlSr.

Digestive power depends primarily upon the condition of
the organ of digestion — the stomach; but is affected by both
circula^tion and respiration. If the former be deficient, the
proper quantity of blood may not be sent to the stomach
during the process of digestion ; and if the latter be imperfect,
the blood sent to the stomach will lack its full quickening
and strengthening power. Copious breathing promotes the
process of digestion and strengthens the digestive organs
as well as the lungs.

A good development of firm, solid flesh and a healthy
color are signs of sound digestive organs and an effective

* To cultivate breathing power and expand tlie chest, practice the following exer-
cise : Stand erect, throw the shoulders hack, and then breathe slowly, freely, and deeply,
filling flu lungs to their utmost eapacity at every inspiration: Do this several times i|
(.lay in the open air if practicable, and if not, in a well-vefttjlatecj rooni,

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 27

performance of tlie digestive process. Emaciation, paleness,
a sallow or pimpled skin, and a peevish and desponding
state of mind are indications of deranged or imperfect
digestion.

VIII. ACTIVITY.

Activity is a matter of temperament mainly, and is greatest
where the motive and the mental temperaments are botli
strongly developed. Its indications are length of body and
limb, with very moderate fullness of muscle. The deer, the
greyhound, and the race-horse illustrate the fact that activity
and ease of action are associated with length and slenderness,
and delicacy of structure.

IX. EXCITABILITY.

This is another condition depending uj^on temperamental
combinations, and has its g^reatest normal manifestations in
those in whom the vital and the mental temperaments are
both well developed. It is morbidly active in persons whose
nerves are disordered and whose systems have been subjected
to the stimulation of alcoholic liquors, tobacco, and strong
tea and coffee. In the lymphatic temperarment there is the
opposite condition, — -a general coldness and apathy, wliich
nothing seems to arouse into a genuine feeling of interest in
present things and passing events.

X. BALAjSTCE of CONDITIONS.

It is essential to a harmonious character, and the most
efficient action of the fliculties, that all the developments of
the body and brain and all the physiological conditions of
both be well balanced — that there be no marked excesses or
deficiencies ; and in estimating the influence of tlie body upon
the mind in any given case, we must not only C()nsider its
individual developments and conditions, but the proportions
and relative activity and power of each. Where all act
together harmoniously, the effective strength of each is
increased ; while, on the other hand, lack of balance or
harmony impedes the action of all,

28

HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

III.

GROUPING OF THE ORGANS.

Fig. 8.— Three Regions.

I. PLAN OF THE GROUPS.

<^iTpK>HE arrangement of the
^(^a^i) various organs of the
■<£>,sx£) jji-ain in groups fur-
nislies a beautiful illustration
of that perfect adaptation of
means to ends which charac-
terizes all the works of God,
and which man can only ap-
proximate in his most skillfully
contrived inventions. The
place of every organ of body
and brain is just that which
best fits it for its special
function, and grouped around
it for its support, and for co-operation with it in action, are
those organs most closely related to it in function. Observe,
for instance, the relations so admirably indicated in the
arrangement in contiguity of Araativeness, Parental Love,
Friendship, and Inhabitiveness ; or of Acquisitiveness, Secre-
tiveness, Destructiveness, and Combativeness. So Individu-
ality, t jrm. Size, Weight, Color, Order, and the rest of the
Perceptives, indicate by their locations not only their matter
of-fact tendencies, but their relationship to each other and to
the external senses — seeing, hearing, etc.

In accordance with the same principle, we find the groups
so placed that the location of each indicates its rank in the
graded scale of functions. The propensities or animal organs
(fig. 8) are placed next to the spinal column, in the base of
the brain, and in close connection with the body. Rising
?,bov^ these, we come into the re2:ion of intellect ; while above

GKOUPIKG OF THE ORGAKS. 29

that, in the coronal region, are the moral or spiritual senti-
ments, through which we are brought into relation with God,

II. THE GROUPS AXD THEIR FUNCTIOIirS.

The first division of the faculties of the mind and the
organs of the brain is into three grand classes :

1. The Propensities ;

2. The Intellectua^^aculties; and

3. The Moral or Spiritual Sentiments.

How these great classes of faculties are arranged, each in
its special region of the brain, may be seen in fig. 8. The
Propensities, having to do with natural things, and being
closely related to the physical system, are placed nearest to
the body, with which their connection is intimate through the
spinal marrow and its ramifying nerves. In front, the Intel-
lectual Faculties are arranged in apyjropriate order. They are
not in quite so close connection with the body as the Propen-
sities, nor yet too far removed, and have their out-look, as it
were, upon the external world. Above these, and crowning
all, are the Moral Sentiments, occupying the highest place,
as they are highest in function and relation. Tlirough them,
as through windows opening toward heaven, the soul gets
glimpses of things lying above and beyond its present nari-ow
environments — of a better life, and of the joys to which it
can here only aspire.

The Propensities give force and efficiency in all actions ;
adapt us to our fellows ; and lead us to take care of ourselves.
The Intellectual Faculties enable us to obtain knowledge ot
men and things ; to compare and arrange facts; and to invent
and construct what we need for the practical application of
our knowledge. The Moral or Spiritual Sentiments are
meant to control all the rest by subjecting them to the
tribunals of kindness, justice, and the Divine Law.

The grand classes or orders of faculties and organs we
have thus described and illustrated are each divisible into
smaller groups, the members of which bear a still closer
relation to each other than to the members of other sub-
groups.

30 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

LARGE. MODERATE.

PiQ 0.— Yankee Sullivan.

LAr.GE.

THE PROPENSITIES.

Fig. 10.— Rev. Du. Bond.

SMALL.

vig. 11.— Rev. H. M. Gallaher. Fig. 12.— A Partial Idiot.

LARGE. THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. small.

Fig. 13.— T. Worcester, D.D. Fig. 14— Bridget Durgan.

THE MORAL -SENTIMENTS

UROUPING OF THE ORGANS

31

The classification we adopt gives us the following arrange-
ment of classes and groups :

I. — The Propensities.

1. The Social Group.

2. The Selfish Group.

II. — Intellectual Faculties.

1. Group of the External Senses.

2. The Perceptive Group.

3. The Reflective Group.

4. The Literary Group.
III. — The Moral Sentiments.

1. The Selfish Group.

2. The Semi-Intellectual Group.

3. The Religious Group.

1. The Social Group has for its collective function the
manifestation of those afiections which connect us with
country and liome, and attach^ us to relations, conjugal com-
panions, family, and friends.

2. The office of the Selfish Group is to make proper pro-

Fie. 15.~-Grouf of Organs.

SMALL.

LARGE.

Fig. 16.— Black Hawk.

Fig. 17.— Joseph Smith.

the social group.

vision for the animal wants, and to secure the prese. nation
of life, the defense of the person, and the accumulation and
protection of property.

32

HOW TO READ CHARACTER

3. The External Senses ha,\e for tlieir appropriate work the
conveying to the brain of intelligence concerning the world of
material things outside of the brain itself, acting, therefore,
in direct co-operation with the perceptive faculties.

4. The Perceptive Group, through the senses, brings man
/nto direct communication with the physical universe, gives a
correct judgment of the properties of things, and leads to the
practical application of the knowledge obtained.

5. The Function of the Reflective Group is to analyze,
compare, and classify the facts collected by the perceptives,
and to philosophize, contrive, invent, and originate ideas.

LAEGE. NOT LAKOE.

Fie. 18.— Louis Agassiz. Fig. 19.— Miss Cakmichael.

THE PERCEPTIVE GROUP.

6. The Literary Group imparts memory, and the ability to
communicate ideas and feelings by means of written or spoken
words. (Included among the perceptives in diagram, flg. 15.)

1. The Group of Selfish Sentiments gives regard for charac-
ter, love of distinction, self-reliance, independence, stability,
and perseverance. They have an aspiring and governing
tendency.

8. The Semi-Intellectual Group has for its function self-im-
provement, and the love and production of w'hatever is beauti-

aHOtrPINU OF THE OKGAKS

ful. It is elevating and chastening in its influences, and acts
in co-operation with the strictly religious group, to which it is
closely allied.

9. The Religious Group has the highest office of all, and
tends to elevate man into fellowship with angels, and beget
aspirations after holiness and heaven, while making him at
the same time meek and humble — even as a little child —

SMALL.

VHKN\\~^~^\^

Fig. 20.— Emanuel Kant.

Fig. 21.— a Negko.

REFLECTIVE GROUP.

toward God. When large and active, and holding the lead-
ing place which belongs to it, all the other groups are sancti-
fied throug^h its action.

Our illustrations, so far as they go, tell their own story too
well to need much comment. We select extreme cases when
we can, in order to make the contrast as great as possible, an<l
thus impress the fact illustrated upon the mind. Some of tlie
sub-groups are not susceptible of pictorial illustration.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF ORGANS.
L— THE PROPENSITIES.

I. THE SOCIAL GROUP.

1. Amativeness. 3. Adhesiveness.

2. Philoprogenitiveness. 4. Inhabitiveness.

6. Continuity (not grouped).

34 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

II. THE SELFISH GROUP.

E. Yitcativeness. 8. Alimentiveness.

6. Combativeness. . 9. Acquisitiveness.

V. Destructiveness. 10. Secretiveness,

II.— THE MORAL SENTIMENTS.

I. THE SELEISH GROUP.

11. Cautiousness. 13. Self-Esteem.

12. Approbativeness. 14. Firmness.

II. THE RELIGIOUS GROUP.

15. Conscientiousness. 17. Marvelousness,

16. Hope. IS. Veneration.

19. Benevolence. ,

III. SEMI-INTELLECrrUAL GROUP.

20. ConstructivftPess. 22. Imitation.

21. Ideality. 23. Mirtlifulness.
C. Human Nature. D. Agreeabl«ness.

III.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES.

5 GROUP OF THE EXTERNAL SENSES.

Feelino:. Hearing.

Siffbt. Taste,

Smell.

II. PERCEPTIVE GROUP.

24. Individuality. 28, Color.

25. Form. 29. Order.

26. Size. 30. CalculatioD-

27. Weight. .31. Localit}^

III. THE LITERARY GROUP.

32. Eventuality. 34. Tune.

33. Time. 35. Language.

IV. THE REFLECTIVE GROUP.

36. Causality. 37. Comparison.

DEFIKITIOK OF THE ORGAKS. < 35

DEFINITION OF THE ORGANS.

1. Amativei^ss, Love between the sexes — desire to marry.
A.. Conjugality, Matrimony — love of one — union for life.

2. Parental Love, Regard for offspring, pets, etc. !

3. FRrENDsmp, Adhesiveness — sociability — love of society.

4. Inhabitiveness, Love of home and country.

5. CoNTiNTJiTY, One thing at a time — consecutiveness.

E. ViTATiVENESS, Love and tenacity of life — dread of annihilatioa.
G. CoMBATiVENESS, Resistance — defense — courage — opposition.

7. Destructiveness, Executiveness — force — energy.

8. AiiEViENTivENESS, Appetite — hunger — love of eating.

9. Acquisitiveness, Accumulation — frugality — economy.

10. SECRETrvTSNESS, Discretion — reserve — policy — management.

11. Cautiousn'ESS, Prudence — provision — watchfulness.

12. Approbativeness, Ambition — display — love of praise.

13. Self-Esteem, Self-respect — independence — dignity.

14. Firmness, Decision — perseverance — stability — tenacity of will.

15. Conscientiousness, Integrity — love of right — justice — equity.
10. Hope, Expectation — enterprise — anticipation.

17. Spirituality, Intuition — faith — " light within" — credulity.

18. Veneration, Reverence for sacred things — devotion — respect.

19. Benevolence, Kindness — goodness — sympathy — philanthropy

20. CoNSTRUCTiVENESS, Mechanical ingenuity — sleight of hand.

21. Ideality, Refinement — love of beauty — taste — purity.*

B. Sublimity, Love of grandeur — infinitude — the endless.

22. Imitation, Copying— patterning;— mimicry— following examples.

23. Mirthfulness, Perception of the absm-d — jocoseness — wit — fun.

24. Individuality, Observation — desire to see and examine.

25. Form, Recollection of shape — memory of persons and faces.

26. Size, Cognizance of magnitude — measuring by the eye.

27. Weight, Balancing— climbing— perception of the law of gravity.

28. Color, Perception and judgment of colors, and love of them.

29. Order, Perception and love of method — system — arrangement.

30. Calculation, Cognizance of numbers — mental arithmetic.

31. Locality, Recollection of places and scenery.

32. Eventuality, Memory of facts and circumstances.

33. Time, Cognizance of duration and succession of time — punctuality.

34. Tune, Sense of harmony and melody — love of music.

35. Language, Expression of ideas — memory of words.

36. Causality, Applying causes to effect — originality.

87. Comparison, Inductive reasoning — analysis — illustration.

C. Human Nature, Perception of character and motives.
T>. Agreeableness, Pleasantness — suavity — persuasiveness.

NAMES AND NUMBERS OF THE ORGANS.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCriONS

37

lY.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.

I. AMATIVENESS. (l.)
Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it.

>OCATION'. — The organ of Amativeness occupies the
cerebeUum, situated in the base of the back-head,
as shown at 1, figure 23. To find it, feel on the
middle line toward the base of the skull, at the back part
of the head, and you will discover a small bony projection
called the occipital process. Below this point, and between

Fig. 24.— Aakon Burr.*

Fig. 26.— George Bancroft. t

1 wo similar protuberances (the mastoid processes) behind the
bottom of the ears, lies the organ in question. Its size is
indicated by tlxe extension of the occipital swellings back-
ward and inward of the mastoid processes, and downward
from the occipital process. Observe the striking contrast

* Aaron Burr, third Vice-President of the United States, \ra? noted for his debauch-
ery in private life, as well as for his unscnipulous conduct as a statesman.

f George Bancroft, American historian, is best known for his " History of the United
States," the most complete and elaborate work of the kind yet produced. He was
never mamed. Observe how short and narrow the head back and below the ears, in
tti« organ.of Amativeness, See also Rev. Pr, Pusey, fig. 97.

HOW TO READ CHARACTER,

Fig. 27.— Smauo.

betweeil figs. 24 and 25 in respect to this region ; liow full the
head behind the ears in the one case, and how small in the
other! The characters of the two men correspond with their
developments. When it is large, the neck at those parts
between the ears is thick, and it gives a round expansion to
the nape of the neck, as shown in fig." 26. Fig. 27 shows it
small.

2. Phtsiognomical Signs. — A large cerebellum and a full
neck are usually accom-
panied by a prominent
if not massive chin, in-
dicative of the strength

' / of circulation, vital stam-
M ina, and ardor of passion
w^e expect to find in per-
sons thus characterized.
Fig. 26.-LARGE. Another and an unfailing

sign of Amativeness is the breadth and fullness of the lips.
Their redness indicates present activity of the organ. The
absence of color indicates inactivity.

3. i^ATUEAL La]V(;uage. — The action of Love on the chin,
constituting what may be called its natural language, consists
in throwing it forward or sidewise, the former movement being
the more natural to woman and the latter to man. These
movements of the chin are accompanied by a slight parting
and considerable humiditj'^ of the lip

4. FuNCTiox. — The function or use of Amativeness is to
manifest sexual feeling, and give the desire to love and be
loved, and to marry.

There is no phrenological organ of more importance, or
which has a greater influence upon human character and
human destiny, or the bearings and relations of whichi are
more extensive. It increases greatly in size and becomes,
active at the age of puberty. In males, it nearly doubles in
size between the ages of ten and twenty, and the feelings and
emotions dependent upon it undergo a corresponding change.
The gentler sex, which before were viewed with comparative
i.alifference, now seem invested with every charm. Their

THE ORGANS AND THEIB FUNCTIONS. 39

forms seem the perfection of grace, their faces all but divine,
their voices enchanting, and their smiles bewitching beyond
expression. The fair ones, at the same period, are conscious
of similar feelings, and both sexes discover their greatest bliss
in each other's society.

Dr. Spurzheim, speaking of this propensity, says : " Its-
influence in society is immense. It may excite various feel-
ings, such as Combativeness, Adhesiveness, and Destructive-
ness, inspire timid persons with great moral courage, and at
other times and under difierent circumstances mitigates oar
nature, and increases the mutual regards of the sexes toward
each other."

5. Pekversion. — The abuse and disorderly gratification
of this propensity is fraught with innumerable evils, physical,
intellectual, and moral, destroying the health of the body and
debasing the tone of the mind ; and so great is the influence
of the amative propensity, that only the full development and
proper activity of the higher intellectual faculties and moral
sentiments are suflScient to hold it in subjection and make it
duly subservient to the great end for which it was created.

6. Cultivation. — Where this organ is small, its size and
activity may be increased, like those of any other organ or
part of the body, by judicious exercise ; and this exercise
consists in a manifestation of the feeling of love for the
opposite sex, which should be encouraged and promoted by
social intercourse and the contemplation of the advantages
and pleasures of the conjugal union. Any one desiring to
cultivate Amativeness, then, should go into society as much as
convenient, make it a point to be as agreeable as possible to
those persons of the other sex with whom he or she may be
brought into contact, trying to appreciate their excellences
and to admire their personal charms. A well-developed man
or woman — one in whom all the elements of masculine or
feminine organization and character are present in due pro-
portion— Avill exert a strong influence upon the love feeling
of the other sex and help largely to awaken and develop the
organ of Amativeness. Such persons should be sought, and a
warm intimacy established with them. Marriage, when

40 now TO READ CHARACTER.

foniuled on constitutional fitness and true affection, awakens
and develops this organ greatly in those in whom it is
deficient or inactive.

T. Restraint. — The excesses and abuses to which this pro
pensity often leads are by no means always referable to the
excessive development of the organ in the brain. The true
cause is often — perhaps in a majority of cases — ^a pathological
one — gastric irritation and an inflamed state of the blood.
A too stimulating diet; liquors, wines, tea, coffee, and tobacco;
and the excitements of the feverish sensational life of our fast
age are the principal causes of this imhealthy condition.
The first step, then, is to remove these causes. Abandon the
stimulants, withdraw from the sphere of social excitements,
and cultivate tlie society of people who are living a quieter
and more sober, earnest, and natural, but not less happy, life.
Bathing and exercise in the open air, with a rather spare and
cooling diet, will greatly aid in restoring the system to a
healthy tone. Beyond these hygienic measures, the only
means to be relied upon are the restraining influences of the
aspiring and governing intellectual faculties and the moral
sentiments. These must be cultivated, and their controlling
i\ifluence brought to bear upon the unruly propensity. Make
good use of the means God has placed within your' reach for
the government of your passions, asking Him to aid you, and
you will not struggle in vain.

31. CONJUGALITY. (a.)

Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife ,
find they shall be one.

1. Location. — The organ of Conjugality or Union for Life
is situated in the lower part of the back-head (A, fig. 28), just
above Amativeness. It does not admit of pictorial illustration,
except merely to indicate its place, as in fig. 28.

2. Function. — The instinct of permanent union between
the sexes which it is the function of Conjugality to manifest,
though closely related to Amativeness, is a distinct faculty,
and each may be exercised independently of the other. In
jact, Conjugality very often comes into activity before Amst'

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.

41

tiveness, and the young heart pants to find its mate, and
really does select, meets with a response, and never regrets
the choice, or changes in the least. Some of the most perfect
and happy of unions ever known have been of this sort, formed
in childhood, perhaps five years before the promptings of
Amativeness were experienced.

3. Illustrative Examples. — Some birds and animals
choose a sexual mate, and remain faithful to that mate for
life, as the lion and the eagle. The sheep and horse associate
promiscuously, and do not choose mates at all. The lion and
eagle manifest one faculty that the horse and sheep do not
evince, consequently the disposition to choose a sexual mate
for life is a distinct and special
faculty. Among the lower animals,
those that pair for life are just as
constant in affection the whole
year round as they are during
the procreating season* showing
that for ten months in the year
Amativeness is by no means their
bond of union.

4. CuLTivATiox. — One desiring
to develop this organ should strive
to center all his or her hopes, in- '\-^<>^^
terests, and plans for life in the ^^^^^
one already beloved, and not let
new faces awaken new loves. Be
as much as possible in the com-
pany of the chosen companion, and

when absent cherish every memorial, association, and remi-
niscence connected with him or her, not allowing the affections
to wander, but keeping ever in view the good qualities and
charms of person and mind which first attracted you.

5. Restraint. — Should the chosen one die, or love be
blighted in any way, it may be necessary to restrain an
excessive manifestation of this faculty leading to despondency
and broken-heartedness. Try, then, to appreciate the ex-
cellences of ©thers ; segk society, and try to find a suitable

Fig. 28.— Female Head.

42

HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

object upon which to bestow your affections, remembering
that " there are as good fish in the sea as ever were caught."

III. PARENTAL LOVE. (2.)
Can a woman forget her sucking child ?

1. LocATioisr. — The organ of Parental Love or Philopro-
genitiveness is sitnatecl above the middle part of the cerebel-
lum (2, fig. 23), and about an inch above the occipital protuber-
ance. When large, it gives fullness to the back-head above

LARGE. SMALL.

Fig. 29.— Queen Victoria.* Fig. 30.— A. JoHKSON.t

Amativeness, as seen in fig. 29, which may be contrasted
with fig. 30, in which the organ is small.

2. FuNCTioisr. — Parental Love, as its name implies, is the
peculiar feeling which watches over and provides for the
wants of offspring. Its primary function is to impart love
for the young, and particularly for one's own children ; but it
also leads to a fondness for pets generally, as an incidental
manifestation. It gives a softness of manner in treating the
feeble and the delicate, even in advanced life; and persons
in whom this organ is large in combination with Benevolence,
are better fitted for the duties of a sick-chamber than those
in whom Philoprogenitiveness is small. The natural language
of the faculty is soft, tender, and endearing. It is essential

* Queen Victoria is known to have been a loving wife, and to be the exceUent but
perhaps over-fond mother of many children.

+ Johnson was a bachelor, no lover of children— and children, we are sure, would
a\oid hinv-and is said to have been a woman-hater, v Observe his lips and ra^utk.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 43

to a successful teacher of children. Iiidivitluals in whom th'^
organ is deficient, have little sympathy with the feelings of
the youthful mind, and their tones and manner of communi-
cating instruction repel, instead of attracting, the affections of
the pupil. It is particularly w^ell developed in the negro, who
makes an excellent, nurse. In selecting a person to take care
of children, always, if possible, take one in whom this organ
is full or large.

3. PERVERSioisr. — A perverted manifestation of Parental
Love spoils children by excessive indulgence or pampering,
or by allowing them to rule, instead of yielding that obedience
which is due from offspring to parent.

4. Illustrative Examples. — Those who possess the feel-
ing of parental love in a high degree, show it in every word
and look when children are concerned; and these, again, by a
reciprocal tact, or, as it is expressed by the author of Waverly,

by a kind of ' free-mason-
ry,' discover at once per-
sons with whom they may
be " familiar, and use all
manner of freedom. It is
common, when such an
Pig. 31.— Female Skull, individual appear^ among Fig. 32.— Male.
them, to see him welcomed with a shout of delight. Other
individuals, again, feel the most marked indifference toward
children, and are unable to conceal it when betrayed into
their company.

The organ of Parental Love is more prominently developed
in the female than in the male head. It is this, iy part, that
gives its proportionally greater length from the forehead to
the occiput in the former. Figs. 31 and 32 indicate this and
other differences between the heads of the two sexes. Of
course there are exceptions to this general rule. Sometimes
the back-head is small in women, and also occasionally very
large in man. In these cases it will generally be found that
the woman resembles her father and the man his mother.

5. CuLTiVATiox. — To cultivate the oigan of Parental Love
one should court the society of children, play much with

44

HOW TO READ CHARACTER

them, and try to enter into the spirit of their sports and games,
and to sympathize with them in their little joys and griefs,
being always tender and indulgent toward them. Those
who have no children of their own should, if they have the
means to support them, adopt one or more, or provide some
suitable pets. The organ is large in Ralp'h Wells, a teacher.
6. Restraint. — If there be a tendency to idolatrous fond-
ness or to undue and hurtful indulgence, the restraining influ-
ence of reason and moral sentiment must be brought to bear.
It should be impressed upon, the mind that the good of the
child requires the exercise of the parents' authority, and that
they are responsible for all the evils which come from their
neglect to exercise it.

lY. FRIENDSHIP. (3.)

The sonl of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as
his own soul.

1. Location. — The organ of
/>W Friendship or Adhesiveness is situ-

NOT so LARGEo

Fig. 33.— Mlle. N.* Fig. 34.— Isaac T. Hecker.+

ated at the posterior edge of the parietal bone (3, fig. 23),
just above tlie lambdoidal suture. It projects at the pos-

* Mile. N., a young Parisienne, was so tenderly attached to a lady of her own age,
that neither marriage nor the solicitations of her mother could induce her to leave her.
Her friend died at a time when such an event was least expected, but Mile. N, did not
immediately exhihit any rnarked signs of grief, so that her Mends deemed her resigned

THfi OR^AJ^S AiTD THEIR FtlNCrtONS. 4S

fcerior and lateral part of the head, on each side of Inhab-
itiveness, and a little higher than Philoprogenitiveness,
and when very large produces two annular protuberances
there.

2. Physiognomical Sign.— Friendship (Adhesiveness) holds
fast, clings, adheres, and is represented by the round muscle
which surrounds the mouth and draws together or closes the
lips. When this muscle is large and strong it produces
slightly converging wrinkles in the red part of the lips, some-
times extending slightly into the white part. Small perpen-
dicular wrinkles in the red part of the lips indicate a smaller
degree of Friendship, but not a deficiency.

3. Natural Language. — The great activity of this organ
disposes persons to embrace and cling to each other; two
children in whom it is active will put their arms round each
other's necks, and lay their heads together, causing them to
approach in the direction of the organ of Adhesi\'eness, or
assuming this attitude as nearly as possible. A dog, when
anxious to show his attachment, will rub his head at the seat
of this organ on his master's leg.

4. Function. — This organ gives the instinctive tendency
to attachment and delight in the return of affection. It
causes one to seek company, love society, and indulge friendly
feelings. Those in whom it is strong feel an involuntary
impulse to embrace and cling to any object which is capable
of experienoing fondness. It gives ardor and a firm grasp to
the shake with the hand. In boys, it frequently displays
itself in attachment to dogs, rabbits, birds, horses, or other
animals. In girls, it adds foTidness to the embraces bestowed
upon the doll. The feelings which it inspires abound in the

to the loss' of her companion. A day or two elapsed after the burial when she was
found in her chamber quite dead, having committed suicide. A letter, addressed
to her parents, disclosed the state of her mind previous to the fatal act, the substance
of which was that she could not survive the loss of her friend. In scanning the con-
formation of the back-head of Mile. N., it must be at once seen how very large the
region of the social sentiments appears. Mark the great distance from the ear back-
Ward. It is an extraordinary instance, and the above account furnishes the surprising
fact in connection with so great a development.

t Father Hecker is a Eoman Catholic priest of New York, of German and English
Btock, noted for learning, talent, energy, and strength of cbariacter.

u

IHOW TO READ CHARACTER

poetry of Moore. He beautifully describes its effects in the
following lines :

The heart, like a tendril accustomed to cling,
Let it grow where it will, can not flourish alone ;

But will lean to the nearest and loveliest thing
It can twine with itself and make closely its own.

5. Perversion. — Perverted Friendship leads to bad com-
pany and the formation of attachments for the unworthy.
- 6. Cultivation. — Friendship may be cultivated by associ-
ating freely with those around us, going much into society,
and keeping the heart open to all social influences. One
should strive to be as companionable as possible, and not too
exclusive and fastidious in regard to associates.

7. Restraint. — Friendship hardly needs restraining, but
should be kept under the guidance of the intellect and moral
sentiments, so as not to be bestowed upon unworthy objects.

V. INHABITIVENESS. (4.)
The Lord forbid it me, that I should give the inheritance of my fathers unto the*.

LAKGE, NOT LAKGE.

Fig. 35.— Rhv. T. O. Paine.*

Fig. 36.— Rev. G. H. Hepwokth.+

1. Location. — Inhabitiveness is located between Parental
Love and Continuity, on the back part of the head. Whei-e

* Mr. Paine is a Swedenborgian preacher, and author of a work well known and
esteemed in his church, " Of Restoring the Holy Tabernacle," etc.

t Mr. Hepworth is a popular and eloquent Unitarian minister of Massachusetts.

THE ORGANS AND THEIK ^UKCTlOlsfS. ^"l

it is large or very large and Continuity moderate, an angle is
formed near the union of the lambdoidal sutures, between which
and the occipital bone there will be considerable distance.

2. FuNCTioisr. — The function of this organ is to give love
of home and country, a desire to have a permanent abode,
and attachment to any place where one was born or has
lived. The feeling is particularly strong in the Swiss, and in
the inhabitants of mountainous countries generally.

3. Cultivation. — To increase the activity of this organ,
one should make home as attractive as possible, and cultivate
<a love of it by planting trees, vines and shrubs, and by dwelling
on the associations and memories connected with it. Reading
the history of one's country, and cherishing a just pride in its
greatness and glory, has a tendency to arouse and increase
feeling.

4. Restraiistt. — Where this feeling is very strong and
active, absence from home or country often causes a terrible
feeling of home-sickness. This excessive local attachment
may be weakened by going frequently abroad, reading books
of travel, and becoming interested in foreign countries.

VI. CONTINUITY. (5.)

Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called.

1. Location. — Continuity or Concentrativeness is situated
next above Inhabitiveness and below Self-Esteem, When
large, it gives a general fullness to that region ; and w^hen
moderate or small, a marked depression will be perceptible.

2. Function. — The function of Continuity is to give con-
nectedness to thouo;ht and feelino^, and thorouo-hness in the
elaboration of ideas or the working out of the details of any
plan. It enables us to keep the other faculties concentrated
upon a single object, and to follow a train of thought uninter-
ruptedly through all its phases till we reach the legitimate
conclusion. It gives unity and completeness to mental
operations.

8. Excess. — A too strong development of this feeling leads
to excessive amplification and tedious prolixity.

4^

HOW To HEAD CHARACTER

4. Illustrative Examples. — Continuity is very largely
developed in the German head, and only a little less so in the
English, and the people of these nationalities generally stick
to one thing — one trade or profession tlirough life, and in
literature and art produce elaborate and finished works,
noted for unity and completeness. The American has in gen-
eral but a moderate endowment of the faculty, is correspond-
ingly versatile, and often changes his occupation. He is,

Fig. 3T.— Thomas Hughes.*

Fig. 38.— EuHu BuERiTx.t

perhaps, first a lawyer, then a doctor, and finally a merchant
or a farmer — possibly all these at once ; and this is one of the
greatest defects in the American character, and accounts, in
fact, for the superficial nature of much of our literature, and
the want of thoroughness in our studies and in our scientific
investigations. The defect is increased in those schools where
a great many studies are pursued at one time.

5. Cultivation. — Such an arrangement of work or business
as will compel continuous attention to one thing, or a steady
adherence to one line of conduct, will tend to increase the
activity of the faculty undei consideration, and promote the

2:rr>wth of its oro-an in the brain.

Let it be " one thing at a time."

* Thomas Hughes, member of the British Parliament, and author of " Tom Brown's
School Days," etc., manifests in his works the influence of this organ.

t Well known as " the Learned Blacksmith." Observe also his large Individuality.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.. 49

6. Restraint. — To restrain the excessive or too iiifiueiitial
manifestation of Continuity, one should reverse the directions
given in the preceding paragraph, and compel, by some
arrangement of occupation, a frequent transfer of the atten-
tion from one thing to another. In writing or speaking,
where there is a tendency to prolixity, it is well to prescribe
to one's self, before commencing, rather narrow limits, and
make it a i^oint not to overstep them.

VII. VITATIVENESS. (e.)

All that a man hath will he give for his life.

1. Location. — The organ of this faculty is located just be-
liind the ear, below Corabativeness, and forward from Amative-
ness (fig. 23, E). See also fig. 39.

2. Function. — It gives a love of
existence for its own sake, tenacity
of life, dread of death, and resist-
ance to disease.

3. Illustrative Examples. —
There is a remarkable difference
among men in regard not only to
the love of life and the dread of
death, but to the actual hold upon
life. One passes through cholera or
yellow fever ; gets shipwrecked, and
goes for days without food and
lives, while others " give up" and let
go of life when they might have held
on. Some yield readily to disease, and resign themselves to die
witli little reluctance, while others struo^o-le with the utmost
determination against death, and by the power of the will
often recover from a sickness that would quickly prove fatal
to another with the same degree of constitution and vital
power, but lacking this faculty of resistance to death. This
difiference is believed, on the evidence of thousands of obser-
vations, to be due to the different degrees of development of

Fig. 39.— Thomas H. Bbkton.*

* An American politician and statesman, noted for his independence, persistence,
ftud tenacity as well as for pkysical and mental vigor.

50

HOW TO REAB CHARACTER.

a fundamental faculty which we call Vitativeness. It is not
recognized by the European writers on Phrenology.

4. CuLTivATiQ]??^. — The constant contemplation of the pleas-
ures and advantages of life, and the formation of plans to
secure these pleasures and advantages in the largest possible
measure, or to do good by living, will tend to increase the
size and influence of this orgaia.

5. Restraint. — A morbid love of this life should be held
in check by cultivating faith in God and in a better life to
come. Let ns cheerfully accept the inevitable.

YIII. COMBATIVElSrESS. (6.)
Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might.

1. Location. — Combativeness lies behind and above the
ears, as shown in the diagram (fig. 23) at 6. To find it ojf the

MODERATE.

Fig. 40.— J. H. Hopkins, D.D,*

Fig. 41.— IiOKATio Potter, D.D.f

living head, draw a line from the outer angle of the eye to
the top of the ear, and thence straight backward from, an inch
and a half to an inch and three quarters, and you will be on

* Dr. Hopkins was for some years Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopa'
Church of the United States, and was distinguished for energy, industry, and contro-
ve7-f;ial ability.

t Horatio Potter, D.D., is Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New Y-^b. vM is much
bcIoM'd and admired by his people for intelligence, devotion, mil'ness. ae^i mat"
uuumity.

THE ORGAK-S AND THEIR FUKOTIOXS

ol

Fig. 42.

Fig. 43.

the place of the organ. On the cranium it corresponds with
the inferior posleiioi angle of the parietal bone, above and a
little behind the mastoid process, and when large, gives great
breadth to the hep-^l at that point, as shown in fig. 42. Fig.
43 shows the form of the head
when this organ is small.

2. Physiognomical Signs. — In
connection w^ith the breadth of
the back part of the side-head at
the point we have indicated, there
may generally be observed a marked enlargement of the neck
below, as in Marshall, the English boxer (fig. 44). This sign,
when present, we consider infallible, and as it is not often
covered by the hair, is readily seen.

Prominence of the ridge of the nose is believed to be another
sign of Combativeness. It
is certainly a well-defined
characteristic of most great
warriors, pugilists, and
other fighters.

3. Natural Language.
— The action of Combative-
ness tends to throw the
head backward and a little
to the side in the direction
of the organ, and to give
the person the attitude of a
boxer. It also, when ex-
cited, gives a hard thump-
ing sound to the voice, as if
each word were a blow.

4. Function. — Combat-
iveness is not primarily a
fighting faculty, and might
have received a better nauie. Its oftice is to give the will anvl
ability to overcome obstacles, to resist aggression, contend for
rights, and to protect person and property. If it be necessaiy
to fight for these objects, it gives the pluck to do it. A eon-

Fig. 44. — Marshall — Muedereb.

IIOAV TO READ OIIARACTER.

Fig. 45.

Fig. 46.

sider;ible endowment of it is indispensable to all great and
niao-nanimous characters. Even in schemes of charity, or in
plans for the promotion of religion or learning, opposition will
arise, and Corabativ.eness inspires its possessor with that

instinctive bold-
ness which enables

the mind to look

undaunted on a

contest in virtue's

cause, and to meet

it without the least

shrinkino-. Were

the organ very
deficient in the promoters of such schemes, they would be
liable to be overwhelmed by contending foes, and baffled in
all their exertions.

5. Peryeesion. — When too energetic and ill-directed,
Combativeness produces the worst results. It then inspires
with the love of contention for its own sake. In private
society it produces the controversial opponent, \^'ho will
wrangle and contest every point, and, " e'en though van-
quished, argue still." When thus energetic and active, and
not directed by the Moral Sentiments, it becomes a great
disturber of the peace in the domestic circle ; contradiction is

then a gratification,

and the hours which

ought to be dedi-
cated to pure and

peaceful enjoyment

are imbittered by

strife. On the great

field of the world its

abuses lead to quar-
rels, and, when combined with Destructiveness, to bloodshed
and devastation.

6. Illustrative Examples, — This organ is generally more
developed in men than in women, and in male than in female
animals. It is constantly found large in militaiy commanders

Fig. 47.

Tig. 48.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

53

and others who have shown remarkable valor and disregar<1
of danger. Napoleon's generals Key and Miirat are ex-
amples in point. Look, too, at the skull of General Wurrascr
(fig. 45), who defended Mantua so obstinately against
Kapoleon ! See how broad it is from side to side in the regior?
of the organ Ave are illustrating ! and compare it with that oi
the Cingalese boy (fig. 46) which
we have placed near it. Our own
great commanders, Grant, Sher-
man, Sheridan, Hancock, and
Thomas (fig. 49), are remarkable
for this development and for th
qualities it indicates.

The ancient artists seem to have
known that there exists some con-
nection between this configuration
and animal courag-e, for thev have
given it to the heads of their gladi-
ators and wrestlers.

The heads of courageous animals
betwren and behind the ears are
those of timid and shy ones are narroAv at the same place, as
in fig. 47.

7. Cultivation. — To cultivate this organ where deficient, one
should rather court than avoid encounters with Avhatever has
a tendency to call out a spirit of defiance, resistance, or oppo-
sition ; and should make it a point to engage in debates and
mental contests on every suitable occasion.

8. Restraint. — To restrain Combativeness, requires the
controlling powder of the intellect and the Moral Sentiments,
which should be placed as guards over it, to quell at once,
before it burst into flame, the rising spirit of anger and con-
tention. As precautionary measures, we should avoid excit-
ing discussions and conflicts of opinion, as well as scenes and
places where temptations to quarrel and fight would be likely
to assail us

^•

Fig. 49.— General Thomas.*

wide, as in fio;. 48, while

* Major-General George H. Thomai* is au (jfficer iu the United States Army. \s:\\v
g;veatly distinguisti^d himself dxirins; the late civi| yy^Xi

54

HOW TO READ CHARACTE

IX. DESTRUCTIVE NESS. (7.)
Be ye angry, and sin not ; lei not the sun go domi on your \vrath.

1. Location. — Destructiveness (7, fig. 23) is situated inv
mediately above the ear, and its developmf^nt gives prominence

LARG3.

NOT LAKGE.

Fig. 50.— Leonard Bacon.*

Fig. 51.— Ai^ert BARNEs.t

to the sknll at that point, and breadth to the center of the
basilar region of the head, as shown ip fig. 52. Fig. 53 shows
the form given to the skull by its deficiency. When well

develojDed it is easily

distinguished.
2. Physiognomical

Sign. — In carnivo-
rous animals — the

linn, the tiger, and

the wolf, for instance

— the upper jaw
Fie. 52.— Destructiveness projects forward of Fig. 53.— Destrttctivb.
^^''^- the lower; while in ^^^« Smai^l.

vegetable eaters the reverse is true, as seen in the sheep, the
goat, the coAv, etc. In carnivorous birds, the upper mandible

* A prominent minister of the Congregationalist denomination In New Haven,
Conn., regarded as the champion of his sect in New England.

' Dr. Barnes, formerly of Vv>stem New York, noM^ of Philadelphia, is well and widely
^aown as an author, and as a pulpit orator o/ the Presbyterian dettominatlQi\,

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

55

is much longer than the lower, bending over, as in the eagle,
the hawk, etc. It is believed that in man analogous physical
peculiarities indicate dispositions allied to those of the class
of animals to Avhich the resemblance may be traced. Thus
an individual, like that represented in fig. 54, in whom the
upper jaw j^rojects slightly beyond the lower, v.dll be found
to have large Destructiveness and to be particularly fond of
animal food ; while fig. 55 represents one Avho prefers vege-
table food, and is adverse to the shedding of blood, Destruc-

FiS. 54.— DESTRUCTIVEIirESS Laege.

Fig. 55.— Destructiveness Smalx.

tiveness bemg small. This sign, however, requires the con
firmation of more extensive observations.

3. Natural Language. — When very active, this propensity
produces a quick step, a drawing up of the body to the head,
and, a stamping or striking downward, also a wriggling of
the head, like the motion of a dog in the act of worrying.
It gives a dark expression to the countenance, and harsh
and discordant tones to the voice. If in a friendly converse
with a person in whom the organ is large and Secretiveness
small, one happens to touch on some irritating topic, in an
instant the softness of Benevolence and the courtesy of Love
of Approbation are gone, and the hoarse growl of Destruc-
tiveness indicates an approaching storm.

4. Function. — This is one of the organs given to man for
self-preservation. It imparts the energy and executiNeness
U^ce^%ary to enable us to overcome obstacles 9,nd vvwvQXki ox

56

HOW TO READ CHARACTER

crush whatever is inimical to our welfare ; to tunnel mount-
ains, fell trees, blast out rocks, and face the storm. It impels
us to destroy in order not to be ourselves destroyed; to
endure and to inflict pain, when necessary, as in a surgical
operation ; to kill the animals necessary for our subsistence ;
and even to take human life in defense of our own lives, our
liberties, or our country's safety.

5. Pekversion. — A delight in destruction, in giving pain
for its own sake, in killing through revenge,
malice, or a mere thirst for blood, are per-
versions of a beneficent faculty. Professor
Bruggmans, of Leyden, told Dr. Spurzheim
of a Dutch priest whose desire to kill and
see killed was so great
that he became chaplain
of a regiment solely to
have an opportunity of
seeing men destroyed in
battle.

6. Illustrative Ex-
amples. — Busts of Ca-
ligula, 'Nero, Severus,
Charles XII., and Catherine de Medicis present remarkable
prominences in the place of this organ. It was large in the
ancient Roman head generally, but comparatively small ii)
the Greek. It is large in the heads of most savage nations,
and especially so in those of the Caribs. The Hindoos gener-
ally have it small.

All deliberate murderers, in common with carnivorous ani-
mals, such as the lion, the tiger, and the wolf, have a large
development of Destructiveness. Observe fig. 56 in contrast
with fig. 57. It is also larger in men than in women, as indi-
cated by the broader heads of the former, and the manifesta-
tions correspond.

7. Cultivation. — The killing of noxious animals, the extir-
pation of weeds, the clearing of forests, the breaking up of the
land, hunting, fishing, and so forth, help to exercise and
ileyelop Destructiveness, We may also cu,ltiv5ite (^ ^yhok-

Fig. 56.— Bulldog.

Fig. 57.— Deer.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.

57

some indignation when wronged, fight against public evils,
and exercise our energy in striving to remove or destroy
whatever impedes our progress.

8. Restkaint. — To restrain Destructiveness, cultivate
Benevolence and a -mild and forgiving spirit, avoid killing
anything if possible, and take but little animal food and no
alcoholic liquors.

X. ALIMENTIVENESS. (8.)

For one believeth that he may eat all things ; another, who is weak, eateth herbs.

1. Location. — It is situated, as may be seen by reference to
our diagram (fig. 23), immediately in front of the upper pa^'t

LAEGE. SMAIiL.

Fig. 58.— Axexander Dumas.*

Fig. 59.— Mr.

of the ear (8). In the brain, it occupies the anterioi convolu-
tions of the middle lobe, and externally corresponds with the
anterior part of the temporal bone. To find it on the living
head, take the upward and forward junction of the ear with
the head as the starting-point, and draw a line half an inch
forward, inclining a little downward, and you will be upon it.
It lies nearly parallel with the zygomatic arch, which is often
rendered prominent by it, when large, but the distance of tlje
arch from the proper walls of the skull is variable, and it
therefore furnishes no certain guide. The temporal musck'
also opposes an obstacle to a correct judgment of its degree

* "^eU ^own as a very prolific French novelist of the modern sensational school

3=^

58 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

of development, but may itself be taken as a sign of character
in relation to this propensity, as it is almost always large in
connection with large Alimentiveness, and its lower part is
pushed outward, making it appear as if lying on a pyramidal
instead of a vertical-sided cranium.

2. Physiognomical Sign. — In addition to the size and
strength of the temporal muscle, and the broadness of the
head on and above the zygomatic arch already alluded to,
we find accompanying large Alimentiveness a greater or less
enlargement of the lower part of the cheeks, as shown in fig.
58, sometimes, when excessive, resulting in an overlapping
of flabby integument, which gives a gross animal look to the
face. Fio;. 59 shows these sis^ns small.

3. Function. — The function of this propensity is to prompt
us to select food and to take nourishment. Its action creates
the sensations of hunger and thirst, and when unperverted,
and the stomach in a healthy condition, furnishes a sure guide
as to the quality and quantity of food necessary for the pur-
poses of nutrition and. health.

4. Perversion. — Perverted Alimentiveness leads to glut-
tony and drunkenness, to the use of condiments, coffee, tea,
tobacco, and other unnatural stimulants, such as opium,
arsenic, and morphine, and through these to disease, suffering,
and premature death.

5. Cultivation. — ^To increase the activity of this faculty,
when it is weak or dormant, one should make his table and its
belongings as attractive as possible, provide the best and
most finely flavored dishes his means will permit, and then
sit down with the determination to eLJoy the meal as much
as possible. If the inactivity of Alimentiveness result from
disease of any kind, its restoration will come with that of
health. The latter requires the first attention.

6. Restraint. — To restrain this propensity is difiicult, and
requires the exercise of the higher organs, whose action has a
tendency to hold the appetites in check. In addition to this,
tlie temptations of sumptuous tables and rich, highly season-
ed food should be avoided, Yqu should " eat to live, rathei
thua live to ea^t,"

THE ORGANS AiN'D THEIR FUNCTIONS

59

XI. BIBATIVENESS.

(F.)

Look not on the wine when it is recL At the last it biteth like a serpent, and
itingeth like an adder.

1. Location. — This organ is situated in front of Aliment'
iveness. It is not marked on our diagrams. (See fig. 60.)

2. Function. — It gives a fondness for liquids; a love of
water, and a desire to
drink, bathe, swim, etc.

3. Peeversion. — In
its perverted action, it
leads to excessive drink-
ing, unquenctiable '
thirst, and drunkenness, -z:^

4. Cultivation. — The ^
pi actiee of bathing, ^~
swimming, boating,
and the moderate drink- \
ing of jjure water will
tend to increase the
iction of this faculty.

5 . Restraint. — To
restrain a too strong
appetite for drink, abstain wholly from all beverages except
water, and cultivate the higher faculties; a love for literature,
art, and nature, or whatever else has a refining and elevating
tendency ; and especially seek the help from above which comes
only through the awakened and sanctified moral sentiments.

xii. acquisitiveness. (9.)

Kany provide not for his own, and especially for those of his own household, he hath
denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel.

1. Location. — The organ of Acquisitiveness is situated on
the side of the head next above Alimentiveness (9, fig. 23).
To find it on the living head, take the middle of tlie top of
the ear as a starting-point, and move the finger directly
upward one inch, and then horizontally forward the same

* An English writer and politician who spent a portion of his life in America, aii^
w^ noted for Ms controversial tastes and abilitteSj

Fig. 60.

-WlXLIAM COBBETT.*

60

HOW TO READ CHARACTER,

distance, and it will rest upon the place of the organ. On the
skull, Acquisitiveness corresponds with the anterior inferior
angle of the parietal bone. • Figs. 63 and 64 show how its

LARGE.

Fig. 61.— George Peabodt.*

Fig. 62.— J. D. B. De Bow.t

development affects the form of the head as seen in front,
giving greater icidth^ when large, to this portion of the brain.
2. Physiognomical Sign, — Persons noted for their love of
gain and ability to acquire property
are observed to have, as a general
rule, massive noses, and it is believed
that thickness of the nose above the
wing (fig. 65, a) is the true facial sign
of Acquisitiveness. The sign is 23romi- ^^^- ^'^'
nent in likenesses of the Rothschilds, Billy Gray, John Jacob
Astor, and in the living faces of the men of our day who have
made or are makino- fortunes. The noses of the Jews are

^iG. G3.

* Mr. Peabody, the American banker, is as well known for Ms princely munificence
as for his immense wealth.

t The late Mr. De Bow, best known as the editor of De Botv''s Review^ was a good
commercial and statistical ■v^'r^ter, and had ffrej^t talept Ipr business, but i^ever accumv^-
)ated money.

THE OHGANS AKD THEIR FUNCTIONS. 61

generally thick as well as arched, and the arched or hawk
nose ha?, not inaptly, been called the Commercial Nose ;
though it is not in the form of the profile, as some have
asserted, but in the thickness of the trunk, which almost
invariably accompanies it, that the sign of the
trading or money-getting pi»opensity resides.

3. Function. — Acquisitiveness j^rompts to
acquire, to accumulate, to store our surplus, to
make f)rovision for the future. It incites the
farmer, the mechanic, the manufacturer, the
merchant, and the professional man to diligence
in their respective callings, and is one of the
sources of the comforts and elegances of life.
Its regular activity distinguishes civilized man
from the savage. The latter is, in general, con-
tent with the satisfying of his present wants,
while the former looks thoughfuUy forward to ^
the possible necessities of the future. Consum-
ing but a portion of what he earns, the industrious and
prudent citizen contributes to the national wealth, and leaves
something behind him for the benefit of ])osterity. The
objects of Acquisitiveness may be various — in one, money or
lands; in another, books or works of art; in a third, old coins
and other objects of antiquity, the propensity taking its direc-
tion from other faculties with which it is combined.

4. Perversion. — Excessively developed, Acquisitiveness
fMigenders a miserly, grasping penuriousness, and an all-
absorbino; love of g;ain for its own sake; and when not con-
trolled by the moral sentiments, results in theft and other
dishonest means of acquiring the coveted lucre.

5. Cultivation. — When the organ is small, and there is
too little economy, and a tendency to lavish and careless
expenditure, some plan, devised by the intellect, must be put
into operation to compel, as it were, a more prudent and
saving course. Keeping a strict account of expenditures,
and especially personal expenses, and looking over and bal-
ancing cash accounts frequently, will serve to remind one how
the money goes and wherein much of it might readily be

62

HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

saved. Making up one's raijid to get ricli, if there be a strong
will to back the resolution, sometimes arouses Acquisitiveness,
and finally greatly increases its ]^ower.

6. Restraint. — ^The only way to restrain this or other
I)owerful propensities, is by cultivating the higher faculties
•»nd sentiments, and bringing their influence to bear upon
tliem, thus keeping them in due subjection. Benevolence,
Conscientiousness, Ideality, and the reflective faculties tend
cO counteract a miserly tendency or a too great love of money.

XIII. SECRETIVENESS.

(10.)

He that keepeth his mouth, keepeth his life ; but he that openeth wide his lips shall
have destruction.

1. Location. — The organ of this propensity is situated at
the inferior edge of the parietal bone (10, fig. 23), immedi-
ately above Destructiveness, or in the middle of the lateral

LABGE. ' SMALL.

Fig. GG.— F. D. Hxjntington, D.D.* Fig. 67.— J. C. Smith, D.D.t

portion of the brain. When this organ and Destructiveness
are both highly developed, there is a general fullness of the
lower and middle portion of the side-head, as in the outline,
fig. 68. Fig. 69 shows it small.

2. Physiognomical Sign. — The breadth of the wings of

* Francis D. Huntington, D.D., formerly of Boston, well known both as an authoi
and as a preacher, is Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Maine.

t Br. John Cotton Smith is an eminent leading Protestant Episcopal clergyman of
New York.

THK 0HC4AXS AKB THEIR FUKCTIOXS

«;:]

Fig. 68. — Secketiveness Large.

Fig. 69.~Clara Fisher.

the nose next to tlie face indicates Secretiveness, This is in

accordance with the physiological action of tliis faculty,

which tends to shut the mouth and expand

the nostrils. This
sign is large in the
Kegro, the Chi-
nese, the Xortli
American Indian,
and in most savao^e
'1 and half-civilized

tribes.
I 3. Natural Lan-
guage. — Persons
who have Secre-
tiveness large,

manifest its natural language in various ways — buttoning up

the coat to the chin, wearing a high, tight cravat ; or, if a

woman, a dress fitting

high up on the neck.

Those who possess little

Secretiveness wear their

clothes more loose and

open. This propensity,

when predominantly ac-
tive, produces a close,

sly look, admirably ex-
emplified in our likeness

of Constance Emily

Kent, the murderess ;

tlie eye rolls from side

to side ; the voice is

low ; the shoulders are

drawn up toward the

„„ ^ „ T .1 p . - Fig. 70.— Constance Emily Kent.*

ears, and the footstep

is soft and gliding. The movements of the body are toward

the side. Sir Walter Scott accurately describes the look

An English murderess, who showed a great deal of CTumiBg.

C4 Mow TO READ CHARACTEn.

produced by this faculty and Cautiousness in the following
lines :

" For evil f;ccmcd that old man's; eye,
Dark and de-igmng^ fierce yet shy.
Still he avoided forward look.
But slow and clrcumsj)ectly took
A circling, never-ceasing glance.
By doubt and cunning marked at once.
Which shot a mischief-boding ray
From under eyebrows shagged and gmy/'

4. Function. — The Good Book says : " A fool uttereth all
his mind, but a wise man keepeth it till afterward." The
fool thus characterized has no Secretiveness.

This faculty gives the wise man his prudence — restrains
expression till " afterward" — till a suitable occasion. It
imparts, in fact, an instinctive tendency to conceal, and the
legitimate object of it is to restrain the outward expression
of our thoughts and emotions, giving the understanding time
to pronounce judgment on its propriety. Some instinctive
tendency to restrain within the mind itself — to conceal, as it
were, from the public eye — the various emotions and ideas
which involuntarily present themselves, was necessary to pre-
vent their outward expression ; and nature has provided this
power in the faculty of Secretiveness. Those in whom it is
defici<-nt are characterized by a lack of tact, great bluntness
of manner, and an instantaneous expression of eveiy thought
and feeling ; and they seldom susj^ect any hidden purpose in
another. Othello is described by lago as such a person. He
says:

" The Moor is of a free and open nature,
That thinks men honest that but seem to be so ;
And will as tenderly be led by the nose
As asses are !"

5. CuLTiVATiON. — Where the instinct of concealment is not
{sufficiently developed, the intellect shou.'d, so far as possible,
supply the necessary policy. There must also be a constant
effort to suppress injudicious out-gushings of feeling. Impulse
must be kept in check by Cautiousness and reason. Every-
body is not to be trusted.

6. Restraint. — To restrain the too influential action of this
faculty, a more frank, open, and straightforward manner should

THE ORaAKS AKI) l^HEIR FlTKCTIONS. 65

l)e cultivated, and constant effort be made to give liearty
expression to thought and feeling.

XIV. CAUTIOUSNESS. (ll.) »

A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself.

1. Location. — The place of the organ of Cautiousness is on
the upper, lateral, and posterior pait of the head, and near

LAKGE.

MODEKATK.

Fig. 'Ti.— JOHN uowLiisG, D.D.*

Fig. 72.— Rev. J. G. BARTHOLOMEw.t

tlie middle of the parietal bone (11,%. 23). When large,
the head is very broad at that point, as in figs. 71 and 73,
while a deficiency gives quite another shape to the skull, as
in figs. 72 and 74. To find Cautiousness on the living head,
take the back part of the ear as
the starting-point and draw a
perpendicular line upward, and
where the head begins to round
off to form the top is the location
of the organ.

^^^- '''• 2. Natural Language.— The ^^^- ''•

action of this faculty raises the hear! and bod}^ and gives the
former a rotary motion, as in looking on all sides, whence the

* Dr. Dowliug, an Englishman hy birth, is pastor cf a Baptist Church m New York,
and author of a work on the Christian MartjTS.

+ A Universalist preacher in Brooklyn, N. Y.. of marked talent, and much respected
and esteemed by all who know him.

66 HOW TO HEAD CHARACtEK

French name given to the faculty by Spurzheim — Circonspe&
tlon^ to look around one's self.

3. Function. — It is the function of Cautiousness to give
prudence, watchfulness, carefulness, and provision against
danger. It is one of the restraining powers of the mind, and
prevents the propelling forces of our nature from plunging us.
into difficulty and danger. Persons having it well developed
are habitually on then- guard ; they know that it is more diffi-
cult to sustain than to acquire reputation, and, consequently,
every new undertaking is prosecuted as carefully as the first.
They look forward to all possible dangers, and arc anxious to
anticipate every occurrence ; they ask advice of every one,
and often, after having received much counsel, remam luide^
cided. They put great faith in the observation, that of a
hundred misfortunes Avhich befall us, ninety-nine arise from
our own fault. Such persons never break any article; they
may pass their lives in pruning trees, or in working w^ith
sharp tools, without cutting themselves.

4. Excess and Pervehsion. — When the faculty is toe
largely developed, with moderate Hope, it produces doubts^
irresolution, and wavering, and may lead to absolute in>
capacity for any decisive and vigorous action. A great and
involuntary activity cf it produces panic — a state in which
the mind is hurried away by an irresistible emotion of fear,
for which no adequate cause exists.

5. Illustrative Examples. — In armies and other large
bodies of men, a panic becomes contagious, and results in the
abandonment of everything else in obedience to the one
absorbing instinct of self-preservation. A large development
of this organ, combined with large Destructiveness, predis-
poses to suicide. Dr, Andrew Combe examined a number of
suicides in the Morgue (dead-house) of Paris, and found in
them Hope generally small, with Cautiousness and Destruc-
tiveness large. Cautiousness is larger in the Germans, English,
and Scotch than in the Celtic French or Irish.

6. Cultivation. — By an intellectual effort, one may arouse
Cautiousness into activity md promote its development. The
disastrous results of indiscretion, cai'elessness, rashness, and

r,\

rHE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

^f

recklessness should be kept before the mind, and a i /ore
prudent and watchful policy resolved upon. Causality and
Firmness should be called to the aid of weak Cautiousness.

7. Restraint. — Causality and Firmnesh should be brought
into action to restrain as well as to encourage this faculty.
Reason should tell us that excessive or over-acti\e Cautious-
ness inclines us to magnify dangers, and to be irresolute and
over-anxious, and we should therefore try to adopt a more
bold and decided course of action than mere feeling would
suggest. Combativeness and Destructiveness may also be
made to partially offset this faculty, and promote a more
daring spirit.

XY. APPEOBATIYENESS. (12.)
Do good, and thou shalt have praise.

1. Location — Approbativeness is located on the upper
and back part of the top side-head, at the point marked 12 in

LAHGE. MODERATE,

Fig. 75— R. Hanks, D.D.*

Fig. T6.— John P. Durbin, D.D.t

the diagram (fig. 23). When large, it produces a remarkable
fullness and breadth in the upper and back part of the head.
On the skull, it commences about half an inch from the lamb-
doidal suture.

* Dr. Hanks is an impressive and eloquent preacher of < he Protestant Methodist
denomination.

t Dr. Durbin is one of the most powenui and controlling- leadors of the Methodist
Episcopal denomination in the United States.

8S HOW TO READ CHARACTER

2. Physiognomical Sign, — Approbativeness manifests itself
in the face by the lifting of the upper lip, sometimes exposing
the teeth, as shown in fig. 11. It is generally largely de-
veloped in the Fiench, the Irish, and especially in the Negix),
The latter is no less remarkable for his love of praise than for
' showing his teeth.

3. Function, — This faculty gives regard for
character, desire to excel and be esteemed, love
of praise, ambition, affability, and politeness.
Mr. Combe calls it " the drill master of society;"
and in this capacity it, leads to acts of moral
tendency, as our ill feelings and selfishness are
restrained to please others ; but it does not
Fig. 77. decide w^hat actions are praiseworthy and vrhat
are not, but merely judges these actions in reference to some
conventional standard set up by custom ov by the dictates of
the other faculties, and praises or blames accordingly as they
do or do not conform to this standard.

4. Pjer^ ERSiON. — No faculty is more prone to run into
excess than Approbativeness. It leads to self-i~»raise, vanity,
and egotism. The diversified forms in which its activity
appears are well exposed in Young's " Love of Fame."

" The love of prais^e howe'er conceard by art.
Reigns, more or less, and s-lows in every heart :
The proud to gain it, toils on toils endure ;
The modest shun it, but to make it sure.
O'er globes and scepters, now on thrones it swells,
Now trims the midnight lamp in college cell? ;
'Tis Tory, Whig ; it plots, prays, preaches, pleads,
Harangues in senates, squeaks in masquerades;
It aids the dancers heel, the writer's head.
And heaps the plain with mountains of the dead ;
Nor ends with life, but nods in sable plumes,
Adorns our hearse, and flatters on our tombs."

5. Illustratve Examples. — The French are remarkable
for a large development of this organ, w^hile the English are
more noted for Self-Esteem. The influence of Approbative-
ness shows itself in the manners, institutions, and daily litera-
ture of France in an extraordinary degree. Compliments
and praises are the current coin of conversation, and glory

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 6^

the condiment of the feast of life, Americans also generally
have the faculty largely developed.

Approbativeness is generally more active in woman than in
man, shown in her greater love for display, fashions, etc., and
it has been observed that a greater number of women than
of men become insane throuo-h excess of this feelino;.

6. Cultivation. — One who finds himself too careless of
reputation and of the opinions of his fellow-men, should strive
intellectually to arrive at a true estimate of the real value of
public opinion, and of the importance of one's character and
standing among men. The cultivation of manners and the
strict observance of the etiquette of social intercourse will
help to develop the organ of Approbativeness.

7. Restraint. — To restrain Approbativeness, one must
cultivate Self-Esteem and Conscientiousness, and, doino; what

7 7 O

is right, try to not care too much what people say about it.
Have less fear of " Mrs. Grundy." Too great sensitiveness
to praise and blame must be overcome by allowing reason to
«how how little either is generally worth, and by recalling to
mind how often the feelings have been hurt in the past, when,
as has been afterwai'd seen, there was no real cause.

XVI. SELF-ESTEEM. (13.)
What ye know, the game do I know also ; I am not inferior unto you.

1. Location. — The organ of Self-Esteem is situated at the
back part of the top-head (13, fig. 23), where the coronal sur-
face begins to decline toward the back-head, and a little
above the posterior angle of the parietal bones. When it is
large, the head rises far upward and backward from the ear
in the direction of it, as in fig. 78. Fig. 79 shows the form of
the head when Self-Esteem is small.

2. Natural Language. — The action of this faculty throws
the head back in the direction of its phrenological organ, as
shown in fig. 81, and gives a dignified and upright carriage
to the body. Fig. 80 shows the attitude induced by a
deficiency of the faculty.

g, ]F'u:?^CTT0->T5-^TIie function of' Self-Estf en is to in>[)ii'e selU

70

HOW TO READ CHARAGTEK

respect, self-reliance, independence, dignity, niagnauiiuity,
pride of ^^.haracter, and an aspiring and ruling disposition.

Fig. 78.— Gen. E. Kirby Smith.*

Fig. 79.— Gen. RosECRANS.t

Its due endowment produces only excellent results, and we
find that in society, that individual is uniformly treated with
most lasting and sincere respect who esteems himself so

Fig. 80.— Defekencb.

Fig. 81.— Dignity.

highly as to scorn every mean action. By communicating a
feeling of self-respect, it frequently and effectually aids the

* A noted ■' Confederate"' officer in the American Civil War.

+ Distinguislied in tlie n-m^y of tbe URiOB |R t^e A^e.ncf\^? Civil W^r^

THE ORGANS AND TKEIR FUNCTIONS

71

Fig. 82.— Pride.

moral sentiments in resisting temptation to vice. Several
individuals in whom the organ is large, have stated to us that
they have been restrained from forming improper connections
by an overwhelming sense of the degradation which would
result from domg so ; and that they believed their better
principles might have yielded to temptation had it not been
for the support afforded to them by
the instinctive impulses of Self-
Esteem."

4. Perversion. — Perverted Self-
Esteem manifests itself in insupport-
able pride, hauteur, forwardness,
superciliousness, imperiousness, and
an insatiable love of power.

5. Deficiency. — A j)redisposition
tc excessive humility and a painful
lack of self-confidence are the results
of deficient Self-Esteem. A person
thus constituted has no reliance upon
himself; if the public or his superiors frown, he is unable to
pursue even a virtuous course, thi-ough diffidence of his own
judgment. Inferior talents, combined with a strong endow-
ment of Self-Esteem, are often crowned with far higher suc-
cess than more splendid abilities joined with this sentiment in
a feebler degree.

6. Illustrative Example. — At Heidelberg Dr. Gall saw a
girl of eighteen, of a remarkable character. Every word or
gesture in the least familiar revolted her. She called on God
on every occasion, as if he took a special interest in her affairs.
When she spoke, assurance and presumption wei'e painted in
her features; she carried her head high, and a little backward,
and all the movements of her head expressed pride. She was
not capable of submission ; when in a passion, she was violent,
and disposed to proceed to 'all extremities. Although only
the daughter of a quill merchant, she spoke her native lan-
guage with extraordinary purity, and communicated with
pone but persons of a rank superior to her ovrn.

7. QijjiTiYATiQj^.— Py g;|sp.ming %\\^ atti^.4^- of SelfiK.^t.<:^er!g|

72 HOW TO rlad character.

and trying to imbibe its spirit, at the same time, the faculty
may be strengthened and its activity promoted. The too
low self- valuation which arises from a deficient development
of this faculty, should be corrected by bringing prominently
into view the best traits of one's character and reflecting on
the exalted nature of those endowments. "I am a man,"
Black Hawk said to Jackson. " I am a man," or " I am a
woman," should be the proud assertion of the too modest
reader, who must learn to hold up the head in all company.
A correct phrenological delineation of character will do more
than anything else to correct false, and especially too low
estimates of character.

8. Restraint. — To restrain forwardness, pride, excessive
self-confidence, and an overbearing, domineering spirit, culti-
vate the moral sentiments, and especially Veneration, seeking
in religion that grace which maketh humble like a little child.
Correct too high estimates of yourself by the exercise of
reason and the help of Phrenology.

XVII. FIRMNESS. (14.)

Be ye steadfast, immovable ; always abounding in the work of the Lord,

1. Location. — The organ of this faculty is situated at the
back part of the coronal region (14, fig. 23), on the median
line, and between Veneration and Self Esteem. Figs. 85 and
86 show^ how its degree of development affects the form of
the skull.

2. Physiognomical Signs. — The facial sign of Firmness,
corresponding with the situation of its phrenological organ, is
the perpendicular straightness or convexity and stiffness of
the center of the upper lip (fig. 87). To tell a man to "keep
a stiff upper lijy is equivalent to telling him to be firm — to
hold his ground. This faculty has also one of its most strik-
insf indications in the size and strenoth of the cervical
vertebrae, or bones of the neck, and in the perpendicularity
of the neck itself

3. Natural Language,— The action of Firmness throws
tlic Ijeacl, face, and neok into the line of the phrenological

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS- 73

organ of the faculty. When it predominates, it gives a
peculiar hardness to the manner and stiifness and uprightneF-s

LAB6E.

MODEEIATE.

Fig. 83.— F. W. Hedge. D.D.*

Fig. 84.— W. H, Rtdek. D.D.t

to the gait (the foot being brought down heavily on the heel),
and an emphatic tone to the voice.

4. Function. — Firmness imparts stability of chai'acter,
tenacity of will, perseverance, and an aversion to change. It
seems to have no relation to external things, its influence
terminating on the mind itself, and it adds only a qnahty to
the manifestations of the other powers: thus, acting along

Fig. 85.— Large. Fig. 86.— Small.

with Combativeness, it produces determined bravery; with
Veneration, sustained devotion ; and with Conscientiousness,

* A Unitarian preacher and an author of reputation. His scholarship is of the high-
est order. Noted for determination and strength of will,
t A Univerealist piiiii&ter of high calt4ire. fervid eloquence, an4 ^^t kigdness qf_

4

74 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

inflexible integrity. It gives perseverance, however, in acting
only on the other faculties which are possessed in an available
degree.

5. Illustrative Examples. — Firmness is much larger in
some nations than in others. The English have it much
more fully developed than the French. The latter, under
the influence of large Combativeness and moderate Cautious-
ness, make lively and impetuous charges, shouting
and cheering as they advance; but if repulsed or
steadily resisted, their ardor abates, they become
discouraged, and any serious reverse is apt to
become a total defeat ; while the English, on the
other hand, are less impetuous and dashing, but
hold steadily to their purpose, and. if repulsed,
return un discouraged to the charge, or, if com-
pelled to fall back, obstinately dispute the
enemy's advance step by step. Americans of

the Northern States resemble the English in this respect,
though they unite with this persevering steadfastness some
of the impetuosity of the French. The men of the South
have less Firmness and show less persistency; acting more
under the influence of Self-Esteem and Approbativeness, they
fight for glory, and refuse to yield through pride rather than
from genuine steadfastness.

6. CuLTiv ATI els'. — Firmness may be developed by a well-
considered and wise assumption of positions which are clearly
important to be held. The faculty is then stimulated by
Conscientiousness, Self-Esteem, and Ap23robativeness. One
must constantly remember his w^eakness in this mattei*, and
strive to have a mind of his own, and to overcome difliculties
instead of turning as.de to avoid them.

v. Restraint. — To restrain Firmness, we must subject it to
the influence of reason and the moral sentiments. Listen, at
least, to advice, and if good try to profit by it. The needless
losses and humiliations to which obstinacy and an unreason-
able persistence in a line of conduct proved to be wrong or
impracticable has subjected us, should be constantly recalled
U) mind whm ¥§ ^r© tempteci tQ ^-^e willful or i^bbora.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 75

XVIII. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.

(15.)

Till I die I will not remove mine integrity from me. My righteousness I hold fast
and will not let it go.

1. Location. — The organ of Conscientiousness is situated
on the posterior and lateral parts of the coronal region (at the
point marked 15 in fig. 23), upward from the fore part o^

LARGE. SMALL.

Fig. 88.— The Good Boy,

Fig. 89.— The Bad Boy.

Cautiousness and forward from Approbativeness. On the
skull, its place is on the upper and forward part of the parietal
bone, about three inches above the opening of the ear, and
about one and a half inches from the middle line of the head.
When large, with deficient Firmness, it gives the head the
shape shown in fig. 90. Fig. 91 represents it small.

2. Function. — Conscientiousness imparts a perception and
love of right, an innate sense of accountability, and a dis-
position to fulfill promises,

speak the truth, and strive for

purity and moral excellence.

A sense of guilt, repentance,

and desire to reform also arise

from its action. It is a resfu-

lator of all the other faculties.

If Combativeness and Destruc-
tiveness be too active, Conscientiousness prescribes a limit
to their indulgence ; it permits defense, but no malicious ag-
gression 5 if A(^^u^*sitivene«.si, iir^e too keenly^, it T'gPAi^^J^, us of

Fig. 90.

Fig. 91.

"6 HOAV TO READ CHARACTER.

the rights of others ; if Benevolence tend toward profusion,
this faculty issues the admonition, Be just before you are
generous ; if Ideality aspire to its high delights, when duty
requii-es laborious exertions in an humble sphere, Conscien-
tiousness supplies the curb, and bids the soaring spirit restrain
its wino;.

When this faculty is powerful, the individual is disposed
to regulate his conduct by the nicest sentiments of justice ;
there is an earnestness, integrity, and directness in his manner
which inspire us with confidence and give us a conviction of
his sincerity. Such an individual desires to act justly from
the love of justice, unbiased by fear, interest, or any sinister
motive.

3. Deficiency. — Small Conscientiousness leaves the pro-
pensities without adequate control. The feeling of justice
being wanting, the mind does not furnish reasons to oppose
to the influence of the baser inclinations. A deficiency of
Conscientiousness in connection with large Secretiveness,
especially when the latter is aided by Ideality and Wonder,
produces a tendency to magnifying so strong in some cases
that the unfortunate victim of a bad organization finds it
quite difficult to overcome it.

4. iLLrsTRATiVE EXAMPLES. — The sentiment of truth is
found by the English judges to be so low in the Africans, the
Hindoos, and the aboriginal Americans, that such individuals
are not received as witnesses in the colonial courts ; and it is
a curious fact, that a defect in the organ of Conscientiousness
is a reio-nino; feature in» the skulls of these nations.

5. Cultivation. — A constant effort to keep a sense of right
and wrong uppermost in our minds in all our transactions,
and to make eveiything subservient to justice and moral
principle, will induce activity and development in the organ,
^nd make doing right more and more easy and pleasant.
Our motto should be ; " Let justice be done though the
heavens fall."

6. Restraint.— There is seldom great need to restrain this
faculty, but sometimes it makes one in whom it is largely
developed and morbidly active censorious, and too exacting

THE ORaANS AKD THEIR FtJNCTlOHS. 11

and fault-finding in respect to others, and liable to an uncalled-
for sense of guilt and unworthiness in regard to himself.
These perverted manifestations should be met by cultivating
Benevolence, Self-Esteem, and Firmness, and by correcting
intellectually the false estimates of sentiment and feeling.

XIX. HOPE.

(16.)

Now the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, that ye may abouni
in hope.

1. LocATiox. — The organ of Hope is situated on the side
of the top-head (16, fig. 23), on a perpendicular line drawn

LARGE. NOT SO LARGE.

Fig. 92.— Bessie Inglis.*

Fig. 93.— Edward Thomson, D.D.t

upward from the front part of the ear, and between Marvel-
ousness and Conscientiousness.

2. Physiognomical Sign. — Hope elevates the center of
the eyebrow, opens the eyes wide, and turns them upward.
It gives an open and pleasant expression to the whole
countenance.

3. Function. — In persons with large Hope, "the wish is
father to the thought." With large Approbativeness, they
expect to rise to distinction ; with large Acquisitiveness, they
think they shall become rich. " The sentiment of Hope,"

* An English authoress and a very popular public reader.

t A Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, eminent as a writer and a preacher-

'1^ Sow to READ CHARACtllfi.

Spurzheim truly says, " is indeed necessary to the happiness
of mankind in ahnost every situation. It often produces
more satisfaction than even the success of our projects. Its
activity, however, varies greatly in different individuals ;
while some easily despair, others are always elated and find
everything for the best ; constant hope sustains them in the
midst of difficulties; the first jjlan for accomplishing any
object having failed, only stimulates them to form new ones,
which they confidently expect tvill succeed. Those who are
everlastingly scheming, or building castles in the air, possess
this faculty in a high degree. It seems to induce a belief in
the possibility of whatever the other faculties desire, without
producing conviction ; for this results from reflection."

This sentiment is not confined to the business of this life,
but, passing the limits of the present existence, inspires ex-
pectations of a future state, and a belief, hope, and trust in
the immortality of the soul.

4. Excess and Deficiexcy. — Hope, like any other faculty,
may be too strong or too weak. In the former case it induces
us to expect things which are uureasonable, not founded on
probability, or altogether impossible. When too feeble, on
the contrary, especially if Cautiousness be large, it is apt to
produce lowness of spirits, melancholy, and even despair.

5. CuLTivATiOiSr. — Lively youthful society, and the com-
panionship of those who are cheerful and buoyant, has a
tendency to promote Hope and develop the organ in those
who are naturally too easily discouraged and apt to look on
the dark side. Such ones should remember, too, that " every
cloud has a silver lining," and that though "grief may endure
for a night," "joy cometh with the morning." JVil desperan-
dum — never des2:)air.

6. Restraint. — To hold in check excessive expectation,
cool judgment must be kept always on guard to correct the
over-estimates of this sentiment. In business, persons in
whom Hope is too large or active, should adopt and strictly
adhere to the cash principle, both in buying and in selling, as
there is always a great liability to buy too much, and sell
without sufficient security for tlie payment.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FtfNCTiOXS.

1^0

XX. SPIRITUALITY. (l7.)
We through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith.

1. Location. — The organ of Spirituality (17, fig. 23) is
situated immediately above Ideality, in the lateral parts of
the anterior region of the top-head.

LAEGE.

NOT liAUGE.

Fig. 94.— p. N. Lynch, D.D.* Fig. 95.— H. W. Bellows, D.D.t

2. Physiognomical Sign. — Large and active Spirituality

gives a singularly elevated expression
of countenance. The eyelids are
lifted and the eyes often turned ob-
liquely upward. When the excite-
ment of the organ results in the feeling
of wonder, the expression becomes
like that of fig. 96.

3. Function. — The function of this
organ is to give a ]3erception of
spiritual things, faith in the unseen,
and an intuitive knowledge of Avhat
is true and good, with a prophetic
insight and an internal consciousness
of immortality and a supersenuous existence.

4. PEEVEPtSiON. — Perverted Spirituality leads to super-

* Dr. Lynch, Roman Catholic Bishop of Charleston, S. C, holds a high position in
his church. He is noted for his learning, kindness of heart, and spiritual-miudedness.
t Dr, Bellows is a distinguished Unitarian minister of New York.

Fig. 96.— Wonder.

so HOW TO READ CHARACTEH.

stition, fear of ghosts, credulity, and excessive love of the
wonderful. There are many disposed to believe in dreams,
sorcery, amulets, magic, astrology, in the mystic influence of
spirits and angels, in the power of the devil, in second-sight,
and in miracles and incomprehensible representations of all
sorts. Some also are disposed to have visions, and to see
ghosts, demons, and phantoms. This sentiment gains credence
to the true and also to the false prophet, aids superstition,
but is also essential to the belief in the doctrines of refined
religion. It is more or less active, not only in different in-
dividuals, but also in whole nations ; its functions are often
disordered, constituting one form of insanity called demon o-
niania.

5o Illustrative Examples. — A gentleman who moved in
the best society in Paris asked Dr. Gall to examine his head.
The doctor's first remark was, "You sometimes* see visions,
and believe in apparitions." The gentleman started from his
chair in astonishment, and said that he had frequent visions ;
but that never, np to this moment, had he spoken on the sub-
ject to any human being, through fear of being set down as
absurdly credulous.

Spirituality was largely developed in Joan of Arc, Cromwell,
Tasso, Swedenborg, Stilling, Wesley, Burns, Scott, Hawthorne,
and Laura Bridgeraan, and correct portraits of them show a
marked fullness in the region assio-ned to its oro-an.

6. Cultivatiox. — To cultivate this faculty, the attention
should be frequently directed to that class of subjects upon
which it is legitimately exercised — the Deity, a future exist-
ence, intuitive perceptions, premonitions, etc. Meditations
on divine things, the reading of religious works, and attend-
ance upon religious meetings will aid in its development, if
right use be made of such opportunities. The mind should
be kept open to the intuitive perception of truth, and all super-
sensual impressions and premonitions be heeded.

7. Restraint. — When it becomes necessary to hold in
check the too active manifestntions of Spirituality, the
restraining organs of Cautiousness, Self-Esteem, and Firmness
must be called to the support of reason, and the mind with-

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

81

drawn from the constant contemplation of the spiritual and
fixed upon the real, tangible things of this life. Strict atten-
tion to practical matters, and a resolute performance of the
common duties of life will help to give a healthy tone to the
mind.

XXI. VEXERATIOX. (18.)
Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he shall lift you up.

1. LocATiO]?^. — The organ of Veneration is situated in the
middle of the coronal region (18, fig. 23), between Benevo-
lence and Firmness. Fig. 99 shows it large, and fig. 100 smalL

Fig. 97.— De. Pusey.* Fig. 98.— Geo. EDWAKOS.t •

2. Physiognomical Sign.— Sir Charles Bell says, "When

rapt in devotion-
al feelings, when
all outward im-
pressions are un-
heeded, the eyes
ai*e raised by an
action neither
taught nor acquired. Instinctively we bow the body and

* Rev. Edward B. Pusey, D.D., is a distinguished "high church" Episcopalian
elerg}Tnan, noted as a leader of the ritualistic party in the English Church.
+ An English naturalist, in -whom Veneration is somew^iiat wanting.

4*

Fig. 99.— Lakge.

Fig. 100.— f^MALL.

S2 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

raise the eyes in prayer, as thougli the visible hea^•ells were
the seat of God. In the language of the poet —

Prayer is the upward glancing of the eye,
N When none but God is near.

1 will lift up mine eyes unto the hills,' the Psalmist says,
from whence cometh my help.' ''

3. Natural Language. — Tlie natural language of this
faculty carries the head upward in the direction of the organ.
The voice is soft, subdued, reposing, and adoring. The
greatest difference is perceptible in the tones and manner of
prayer of clergymen in whom the organ is large, compared
with those in whom it is small; there is a soft breathing-
fervor of devotion in the former, and a cold reasoning formal-
ity in the latter. • One reaches the head, the other touches
the heart.

4. Function. — The faculty of Veneration produces rever-
ence in general, and especially for religion and things sacred ;
adoration of a Supreme Being; a disposition to pray and
observe religious rites and respect for whatever is perceived
to be o-reat and s^ood. It is the source of natural religion,
and of that tendency to worship a superior Power which
manifests itself in all well-organized men. The faculty, how-
ever, produces merely an emotion, and does not form ideas
of the object to which adoration should be directed.

5. Perversion. — This faculty, when unenlightened, may
lead to every kind of religious absurdity, as worshiping beasts
and stocks and stones. Many African negroes, American
Indians, nnd even Hindoos, have but a moderate intellectual
development compared with Europeans, and their superstitions
are more gross. Socrates did not assent to the popular
veligious errors of the Greeks, and in the ancient busts of him
he is represented witli a splendid forehead. Veneration is
jarge also in negroes, who are pi-one to superstition.

Nothing is more common in the hospitals, for the insane,
says Pinel, than cases of alienation produced by devotional
feelings excessively exalted, by conscientious scruples carried
to ])rejudicial excesses, or by religious terror. As this kind
of insanity, Dr. Gall says, is often present without derange-

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUKCTIOX^- S3

merit of the other faculties, physicians ought to have inferred
that it is connected witli disease of a particular part of the
brain.

6. Cultivation. — Attendance on religious worship, daily
family devotions, and association with persons religiously dis-
posed, and especially those whose character is such as to
command great respect, will do much to develop reverential
feelings. Respect to all superiors should be cultivated, and
the mind often led to the contemplation of the greatness and
goodness of God.

7. Restraint. — In those rare cases where there is danger
of this sentiment runnino- into the forms of fanaticism and
religious monomania, measures should be taken to withdraw
the mind from the constant contemplation of subjects on
which the mind is warped, and to counteract the perverted
tendency by enlisting interest in worldly matters and by the
exercise of the reasoning faculties in relation to it. It should
be remembered, in such cases, that worship is not the only
business of life, but that while on the earth we have duties
connected with the earth to perform, and which we are not
at liberty to neglect. A hala7iced mind is the best.

XXII. BENEVOLENCE. (19.)

Be ye kind one to another, tender-hearted, forgiving one another.

1. Location. — The organ of Benevolence is situated in the
middle of the fore part of the top-head. Its location is marked
with its proper number (19) in our diagram (fig. 23). On the
skull, its place is just forward of the fontanel, or what is com-
monly called the opening of the head. The fontanel is at the
meeting of the coronal and sagittal sutures. In the young
child it is cartilaginous ; but from the time of birth it begins
to contract, and is generally completely ossified and closed
between the second and third years. When large, it gives
great elevation to the fore part of the top-head, as represented
in fig. 103. Fig. 104 shows it small.

2. Physiognomical Sign. — The action of the muscular
fibers, which, passing down from the middle of the forehead

.84

HOW TO HEAD CHARACTEU.

over the phrenological organ of the faculty, are inserted near
the root of the" nose, elevates the inner extremities of the

FxG. 101.— S. H. Weston, X>J)* Fig. 102.— Charles Fleming.!

brows, sometimes causing, when strong, short horizontal
wrinkles in the center of the forehead, and indicates active
Benevole7ice — kindness tianslated into deeds. Persons with
this sign well developed will be found not merely sympathetic,
but ready to take hold and help those in need of assistance.
=^ Men have more of this working: Benevolence than

women, and it its proper they should have, as their

power to help is greater ; but

women are more sympathetic and

more readily touch^d by pity.
3. Natural Language. — It

should be observed, also, that the

activity of this faculty relaxes the
features and gives an open, geaial, benignant, and pleasing
expression to the whole countenance. See the contrast in

Fig. 104.

* Dr. W^eston is an Episcopal clergyman of New York, noted for his kind and sym-
pathetic disposition.

+ Mr. Fleming is thus described by the author of "The Autobiography of a Phre.
nologist :" " I can truly say that he Avas one of the worst characters I ever knew, and
ignorant to a degree that perfectly amazed me. He had a small head, which swelled
out above and behind the ears. His forehead was ' villainously low,' and retreating,
and the vertex of the head was verj^ high, but rapidly declined toward the forehead,
and also sloped downward toward the parietal bones. His harshness and cruelty
Hlmoyt exceeded belief." He would not " spare the rod," but use it freely.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.

85

Fig. 105.— a Miser.

Fig. 106. — A Liberal.

this respect, between the liberal, generous man and the
pinched-up miser (figs. 105 and 106).

4. Function. — St. Paul gives a beautiful description of the
genuine character of this sentiment in his account of Christian
charity : " Charity," he says, " suffereth long and is kind ;
charity envieth not ; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed
up," etc. Christ also illustrates it in the' parable of the good
Samaritan. It gives kindness, sympathy, a desire to make

others happy, and a
self-sacrificing disposi-
tion. It produces liber-
ality of sentiment to-
ward all mankind, a
disposition to love
them, and to dwell on
y their virtues rather
than their vices. A
person in whom this
feeling is strong, rarely complains of the ingratitude orheart-
lessness of others. His goodness provides its own reward.

5. Perveesion. — This sentiment, beautiful as it is in its
proper action, is, like all others, liable to perversion and
abuse. It requires to be directed by Conscientiousness and
intellect and restrained by Firmness and Cautiousness, other-
wise it produces abuses. Some men, for instance, give
with an inconsiderate prodigality, Avhich, while it soon
deprives them of the means to exercise their Benevolence in
that way, also fails to effect the degree of good that the same
means judiciously applied might have accomplished. That
individual is best fitted to mature wise plans of charity who
has a large endowment of this sentiment combined with
powerful intellectual faculties and a good degree of Cautious,
ness and Firmness.

6. Illustrative Examples. — Murderers generally have the
forehead "villainously low" in the region of Benevolence.
Caligula, Caracalla, Nero, Catherine de Medicis, Danton.
Robespierre, and all individuals and tribes of men remarkable
for cruelly, as the Caribs, the North .\merican Indians, etc..

86 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

are remarkable for the same characteristic. Foreheads re-
markably lofty in the region assigned to the organ of Benevo-
lence are, on the contrary, among the leading traits of persons
distinguished for their benevolent feelings. Trajan, Marcus
Aurelius, Henri Quatre, Father Mathew, Oberlin, Jeannin,
Malesherbes, Beecher, and Howard may be referred to as
illustrating this development.

7. Cultivation. — One in whom this sentiment is not suf-
ficiently strong, should read and reflect „upon the life of Christ,
and of such men as Oberlin and Howard, and try to appreciate
their self-sacrificing goodness. They should also strive to be
less selfish and accustom themselves to deeds of active benevo-
lence, giving according to their means as opportunity shall
offer. The world is not so full of selfishness as such persons
are apt to think, and they will find that those who are least
selfish are most happy.

8. Restraint. — There is no necessity, in general, to restrain
this sentiment, but it needs the guidance of sound judgment,
and should be subservient to Conscientiousness. ''Be just
before you are generous." But we may be both.

XXIII. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. (20.)

Skillful to work in gold, in silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber ; in
purple, in blue, in fine linen, and in crimson ; also to grave any manner of graving.

1. Location. — -The organ of Constructiveness (20, fig. 23)
is situated just forward of Acquisitiveness, the location of
which has been already described. On the skull, its place is
at the inferior and outer parts of the frontal bone immediately
above the spheno-temporal sutures, and behind and above
the outer angle of the orbit. Its development gives breadth
to the head above the zygomatic arch. Fig. 109 shows it
larffe, and tis:. 110 small. "If the base of the brain be nar-
row, this organ," Mr. Combe says, "holds a situation a little
higher than usual, and there will then frequently be found a
slight depression at the external angle of the eye, between
the zygomatic process and the organ in question."

2. Function. — By its means birds build nests, rabbits buv-
unv, the beaver makes its hut, and ninn constnu-ls whatever

THE ORGAN'S AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

87

liis necessities, his comfort, his tastes, or his higher sentiments
require, from the liovel and the tent to the palace and the
temple. "It invents and 2:)roduces fortifications, ships, the

LARGE. NOT SO LARGE.

Fig. 107.— John Scott. D.D.* Fig. 108.— Geo, W. Eaton, D.D., LL.D.t

engines of Avar, the implements of manufactures, instruments
of all kinds, furniture,. clothes, and toys; it is essential not
only in every mechanical profession, but in all employments
that in any way require manual nicety, as the arts of drawing,
engraving, writing, carving, and sculpture.

3. Perversion. — Large Constructiveness not sufficiently
controlled and guided by the higher intellectual faculties,
sometimes leads to great waste of time and labor in attempts
to invent perpetual motions or
.. , other impossible machines; wnth

*\/ ! / deficient Conscientiousness, it may

(J) yvi C^ ] employ itself in making counterfeit
^^ ^^ money, false keys, and other dis-
honest contrivances.

4. Illusteative Examples, —
The organ of this faculty is seen to be largely developed in
busts and portraits of Michael Angelo, Canova, Brunei,
Whitney, Fulton, Franklin, Watt, Smeaton, Stephenson,

* A leading minister of the Pittsburg Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
and editor of the Methodist Recorder.

t Ex-President of Madison University, New York, and a Baptist minister of great
^^rnestness and piety.

Fig. 109.

Fig. 110.

88 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

Howe, Morse, and artists, inventors, and builders. It is
generally large in French, Italian, and American heads — and
fairly so in the English.

In the Animals. — Among the lower animals, it is clear
that the ability to construct is not in proportion to the
general intelligence; for the elephant, the dog, and the horse,
though in sagacity approaching very closely to the more
im23erfect specimens of the human race, never attempt to con-
struct anything, while the bee, the beaver, and the swallow,
with far less general intelligence, rival the productions of
their superiors. Their skulls make plain the reason why.

5. Cultivation. — The constant use of tools, however awk-
wardly at first, the study of the mechanic arts, writing,
drawing, etc., will exercise this organ and promote its
development.

6. Restraint. — To restrain this faculty is not often neces-
sary. If its action should lead to the pursuit of mechanical
chimeras, or to become a mania, it must be kept within due
bounds by the exercise of the judgment, or, if necessary,
mechanical pursuits should be abandoned and some calling
adopted which will bring other faculties more prominently
into action.

XXIV. IDEALITY. (21.)

O Tyrus, thou hast said, I am of perfect beauty, thy borders are in the midst of the
sea, thy builders have perfected thy beauty.

1. Location. — The organ of Ideality is situated nearly
along the temporal ridge of the frontal bone (21, fig. 23),
between Mirthfulness and Sublimity, and directly above Con-
structiveness. It is here that the last fibers of the temporal
muscle are inserted.

2. Function. — This faculty produces a perception and love
of the beautiful, good taste, refinement, sense of propriety,
and appreciation of art and poetry. It desires to elevate and
endow with a splendid excellence every object presented to
the mind. It stimulates tlie fiiculties which form ideas to
create scenes in which every object is invested with the per-
fection which it delights to contemplate. It is particularly

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

SQ

valuable to man as a progressive being. It inspires him with
a ceaseless love of improvement, and prompts him to foi'm and
realize splendid conceptions. When predominant, it gives a
manner of feeling and of thinking befitting the regions of
fancy rather than the abodes of men. Hence those only on

NOT LARGE.

Fig. 111. -a. C. Cox, D.D.

Fig. 112.— Barnas Sears, D.D.t

whom it is largely bestowed can possibly be poets ; and
hence the proverb, " Poeta iiascitur^ non fity

3. Deficiency. — There are persons who can perceive no
excellence in poetry, painting, or sculpture, and who value
nothing merely for its beauty. Such persons declaim against
ornament in dress, furniture, architecture, etc., and deem the
solid and the useful (in its restricted sense) as alone worthy
of the attention of rational, immortal beings. For such per-
sons the varied loveliness of hill and dale, of sun and shade,
<•[' bird and flower is displayed in vain. Wordsworth speaks
of one of this sort when he says —

A primrose by a river's brim,
A yellow primrose was to Mm,
And it was nothing more.

4. Perversion. — When permitted to take the ascendency

* Arthur Cleveland Cox, D.D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Western New York,
is distinguished both as a preacher and as a poet. He is considered as the mouth-
piece of High Church Episcopalianisra in this country.

t Dr. Sears has an enviable reputation as a scholar and an author, as well as in tb.e
sphere of clerical duty and philanthropic effort. He is now general agent of the
Peabody Southern Educational Fund,

90 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

over the other powers, and to seek its own gratification ^o the
neglect of the serious duties of life, — or when cultivated to so
great an excess as to produce a finical and sickly refinement,
fastidiousness, and distaste for every-day life, it becomes a
source of great evils.

5. Illustrative Examples. — If we pass in review the por-
traits and busts of the poets of all ages, we shall find the con-
fio^uration of head produced bv larcre Idealitv common to
them all; as in Pindar, Euripides, Sophocles, Heraclides,
Plautus, Terence, Virgil, TibuUus, Ovid, Horace, Juvenal,
Boccacio, Ariosto, Aretin, Tasso, Milton, Boileau, J. B.
Rousseau, Pope, Young, Gorsset, Voltaire, Goethe, Klopstock,
Wieland, Richter, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Bryant, Long-
fellow, etc. Dr. Bailly, in a letter, dated Rome, 30th May,
1822, addressed to Dr. Brayer, says: "You may tell Dr. Gall
that I have a mask of Tasso, taken from nature, and that
although part of the organ of poetry be cut oflT, nevertheless the
lateral breadth of the cranium in this direction is enormous."

Shakspeare illustrates the poetical manifestation of Ideality,
in connection with Sublimit v, in the folio win s^ lines :

" I have bedimmed
The noon-tide sun, cali'd forth the mutinous winds,
And 'tween the green sea and the azured vault
Set roaring war ; to the dread rattling thunder
Have I giv'n fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak
With his o-\\"n bolt ; the strong based promontory
Have I made shake, and by the spurs pluck'd up
The pine and cedar."

6. Cultivation. — One who desires to cultivate this faculty
should, in the first place, carefully avoid all low and vulgar
habits, associates, and surroundings, and make it a point to
keep good company, be scrupulously neat, and as tasteful as he
knows how in dress, surround himself, if possible, with works
of art, and practice the best style in conversation and manners.
He should as an additional means study poetry, art, and
general literature, and try to appreciate beaut}^ in all its forms.

7. Restraint. — Perfection is not one of the qualities of
earthly things, and the fastidious and too imaginative must
try to realize that air castles and ideal men and women are
vather out of place in ;i rough practical world like this.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

91

XXV. SUBLIMITY.

(B.)

His pavilion round about him were darlc waters and thick clouds of the skies ; the
Lord also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voice.

1. Location. — The organ of Sublimity is situated on th?
side-head, directly above Acquisitiveness (B, fig. 23), and
behind Ideality.

2. FuNCTio^^. — The function of Sublimity is to give percc]>
tion of the grand and sublime in nature, art, and literature —
to enable us to appreciate mountain scenery, the vastness of
the ocean, the grandeur of a thunder-storm, the roar of artil-
lery, the clash of armies, etc., or descriptions and pictures of
such scenes. It is also an element in religious fiiith, and
assists our conceptions of
God and immortality. It
co-operates with Ideality in
the artist and the poet, and
with Veneration aud Spirit-
uality in the religious wor-
shiper.

Sublimity is not recog-
nized by the European phre-
nologists, generally, as a
distinct faculty, but we
believe it to be so, and con-
sider its functions determined and its organ fully established.

3. Cultivation. — The contemplation of mountain scenerj^
the storm-tossed ocean, the roaring cataract, the fiery volcano,
the reverberating thunder, and wdiatever else is grand, stu-
pendous, or sublime, will call out this faculty and aid in the
development of its organ ; as will thoughts of the infinite
and eternal, and of God the author of all.

4. Restraint. — To restrain Sublimity is not often necessary,
unless a perverted manifestation result in extravagance and
bombast, which must be held in check by Ideality, Order^
and the reflective fiiculties.

Fig. 11.3.— Wm. C. Bryant.*

'^ The well-known American poet, author of '' Thanatopsis" an4 other poenpie.

92 HOW TO READ CHABACTER.

XXVI. IMITATIOlsr. (22.)
Follow not that which is. evil, but that which is good.

1. Location. — The organ of Imitation is situated on the.
side of the to^D-head, between Ideality and Benevolence

liAKGE,

SMALL.

Fiu. 114.— Eev. Daniel Ballou.*

Fig. 115.— Robert Collter, D.D.t

When it is large, and Benevolence is only moderate, the
anterior part of the top-head is nearly level ; with Imitation
and Benevolence both large, we have the handsomely curved
outline shown in fig. 116; and when Benevolence is large and
Imitation small, the form is like that represented in fig. 117.

2. Function. — This faculty gives one an aptitude to copy,
take pattern, mimic, imitate anything

seen or heard — to be-
come, for the time
being, somebody else
rather than our own

proper self It is es-

FiG. 116. ^ 1 ..

sentiai to actors, ora-
tors, painters, sculptors, designers. If it be not well developed
in them, their representations will be imperfect.

3. Illustrative Examples. — It is told of Garrick, the

* A Universalist clergyman of ability, benevolence, and high moral worth. An
effective preacher.

+ A Unitarian minister, noted for his fer\'id oratory, great kindness, active beoevQ-
lence, and practical comnion sense,

Fig. 117.

THE OBGAKS AKB THEIR PUNCTIOKS. 93

great actor, that he possessed such an extraordmary talent
for mimicry, that, at the court of Louis XV., having seen for
a moment the king, the Duke d'Aumont, tlie Duke d'Orleans,
Messrs. d'Aumont, Brissac, and Richelieu, Prince Soubise,
and others, he carried oif the manner of each of them in his
recollection. He invited to supper some friends who had
TiCcompanied him to court, and said, " I have seen the court
only for an instant, but I shall show you the correctness of
i!iy powers of observation and the extent of my memory ;"
and placing his friends in two hies, he retired from the room,
and, on his immediately returning, his friends exclaimed,
" Ah ! here is the king, Louis XY., to the life !" He imitated
.':i succession all the other pei-sonages of the court, who v\'ere
distantly recognized. He imitated not only tlieir walk, gait,
and figure, but also the expression of their countenances.

In children, Lnitation is more active than in adults. A'oung
persons are very apt to copy the behavior of those with v.diom
they Associate; and hence the necessity of setting a good
example before them, even from the earliest years.

4. Cultivation. — Wi'iting from copy, drawing, making
patterns and models, attending dramatic exhibitions, taking
part in private theatricals, and trying (on suitable occasions,
of coarse) to mimic our friends and others we meet, will give
exercise and development to this organ.

5. Hestraint. — A too strong tendency to mimic, copy, or
])lagiarize must be held'in check by the exercise of Firmness,
and the avoidance, so far as possible, of servile imitation of
all sorts.

XXVII. mikthfitlness. (23.)

A meny heart doeth good like a medicine

1. Location. — The organ of Mirthfulness is situated on the
side of the upper part of the forehead (23, fig. 23), between
Causality and Ideality.

2. Physiognomical Signs. — Mirthfulness shows itself on
the face in a graceful turning upward of the corners of the
mouth, as in fig. 120. The reader will need to make but a
few careful observations to be convinced (if, indeed, any one

t)-i

HOW TO READ CHARACTER,

doubts it) that there is tlie relation of cause and effect between
a disposition to make and enjoy "" fuiT' and the upward curv-

Fig. 118.— Artemus Ward.* Fig. 119.— Kanosh, ak Indian Cheep.

ing of the corners of the mouth. See portraits of Cervantes,
Rabelais, Sterne, Piron, ISTeal, and others noted for their large
development of Mirthfulness.

3. Function. — The function of Mirthfulness is to enjoy
sport and gayety, and appreciate the
witty, the ludicrous, the droll, the comic-
al, the incongruous, and the eccentric ;
and we take pleasure in saying that it
is one of the distinguishing character-
istics of man. It is not permitted to
the lower animals to laugh or compre-
hend the causes of laughter.

4. Illustratve Example. — Some-
times Benevolence is exercised in con-
junction with Mirthfulness; sometimes
Benevolence and Ideality join w^ith
Mirthfulness; sometimes Approbativeness; sometimes Secre-
tiveness and Amativeness; sometimes all together, as when the

* Mr. Charles F. Browne, better known as "Artemus Ward," was one of the most
noted of American humorists. Mirthfuhiess is seen to be very well developed. Thfl
coutrast between his head and that of tlie Indian Chief is very striking.

Fig. 120.— New Holland
Woman.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUXCTLOXS. ^'>

Irisli hod-carrier rescuod the jady's parasol which was being
blown away, and handing it to her said, " Och, if you wer(^
half as strong as you are handsome, it never would have got
away from you." She replied, "I do not know wliich most
to thank you for, your kindness or your compliment.""' He
lesponded, "Xiver mind; a single glance at your beautiful
hri^-ht eyes pays me for botli," and he again bent liimself to
ids work. The wit of this consists in embracing ;ni oppor-
tunity to say a brilliant, pleasant thing without being rude,
and we admire it more than we laugli at it.

5. Cultivation. — The facetious aspects of tilings and sub-
jects should be contemplated, and the idea that dignity and
self-respect require perpetual seriousness must be resolutely
combated. The company of mirthful people should be
sought, for nothing is more contagious than genuine jollity.
There is a time to laugh as Avell as a time to weep, and
laughter is promotive of health and longevity. The injunc-
tion to " laugh and grow fiit ! " is not without a physiological
reason, nor is the Shaksperian adage, that "a light heart lives
long," a mere poetical flourish.

" Jog on, jog on the footpath way
And merrily hent the style-a ;
A meriy heart goes all the day, —
Your sad tii'es in a mile-a.'"

6. Restraint. — It is the abuse of this faculty that we
should strive to avoid, by cultivating sobriety and revei-ence.
Benevolence also should be called in to aid us, showing that
we often give great pain by our disposition to " make fun "
at the expense of others.

XXVIII. IXDITIDUALTTY. (24.)
Come, behold the works of the Lord.

1. Location. — The organ of Individuality is situated in
the center of the lower part of the forehead (24, fig. 23) im-
mediately above the top of the nose. When large, it pro-
duces breadth, projection, and descent between the eyebrows
at that part (fig. 121). When small, the eyebrows approach
closely to each other and lie in a nearly horizontal line.

2. Physiognomical Sk.x. — The faculty is represented

9G

HOW TO READ CHARACTER

facially bj the projection and breadth between the eyebrows
and the downward curving of the latter at their inner corners.
3. FuNCTiox. — This faculty imparts the desire and ability
to know objects as mere existences, without regard to their
modes of action or the purposes to which they may be sub-
servient. Individuals in whom it is laro;e will observe and

Pig. 121.— John Stu^^rt Mill.*

Fig. 122. — Princess Alice. t

examine an object with intense delight, without the least
consideration to what it may be applied — a quality of mind
which is almost incomprehensible to persons in whom this
oig'an is small and Causality large. It prompts to observa-
tion, and is a great element in a genius for those sciences
which consist in a knowledge of specific existences, such as
natural history. It leads to giving a specific form to all the
ideas entertained by the mind. It also gives the tendency to
])ersonify nations and phenomena, or to ascribe existence to
mere abstractions of the mind, such las ignorance, folly, or
wisdom.

4. Deficiency. — When the organ is deficient, the individual
fails to observe the things which are around him. He may

* A distinguished member of the Enelish Parliament, a political economist, author
«f " A System of Logic," " Principles of PoHtical Economy," " On Liberty," etc.
+ Daughter of Q,ueen Victoria of England.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. l^T

visit a house and come away without knowing what is in it ;
or walk through the country and observe nothing. The
external senses may be perfect, but owing to the feebleness
of Individuality, they may not be called into action for the
purpose of obtaining knowledge.

5. Illtjsteatiye Examples. — To the artist this organ is of
great importance. It enables him to give body and substance
to the conceptions of his other faculties, and confers on him a
capacity for attending' to detail. In the pictures of an artist
in whose head Individuality is deficient, there is an abstract-
ness of conception and a vagueness of expression that greatly
detract from their effect. In the works of an individual in
whom these organs are large, every object appears full of
substance and reality ; and if he paint portraits, the spectator
will be so impressed with their individuality, that he will be
apt to fancy himself acquainted with the original.

The organ was large in Shakspeare, Sheridan, and Sir
Walter Scott. It is not so large in the German as Causality;
it is larger in the English, and still larger in the French and
Americans.

6. CuLTiYATiON. — Natural history — especially botany —
anatomy, mineralogy, and chemistry sire departments of
knowledge particularly fitted to develop this faculty. It is
also exercised in the study of Phrenology and Physiognomy.

'7. Restraint. — ^To restrain is seldom, if ever, necessary.
Reflection may, however, be set as a guard upon Individuality,
if observation become obtrusive.

XXIX, FOEM. (25.)

Show them the form of the house, the fashion thereof, and all the forms thereof.

1. Location. — The organ of this faculty is situated in the
internal angle of the orbit (25, fig. 23), and if large, pushes
the eyeball toward the external angle, a little outward and
downward.

2. Physiognomical Sign. — The phrenological organ and
the physiognomical sign may be consirlered one in this case.
It gives breadth between the eyes, as in the accompanying
portrait of the celebrated Rubens, the artist (fig. 125).

5

98

HOW TO REAi) CHARACTER.

3. FuNCTio]S". — It is this faculty A\'liicli enables us to re-
member, and with the aid of Construetiveness to reproduce,

LAKGE.

MODERATE.

Fig. 123.— Rev. W. II. Pendleton.*

Fig. 1-2'.— Rev. Sidney A. Corey. t

tlie forms of persons and things — to make patterns, models,
pictures, statues, etc., and to describe persons, places, and
objects of all sorts. It disposes us also to give figure to every
being and conception of our minds, as to God, to death, to
hope. It is essential to painters, sculptors, and architects,

and very important to the phre-
nologist and physiognomist.

4. Illustrative Examples.
— The celebrated Cuvier owed
much of his success as a com-
parative anatomist to this
organ. De Candolle mentions
that "his memory was par-
ticularly remarkable in what
related to forms, considered in
the widest sense of the word;
the figure of an animal, seen in
reality or in drawing, never
left his mind, and served him as a point of comparison for
all similar objects." This organ, and also the oro-ni:s Iving

* A Baptist minister, cliptinauished as an orator, and an advocate of the American
Bible Union. See how broad between, and how full the eye !

* «^ Baptist minister, noted as an eloquent and earnest preacher and lecturer.

Fig. 125.— RtJEhNs.

THE ORGixKS AND THEIH FUKCTlOKS

99

along the siiperciliaiy ridge, were largely developed in his
liead.

Mr. Audubon says of the late Mr. Bewick, the most eminent
wood-engraver whom England has produced : " His eyes were
placed farther apart than those of any man I have ever seen."

5. Cultivation. — The best way to cultivate the organ of
Form is to study such sciences as Phrenology, Physiognomy,
botany, etc., and accustom one's self to constant observation
uf the configuration of everything presented to the eye.

6. Resteaustt. — To restrain is not necessary.

XXX. SIZE. (26.)

•To measure Jerusalem, to see what is the breadth thereof and the length thaitaQf.

liABCHE. NOT LARGE.

Fig. 126.— Edward R. Ames, D.D.* Fig. 127.— Eichard Fuller, D.D.t

1 . Location. — The organ of Size is placed at the internal
extremity of the arch of the eyebrows (26, fig. 23), on each
side of Individuality.

2. Function". — The faculty of Size, as its name implies,
gives the power of determining the magnitude of objects,
ability to measure by the eye and appreciate proportion, and
to detect any departure from it. It is important to every
one, but particularly so to geometricians, architects, ^narpen-

* Edward Raymond Ames, D.D.. a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is
noted for his devotion and for business sagacity in the affairs of his denomination,
t An eminent Baptist clergyman of Baltimore, much respected and loved by his people.

100

HOW TO READ CHARACTER,

ters, machinists, and artists. In union with Locality it gives
conceptions of perspective.

3. Cultivation. — This organ may be exercised by constant
attempts to estimate the length, breadth, and other dimensions
of objects, verifying observation by measurement. The same
studies recommended for the cultivation of Form will be
useful in this case also, as they involve size and proportion as
well as configuration.

4. Restraint. — To restrain is not necessary.

XXXL WEIGHT. (27.)
Who weighed the mountains in scales and the hills in a balance.

LARGE.

NOT LABGE,

Fig. 128.— Isaac Ferris, D.D., LL.D.* Fig. 129.— PacH. S. Stokrs, Jr., D.D.t

1. Location. — The organ of Weight is located on the
superciliary ridge, about one third of its extent from the root
of the nose (27, fig. 23). When large, it sometimes depresses
the eyebrow at that point, as may be seen in our likeness cf
Brunei, the distinguished English engineer (fig. 130).

2. Function. — The faculty of Weight gives a perception
of the laws of gravity, motion, etc., and ability to apply them.

* An eminent minister of the Reformed Church and Chancellor of the University of
New York.

+ Dr. Storrs, an eloquent preacher of the Congregationalist denomination, is also
we'll Icnown as a writer and lecturer.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 101

Persons in whom Individuality, Size, Weight, and Locality
are large, have generally a talent for engineering and those
branches of mechanics which consist in the application of
forces ; they delight in steam-engines, water-wheels, and
turnino;-lathes. The same combination occurs in persons dis-
tinguished for successful execution of difficult feats in skating,
in which the regulation of equi-
librium is an important element.

3. Illustrative Examples. —
Mr. Simpson published in the
Edinburgh Pkrenological Jour-
nal (vol. ii. p. 412) an interesting
and ino;enious essavon this oro-an,
in which he enumerates a great
number of examples in proof of
its functions. It is large, says he,
in Dr. Chalmers, Dr. Brewster,
Sir James Hall, Sir George Mac-
kenzie, Professor Leslie, and in
Mr. Jardine and Mr. Stephenson,
two very eminent engineers.

Mr. Richard Edmonson, of
Manchester, England, mentions that a great- number of ob-
servations have led him to the conviction that this organ
gives the perception of perpendicularity. Workmen who
easily detect deviations from the perpendicular possess it
large ; while those who constantly find it necessary to resort
to the plumb-line have it small, and vice versa.

Bi-unel, the great engineer of the Thames Tunnel, and his
son, builder of the Great Eastern (fig. 130), possessed a
remarkable development of Weight, while the organ of Color
was totally wanting.

4. Cultivation. — Skating, practicing gymnastic feats,
balancing a pole, riding on a horse, walking, climbing, sail-
ing, gunnery, etc., exercise and develop Weight.

5. Restraint. — If one be prone to attempt dangerous
feats of climbing, walking on narrow places, etc., he should
cultivate Cautiousness and hold Weic'ht in check.

FiG. 130.— Brunel.

102

HOAV TO READ CHARACTER.

XXXII. COLOR.

(28.)

Though thon clothest thyself with crimson, aud deckest thee with ornaments of
gold, and rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair.

1. Location. — The place of the organ of Color (2S, fig. 23)
is the middle of the eyebrow, at the most elevated part of th©
supei-ciliary lidge.

2. Physiognomical Sign. — The form of the eyebrow is

FUIiL. MODEBATK.

Fig. 131.— Isaac Westcott, D.D.*

Pig. 132.— Charles HoDGE.t

greatly modified by the development of this organ. The
ordinary indication of its full development is the regular
arching of the brow, as seen in fig. 131 ; but sometimes the
brow is pushed forward and made very prominent at that
point. When large, it also gives a peculiar appearance of
fullness to the upper eyelid.

3. Function. — Its function is to distinguish all the shades
of color, and the relations of harmony or of discord between
them. When large, the faculty of Color gives great delight
in contemplating colors and good taste in their use and com-
bination in dress, painting, etc. Those in whom the organ is
deficient, on the contrary, experience little interest in coloring,

* Dr. Westcott is a Baptist minister of great piety and zeal, and a very effective
preacher. He is pastor of the Bloomingdale Baptist Church, New York.

t A prominent Presbyterian minister, editor of the BU^UcoH Eepertory, and an authoj
of note in his denomtnatioii.

THE ORGANS A^^D THEIR FUNCTIONS. 103

and are almost insensible to difierence of shades, hues, and
tints.

4. Deficiency. — Certain persons are almost destitute of
the power of distinguishing colors. Dr. Spurzheim mentions
a family, all the individuals of which distinguish only black
and white. Dr. Unzer, of Altona, could not perceive green
and blue ; and inability to distinguish between these colors is
very common. To many, also, green and red look the same.
This defect is called color-blindness.

5. Illusteative Examples. — The organ of Color is gener-
ally more developed in woman than in man ; hence it happens
that the eyebrows of women are more finely arched ; and this
explains why they are more frequently lovers of flowers and
fond of a variety of colors in dress. Among great painters,
this organ is seen to be very large in those most distinguished
as colorists ; for instance, Corregio, Titian, Claude Lorraine,
llubens (fig. 125), Rembrandt, Poussin, and Raphael.

6. Cultivation. — Observing and classifying or arranging
colors, painting, cultivating flowers, etc., will exercise and aid
in the development of this organ.

7. Resteaint. — To restrain is not necessary.

XXXIII. ORDEE. (29.)
Let all things be clone decently and in order.

1. Location. — The organ of Order is situated over the
outer corner of the eye (29, fig. 23), between Color and
Calculation.

2. Function. — The function of this oro;an is well indicated
by its name. It gives method and order to physical objects,
and is, perhaps, a co-worker with the reflective faculties in
the conception of system, generalization, and classification.

3. Illustrative Examples. — Dr. Spurzheim mentions that
the Sauvage de I'Aveyrgn, at Paris, though an idiot, could
not bear to see a chair or any object out of its place; and
that as soon as anything was deranged, he, without being
excited to it, directly replaced it. He likewise saw in Edin-
burgh a girl who in many respects was idiotic, but W wliom

lOi

HOW TO READ CHARACTER

the love of order was very active. Slje avoided her brother's
apartment in consequence of the confusion that prevailed in
it. It is usually large in Quaker ladies, of whom Lucretia
Mott is an example.

4, Cultivation. — Any business that requires system and

SMATiTi.

Fig. 133.— Henet C. Cabey.*

%

Fig. 134.— James P. BECKWouRXH.t

orderly arrangement, as well as studies involving the contem-
plation, a regular arrangement of objects will help to develop
Order.

5. Restraint. — Where there is a morbid action of this
organ, making the subject painfully susceptible to the in-
fluence of disorder and lack of methodical arrangement, an
effort must be made to withdraw the mind from the contem-
plation of such matters. It should be considered how im-
possible it is to have everything exactly to one's mind in this
respect, and that we only waste our time and mar our tempei
ill the attempt to reduce everything to the regular arrange-
ment we love. Avoid becoming " more nice than wise."

xxxiv. calculation. (30.)

The very hairs of your head are all numbered.

1. Location. — The organ of Calculation is situated at the

* a distinguished American author and political economist.

t A noted hunter, trapper, and guide of the Rocky Mountains. He died in 186T,

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 105

outer angle of the eye (30, fig. 23). When large, it swells
the frontal bone at that particular spot.

2. Physiognomical Sign. — In individuals endowed with
great calculating powers, the external angle of the eyebrow
is either much pressed down or much elevated, the configura-

LABGB.

Fig. 135.— Dr. Hind.*

Fig. 136.— George Combe. t

tion in both cases resulting from the great development of
the part of the brain situated behind the outer angle of the
orbit, which forms a ridge, above or below which the eye-
brow naturally slides. The portraits and busts of great cal-
culators, like N^ewton, Euler, Kaestner, Herschel, Buxton,
Colborn, Safford, etc., all present either one or the other of
these external signs.

3. Function. — Whatever concerns unity and plurality
belongs to this faculty; hence its end is calculation in
general. The recollection of the numbers of houses, or of
pages where we have read passages, depends upon this
faculty. It gives ability to reckon in the head, or facility in
mental arithmetic.

4. Illustrative ExA]srPLES. — Dr. Spurzheim mentions that
** certain races of negroes make five the extent of their
enumeration, that is, they count only as far as five by simple

* An English astronomer distinguished for his ability as a calculator.
+ Mr. Combe was so deficient in this faculty of CalciHation that he was never able to
Kaapfer the mnltipllcation table. See his lec*ures on Phrenolc^o

lOG HOW TO HEAD CHAKACTER.

terms; fill tlieir numbers after five are compoimd, whereas
ours are not so till they have passed the number ten ; while
our terms, six, seven, etc., are siaiple, they say iive-one, fi\e-
two, live-three, etc. Negroes in general," he continues, " do
not excel in arithmetic and numbers ; and, accordingly, their
heads are very narrow in the seat of the organ of Number."
Among the most remarkable examples of the extraordinary
development of Calculation, Jedediah Buxton and George
Bidder, of England, and Zerah Colburn and Truman li.
Saiford, of the United States, may here be mentioned.

5. CuLTiVATiox. — The study of arithmetic and algebra,
and the practice of calculation in its various forms, and
especially mental computations, exercise and de^'elop this
faculty ; as also the habit of charging the mind with tlic
memory of the numbers of houses in a street, the pages of a
book, etc.

6. RestRxYint. — To restrain is not necessary.

XXXV. LOCALITY. (31.)

We are journeying to the i)lace of which the Lord paid, I will give it you ; come
with us.

1. Location. — The organ of Locality is situated in the
forehead, on each side of Eventuality and over the inner cor-
ner of the eyebrows (31, fig. 23).

2. PHYSioGisroMiCAL SiGX. — A marked prominence above
the inner corner of the eyebrows, on each side of the mesial
line, as in Captain Cook (hg. 139), indicates large Locality.

3. FuNCTioisr. — The faculty of Locality gives the ability to
form conceptions of place and to find places, delight in
scenery, memory of the location of objects, love of travel, etc.

4. Illustrative Examples. — Locality is large in the busts
and portraits of all eminent navigators and travelers, such as
Columbus, Cook, Mungo Park, and Sir Samuel Baker; also
in great astronomers and geographers, as Kepler, Galilee.
Tycho Brahe, and Newton. In Tasso the poet, also, it
appears to be very large, and he manifested the faculty in a
high degree.

In the mask of Sir Walter Scott the organ is large. Readers

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 107

similarly endowed are almost as much delighted with his
descriptions of scenery as by a tour made by themselves amid

LAEGE. NOT l-^GE.

fiG. 137.-0. B. Fbothingham, D.D.* Fig. 138.— JAsrEs F. Claeke, D.D. •-

ilK mountain glens; while those in whom the organ is small,
are quite uninterested by his most splendid poetical landscapes.
Thii^ author wrote so pictorially, that he almost saves an
artist, who means to illustrate his
pages, the trouble of invention.
The organ is more developed in
men than in women, and the
manifestations correspond.

5. Cultivation. — Traveling,
+;he study of geography, and a
persevering exercise of the mem-
j)iy in reference to places, roads,
landmarks, the location of the
phrenological organs, etc., wil]

promote the activity and devel- ^FWf ff"^\ N^^-^^s^^P/^p/A"^
opment of this organ. ^'^- "^^^.-captaik uook.

6. Restraint. — A too strong disposition to rove, or a rest-
less desire for a continual change of place, must be met by

* Dr. Frothingham is a Tnitarian minister of New York, and a writer of great
ability on theological subjects. He is one of the leaders of the rationalistic party in
the Unitarian denomination.

t A preacher and wi-iter of great talent, and minister of the Church of tha Dlrciplt^c
fcl'iiilarian') In Cofeton. He is knowia as a reforrner and a philanthropist.

108

HOW TO READ CHARACTEK

the cultivation of Continuity and Firmness, and a resolute
determination to settle down and establish a permaneni
home.

XXXn. EVENTUALITY. (32.)

Rememljer the days of old, consider the years of many generations.

LAKGE. MODERATE.

Fig. t40.— S. H. Tyng, D.D.=i

Fig. 141.— SA3IUEL Osgood, D.D.t

1. Location. — The organ of this faculty is situated in the
center of the forehead (32, fig. 23), to Avhich when large it

gives a rounded fullness, as in fig.
142. rio\ 143 shows it small.
Taking the root of the nose as the
starting-point, w^e first come to In-
dividuality, which lies between the
Cy^ / ^ eyebrows. The next organ is Event-

/^^ /"^r^ uality, just above the eyebrows.

2. Function. — The function of
Eventuality is to impart memory
of facts, recollection of circum-^
stances, news, occurrences, and pasS"
ing events — ^whatever has been said, heard, seen, or in any
way once known. It seems to perceive the impressions which

* Stephen H. Tjmg, D.D., is a prominent clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal
Church, and pastor of St. George's Chureh, New York. He is regarded by many as one
of the best extemporaneous pulpit orators in the city.

+ Eev. Dr. Osgood is pastor of the Church of the Messiah (Second Unitarian), Ne^iv
Vork, and ie distinguished both m a vmter and as 9.,preacher,

Fig. 142.

Fig. 143.

THE OHGAKS AKB THEIR FUKCTIONS. 100

^re the immediate functions of the external senses, to change
these into notions, conceptions, or ideas, and to be essential to
attention in general. Its sphere of activity is very great, and
expressed by the verbs in their infinitive mood. It desires to
know everything by experience, and consequently excites all
the other oi-gans to activity ; it would hear, see, smell, taste,
and touch ; is fond of general instruction, and inclines to the
pursuit of practical knowledge.

3. CuLTiYATiox. — Reading history, mythology, the news-
papers of the day, etc., always charging the memory with,
the events and occurrences related ; writing down or verbally
relating the incidents of every-day life, and telling stories
and anecdotes, will give exercise to the organ and promote
development.

4. Restkaint. — To restrain is not necessary.

XXXVU. TIME. (33.)

To everythiBg there is a season ; and a time to eveiy purpose u-nder the heaven.

NOT LARGE.

Fig. 144.— OLE BORNEMANN BiTLL.* FiG. 145.— T. B. HAYWARD.t

1. Location. — Tlie organ of this faculty is situated just
above the middle of the eyebrow (33, fig. 23), and between
Locality and Tune.

* Ole Bull is well known the world over as a violinist of great ability. He is a
Norwegian hy birth.

t Rev. T. B. Haj^ward i;^ a minister of the New Church (Swedenborgian), and much
respected and esteemed by all who know hira.

ilO HOW TO READ CHARAOtER.

2. Function. — This organ imparts recollection and intuitive
knowledge of the lapse of time ; memory of dates ; ability
to keep time in music ; also to perceive those minuter divi-
sions, and their harmonious relations, which constitute I'hythm.
Persons w^ho have it large are invariably accurate dancers,
and generally fond of the exercise.

3. Illustrative Examples. — Individuals are occasionally
met with who estimate the lapse of time so accurately that
Lhey are able to tell the hour without having recourse to a
timepiece. An illiterate Highlander, who was long in the
service of Sir G. S. Mackenzie as a plowman, could tell the
liour of the day wnth great exactness, and also the time of
high water, although he resided seven miles from the sea.
Sir George had not become acquainted with Phrenology at
the period of this man's death. The lower animals seems to
be endowed with the power of perceiving and appreciating
intervals of time. Mr. Southey, in his Oinniana^ relates two
instances of dogs who had acquired such a knowledge of
time as would enable them to count the days of the w^eek.
He says : " My grandfather had one w^hich trudged two miles
e^^ery Saturday to cater for himself in the shambles. I know^
another more extraoixlinary and w^ell-authenticated example.
A dog w^hich had belonged to an Irishman, and was sold by
him in England, would never touch a morsel of food upon
Friday. This may or may not be true. We ourselves do
not believe it. The same faculty of recollecting intervals of
time exists, though in a more limited extent, in the horse.

4. Cultivation. — Regular habits in respect to time, as in
rising, retiring, taking meals, etc., and the practice of music,
(lancing, and rhythmic gymnastic exercises tend to promote
the activity of this organ.

5. Restkaint. — To restrain is unnecessary.

XXXVIII. TUNE. (34.)

praise the Lord with liarp ; sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of
ten strings. Sing unto him a new song.

1. Location. — The organ of Tune is situated on the side
of the forehead just above the outer corner of the eyebrow

THE OtiOAKS AND THEIR FUKCTIOKS. HI

and next to Time (34, fig. 23). A great development of the
organ enlarges the lateral parts of the forehead ; but its
iippearance varies according to the dn-ection and form of the
convolutions. Dv. Spurzheim observes, that, in Gltick and
others, this organ had a pyramidal form ; in Mozart, Yiotti,
Zumsteg, Dussek, Crescentini, and others, the external and

NOT LAEGE.

Fig. 116.— Mx....

Fig. 147.— William Collies, D.D.t

lateral' portions of the forehead are enlarged, but rounded.
Great practice is necessary to be able to observe this organ
successfully ; and beginners should place together one person
possessing a genius for music, and another who can scarcely
distinguish between any two notes, and mark the difference
of their heads. The superior development of the former
wUl be perceptible at a glance.

The heads of Italians and Germans, in general, are broader
and fuller at the situation of this organ than those of Span-
iards, Frenchmen, and Englishmen in general ; and musical
talent is more common in the former than in the latter.

2. FuNCTioisr. — The faculty of Tune gives a perception of
melody, the harmony of sounds, and the ability to learn and
remember tunes ; other faculties are required to compose.
Tune is only one ingredient in a genius for music. Time is

* A celebrated Eussian violinist. See how full in the temples !
t A minister of the Methodist Protestant Church and a leader in the denomination.
He is noted for zeal and earnestness.

lli>! HOW TO READ CHARACTEH.

requisite to give a just perception of intervals; Ideality, to
comraunicate elevation and refinement; and Secretiveness
and Imitation, to produce expression ; while Constructiveness,
Form, Weight, and Individuality are necessary to supply
mechanical expertness — qualities all indispensable to a suc-
cessful composer or performer.

3. Cultivation. — Singing and the practice of vocal and
instrumental music, attending concerts, and the constant
effort to appreciate music will lead to an increased activity
and consequent development of the organ of Tune.

4. HestPwAINt. — Restraint is seldom called for, but should
there be an excessive fondness for music, interfering with
other studies or pursuits, or with the common duties of life,
one must resolutely hold it in check by the exercise of the
restraining organs, such as Conscientiousness, Firmness, and
the reflective intellect. .

XXXIX. LAN^GFAGE. (35.)

Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from speaking guile.

1. LocATioiir, — The organ of Language is situated on the
back part of the orbitary plates, the bones which form the
roof of the eyes and support the anterior lobes of the brain.

2. Physiognomical Sign. — A large development of Lan-
guage is indicated by prominent eyes. Sometimes the eyes
not only project, but are also depressed, when the under
eyelid presents a sort of sack or roll or ajDpears swollen.
Both of these signs are conspicuous in fig. 148.

3. FuNCTiox. — This faculty gives verbal memory ann
capacity for learning arbitrary signs of all kinds ; and persons
who have it large readily remember words, and learn by
heart with great facility. When Language is very large and
the general intellect only moderate, it is surprising what a
volume of words can be poured forth to cxpi-ess a few ideas,
and sometimes no idea at all. This class of persons have
great pleasure in hearing themselves talk, and are rendered
uncomfortable if not allowed lo i.idulge in their favorite
occupation. If they write, tlu *,r ,-; yle is like their speaking,

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 113

destitute of condensation — they scribble whole pages about
nothing.

4. Illustrative Examples. — This, like all other organs,
seems composed of different parts. Some persons are apt to
forget proper names, while they recollect words denoting the
qualities of external objects. Disease or accident has entailed

ONIiT FTILL.

Fi0. 148.— Wm. E. Williams.*

Fig. 149.— Egbert Turnbull, D.D.t

this peculiarity in several instances. " One Lereard, of Mar-
seilles," mentioned by Dr. Spurzheim, " having received a
blow from a foil on the eyebrow, lost the memory of joroper
names entirely ; he sometimes forgot the names of his intimate
friends, and even of his father, as lie stated in a letter written
to Dr. Gall for advice." It is large in Charles Dickens, and
small in General U. S. Grant.

We frequently meet with men of great talent only moder-
ately endowed with Language, and others whose mental
powers are very oommon-place who have this organ large.
Many persons who are largely endowed with this faculty,
and who have an excellent verbal memory, and learn by heart
with great readiness, yet make little progress in learning the
science of a lano;uao;e.

* £>r. Williams is pastor of the Fifty-fourth Street Baptist Church, New York, and is
distinguished for his eloquence, learning, talent, authorship, and piety.

t A Scotchman by birth, and now pastor of the largest Baptist chui'ch iu Hartford,
Conn. He is also an author of merit.

114

HOW To HEAD CJIAHACTER.

5. Cultivation. — The constant practice of talking and
writing, the study of languages, and the committing to
memory of any arbitrary signs, are all adapted to promote
the develo23nient of this faculty.

6. Restraint. — Where Language is very large and active,
it sometimes leads to verbosity, garrulity, and circumlocution,
in which case there must be a systematic effort to check this
tendency by a severe lopping off of redundancies in writing
r.nd a constant watchfulness over one's self in speaking.

XL. causality. (36.)

And Patd reasoned with them out of the Scriptures. [The why and wherefore Faculty .^

LAKGE. NOT SO LARGE.

Fig. 150.— W. F. Morgan, D.D.*

Fig. 151.— W. B. HAXDEN.t

1. Location. — Causality is situated in the upper part of
the forehead (36, fig. 23), on each side of Comparison, which
occupies the center. The two together, when both are large,
give great fullness to that portion of the forehead, as seen in
fig. 20.

2. Function. — The faculty of Causality gives the percep-
tion of the relation between cause and effect, " the why and
wherefore." Compai-ison seizes the general relations between

* William F. Morgan, D.D., is rector of St. Thomas' Church (Episcopalian) in New
York, and is greatly respected and esteemed by all who know him.

t Rev. W. B. Hayden is a preacher of note in the Swedenborgian denomination, and
»he author of several works on subjects connected with New Church doctrines.

THE ORGAKS AKD THEIR FUNCTIONS. H-")

objects, but Causality ascends beyond juxtaposition and rela-
tions; it penetrates the manner in which effects and their
causes are connected together, seizes the action of one body
on another, and traces the result of that action. It impresses
us with an irresistible conviction, that every phenomenon or
change in nature is caused by something, and hence, by suc-
cessive steps, leads us to the great Cause of all. Jt is also
creative, producing originality and forethought, and ability
to adapt means to ends.

3. Illustrative Examples. — ^Dr. Gall speaks of a cast
molded on the head of Kant, the great metaphysical philos-
oj^her, after his death, in which he found an extraordinary
prominence in the region assigned to Causality. (See fig. 2Q.)
Afterward he became acquainted with Fichte, in whose head
he found the region still more largely developed than in Kant.

As examples of large Causality, we may mention Plato,
Socrates, Bacon, Montaigne^ Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz,
Sir Isaac Newton, Franklin, Cuvier, Gall, ]Srapoleon,Dupuytren,
Fourier, Brunei, and Webster.

4. CuLTiVATio:Nr. — The study of philosophy in all its
branches, and especially Phrenology in its theoretical aspects ;
planning ; contriving ways and means ; meditating on the
laws of nature ; and trying to trace out the connection
between observed phenomena and their causes, all serve to
exercise Causality and increase its power.

5. Resteaint. — To restrain this faculty is seldom necessary.
If too active, divert the mind by strict attention to practical
affairs, cultivating the Perceptives.

XLL COMPAKISOX. (37.)

The invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being
understood by the things that are made.

1 . LocATiOiSr. — The organ of Comparison is situated in the
upper part of the forehead on the middle line between the
two sides, and generally just below the roots of the hair, the
bottom being about the center of the forehead (37, fig. 23).
It is prominent in tlie portrait of Linnaeus, whose pursuits
aecessitated the constant exercise of the faculty.

116

HOW TO READ CHARACTER,

2. FuxcTiOiSr. — Comparison gives ability to perceive differ-
ences and resemblances ; to reason inductively ; to analyze,

Fig. 152.— M. J. Spalding, D.D.*

Fig. 153.— John McCloskey, D.D.t

classify, compare, and draw inferences ; and to judge correctly
of the congruousness of objects or ideas. It seems also to

exert a harmonizing influence

over the action of all the other

faculties.

3. Illustrative Examples.

— Amono' nations, it is ver

large in the French and in the
Irish.

Thomas Moore may be
instanced as one of the be«t
examples of its manifestation
in literary composition. " The
harp that once through Tara's
halls," illustrates his use of
Comparison as a figure of
speech. Another short poem — " Though fate, my girl, may
bid us part" — is almost entirely made up of a description and

Fig. 154.— Linn.^us.

* Dr. Spalding is Archbishop of Baltimore and Primate of the Roman Catholic
Church in the United States. His " History of the Reformation" is one of the standard
works of his church.

+ Dr. McCloskey. second Archbishop of New York, is considered one of the most
polished pulpit orators in the Catholic Church, and he is noted for his kindness of
heart and active benevolence.

THE ORGAKS AND I'HEIR F UKCTIOZSTS . HT

comparison of conditions. The following often-quoted linc^
are likewise in point:

" When I remember all

The friends so linked together,
I've seen around me fall,

Like leaves in wintry weather ; '

I feel like one who treads alone

Some banquet hall deserted,
Whose lights are fled, whose garlands dead.

And all but he departed."

Comparison was large in the heads of Curran, Burke, Pitt,
Chalmers, Franklin, Roscoe, Hume, Jeffrey, Patrick Henry,
Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Webster.

The teachings of the Bible are addressed to this faculty in
an eminent degree, being replete with analogies and com-
parisons ; as " Unto what is the kingdom of God like, and
Avhereunto shall I resemble it ? It is like a grain of mustard
seed," etc. " It is like leaven," etc.

4. Cultivation. — Studying logic, mental philosophy (phre-
nologicall}^ of course), chemistry, botany, etc., or the con-
stant exercise of one's analytical powers in any branch of
study or business, may be made subservient to the develop-
ment of this faculty.

5. Restraint. — To restrain is not necessary.

XLII. HUMAN NATURE. (c.)

Behold, I know your thoughts, and the devices which ye -oTongfully imagine
against ijie.

1. Location. — The organ of Human IS'ature is situated on
the median line of the forehead, between Comparison and
Benevolence (C, fig. 23).

2. Function. — The function of this organ is to furnish us
with an intuitive knowledge of character, or to eifable us to
perceive the state of mind or feeling possessed bv others, so
that we may successfully adapt ourselves to them and operate
tipon their feelings. It gives sagacity, and is possessed in a
very remarkable degree by our l^Torth American Indians. It
was large in Napoleon and in old Hayes, the great rogue-
Qatcher ^nd detective of New York, as it is also in Gen. Grant,

118

HOW TO READ CHARACTER

3. CuLTivATiox. — Xo better means can be made use of to
improve this faculty than to make human nature a study,
using Phrenology and Physiognomy as guides in its prosecu-
tion. Observe every one you meet, and note the expression,

SIODEKATE.

Fig. 155. — Theo. L. Cuyler.*

Fig. 156.— Jos. T. Dup.YEA.t

tones, and actions of each, and try to read them as you might
an open book.

4. Resteaint. — If too suspicious, by reason of over-large
Cautiousness and large or perverted Human ISTature, one must
cultivate Benevolence, Hope, and Conscientiousness, and try
to take a kinder, more lenient, cheerful, and juster view of his
fellow-men.

XLin. AGREEABLENESS.

(D.)

A soft answei' tiirneth away wrath, but grievous Avords stir up anger.

1. Locatio:n". — The organ of Agreeableness is situated in
the upper edge of the forehead (D, fig. 23). It lies directly
over the imier angle of the eye and about two inches above
the ridge of the eyebrow. It is apt to be marked by a
depression in the American head; but is prominent in the
French, ^tho are said to be the most polite.

* Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler is pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church is
Brooklyn. He is one of the most popular preachers in the United States.

+ Rev. Joseph T. Duryea, 1-ately one of the pastors of the Collegiate Reformed Church
ui New York, now of Brooklyn, is a young man of brilliant powers and of great promise.

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 119

2. FuxcTiox. — It imparts the ability to make one's self
acceptable to others, and to adopt a persuasive and con-
ciliatory mode of address and pleasant manners. One wlio
has it large can utter even the most unwelcome truths Avith-
out orivinof oifense ; and with larsje Imitation and Benevolence,

LAEGE.

Fig. i5T.— Schuyler Colfax.*

Fig. 158.— Frank P. Blair, JR.t

to which it is closely allied in location, is sure to be a genera'
favorite, especially if the social organs be large.

3. CuLTivATiox. — The study and constant practice of the
art of politeness, which has its foundation in this organ in
conjunction with Benevolence and Conscientiousness, will
tend to arouse the spirit of Agreeableness. By acting in
such a way as to make ourselves, so far as possible, agreeable
to those around us, we shall in time come to feel agreeable,
and shall develop the organ of that feeling. [See our hand-
book, " How to Behave,"! for lessons in politeness, and the
study of a courteous deportment.]

4. Resteaint. — To restrain is not necessary.

* An American politician and statesman of fine ability and strong personal inf uence.

t A general in the Union Army during the American Civil War ; not noted for
suavity of manners.

X '' How to Behave," A Pocket Manual of Republican Etiquette and Guide to Correct
Personal Habits, with Rules for Debating Societies, and Deliberative Assemblies.
Price, 75 cents ; or, in connection with " How to Write, How to Talk, and How to Pq
Business," complete in one volume, $2 %)-^

120

HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

T.
THE ART OF CHARACTER READING.

I. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.

I'N character reading, as in
everything else, it is im-
portant that we begin in
the right place — at the begin-
ning— and that, having begun
rightly, v^^e proceed step by
step according to the natural
sequence of the points to be.
considered. " Order is heaven's
first law," and by means of
method we make simple and
easy what at first sight seems
complicated and difficult.

1. Size. — Size, you will re-
member, other things being
equal, is the measure of power. Having the living subject
before you, commence by considering his or her size — the size
®f the person as a whole. How does it compare with the
average development of the race, nation, and sex to which
the subject belongs. Having settled this point in your mind,
you have the first element of the combination which is to
determine your estimate of character.

2. Quality. — Having determined the size, your next in^
quiry should be, " What is the Quality ?" Quality is mainly
a matter of temperament. What, then, is the temperament
of the subject ? We have described the Temperaments, and
shall take it for granted that you know how to distinguish
them; but, to make the matter still plainer, if possible, we
\yill restate and illustrate in a somewhat different form, look-

FiG. 159.— Andrew Jackson.

f

tan aKT Oi^' CHARACTER READING. 121

Fig, 160.— The English Girl.

ing at the subject in its physiognomical as well as its physio-
logical and phrenological aspects.

Each temperament has a configuration peculiar to itself; so

that the general outlines of the
person, or of any part of it, will
indicate to which the subject
belongs. Take the head (in-
cluding the face) as an example.
Observe its configuration as seen
in front and in profile.

3. The Yital Temperament.
— We Avill suppose, for instance,
that the subject before you has a
face and head which, in the front
view, present a nearly circular
outline, like fig. 160. The profile
will shoAV the same tendency to
roundness as in fig. 161 ; and
this will be the character of the whole physical system — the
body and limbs being pmmp and full, and the whole figure
broad and stout rather than long and slender.

Now, you may at once conclude that your subject has a
predominance of the Yital Temperament, and
this fact will furnish the key to his or her
character.

There will be great vigoi', a good digestion,
love of fresh air and exercise, and a fondness
for good living and physical enjoyments gener-
ally, with a disinclination to hard and pro-
tracted labor.

Mentally, you may look for ardor, impulsive-
ness, enthusiasm, and versatility, if not fickle-
ness. There will be more diligence than per-
sistence, and more brilliancy than depth. There
may be a quick and violent temper, but it will
be easily calmed, and in general the disposition will be c-heer«
ful, amiable, and genial.

4 The Motive Temperament. — Perhaps your next sub'

6

122

HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

ject will have a face like figs. 159 and 162, in which length
is the predominant characteristic. The profile will present
strong angular lines, as in fig. 163, in place of the curves
which prevail in the previous illustration. The figure will be

Fig. 162.— Hon. Mk. Jltlian, M.C. Fig. 163.— Profile.

found to be tall and striking, w^ith a manifest tendency to
angularity, as in the features.

In this case you have the Motive Temperament before you,
and may infer density and firmness of texture in all the
organs, and great strength and endurance in the physical
system, with energy, capacity for work, and a strongly-
marked character, in which executiveness, love of power,
stability, persistence, and directness are noticeable traits.
There may be, though not necessarily, an objectionable
degree of hardness and coarseness ; but we shall generally
find a degree of firmness and constancy which may be relied
on in business, in friendship, or in love. This temperament
and form of face are less common among women than among
men, and the characteristics we have named are of course
subject to the modifications superinduced by sex and age.

5. The Mental Temperament. — A third form of face h
shown in fig. 164. It may be called the pyriform or pear-
sliaped face, of Avhich the profile is less rounded than in fig.
161, less angular than in fig. 163, and more delicate than

THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. 12:

either, as in Hg. 165. As it is the expansion of the superior
parts of the face, including the forehead, which gives the pyri-
form shape to the wliole in the front View, you may without
looking farther set down your subject who presents this form
as having a predominance of the Mental Temperament. Yon

Fig. 164.— Eachel. Fig. 165.— Profile.

will find the figure in this case slender and delicate rather
than elegant or striking. The indications are great mental
activity, a lively imagination, fine sensibilities, refinement,
delicacy, taste, and literary or artistic talent.

Of course these forms and the temperaments they indicate
occur in all degrees of development and in combinations
innumerable, and are modified by the state of the health and
other conditions already noted. You will learn in time to
attribute to each its proper strength and influence. See what
is said on Balance of Temperaments (Chap. II., Sec. II.), also
High and Low Quality (Chap. II., Sec. III.).

In connection with Temperament, Breathing Power, Circu-
lation, Digestion, Activity, Excitability, and General Health,
must be noted by means of the indications we have given in
Chap. IT.

Having proceeded thus far, you have a good general idea
of the capacity and tendencies of the person before you- —the
9Utlines, as it were, of the char^-cter,

124

HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

Fig. 166.— Three
Regions.

II. THE GEOUPS OF ORGANS.

You should next seek to estimate the power of the brain,
as a whole. You have already taken into account the element
of size in the person, as a whole, and have
considered the brain in its influence upon
temperament. Get now its absolute size
by measurement,* and then proceed to
ascertain the relative development of its
different parts or regions. Which pre-
dominates? the Kegion of Propensity, the
Region of Intellect, or the Spiritual Region ?
If Intellect be the leading development,
the forehead and w^hole anterior compart-
ment of the cranium, as marked on the
diagram (fig. 166), will be deep and broad, as in fig. ]67.
Here the posterior compartment or Region of Propensity is
short and narrow^, and the Superior or Spiritual Region (seat
of the Moral Sentiments) only moderately developed. If
your subject have a forehead like this, you will infer that he
is both an observer and a thinker of more than ordinary
capacity.

If the lower part of the forehead 2:)redominate, as in fig. 169,
perception will be found in the ascendant; and if the upper
portion be largest, as in fig. 168, there will be more thought-
fulness or reflection and less observation — more philosophy
and less science — more of the theoretical than of the practical.
The predominance of the propensities gives breadth to the
base of the brain between and behind the ears, as in fig. 170,
and length to the posterior lobe, as in fig. 171. From the
lateral development you will infer appetite, energy, economy,

* In measuring the head as here suggested, pass the tape around it horizontally
about an inch above the eyebrows, or so that it will pass over the organs of Individu-
ality and Parental Love. This will give some idea of the size of the head ; but the fact
that some heads are round, others long, some low, and others high, so modifies these
measurements that they do not convey any very correct notion of the actual quantity
of brain. These measurements range somewhat as follows in adults :

T or Very Large, 24 inches and upward ; 6 or Large, from 23 to 23J ; 5 or Full,
from 22 to 22} ; 4 or Average, from 21 to 21^ ; 3 or Moderate, from 20 to 20} ; 2 or
Small, from 19 to 19} ; 1 Below, 19. Female heads are half an inch to m inch beloiw
thf se measurements, corresponding with tbei^ hodiea,

THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. 125

INTELLECTUAL.

policy — a disposition to preserve, provide for, and defend
one's self. The extent backward from the ear indicates the
power of the social element,
and gives the fraternal, af-
fectionate; loving, domestic,
and patriotic disposition

Development obliquely
upward from the ear, or
in the superior part of the
])Osterior region, giving
lieiofht and breadth to that

portion of the head (of %|
which also fio'. ITI affords ^-^S

an illustration), imparts H^
prudence, aspiration, dig-
nity, pride, self-reliance,

and love of distinction, ^^^- 167.— Wilkie Collins.*

power, and position. If the coronal region, or top-head, pre-

• THOtTGHTFUL,

OBSERVING.

Fig. 168.— Hepwokth DixoN.t Fig. 169.— A Lowlandeb.

dominate, as in fig. 172, in which it will be seen that the

* An English novelist and miscellaneous writer, noted for liis skill in the manasre-
ment of the plot in his fictions. " After Dark," '' The Dead Secret," and " The Woman
in White" are among his most popular works.

t An English journalist and author, best known here through, his " New America."

n(y

HOW TO READ CHARACTER,

height from the opening of the ear to the apex of the head is
very great, you may assume that the sul)jeet has a strong

EXECUTIVE.

SPIKITUALLT MINDED.

Fig. 170.— General Joseph Hooker.* Fig. 171.— Theodosia Burr ALLSTON.t

natural tendency toward a moral and religious life — to mani-
fest faith, liope, and charity — to reverence God and his laws,
and to aspire after purity and lioliness.

Having ascertained which of the
groups of organs, as a whole, pre-
dominate, your next step should be to
determine the controlling organ in
that group. " If it be Conscientious-
ness in the moral group, and that is
the controlling group of the brain, then
everything must be squared according
to the rule of rectitude. If Bene^'o-
lence is the controlling organ in that
group, then everything must be gov-
erned according to the spirit of kind-
ness and sympathy. If Veneration be
the strongest, then there is a tendency
to think of God and to reverence his authority; if Conscien-
tiousness lead the person to be honest, it is for God's sake ;

* Known in the Union Army, in the American Civil War, as " fighting Joe Hooker."
t Daui^hter of Aaron Burr.

X Revf Benjamin Szold is a Jewish. Rabbi of Baltimore, but by birth a Hungariau,
and is distinguished for piety and learning.

Fig. 172 — Benj. Szold.^:

THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. l'2l

if through Benevolence lie become a l)enelactor, it is for God's
sake ; his Spirituality begets a yearning for the life to come,
because God is the light thereof; Hope fixes its aspiration upon
the Father of all, and thus he inclines to walk with God and
have his conversation in heaven. This, at least, will be the
form of his piety and the tendency of his moral life.

"In the selfish group, with Acquisitiveness ]3 re dominating,
energy, skill, and executive force will back up that element,
and money-making, though it may be honestly done, will
seem to be the great drift of the person's life."

As the predominant group detei-mines the general tend-
encies of the mind, so the strongest organ in that group
influences the action of all the rest. In this way, if the faculty
which inspires ambition be strong, the talent, skill, energy,
enterprise, prudence, policy, friendship, aflection, all incline
toward and sustain ambition.

A perfectly balanced brain will seldom, if ever, be found ;
but supposing one to be in equilibrium, then the course of
action which a person thus endowed would pursue, would
be determined by the paramount external influence. Being
equally fitted for business, law, medicine, mechanism, teach-
ing, literature, and art, he would become what circumstances
should render most desirable at the time. You will meet
with approximations to this perfect balance of the elements
of character, and the individuals in whom it occurs will be
capable of succeeding in almost any branch of human efiTort.

Having thus completed your general observations, you will
be prepared to examine the individual organs for the purpose
of ascertaining the size of each, observing at the same time
the corresponding physiognomical sign, where such a sign
has been ascertained to exist ; but in comparing the one with
the other, it should be understood that while the brain (sub-
ject always to. the conditions we have noted) measures the
absolute power of the mind, the face is rather an index of its
habitual activity, and that the two sets of indications, taken
either collectively or individually, are not necessarily equal;
in other words, there may be latent power — mental capacity
not manifested in the charnctcr or shown in the face.

128 HOW TO READ CHARACTER,

If, therefore, the sign of a faculty be large in the face, and
its phrenological organ at the same time be rooderate oi
small, there will be more activity than endurance or continu-
ance in its characteristic manifestation; while, on the other
liand, if the phrenological sign show more development than
the physiognomical, there will be more endurance than activity.
In the first case there will be a hio-her des^ree of manifesta-
tion than the brain, considered by itself, would warrant us in
counting upon. In the second there would be less, a certain
amount of power continually remaining latent ; and this prin-
ciple accounts for a large share of the misconception w^hich
exists in regard to both Phrenology and Physiognomy.*

In seeking to determine the size of the organs, you must
not be guided merely by the undulations on the surface or
the head. Phrenology is not " bumpology." You must not
look for hills, hollows, and protuberances (though you will
sometimes find them), but judge the length of brain fibers
from the medulla oblongata — the center of the brainf — to the
surface, where the organs are located in a manner analogous
to the estimation of the size of a wagon wheel by the length
of its spokes.

We have pointed out the Ipcation of all the organs in
Chap. IV., and the student who has studied that chapter
carefully in connection with the symbolical head and the
phrenological bust, which every one should possess, will, after
the necessary practice, experience little difficulty in finding
them. Some further directions in regard to a few important
points, however, may be useful.

III. HOW TO FIND THE OEGANS.

The locations of the perceptive organs and most of the
others lying at the base of the brain are readily determined,
by means of our diagrams (figs. 22 and 23) and descriptions;
the eyes, the eyebrows, the ears, or the occipital protuberance,

* See "New Physiognomy; or, Signs of Character as manifested through Tempera-
ment and External Forms, and especially in the Human Face Divine." With more
than a thousand engravings. By S. R. Wells, New York.

* See Description of the Skull and the Brain in our Introdaction,

The art of char/cter reading.

as the case may be, furnishing a convenient point of .departure
from which each may be reached with little chance for error.
The exact situations of those lying farther from these fixed
points are less easily determined by the beginner.

Drawing a line perpendicularly upward from the opening
of the ear, you first cross Destructiveness, which lies above
and partly behind the ear. When large, there will be great
width of brain between the ears, and a swelling out of the
organ, just over the onfice of the ear, say the size of one half
of a common peach pit; when small, the head will be narrow
between the ears, with no protuberance at the point desig-
nated. Next above this, and thi-ee quarters of an inch from
the top of the ear, you come upon the fore part of Secretive-
ness. Extending this line upward, you pass over Sublimity
and Conscientiousness, and at the top of the head strike the
fore part of Firmness, which, Avhen large, gives a fullness to
the crown. Taking this as another fixed point, you can
readily determine the location of the other organs, on the
median line, and each side of it. Between Self Esteem and
Inhabitiveness, on this, central line, is Concentrativeness,
which, being generally small in American heads, is usually
marked by a depression at that jjoint, and is thus easy to
find.

To find Cautiousness, another important point to fix cor-
rectly in the mind, draw a line perpendicularly upward from
the back part of the ear, and just where the head begins to
round off to form the top, you will come upon that organ.
It is generally well developed in the heads of our countrymen,
and often causes quite a prominence at that point. Forward
of Cautiousness, and in a line with it, are Sublimity, Ideality,
and Mirthfulness.

Between Firmness and Benevolence is Veneration, in the
center of the top-head. When this middle part rounds out
and rises above the parts next before and behind it, ^^ enera-
tion is larger than Firmness and Benevolence. Below Vene-
ration are the two organs of Hope and Spirituality, the latter
of which is unfortunately marked by a depression in many
Protestant heads.

6*

130 HOW TO RE^D CHARACTEIt.

Above Alimentivencss, and the fore part of Destructiveriess,
is Acquisitiveness, and forward of tliat, Constructiveness.

A horizontal line drawn backward from the outer angle of
the eye stiukes at the center of the back-head the upper part
of the organ of Parental Love. An inch or a little less below
this point is the occipital protuberance, which denotes by its
degree of development the power of endurance, and activity
of the muscular system. It is large in great walkers— pedes-
trians, and in foxhounds, horses, etc. On each side of this,
and just below, is the organ of Amativeuess, giving thickness
to the neck below and between the ears.

With these points fixed in the mind, the student will be
enabled to carry out foi" himself the plan we have indicated
for finding the organs; but he must bear in mind the fact, that
there are slight modifications in the position of the organs on
each head ; and he must therefore learn to distinguish the
form of each and its appearance when developed in different
proportions to the others.

We have referred to our diagrams, symbolical head, and
bust, but these can only show the situation of the organs on
some particular head, taken as a model, and it is impossible
by means of them to convey more information than we have
thus conveyed. The different ajjpearances in all the varieties
of relative size must be discovered by inspecting numbers
of heads and comparing one with another.*

When one organ is very largely developed, it encroaches
on the space usually occupied by the neighboi-ing organs, the
situations of which are thereby slightly altered. When this
occurs, it may be distinguished by the greatest prominence
being near the center of the large organ, and the swelling

* The student is often at first unable to perceive differences which, after a few
months, become palpably manifest to him, and at the former obscurity of which he is
not a little surprised. The following anecdote, related by Dr. Gall, is in point : The
physician of the House of Con-ection at Graetz, in Styria, sent him a box filled with
skuDs. In unpacking them, he was so much struck with the extreme breadth of one
of them at the anterior region of the temples, that he exclaimed, " Mon Dicu, quel
crAne de voleur !"— My God, what a thievish skull ! Yet the physician had been
unable to discover the organ of Acqnisitireness in that skull. His letter to Dr Gall,'

sent with the box, was found to contain this information ; " The skull marked is

that of N . aa incorrigible thief.''

THii AilT OF CHARACTER READING. l3l

extending over a portion only of the other. In these cases
the shape should be attended to ; for the form of the organ is
then easily recognized, and is a sure indication of the par-
ticular one which is largely developed. The observer should
learn, by inspecting a skull, to distinguish the mastoid process
behind the ear, as also bony excrescences sometimes formed by
the sutures, and several bony prominences which occur in every
head, from elevations produced by development of brain.

In regard to the employment of the scale (or any scale) for
the numbering of the organs, it may be remarked that each
examiner attaches to the terms Small, Moderate, Full, etc.,
shades of meaning perfectly known only to himself, and it is
not reasonable to expect that the markings or statements of
development made by diiferent phrenologists will always
perfectly agree. It must be borne in mind, too, that the
numbers indicate merely the relative proportions of the
organs to each other, on the same head, and not absolute
size in relation to some fixed standard.* Besides, the shape
of one's head — like his features — is constantly changing. If
one improves by study or the practice of an art, or if, from
inaction, one deteriorates, it will soon tell on both brain
and character, altering the shape of the head.f

* It is one object to prove Phrenology to be true, and another to teach a beginner
how to observe organs. For the first purpose, we do not in general compare an organ
in one head with the same organ in another ; because it is the predominance of par-
ticular organs in the same head that gives ascendency to particular faculties in the
individuals ; and, therefore, improving Phrenology, v<q usually compare the different
organs of the same head. But in learning to observe, it is useful to contrast the same
organ in different heads, in order to become familiar with its appearance in different
sizes and combinations. With this view, it is proper to begin with the larger organs ;
and two persons of opposite dispositions in the particular points to be compared,
ought to be placed in juxtaposition, and their heads observed. Thus, if we take the
organ of Cautiousness, we should examine its development in those whom we know
to be remarkable for timidity, doubt, and ^hesitation; and we should contrast its
appearance with that which it presents in individuals remarkable for precipitancy,
and into whose minds doubt or fear rarely enters : or a person who is passionately
fond of children may be compared, in regard to the organ of Philoprogenitiveness,
with another who regards them as an intolerable annoyance. — Combe.

t If the student desire to find the truth, he will consider first the general principles,
developed in the present work, and the presumptions for and against them, arising
from admitted facts in mental philosophy and physiology. He will next proceed to
make observations in nature, in the forms, situations, appearances, and functions of
the organs.

132 HOW TO READ CHARACTEK.

Vl.
PKAOTICAL APPLICATION.

I. CUI BONO?

fF self-knowledge be, as wise men in all ages have con-
sidered it, the most important and useful of all learning,
then Phrenology, which furnishes the key to this
knowledge, is the most important and useful of all sciences.
It enables us to measure our own capacity, to ascertain our
strong and our weak points, to learn what sins most easily
beset us, and what course to pursue to guard against them
and promote virtue, purity, and holiness — how to cultivate
the faculties which are deficient or inactive, and how to
restrain or control excessive or perverted action. Knowing
ourselves aright, we can set about the work of self-improve-
ment understandingly and with the best prospects of full
success.

Next to a knowledge of ourselves is that of our fellow-men,
and especially of those with whom we live in close relations
of love, friendship, or business, and with whom we are brought
into daily and hourly contact. Much of our happiness and
of our success in life dej^ends upon the character of our inter-
course with them. To make that intercourse pleasant and
profitable we must understand their characters. Phrenology
enables us to do this, and thus makes us masters of the situation.

II. PHRENOLOGY AND MATRIMONY.

The proper destiny of every well-organized man and woman
is to love and marry, and it is in marriage, where the con»
ditions are such as the laws of nature, written on our organ*
ization, demand, that the highest degree of usefulness and
happiness is attainable. But men and women too often love
" not wisely but too well," and marriage, if love lead to that,
proves a terrible, irremediable mistake. Why is this ? Because

PRACTICAL APPLICATION. 133

they neither know themselves or the persons of the other sex
to whom they blindly give their hearts. Cnpid is blind. Love
between the sexes is a feeling, an impulse, a propensity. In its
proper sphere it is, like all other, faculties, good and conduciye
to human happiness and welfare; but it needs the guidance of
intellect and the elevating and sanctifying influences of the
moral sentiments. Phrenology, judiciously applied, enables the
young man to judge whether the charmer who has attracted his
attention and won his admiration by some grace of person or
of mind, is fitted by organization to make him happy ; and
the young woman has in it a friendly counselor in her " affairs
of the heart." Knowing her own physical and mental con-
stitution, she will be able to determine to whom she may
safely give her affections and her hand. Pie or she, then, who
would love both wisely and well, should allow reason, in-
structed by science, to be his o" ^er o-uide.

III. APPLICATIOX TO EDUCATIOl^.

The parent and the teacher will find Phrenology an invalu-
able guide in the training of the young. What folly can be
greater than that of applying the same sort of discipline and
mode of culture to all children alike ; yet the teacher or the
parent who knows nothing of Phrenology is almost sure to
fall into this error. On the other hand, those who have taken
Phrenology as a guide, adapt their teachings to the peculiar
mental organization of each pupil, and in governing him are
not at a loss to what faculties to appeal when he needs to be
restrained or brought back from any wrong course. They do
not strive to suppress any faculty, knowing that all are God-
given and bestowed for a good purpose ; but they aim to
educate and discipline them, bringing, if possible, the lower
into due subordination to the higher. No one is well fitted
to become a teacher or a parent who does not understand the
science of the mind and the art of character reading.

IV. CHOICE OF A PURSUIT.

In choosing a pursuit, our science is of the utmost value.
*J)ome persons are fitted for one thing and some for another.

134 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

A few are found who can do almost anytliing — are nearly as
well fitted for one branch of business as another. Phrenology
enables us to decide what pursuit to choose for a child. We
consult his oro-anization and find out what his natural
tendencies, tastes, and capacities are, and instead of making
a 230or preacher an indifferent lawyer, or a blundering doctor
of a youth whom nature intended for a first-rate mechanic,
<*ngineer, or business man, we allow the boy's own natural
predilections to be our guide in choosing a calling for him.

VI. THE PROFESSIONS.

The clergyman finds his usefulness greatly enhanced by a
knowledge of Phrenology, as it enables him to understand
the mental peculiarities of his parishioners, and to adapt his
teachings and admonitions to individual cases, so that his
appeals are understood and felt. To the physician it proves
not less usefid as a guide in the treatment of his various
patients, no two of whom are organized exactly alike. In all
cases he finds that the mind affects the body in one way or
another, either promoting or retarding recovery, and that the
mode and degree of its action depend upon the relative
development of difi'erent j^arts of the brain. Fully compre-
hending these conditions, he is enabled to make the patient's
mental activity an ally instead of an enemy in the curative
process. The lawyer confessedly owes much of his success
to a thorough knowledge of human nature, and in no way
can he so well obtain this knowledge as through the medium
of Phrenology and Physiognomy. The merchant may make
use of it in choosing his clerks and other assistants, so as to
secure honesty and business talent; the mechanic who under-
stands Phrenology will not take for an apprentice a boy who
is poorly developed in Constructiveness and Imitation or who
has a weak constitution ; and the farmer will look for a love
of animals, an interest in j^lants, and a delight in the free, un-
conventional life of the country to adapt a young man to the
profession of agriculture. The statesman, the military com-
mander^ the actor, the artist, and the mechanic, all need a
Tmowledge of it, and may profit greatly by its teachings.

OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY. 135

YII.

OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY,

>HE truth of Phrenology having long since been demon
strated, all objections to it are futile, and hardly
deserve to be cited in a work like this. Every trutli
must be consistent with all other truths. Truth is always
safe. It is error that is dangerous and subversive of morality
and religion. But as old objections to our science continue
to be reiterated in certain quarters, and as some of our readers
may not have seen the answers which have been made to
them, and in which their utter groundlessness has been shown,
we have decided to notice briefly a few of the more common
and plausible of them.

1. Number op the Faculties. — "Phrenologists do not agree in
regard to the number of the faculties, and are constantly adding to
them, showing that there is nothing fixed or certain about the system."

Answer. — The differences among phrenologists in reference
to the number of faculties, are not greater but less than
among the teachers of other systems of mental philosoph}'.
In neither case does the circumstance invalidate the system
taught. Phrenologists do not create faculties and organs ;
they simply discover and describe them. They are not
responsible for their number. Our list of organs is increased by
the discovery of new ones. The functions of certain portions
of the brain yet remain unknown. Is the science of asti'on-
omy considered unsettled and untrustworthy because some
astronomers " see stars" where others, with less development
of the observing powers or inferior instruments, have foimd
only blank space ? or because they are constantly adding to
the number of the known planets ? In fact, is not the objec-
tion under notice slightly absurd ?

2. The Anatomical Objection. — " No phrenologist has ever
observed the supposed lines of demarkation between the organs
assumed to exist in the brajr., or tas ventured mthe course of lii* di^

136 HOAV TO READ CHARACTER.

sections lo divide a hemisphere of the brain accurately into any snch
number of organs as have been mapped out on the surface of the skull."

Ansicer. — 1. Were this objection literally true, it would
not be relevant, because it is an admitted principle of physi-
ology that, in the present state of our knowledge, the form
and structure of an organ are not sufficient to convey an idea
of its function. The most expert anatomists had looked fre-
quently and long upon a bundle of nervous fibers, inclosed in
a common sheath, without discovering that one set of them
was the organ of voluntary motion, and another that of feel-
ing ; on the contrary, from their similarity of appearance,
these nerves had, for ages, been regarded as possessing similar
functions. Nevertheless, Sir C. Bell and Magendie have
demonstrated, by experiment, that they possess the distinct
functions of feeling and motion. It may therefore be proved
by observation, that the different parts of the brain have dis-
tinct functions, although it were true that no difference of
structure could be perceived ; but —

2. It is not a fact that no difference of appearance is dis-
coverable. It is easy to distinguish the anterior, the middle,
and posterior lobes of the human brain from each other ; and
Avere they shown separately to a skillful phrenological anato-
mist, he would never take one for the other. The mental
manifestations are so different, according as one or other cf
these lobes predominates in size, that there is, even in this
case, ample room for establishing the fundamental proposition,
that different faculties are connected with different parts of
the brain. Further: many of the organs differ so decidedly
in appearance, that they could be pointed out by it alone.

3. It is admitted that the organs of the brain are not per-
ceived to be separated by strong lines of demarkation ; but
the forms of the organs are distinguishable and the mapping
out is founded in nature, though originally the result of the
observation of the external surface of the cranium.

§. Ignorance of Phkenologists. — " The teachers and disciples of
Phrenology are ignorant of anatomy and physiology, and they delude
nnly those equally uninstructed."

Answer. — This statement is untrue, and therefore the obiec-

OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY. 137

tion it is intended to embody falls to the ground. Drs. Gall
and Spurzheini were admirable anatomists. The dissections
of the brain made by the latter are acknowledged to have
been the most satisfactory ever performed. The Messrs.
Combe of Edinburgh, Drs. Yimont and Broussais of Paris, and
Dr. Charles Caldwell of the United States, all advocates and
teachers of Phrenology, were also anatomists of great skill
and learnino;; and amons; the "uninstructed" ones who have
been "deluded" by their teachings, we may njame such men
as Dr. Samuel George Morton, Professor of Anatomy, etc.,
and author of " Crania Americana;" Prof. John Elliotson, M.D.,
F.R.S. ; Dr. Robert Hunter, Professor of Anatomy, etc. ;
Prof. John Bell, M.D. ; J. Y. C. Smith, M.D., Professor of
Anatomy, and Editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical
Journal ; Nathan Allen, M.D., and John M. Carnochan, M.D.,
the most distinguished surgeon in the United States. AYe
might increase this list indefinitely, but these names will
suffice.

4. Materialism, Fatalism, etc. — " Phrenology leads to materia lirn)
and fatalism,"

Answer. — If Phrenology be false, it can lead to nothing in
the end but to the confusion of its supporters and to a merited
oblivion ; but if it be true, and if materialism follow as a
logical deduction from its facts, then, of course, materialism
is true, and Phrenology is no more responsible for its existence
than chemistry or astronomy is. It simply makes it known.

But the materialist says that it is the medullary matter
that thinks — in other words, that the brain is the mind. Now
we teach no such doctrine, and Phrenology leads to no such
conclusion. It declares that mind, in this mortal life and
while linked to matter, is manifested through the 'brain. It
Las not necessarily anything to do with the question, What is
the substance of the mind itself? It deals with mind as it is
observed through its manifestations. If it be material,
Phrenology has not made it so. If it be immaterial, Phre-
nology can at best only make the fact apparent. .We always,
as all who know anything about our teachings are well
aware, draw a broad line of demarkation between the organ

13S HOW TO READ CKAliACTER,.

of the mind and tlie mind itself. The one must perishj the
other we believe will survive and

Flourish in immortal yoath.
Unliurt amid the war of elements,
The wreck of matter, and the crash of worlds.

In regard to the asserted fatalistic tendencies of Phrenology,
our reply must be mainly the same as in regard to the first
part of the objector's statement. If man's constitution of
body and brain determine unalterably his character and
destiny, so that he can neither be better nor worse than he
is, nor in any w^ay different, Phrenology, although it may
reveal this character and destiny, is no more responsible for
it than theology is for the existence of evil. But while Phre-
nology finds mind in this life connected with matter, and
subject, so far as its manifestations are concerned, to certain
organic laws, it also recognizes wdthin the limits of its organ-
izatioi], and as an element in the unalterable law of life, the
freedom of the will, and a consequent personal responsibility.

We are not res])onsib]e for our being. We are born into
this world, made dependent while hero upon material organs
for our ability to act, and i-endercd liable to the accidents
which happen to matter, and to the final death of the body.
In these arrangements Ave had no voice — no freedom to choose
Avhen or where we would be born, or how we would be
endowed in the matter of body and brain, and therefore can
have no responsibility, so far as they are concerned. But
there has been bestowed upon us, or rather made a part of
our mental constitution, a sense of right and wrong ^ and with
it the power to choose between good and evil — to rise or to
fall — to improve or to deteriorate, and here we are responsible^
not for our faculties, but for the use we make of them.

As an additional evidence that Phrenology is in no way
inimical to religion, w^e may here mention that it is now
embraced and taught by many of the most prominent and
truly pious clergymen of Europe and America, including
Archbishop Whateley, Thomas Chalmers, D.D., Rev. Orville
T)ewey, Rev. John Pierrepont, E. H. Chapip, D.D.- Rev. H^nry
^7ard Beecheii'j aiid jnany others.

THE TRADES AND PROFESSIOKS. 139

YIII.
THE TRADES AND PROFESSIONS.

irM

I. A CLASSIFIED LIST.

"^HE 3lECHA]sric Arts. — Artificial FJower Make^ — =
j^^ i]akcr — Basket Maker — Bookbinder — Blacksmith
'^^^'s — Bricklayer — Butcher — Cabinet Maker — Carpen-
ter— Carriage Maker — Carriage Ironer — Carriage Trimmer —
Coinpositor — Cooper — Dentist — Dressmaker — Engineer —
Finisher of Work — Founder — General Mechanic — Gold
Beater — Harness Maker — Inventor — Jeweler — Locksmith —
Machinist — Manufacturer — Miller — Milliner — Molder — Paper
Box Maker — Painter — Penman — Picture-frame Maker —
Printer — Shoemaker — Silversmith — Stone Cutter — Sui-geon —
Tailor — Tamier — Upholsterer — Watchmaker.

II. The Fine Aets. — Architect — Actor — Daguerrean —
Designer — Draughtsman — Engraver — Florist — Historical
Painter — Landscape Painter — Landscape Gardener — Modeler
— Musician — Musical Composer — Poet — Portrait Painter —
Sculptor.

III. Literature. — Author — Dramatist — Editor, Literary,
Commercial, Political, General — Historian— Journalist — Lec-
turer - Librarian — Novelist — Orator — Poet — Preacher —
Reporter.

IV. Science. — Botanist— Chemist — Editor — Entomologist
— Explorer (Scientific) — Engineer — Geographer — Geologist-
Lecturer — Mineralogist — Naturalist — Navigator — Phrenolo-
gist— ^Physician — Surgeon — Surveyor — Zoologist.

V. Education.— Author (of Educational Books)— College
Professor — Editor — Elocutionist — Governess — Lecturer —
Ph renol ogi st — Teach er .

VI. The " Professions." — Attorney — Author — Barrister
— Clergyman — ■ Counselor — Judge — Lav^yer— Phrenologist - •
Ph ysi ci an-=-Pi?ea<?her — Siiro-eon .

140 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.

YII. Commerce. — Accountant, — Agent — Auctioneer —
Bookseller — Cattle Dealer — Commission Business — Clerk —
Dry Goods — Fancy Goods — Grocer — Hardware — Lumber
Dealer — Importer — Jobber — Merchant — Publisher — Sales-
man— Stock Jobber.

YIII. — General Business. — Agent, General Business,
Insurance, Express, Freight — Banker — ;Broker — Canvasser —
Cashier — Collector — Conductor — - C^ontractor — Conveyancer
— Financier — Post Master — President of Bank, Railroad, In-
surance Company — Real Estate Dealer — Superintendent.

IX. Miscellaneous Employments. — Diplomatist • — Ex-
plorer — Farmer — Fisherman — Fruit Grower — Horseman —
Horticulturist — Hotel Keeper — Livery Keeper — Lumberman
— Policeman or Detective — Politician — Seaman — Soldier —
Statesman — Stock Raiser — Undertaker — Watchman.

II. developments for particular pursuits.

I. The Law.- — ^Lawyers require the mental-vital tempera-
ment, to give them intensity of feeling and clearness of
intellect ; large Eventuality, to recall law cases and decisions ;
large Comparison, to compare different parts of the law and
evidence — to criticise, cross-question, illustrate, and adduce
similar cases; and large Language, to give freedom of speech.
Phrenology will tell you how to acquire and use these powers
and faculties to the best advantage. Try it.

II. Statesmanship. — Statesmen require large and well-
balanced intellects, to enable them to understand and see
through great ])ublic measures and choose the best course,
together with high moral heads, to make them disinterested,
and seek the people's good, not sellish ends.

HI. Medicine. — Physicians require large Perceptive Facul-
ties, so that they may study and apply a knowledge of
Anatomy and Physiology with skill and success; full Destruc-
tiveness, lest they shrink from inflicting the pain requisite to
cure ; large Constructiveness, to give them skill in surgery ;
large Combativeness, to render them resolute and prompt;
large Cautiousness, to render them judicious and safe ; and a
large head, to give them general power of mind. Phr'=»Dology

THE TRADES AK'D PROFESSIONS. Ul

will predict, iu advance, whether or not a boy will succeed in
this profession. The same is true of Dentistry.

TV. Divinity. — Clergymen require the mental tempera^
raent, to give them a decided predominance of mind over
their animal propensities ; a large frontal and coronal region,
the former to give them intellectual ca^Dacity, and the latter
to impart high moral worth, aims, and feelings, elevation of
character, and blamelessnes^ of conduct; large Veneration,
Mope, and Spirituality, to imbue them with the spirit of faith
and devotion ; large Benevolence and Adhesiveness, so that
thej^ may make all who know them love them, and thus wm
each over to the paths of truth and righteousness. Clergy-
men will do well to consult Phrenology ; it would enable
them to account for many seeming mysteries, and give them
power and influence to do great good. It is in the most per-
fect harmony with the highest Christianity.

V. Journalism. — Editors also require a mental tempera-
ment, with large Individualit}^ and Eventuality, to collect
iud disseminate incidents, facts, news, and give a practical
cast of mind; large Comparison, to enable them to illustrate,
criticise, show up errors, and the like ; full or large Com-
bativeness, to render them spirited ; large Language, to
render them, copious, free, spicy, and racy; and large Ideality,
lo give taste and elevated sentiments. An Editor who under-
stands and applies Phrenology possesses a power which he
may use with great effect. " He can take your measure."

VI. Commerce. — Merchants require Acquisitiveness, to
impart a desire and tact for business ; large Hope, to promote
enterprise ; full Cautiousness, to render them safe ; largo
Perceptives, to give quick and correct judgment of the quali-
ties of goods ; good Calculation, to impart rapidity and cor-
rectness in casting accounts ; large Approbativeness, to
render them courteous and affable ; and. full Adhesiveness, to
enable them to make friends of customers, and thus retain
them. Why is one young man a better salesman than
another? and why is one better worth a salary twice or
thrice the amount than another ? Phrenology answers this
by pointing out the constitutional differences, and showing

U^ How TO READ OHARACTEil.

who is, and who is not, adapted to mercantile life. You had
better consult Phrenology, and choose accordingly.

Vn. The Mechanic Arts. — Mechanics require strong
constitutions, to give them muscular power and love of labor;
large Constructiveness and Imitation, to enable them to use
tools with dexterity; work after a pattern, and easily learn to
do what they may see others do ; and large Perceptive Facul-
ties, to give the required judgment of matter and the fitness
of things.

yill. The Fine Arts. — Artists require the mental tem-
perament, high organic quality and large Ideality to impart
the necessary intellectual appreciation of the laws of beauty
and the rules of art, taste, refinement, delicacy, imagination,
and lofty aspirations; Constructiveness, to give skill in the
use of the implements of art ; Imitation, to enable them to
copy well ; and large perceptives to impart judgment of the
forms and qualities of things.*

* Finally, while we do most coBfidently alHrm that there is a marked difference in
the natural capacities and aptitudes of men for particular callings ; and that one wUl
show great talent as an artist, mechanic, or merchant, another would excel in neither
of these, hut in something else ; still it must be admitted that each of us, having the
same number and kind of organs and faculties— ^differing only in quality, culture, and
degree of development — it is possible for most of us to learn to do veiy nearly the
same thing. Nor is it best to push a student in those studies in which he already
excels, but rather in the studies most difficult, in order to develop deficient or inactive
faculties. If one already manifests mechanical skill, turn his attention to art, philos-
ophy, or invention. If one is naturally musical, and v/anting in mathematics, lot
music be made second to mathematics, and so on through all the studies. Th^.end
^.•gsired is an even, harmonious, we^i-iiaiiinced character.

^art li.

A DELINEATION

OF THE

IIAEACTER, PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT,

AND PRESENT CONDITION

OF

AS GIVEN BY

[date . ]

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE.

Opposite to the name of each organ or quality taken into
account in a delineation of character, and in the column indi-
cating its relative power, tlie examiner will place a figure, a
dash, or a dot, to indicate the subject's development in
respect to that organ or quality. The printed figures in the
square thus marked refer to the pages in this work on which,
under the name of the organ or quality standing in the
margin opposite, will be found a description of the traits of
character which the development is believed to denote. At
the end of this description are other figures, indicating pages
where directions for cultivating or restraining, as may be
directed, the faculty in question.

When an organ is half way between two sizes, it is repi'e-
sented by two figures, as 5 to 6, or 3 to 4, etc., which is
equivalent to 5^ or S^. Li these cases both paragraphs
referred to may be read, and a medium between the two
wdll be appropriate.

The sign +, plus, signifies about one third of a degree
more, and — , minus, one third of a degree less, than the
marks indicate, thus giving virtually a scale of twenty-one
degrees.

AK EXPLANATORY KOTE.

PLEASE READ THIS FIRST.

In a printed delineation, we can only approximate to the
real charactei-. Xo two persons, even though they be twins,
are exactly alike. The almost numberless combinations of
which the temperaments and mental foculties (to say nothing
of the ever-varying physiological conditions involved) are
susceptible, result in plmses and shades of character as numer-
ous as the individuals of the human race. To bring these
out in a fully satisfactory manner requires a carefully written
analysis. We can give, as a general rule, in a chart like
this, merely the simple elements. The subject should com-
bine them for himself, considering well the temperaments,
and the modifications which must result fi-om the action of
one faculty upon another, and especially the influence of the
predominating group and the leading organ. (See p. 124
et seq. for further hints.")

Our aim here is to give as accurate a delineation of
character as the circumstances will admit. Absolute correct-
ness in every particular is not claimed, nor would it be
jiossible in following the markings of the several organs and
conditions as here set down ; and due allowance, in every
case, by examiner and examined, must therefore be made.

For a I nil E:

s^plaiiatiou

Of this Tal

»le,

CONDITIONS.

7

Very
Large.

Large.

5

Full.

4

Aver-
age.

3

Moder-
ate.

o

ad

Small.

Organic Quality

Health

Page
149

149

149

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

Yital Temperameut

Breathing Power

Circulatory Power

Digestive Power. ......

Motive Temperament

Mental Temperament . . .

Activity

151

151

151

151

151

151

152

152

152

152

152

152

153

153

153

153

153

153

153

153

153

153

154

154

154

154

154

154

154

155

155

155

155

155

155

156

156

156

156

156

156

156

Excitabilitv

156

156

156

156

157

157

Size of Brain, inches. . .
1. Amativcness

157

157

157

157

157

158

158

158

159

159

159

159

A. Coniuffalitv

159

159

159

160

160

160

2. Parental Love

160

160

160

160

160

161

3. Friendship

161

161

161

161

161

162

4 Inhabitiveness

5. Continuit}^

162

162

162

162

162

162

162

163

163

163

163

163

E. Vitativeness

163

164

164

164

164

164

6. Combativeness

7. Destructiveness

8. Alimentiveness

9. Acquisitiveness

10. Secretiveness

164

164

165

165

165

165

165

166

166

166

166

166

166

166

166

167

167

167

167

167

168

168

168

168

168

168

169

169

169

169

11. Cautiousness

169

169

169

170

170

170

12. Approbativeness

1

U]. Self-Esteem

170

170

170

170

171

171

171

171

171

171

171

172

i

J k Firmness

172

172

172

172

172

1 T2i

The itead^r is Referred to Page 144.

»& -■ ' ' ' -■■'■-'— — ■——-■■ ■—

CONDITIONS.

7

Very-
Large.

Large.

5

FuU.

4:

Aver-
age.

Moder-
ate.

2

SmaU.

15. Conscientiousness

16. Hope

Page
173

.173

173

173

173

173

174

174

174

174

174

174

17. Spirituality

175

175

175

175

175

175

18. Veneration

176
176

176

176

176

176

176

19. Benevolence

177

177

177

177

177

20. Constructiyeness

21. Ideality.

177

.177

178

178

178

,178

178

178

178

178

179

179

B. Sublimity

179

179

179

179

179

179

22. Imitation

180

180

180

180

180

180

23. Mirthfulness

24. Individuality

180

180

181

181

181

181

181

181

181

181

181

182

25. Form

26. Size

182

182

182

182

182

182'

182

182

, 183

182

183

183

27. Weight

183

183

183

183

183

18£

28. Color

183

184

184

184

184

184

29. Order

184

184

184

184

184

185

30. Calculation

185

185

185

185

185

185

31. Locality

185

186

186

186

186

186

32. Eventuality

186

186

186

186

186

186

33. Time

187

187

187

187

187

187

34. Tune

35. Language

36. Causality. . , ,

37. Comparison

C. Human Nature

D. Agreeableness

■

187

187

187

187

187

188

188

188

188

188

188

188

189

189

189

189

189

189

189

189

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

191

191

191

191

191

191

191

191

ADAPTATION IN MARRIAGE.

When a person has a perfect balance of temperament ami a har
monious development of all the mental faculties and dispositions, a com
panion should be chosen whose development is similar; but as this is very raruly
found, each pert^ou should seek to form a anion with one who is properly contrasted
so that the excess of one may be balanced and modified by a less development in
the other. .

The person for whom the foregoing Chart is marked fhould choose a companioc
having a constitution and mental qualities as indicated by the marking of this table

Vital Temperament..

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Motive Tempera-
ment

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Mental Tempera-
ment

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

General Build or
Form ...

Tall and Bony.

Medinm.

Short and Plump.

Size of Head

Large.

Medium.

Moderate.

Weight

Heavy.

Medium.

Light.

Full and Plump

Decidedly.

Medium.

Moderately.

Complexion

Dark Brunette.

Medium.

Light, or Blonde.

Hair

Dark and Strong.

Medium.

Tiight and Fine.

Eyes

Dark.

Medium.

Light, or Blue.

Social and Domestic.

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Energy of Character.

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Self-Rellance

i

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

1

Prudence and Policy.

1

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Regard for Praise and
Public Opinion

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Economy and Love of
Property

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Cheerfulness ana Self-
Control

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Ingenuity, Skill, and
Taste

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Practical Talent

i

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Reasoning and Plan-
ning Talent

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

Conversational
Power

Strong.

Medium.

Moderate.

jMoral and Religious.

1

Very Strong.

FnU.

Medium.

DELOEATION OF CHARACTER.

I.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.

I.— ORGANIC QUALITY.

(7.) Very Good. — You have a remarkably refined, sensitive, and
delicate organization ; are susceptible of exquisite enjoyment and
intense suffering ; and are greatly affected by extremes of beat and
cold, especially the latter. You are adapted to fine and light work
rather than to that which is coarse and heavy, have poetic and artistic
tastes, lofty aspirations, tender sympathies, and a longing for congenial
companionship. Being inclined to live too far above the common
interests and pursuits of life, you fail to find full appreciation, and are
subjected to much suffering by the rude contacts involved among the
every-day realities of this life. Cultivate a. more robust bodily condi-
tion— eat, drink, sleep, and grow fat — and try to live more in the real
and less in the ideal wofld. [23.]*

(6.) Good. — You are fine-grained, high-toned, and delicately organ-
ized ; susceptible, sensitive, and sympathetic ; refined in your tastes,
pleasures, and aspirations ; and repelled by whatever is low, coarse, or
gross. You are liable to extremes in feeling and acting ; are likely to
be either very good or very bad ; suffer keenly, enjoy deeply, and are
generally either greatly exalted or greatly depressed ; have exquisite
tastes ; love the beautiful, and desire, if you do not always seek, the
good and the true. [23.]

(5.) Full. — Yours is neither a coarse nor an over-wrought organizar
tion. Your tendencies, so faj" as your constitution affects them, are
upward rather than downward, and your tastes elevating rather than
degrading. You must avoid all those habits which minister to the
animal passions and clog mental manifestation, and strive to elevate
yourself far above the gross and groveling multitude. [23.]

* These figure?, and others similarly introduced in [brackets] throughout this pari
of the work, refer to pages in the first part— "How to Eead Character"— where addl
tiosal information or explanatory remarks maj be found.

150 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

(4.) Average. — You are rather deficient in quality or delicacy in
your organization ; plain in your tastes ; practical in your views ; not
very poetical or sentimental ; and better fitted for the matter-of-fact
routine of every-day life than for the higher walks of literature and
art. You must cultivate the Mental Temperament, and be careful to
contract no debasing habits, as one error, in a person of your organi-
zation, is, likely to lead to others and to final ruin. [23.]

(3.) Moderate. — Your organic quality is below the average and
your mental manifestations sluggish and weak. You are better
adapted to manual labor than to study, and should not attempt any of
the more delicate mechanical trades. You must try to make up, by
the assiduous cultivation of your intellectual and moral powers, for
your lack of natural organic endowments. Avoid, by all means,
drinking, smoking, and low company. [23.]

(2.) Poor. — Yours is a coarse-grained structure, and all your appe-
tites, tastes, and desires are of the plainer, coarser kind. There is
the most urgent need in 3'-our case to restrain the passions; to put
yourself in the way of moral and religious influences ; and to cultivate
the intellectual faculties, so far as you are able. [23.]

II.— STATE OF THE HEALTH.

(7.) Vert Good, — You are fall of life ; vigorous, strong, buoyant,
and hearty in the highest degree, and enjoy exquisite pleasure in the
mere sense of animal existence. [24.]

(6.) Good. — All your bones, muscles, and nerves are apparent!}^ in
good working order, and you enjoy the exercise of every organ of
body and brain. You should now manifest y<iur greatest efficiency in
both physical and mental action ; find study and work alike easy and
pleasant; and be able to endure toil, exposure, and hardship with
impunity. [24.]

(5.) Full. — You have a full share of vigor and vital stamina ; can
M'ork w^ith efficiency and endure considerable hardship ; but have no
life-force to waste in unnecessary and fruitless eifort. [24.]

(4.) Average. — You have a fair degree of health, but are liable to
ailments, and must live regularly, pay strict axtention to the laws of
your being, and be careful not to overwork yourself, and thus break
down your constitution. [24.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are deficient in vitality; are easily fatigued .;
often ailing, and seldom capable of any great degre'~ ^f physical oi-
mental exertion. You must avoid overdoing, and make the restoration
of your health your first object. Stop all unnecessary drafts upon your
remaining stock of vitality, and seek, by means of rest, sleep, and
recreation, to increase it. Drinking, smoking, chewing, late hours, and
all kinds of dissipation, must be entirely avoided. [24.]

''-"4 PoOB.— You have but" a small amount of health Mt, and must

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 151

make use of every means within your reach, for its improvement. Try
to arouse yourself to combat your ailments. Pluck is as essential in
meeting the attacks of disease as in opposing a human foe. A strong
will has saved many a life. " Courage and Hope " — let that be youi
motto. [34.]

III.— THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT.

(7.) Very Largely Developed. — This temperament is character
ized by rotundity. You are plump, stout, full-chested, and fond of
fresh air and the luxuries of life; but you like play better than hard
work. In mental character there is a tendency to impulsiveness, en-
thusiasm, A^ersatility, practicality^ and to take a matter-of-fact view of
things. Your fondness for good living, jovial companj^ sports and
amusements, render you liable to fall into habits of intemperance,
against which you mu.st be continually on your guard. If you find
yourself inclined to an uncomfortable obesity, your remedy must be
irark, and a spare diet. Keep both body and mind actively engaged,
and avoid indolence and the indulgences of the table as your greatest
foes. By a rigid adherence to a low and moderate diet, and by vigor-
fx;s- manual labor, you may greatly modify and improve your temperu-
ment. [20.]

(6.) Largely Developed. — You are well-proportioned, full-chested,
and amply supplied with the oil of life. All your joints are thor-
oughly lubricated, and your mental machinery works without fric-
tion. You are likely to manifest a good degree of business talent, and
to be not averse to doing your share of necessary' work, when there is
profit in it. You have great need to exercise all your moral sense,
caution, and will-power in avoiding and resisting the temptations to
excess in eating, drinking, and indulging the propensities, which so
easily beset you. Occasional fasting, rather X\\?i]i feasting, should be
practiced. [20.]

(5.) Full. — You possess a fair share of the vital element, and partake
of the characteristics noted in (6) and (7) in a proportionate degree.
You need to increase rather than diminish this element. Every sort of
dissipation should be avoided, and regular hours, with plenty of sleep,
secured. [20.]

(4.) Average. — Your vitalit}^ is sufficient to give the functions of
body and brain a fair share of energj^, and to sustain life and health
if carefully husbanded ; but you should seek to increase it by a diet
and habits promotive of alimentation and nutrition. Alternate exer-
cise and rest ; sleep as much as nature seems to demand ; seek recrea-
tion ; take life more easy ; eat plain but nutiilious food ; enjoy all of
life ; " laugh and grow fat." [20.]

(3.) Weakly Dea^loped. — Your constitution is deficient in the
vital element, and you are languid and inefficient in consequence. You

152 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

require mucli rest and sleep, and must be very careful not to overwork
either body or mind [see previous section (4)], and assiduously make
use of all available means to increase your vitality. [20.]

(3.) Very Feebly Developed. — You have barely enough vitality
to keep your bodily and mental functions in operation. You must
make use of the very small stock you now possess, as capital to be
used for the purpose of increasing it, as directed in previous sections.
You must " stop the leaks," and give the reservoir time to fill up ;
live on the interest, instead of consuming both interest and principal,
and thus becoming so far impoverished that there shall be no hope of
recovery. [20.]

lY.— BREATHING POWER.

(7.) Very Good. — Your respiratory organs are admirably developed,
and their functions well-nigh perfectly performed. Yoi" breathe freely
and deeply, moving the abdominal muscles as well as the lungs, and
filling .your chest at every inspiration. The effects of this functional
power and activity may be observed in your warm hands and feet,
elastic motions, and buoyant spirits. [25.]

(6.) Good. — You have a well-developed chest and excellent breath-
ing power, indicated as in (7), only in a slightly lower degree. [25.]

(5.) Full. — You are above the average in breathing power generall}^
but if your habits be sedentary, you Mill need to resort to artificial
means to expand the lungs and to keep up the circulation. [25.]

(4.) Average. — Your breathing power is only medium, but you
have a fair share of warmth, and can keep your feet and hands warm
by proper exercise. You should take the measures recommended on
p. 26 (foot note) for expanding the chest. [25.]

- (3.) Moderate. — You breathe too little to thoroughly vitalize tlie
blood, seldom filling the lungs, moving the chest but little, and the
abdominal muscles scarcely at all ; are liable to colds, which have a
tendency to settle on the lungs ; have cold feet and hands and blue
veins near the surface. You must cultivate breathing power, and ex-
pand the chest. This can be done with great certainty, but you must
begin carefully and avoid fatigue in your exercises. [25, 26 (note).]

(2.) Weak. — You are veiy deficient in the development of the
respiratory organs, liable to colds and coughs, and predisposed to
consumption ; but while your lungs remain sound, you may hope to
ward off disease and greatly improve your breathing power and
general health by right living and the necessary physical culture.
In addition to the chest-expanding exercise [26 (note)], you must live
much in the open air ; keep your rooms Avell ventilated ; sit, stand, and
walk erect, bathe the chest frequently with cold water, rubbing it
briskl}'^ with the naked hands, to bring the blood to the surface, Gq
mto the mountains, or take a sea voyage. [25.]

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 153

v.— CIRCULATION.

("/,) Very Good. — You have an excellent circulation ; a strong,
steadj pulse ; perspire ft-eely ; and are able to withstand great cold and
heat without discomfort. [26.]

(6.) Good. — Your circulation is generally good, and your lower
extremities seldom cold. You suffer little from clear cold weather and
d® not readily contract disease. [26.]

(5.) Full. — You have a fair circulation, but need bodily exercise to
keep the extremities warm in cold weather, and should promote this
function by active employments or recreations. [26.]

(4.) Average. — Your circulation is not remarkably good, and you
sometimes feel chilly or have cold feet and hands. Promote the uni-
form movement of the vital fluid by brisk exercise, especially in cold
weather. [26.]

(3.) Moderate. — Your circulation is rather poor. You are very
liable to cold feet and hands, headache, palpitation of the heart, and a
dry skin ; can not withstand extremes of heat and cold, and need to
exercise briskly and practice breathing full}^ and deeply, as recom-
mended in previous section. [26 (note).]

(2.) Weak. — You have a weak and very unequal circulation ; suffer
greatly from changes of temperature; are often chilly, even in warm
weather; are troubled with headache, pressure on the brain, and very
cold extremities. The Turkish bath, if accessible, will benefit you;
also tepid foot-baths, brisk and hard rubbing of the hands and feet,
walking, and the breathing exercise. Horse-back riding is one of the
very best exercises to promote and equalize the circulation. Skating,
rowing, climbing the hills, etc., are also useful, when taken with proper
care. [26 (note).]

VI.— DIGESTION.

(7.) Very Good. — Your digestion is almost perfect, and you can eat
with impunity any sort of food suitable, under any cii'cumstances, to
be received into the human stomach. [26.]

(6.) Good. — Your digestive power is strong and your relish for food
excellent. Plain substantial aliment suits you best, and you are able to
make whatever you take into your stomach contribute to the nourish
ment of the system. [26.]

(5.) Full. — You have good digestion, but not so strong that it may
not be easily injured by improper food and wrong habits of eating.
You must avoid heavy meals and indigestible articles of diet. Reg-
ulate the quantity of food taken by the judgment, rather than by the
appetite. [26.]

(4.) Average. — You have only a fair degree of digestive power, and
must be careful not to impair it by overeating, by the us3 of contU-
ments, stiraulants, etc. [26.] ^^

154 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

(3) and (2.) Moderate ok Weak. — You are predisposed to dys-
pepsia ; often have a poor appetite ; suffer from indigestion, and,
as a result, are apt to be irritable, peevish, dispirited, and gloomy.
The improvement of your digestive function should be your first
object and study. Eat plain and easily digested but nutritious food;
let the quantit}^ be moderate ; masticate thoroughly ; talk, laugh, and
enjoy at your meals, or at least try to be in a cheerful, thankful, happy
mood ; avoid a hurried feeling or an anxious state of mind ; take
plenty of exercise in the open air; have your rooms v^ell ventilated;
practice full, deep breathing and other chest-expanding exercises, as
indirect but important helps to the stomach ; and observe strictl}^ all
the laws of health. Correct this dyspeptic tendency by recreation
rather than by stimulation. [36.]

YII.— THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT.

(7.) Very Strongly Developed. — The bony frame-work of your
structure is strongly marked, and encased with only muscle enough to
bind all firmly together; but what flesh you have is dense, tough,
compact, and wiry. There is a tendency to angularity in your con-
figuration. You love active, muscular work, and are endowed with
great physical power and capacity for severe and prolonged exertion
of both body and mind. In character you are energetic, eflicient, de-
termined, and persistent. You are adapted to active life, and to such
enterprises as will give your energy, steadfastness, and perseverance
fall and free'scop^. See also (6.) [18.]

(6.) Strong. — Your configuration and character are like those de-
scribed in (7), in a somewhat lower degree. You have strong feelings
and passions, but are also endowed with a powerful will and strong
common sense with which to hold them in check. The restraining
and regulating powers of the mind — Firmness, Self-Esteem, Conscien-
tiousness, and Cautiousness — must be kept in constant activity to keep
your strong propensities within their proper sphere, for when they are
bad, persons of your constitution are often mi-y bad. You are capable
of great things, but need strong self-government and restraint. [18.]

(5.) Full. — You have a good share of motive power, and are vigor-
ous, determined, and efficient. You are not afraid of work, or, for that
matter, of anything else. Your tastes and abilities fit you for active
:ife. See (6) and (7.) [18.]

(4.) Average. — You are not deficient in motive power, but can not
endure a long-continued strain upon either muscle or brain. You can
work hard, but are not particularly fond of severe labor, preferring
light or sedentary employments, and should cultivate muscular power
and love of activity by such recreations and exercises as tend to de-
velop bone and sinew. [18.]

(3.) MopERATELY Devei^oped --You ars deficient in the motiy^.

hHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 155

element of the constitution, lack strength for contmuous exertion, and
prefer sitting or lounging about to activity of any kind. Cultivate
muscular power. [18.]

(2.) YV^'eak. — You are poorly endowed with muscular force, and the
propelling and governing powers connected with the motive tempera-
ment. You must give much attention to the cultivation of the motive
apparatus. Walking, running, rowing, swimming, skating, and gym-
nastics are all good exercises, hut must be adapted to your weak cor-
dition, and increased as you gain strengtli. Make yourself comfortab!}'
tired, but do not exliaust your small stock of energy and strength by
too much exertion. [18.]

VIII.— THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT.

(7.) Yeky Largely Developed. — You are delicate in structure,
with small bones, a moderate development of muscle, finely cut fea-
tures, and a high organic condition generally. Brain predominates
over body, and your mental states have a powerful influence over your
physical condition. You are refined in your tastes ; quick and delicate
in your perceptions ; rapid in your mental operations ; emotional, sym-
pathetic, aspiring, earnest, eager, and easih^ excited. You are admir-
ably adapted, so far as constitutional qualities are concerned, to literary
or artistic pursuits. If a mechanic, a manufacturer, or a merchant, one
of the lighter and more elegant branches in these departments would
suit .you best. See next section (6). [21.]

(6.) A Large Development. — You are characterized as set forth in
(7), only in a lower degree ; are more inclined to mental than to
animal enjoyments ; fond of literature and art ; ambitious, clear-headed,
discriminating, quick-witt«d, intellectually efiicient, rather brilliant, and
calculated to lead in the higher walks of literature, art, or science,
provided you have had the necessary mental culture. Stimulants of
all kinds should be avoided, as well as too strong or long continued
mental excitements. [21.]

(5.) Fully Developed. — You are well endowed mentally, and cal-
culated (with proper culture) to speak and .write effectively, and to
wield considerable influence in the realms of thought ; being less sensi-
tive and delicately organized than those in whom there is a larger pro-
portional development of this temperament, you are better fitted to
come into contact with people of all classes, and to control them by
means of your superior mental development, backed by the vigor im-
parted by a larger measure of vital and motive power. [21]

(4.) Average. — You have a fair degree of mental activity, and, with
the advantages of education, are capable of attaining a position in in-
tellectual society ; but you are better adapted to manual labor, mechan-
ism, or to business than to ftie learned professions, so-called. [21.]

(3.) Moderately Developbd, — You have no real love for literaturt

15G DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

or art, are not fond of study, and would be apt to fall asleep over a
good book. You should cultivate a taste for reading. [21.]

(3.) Poorly Developed. — Yoa are dull in perception, and slow to
comprehend even simple truths. Your judgment is poor, and you
need the direction of minds more highlj^ endowed. You should get
sound advice, and follow it. [21.]

iX.— ACTIVITY.

I (7.) Very Great. — You are very agile, lithe-limbed, and quick-
kiotioned, and your mental operations are equally rapid and facile.
You are always wide-awake, eager, knowing, and brilliant. You are
liable to overwork yourself and become prematurely exhausted. [27.]

(6.) Great. — Yours is a restless, active, livelj'- organization. You
speak rapidly, comprehend quicklj^ and decide at once on the course
to be pursued, and are in danger of excessive action, and consequent
early exhaustion of the vital powers. [27.]

(5) and (4.) Full or Average. — You have a fair degree of activity,
but are likely to be sufficiently deliberate to weigh the pros and coii.<
before deciding how to act ; are not lazy, but prefer light work to
heavy, and play to either. [27.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather slow and deliberate in your move-
ments, are seldom or never in a hurry, and always take plenty of time
to consider. Your mental operations are slow, and 3^ou are apt to see
the point of a joke, if at all, after the laugh is over. Wake up ! [27.]

(2.) Small. — You are too slov/ to be. of much service to yourself or
anybody else — decidedly inert. Try to cultivate activity by pushing
about. You should have some one " after you with a sharp stick." [27.]

X.— EXCITABILITY.

(7.) Very Great. — You are remarkably impressible, very easily ex-
cited, subject to extremes of feeling; greatly exalted at one moment
and much depressed the next ; driven now this way and then that by
constantly changing impulses ; and very much disposed to exaggerate
everything, whether good or bad. Your need is to restrain this ex-
citability, first, by avoiding all stimulating food and drink, and all un-
natural or violent mental excitements; and, second, by cultivating a
calm, quiet, enjoyable frame of mind. Repose is the proper antidote
of too great activity. [27.]

(6.) Great. — You are constituted as described in (7), only in a some-
what lower degree — too susceptible to external influences for your own
•welfare or that of 3^our friends. [27.]

(5.) Full. — You are sufficiently susceptible to exciting causes, but
not readily carried away by any sudden impulse ; are self-possessed,
and act coolly and with forethought. [27.]

(4.) Average, — You arq very cool, deliberate, and placid, and alloTV

PHYSIOLOGICAL COKBITIONS. U1

external influences to sway you but little ; act from judgment and not
from impulse, and are very equable in disposition. [27.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather dull, and can with, diflBculty be
aroused by external causes ; rather cold and passionless, and show
little spirit in anything. You may with advantage put yourself in the
way of social excitements, and profit by mixing much with wid^.
awake people. [27. ]

(2.) Low. — Yours is a torpid sort of existence. You seem to be hUt
asleep, and might almost as well be quite so. Try to arouse yourseil^
and seek society and the excitements of busy, active life. [27.]

XL— SIZE OF BRAIISr.

(7.) Yery Large. — If your organic quality be good and your ac-
tivity sufficient, you should manifest extraordinary mental power ; and
if there be also a proper balance between the various groups of facul-
ties, you are capable of taking a place in the first ranks, among the in-
tellectual giants of the age. Such a mind, backed up by adequate
physical stamina, will overcome all obstacles, and achieve greatness in
spite of all difficulties. You may not have had your full powers called
out, but the capacity is here. [14.]

(6.) Large. — Yours is a mind of great reach and power, and you
can, if you will, make yourself widely felt in society. You are capable
of managing extensive enterprises, taking broad views of things, and
of drawing correct conclusions from ascertained facts. If you are a
scholar, you should be widely known and admired in the sphere of
letters, and exert great influence wherever the supremacy of mind is
acknowledged. Much, however, depends upon the tendencies im-
pressed upon your character by the predominating group of organs,
and your power may be a blessing or it may be a curse to yourself and
to the world, according to the manner in which it is used. [14.]

(5.) Full. — With the proper physiological conditions [14, et seq.], you
fire capable of accomplishing much, and attaining a high position in
the direction of the leading faculties, acquiiing an excellent education,
and manifesting talent of a high order, but have not that commanding
and all-conquering genius which can bend everything to its will. [14.]

(4.) Average. — With activity largely developed, and good bodily
conditions, you are capable of manifesting good talent, and of suc-
ceeding well in a business for which you are specially fitted. Out of
this sphere your abilities would be commonplace and your success
small. You are quick of p3rception, but neither origmal nor pro-
found. [14.]

(3.) Moderate. — You have sufficient brain, if conjoined with good
organic quality and a fair share of activity, to give you a moderate
degree of ability in practical matters, but little planning or directing
talent You wiU do best when working under the direction of persona

158 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

better endowed than yourself with mental power. Strive to improve
j^our intellect by means of reading, study, and the conversation of
intelligent persons. [14.]

(2.) Small; — You are weak in mind and need the guidance of othei
intellects in every undertaking ; are incapable of managing any
business. [14.]

II.

MENTAL FACULTIES.

XII.— AMATIVENESS.

(7.) Very Large.— You possess in a pre-eminent degree the desire to
iove and to be loved ; are irresistibly attracted by the opposite sex ;
and are capable of exerting a similar power over them. You are
winning in your manners ; very gentle and sympathetic, conforming
to the tastes and wishes of the one beloved ; are devoted in your atten-
tions ; yearn continually for the caresses and endearments of affection,
and are made utterly miserable by coldness and indifference on the
part of the beloved one. See (6.) [38.] With deficient coronal
development, a low organic quality, or an inflamed state of the vital
fluids, you would be verj^ liable to the perversion of the procreative
function, and to excesses ruinous to body and soul. If restraint be
necessary, see L, 7, Restrain. [40.]

(6.) Large. — You are as described in (7), but in a lower degree ; are
very fond of personal beauty, and seek in the other sex good bodily
development and a warm heart as well as intellectual capacity and
moral worth. The love-element is a very influential one in your
organization, and will affect powerfully, for good or for evil, your
destiny in life, — for the fire that warms may also consume. Rightly
controlled, and made subservient to moral principle, it will be a source
of strength and happiness — a blessing to yourself and to others ; per-
verted, it may lead to speedy and irretrievable ruin. Let your prayer
be, " Lead us not into temptation !" If you are happily married, you
are fortunate; if not, you should seek in matrimonj^ where alone it
can be found, the satisfaction of your loving and yearning heart
Eestrain. [40.]

MENTAL FACULTIES. loO

(5.) Full. — You love the opposite sex with much tenderness; ai-e
somewhat ardent, but can control your desires; are very attentive toward
those you love, honoring the other sex in a high degree and giving
your confidence and esteem with your love. You are well calculated
to enjoy the marriage relation. [37, et seq.']

(4) Average. — You may be warm and loving at times, but, in
general, manifest only a fair degree of attachment to the other sex ; can
enjoy the marriage relation, but need to have your love called out and
cherished by a loving companion ; are likely to be refined and faithful
in your afiections and to honor as well as love your mate, if worthy
and devoted to your happiness and w^elfare. [37, et seq.l

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather cold and ind:ff"erent tow^ard the
other sex, manifesting more friendship and respect than love ;
but esteem and friendship may lead to warmer feelings toward a
truly congenial companion ; so that wdiile you might not find it dis-
agreeable to live unmarried, you are capable, under favorable circum-
stances, of being happier in the conjugal relation. With large Ideality,
you would manifest more admiration than aff'ection for the opposite
sex. Cultivate. [39.]

(2.) Small. — You are very indifl'erent toward the other sex, and have
neither the desire nor the aliility to win their love. Cultivate. [39.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are almost entii-ely destitute of the love^-
element. Cultivate. [39.]

XIII.— CONJUGALITY.

(7.) Vest Large. — All your love must, as a necessity of youi-
nature, be concentrated upon one person of the opposite sex, who will
be to you the embodiment of all that is good and lovely, and whosci
faults you will be ever ready to conceal or overlook ; and you will
require the same exclusive attachment in the chosen one. If fully
satisfied in this respect, you will enjoy the marriage relation very
highly. If still heart-free, you should be veiy careful to bestow your
affections where they will be fully reciprocated, for any failure in this
if^spect would be likely to afTect very seriously yoiu- destiny in life.
ReMraiyi. [41.]

(6.) Large. — You will require and seek but one intimate personal
companion or mate, and are liable to be made very miserable by dis-
appointment in love. Where you truly love you must possess, and you
should know no such word as " fail" in your "affairs of the heart."
Being well mated, you will find your highest happiness in the society
of the one you have chosen, all of whose virtues and attractions you
will fully appreciate. You will tolerate almost anything in him or her
except infidelity to the marriage relation. Eestrain. [41.]

(5.) Full. — You can love cordially and ^faithfully any person of the
»ther sex upon whom your affections may be placed ; but, if love be

160 BELIKEATIOK OF CHARACTER.

interrupted, can change and become equally absorbed in a new love.
You would not die of a broken heart were the beloved object removed
by death or otherwise placed beyond your reach. [40, et seq.l

(4.) Average. — You are inclined to a single love and to union for
life to a chosen one; but can readily change the object of your affec-
tions, and, with Adhesiveness small and Conscientiousness moderate,
may be coquettish. Cultivate. [41.]

(3.) Average. — You are not particularly inclined to fickleness in
love, and are disposed, under favorable circumstances, to union for life,
but are liable to be led astray by new faces and to allow an old love to
be supplanted by new ones. Culiwate. [41.]

(2.) Small. — You are inclined to the promiscuous society of the other
sex and have little respect for the conjugal relation. Cultivate. [41.]

(1.) Very Small. — You manifest none of this faculty and experi-
ence little of the feeling it imparts. Cultivate. [41.]

XIY.— PARENTAL LOVE.

(7.) Vert Large. — Your love for children and pets is iniense, and
as a parent you would idolize your offspring and probably spoil them
by pampering and hurtful indulgence, or by allowing them to rule
instead of yielding obedience. If you have children, you sufi'er con-
tinual anxiety on their account, especially when absent from them,
and the death of one of them would be a blow almost too great to
bear. Restrain. [44.]

(6.) Large. — As a parent, you would be tender and indulgent, per-
haps, to a fault, unless restrained by high moral considerations, and
are too apt to overlook the faults and imperfections of your young
favorites, whether your own children or those of your friends. You
are passionately fond of the society of the young, who are equally fond
of you, and you wall have groups of children clustering around you
whenever you go among them. You must keep this faculty strictl}^
under the control of moral principle, or it will lead to harm rather
than good to the little ones you love so w^ell. Restrain. [44.]

(5.) Full. — You are capable of loving your own children well, and
w ill do and sacrifice much for them, but wall not be over-indulgent,
and will feel no very strong attraction toward children generally, or
toward animal pets. Cultivate. [43.]

(4.) Average. — You wall love your own children, but wall care
little for those of others. If Benevolence be large, you will be tender
toward the helpless infant, but will like children better as they grow
older. Cultivate. [43.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather indifferent even toward yowY own
children, if you have any, and cold toward all others ; can bear little
from them, and are not calculated to win their afiections. You cai'e
nothing for pets. Cultivate. [43.]

MENTAL FACtJLTlES. ICl

(2.) Small. — You are inclined to be cold and indiflPerent toward your
own children, and to manifest a positive dislike for all others. You
need to bring your Benevolence, Adhesiveness, and Conscientiousness
to bear in your dealings with them as well as to assiduously cultivate
Parental Love. [43.]

(1.) Very Small. — You will manifest little or no love for children,
but will be guided in your treatment of them by other faculties.
Cultivate. [43.]

XY.— FRIENDSHIP.

(7,) Yery Large. — You are exceedingly warm-hearted, affectionate,
and devoted ; are ready to make any sacrifice for your friends ; are
blind to their defects and faults, and too much wrapped up in them
for your own welfare or peace of mind. You should remember that
even in friendship there may be an abnormal or perverted action — a
mania, as it were — and keep your heart free from idolatry. Even your
friends are human and have their weaknesses. Restrain. [46.}

(6.) Large. — You are Yery social, warm-hearted, and affectionate,
enjoy the society of your friends in a high degree; cling to those you
love through all changes of time and circumstance. Once a friend,
you are one forever — in adversity as in prosperity — to aid, encourage,
sympathize with, and console while living and to mourn when de-
parted. You must be very careful in the choice of your friends, for
you are liable to suffer much from the unworthiness and ingratitude
of those to whom you may become attached. You are hospitable, and
delight to entertain your friends at the social board; are verj^ popular
among those who know you; are generally beloved, and have few
enemies. Restrain. [46.]

(5.) Full. — You are friendly and companionable with those whom
3'ou deem worthy, but are not disposed to sacrifice too much in their
behalf; are hospitable; cordial in your intercourse with those around
you, and disposed to make friends; but your attachments are not
always lasting, and you do not bind others to you by very strong bond;^
of affection ; neither are you likely to make many enemies. [44.]

(4.) x^vERAGE. — You can make friends, and are capable of consider-
able affection for them under favorable circumstances, but will not b^
likely to mouni greatly over their absence. With large Acquisitive-
ness, you will be apt to place business before friends, and make use of
them to promote your interests, rather thai to sacrifice your interests
in their behalf Cultivate. [46.]

(3.) Moderate. — You form but few attachments, and manifest but a
moderate degree of affection for any one. If you make friends, it is
more likely to be through some other good qualities you may possess
tlian through your social nature ; and while you may be greatly re-
spected and esteemed, you are not likely to be so generally loved,
Cultivate. [46.]

162 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

(2.) Small. — Yoii do not like societ}'', and are cold and indifferent
toward those around you ; have neither the desire nor the ability to
make friends, and possess little faith in friendship. Cultivate. [46.]

(1.) Very Small. — You seem to be utterly incapable of feeling
friendship, or awakening it in others. Cultivate. [46.]

XVI.— INHABITIVENESS.

(7.) Very Large. — Your love of home and country is very strong
indeed, and you are liable to the most terrible feeling of homesickness
when absent from them. You prefer poverty and the humblest posi-
tion in life at home to wealth and station abroad, and would willingly
die for " the old flag," which is to you the symbol of all that is dearest
on earth. Restrain. [47.]

(6.) Large. — You are very strongly attached to home ; love your
native land with a pure devotion ; leave your place of abode with great
reluctance, and are homesick and miserable if compelled to remain
long away from it. You would not like the life of a Methodist itiner-
ant, who changes his house so often. You become strongly attached
to any place where you may reside ; desire above almost everything
else a home of your own, and when you have one, can scarcely be per-
suaded to leave it for a day. To you,

Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home I
Restrain, ' [47.]

(5.) Full — You manifest considerable attachment to home and
country ; prefer to live in one place, and surround yourself with the
comforts of domestic life; feel some regret in leaving the place of
your birth, or of long residence, but can easily change if circumstances
require it ; and are not likely to get homesick even if compelled to re-
main absent for a long time. [46.]

(4.) Average.— You have some love for home, but can change your
place of abode without much regret, and are not inclined to expend
much time or money in improvements, or in surrounding yourself with
home comforts. You are never homesick, and if Locality be full or
large, are fond of traveling. Cultivate. [47.]

(3) or (2.) Moderate or Small. — You care little for home or
country ; are cosmopolitan in your tastes, and indifferent about places.
You like to travel, and, with Continuity small, enjoy constant change
of scene. Cultivate. [47.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have no local attachments ; can " pull up
stakes " and pack off on short notice. You rather prefer to live the
life of a vagabond. Cultivate. [47.]

XVII.— CONTINUITY.

(7.) Very Large. — You have great application, and can attend to
but one thing at a time, and must stick to anything you have com*

MENTAL FACULTIES. l6B

menced till you finish it ; are apt to be tedious and prolix, and to ex-
haust the patience of jowr hearers or readers, as well as the subject of
discourse. All sudden changes are distasteful to you, and there is a
tendency to a monotonous sameness in everything j^ou do. Restrain.
[49.]

(6.) Large. — You have great capacity for following out a train of
thought and concentrating all your faculties upon one subject, and are
noted for thoroughness in your studies, or in working out the details of
any plan you have to execute. When you have commenced any piece
of work, you wish to finish it before commencing anything else, and
are annoyed by interruption or change of programme. In talking or
writing you are liable, unless you take pains to guard yourself against
it, to become prolix and tedious ; tell long stories ; are sometimes
absent-minded ; very persistent and steady m any course of action dt-
termined upon, and have no patience with fickleness or sudden changes
of plan, Bestrain. [49.]

(5.) Full. — You like to carry out to completion anything you have
commenced, but are not greatly annoyed by interruption, and can lay
down one thing and take up another withoutmuch disadvantage. Are
tolerably thorough and patient; can concentrate your thoughts when
occasion requires it, and follow out a subject in all its details, but are
not inclined to be tedious or " long-winded." [47.]

(4.) Average. — You can concentrate your thoughts upon one thing,
and dwell upon it till fully elaborated, or you can readily divert your
attention to other matters ; prefer to do one thing at a time, but can
have several irons in the fire at once, and attend to them all ; are capa-
ble of consecutive thinking, but never tedious, and generally talk or
write to the point. [47.]

(3.) Moderate. — You love variety ; change readily from one thing
to another; commence many things that you never finish; think
clearly, perhaps, but not always consecutively ; lack connectedness
and application, and should aim at more fixedness of mind and steadi-
ness of character. Oultivate. [48.]

(2.) Small. — You are inclined to be very rambling and incoherent ;
very ready to begin, but having too little perseverance to finish ; fl}'
rapidly from one thing to another, and no one ever knows where to find
you, or in what mood to receive you. You talk about several things
at once, and the listener is seldom much wiser for the information you
seek to impart. You should have been a butterfly. Gidtwate. [48.]

(1.) Yery Small. — You are made up of change and restlessness, and
are never the same two minutes at a time. Cultivate. [48.] ^

XVIII.— YITATIYENESS.

(7) Yery Large. — You have an astonishingly tenacious hold upon
life ; resist disease with the utmost determination, and will die at last

164: DELIKEATIO^^ OF CHARACTER.

only after a protracted struggle. Your dread of the final change to
which all mortals are subject is too great, and you should learn to look
at it through the medium of religious faith rather than that of animal
instinct. Restrain. [50.]

(6.) Lahge. — You cling to life with great tenacity, and shrink from
death as if it were annihilation. Your power to resist disease is such
that you will " never say die," and will recover under circumstances
which would preclude hope in the case of any one less largely en-
dowed with Vitativeness. You will not be likely to " die before youi
time," unless by accident ; but should learn to fear death less, through
faith in the life to come. Restrain. [50.]

(5.) Full. — You love life, and are disposed to cling to it with te-
nacity ; can resist disease with considerable power ; but have no great
dread of death, especially if flope and Spirituality be full or large, and
if your Christian philosophy be correct on this subject. [49.]

(4.) Average. — Your love of life is fair, and you are not disposed to
yield unresistingly to the encroachments of disease, but have less
power to resist sicknass and death than one more largely developed in
the region of Vitativensss. Cultwate. [50.]

(3.) Moderate. — Y^'our hold of life is not very strong; you care
comparatively little for existence, for its own sake, but like to live on
account of family or friends, or with a view to do good in the world,
and will yield without any great or prolonged resistance to the attacks
of disease. Cultivate. [50.]

(2.) Small. — You have little dread of death; no great power to re-
sist disease, and care to live rather for the sake of others than from any
love of life ibr its own sake. You would be likely to soon sink under
the attacks of any serious disease. Cultwate. [50.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have little if any desire to live merelj^ for the
sake of life itself, but value existence only as an opportunity to gratify
the other faculties. You should try to appreciate more fully the value
of life and health, and your duty in regard to their preservation and
enjoyment. Cultivate. [50.]

XIX.— COMBATIVENESS.

(7.) Very Large. — You are remarkabh^ energetic, determined, and
courageous ; ready to grapple with anything, fight against any odds,
or to face danger or death in any form,- let no difficulties discourage
or baffle you ; love haz^ardous enterprises; prefer a rough, daring life;
and, if Cautiousness be only moderate, have more valor than discre-
tion. With a lack of moral restraint, or intemperate habits and low as-
sociates, you would be quarrelsome, desperate, and dangerous. Re-
strain. [53.]

(6.) Large. — You are resolute, brave, determined ; fond of argu-
ment; with large Approbativeness, quick to resent an insult; always

MENTAL FACULTIES. 165

ready to resist any encroachment upon your rights; high-tempered;
fond of opposition ; energetic in carrying out your plans ; delight in
opposing obstacles ; are spirited and cool in times of danger ; never
lose your presence of mind ; and if unfavorably organized in other re-
spects, or with bad habits and coarse and low-bred companions, may be
pugnacious and quarrelsome. Under the control of the intellect and
the moral sentiments, your energy and propelhng power may be turned
to good account, and made a blessing to yourself and the world. Re-
strain. [53.]

(5.) Full. — You manifest a disposition similar to that described in
(6), in a somewhat lower degree ; do not lack courage, energy, or rehsh
for argument, but are not naturally contentious or quarrelsome. . You
may consider yourself hapJDily endowed in respect to this element of
character. [50.]

(4.) Average. — Your manifestation of courage and energy will de-
pend in a measure upon circumstances. You can be aroused to the
manifestation of a good degree of combative spirit, and with large
Conscientiousness, Firmness, Self-Esteem, and Approbativeness to
back up Combativeness, may stand your ground resolutely and strike
ooldly in a good cause ; but with these organs moderate or, small, an.l
Cautiousness large, would be at times irresolute, or even cowardly.
Gultwate. [53.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather inefficient and too little disponed to
assert and maintain your rights ; give way too readily to opposition ;
avoid argument and contention and show little resentment; shrink too
much from rough and disagreeable contacts ; and will surrender much
for the sake of peace. Cultivate. [53.]

(2.) Small. — You lack self-defense ; are too gentle ; can not &ay
" no ;" and are deficient in energy and spirit. Cultivate. [50.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are almost destitute of courage and energy.
Cultivate. [53.]

XX.— DESTRUCTIVEKESS.*

(7.) Very Large. — You are very executive, can do two days' work
in one, and are exceedingly resolute ; if perverted, you are prone to
anger, and when greatly provoked may give way to ungovernable
rage ; and become stem, harsh, and violent ; feel and manifest the
most terrible indignation ; take pleasure in destroying and exterminat-
ing whatever seems to be inimical to your wishes or stands in the way
of your plans ; have extraordinary executive ability ; will bear down
all opposition ; can endure pain heroically, or, if need be, inflict it upon
others without compunction if not with positive pleasure. Your
powerful executiveness must be kept strictly under the control of

* We prefer the term ExEcpTiyiynss to that of DeBtriictiveuess,

166 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

reason and moral principle, or it may at times maniiest itself in acts
of violence, cruelty, and revenge. Redrain. [57.]

(6.) LATIC4E. — When angry you are inclined to be very bitter, severe,
and cutting, and to use the most forcible language to express your
indignation; are apt to be unsparing and, with small Benevolence,
merciless ; manifest great energy and executive power ; take pleasure
in breaking, pulling down, uprooting, and destroying ; could assist in
cutting off an arm or a leg without faltering, or submit one of your owm
limbs unflinchingly to the surgeon, if necessary; are not averse to
killing animals ; are fond of flesh meat ; and probably like your steaks
" rare." You need the restraining influences of large Benevolence,
Conscientiousness, and Cautiousness to keep your anger and your
disposition to punish and destroy within proper bounds. Restrain.
[57.]

(5.) Full. — You can be forcible, determined, and indignant when
aroused, but are not disposed to be vindictive, cruel, or unforgiving.
Your anger is more likely to expend itself in sarcasm and bitter
invectives than in acts of violence, but you may resort to force if too
much provoked ; will manifest a good degree of fortitude and energy
in business; and can endure or inflict pain if necessary, but rather
shrink from it. [54.]

(4.) Average. — Your manifestations are similar to those described
in (5), only in a lower degree. Cultivate. [56.]

(3.) Moderate.— You are not very forcible, executive, or severe;
your anger is not deep and you threaten niore than you execute ; you
shrink from pain and inflict it upon others very reluctantly ; are likely
to be more beloved than feared. Cultivate. [56.]

(2.) Small.— You are too tender-hearted ; very deficient in energy ;
can neither bear suffering with fortitude nor inflict even necessary
pain without great compunction. Cultivate. [56.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are almost destitute of this faculty. Cul-
tivate. [56.]

XXI.— ALIMENTIVENESS.

(7.) Very Large.— You enjoy your food very greatly ; are inclined
to epicurean habits ; find it diflicult to control your appetite ; live to
eat rather than eat to live ; are in danger of eating more than nature
requires, and of ruining your digestive powders by gormandizing.
Restrain. [58.]

(6.) Large.— Your appetite is generally excellent; you fully appre-
ciate the good things of the table ; are in danger of over-eating rather
than eating too httle ; give your meals a too important place in your
thoughts and in your arrangements; and should guard yourself
against excesses. Restrain. [58.]

(5.) Full, --You have a gooc] appetite when 10 health, and cat

MENTAL FACULTIES. 1G7

heartily of whatever is set before yoii ; enjoy the pleasures of the table,
but do not set a too high value upon them ; and you can control your
love for food and drink, making them subservient to their higher pur-
poses. [58.]

(4.) Average. — You enjoy your food well, but can easily control ap-
petite, and are seldom disposed to over-eat. [58.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are inclined to be dainty ; have no very great
love for the luxuries of the table, but are particular in regard to the
quality and preparation of your food. You eat to live, and not for the
pleasure of eating. [58.]

(S.) Small. — You have no great relish for food, and care little what
you eat, provided it will sustain life. Cultwate. [58.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have little or no appetite. Cultivate. [58.]

XXII.— BIBATIVENESS.

(7.) Very Large. — You are exceedingly fond of water ; love bath-
ing, swimming, sailing, etc. ; and with a perverted appetite might
easily contract the habit of drinking intoxicating liquors to excess,
this being the form in which a perversion of this faculty is apt to mani-
fest itself You should beware of the " social glass." Restrain. [59.]

(6.) Large. — You are often thirsty, and experience great pleasure in
drinking ; also enjoy washing, bathing, swimming, etc. [59.]

(5.) Full. — You enjoy water both internally and externally in a
fair degree. [59.]

(4) and (§.) Average or Moderate. — You are not fond of water ;
are rather averse to bathing ; dislike swimming, sailing, etc., and shrink
from a sea voyage as something fearful. Cultixate, [59.]

(2.) Small — You care little for liquids in any form ; prefer solid
food ; do not like to bathe ; and avoid going into or upon the water if
possible. Cnltmite. ^59.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have an instinctive aversion to water. Oul-
tivate. [59.]

XXIII.— ACQUISITIVENESS.

(7.) Very Large. — Your desire for accumulation is excessive ; you
love money with a devotion approaching to idolatry ; are close-fisted ;
make hard bargains ; are meanl}'' economical ; place the possession of
property above everything else ; are penurious, avaricious, and miserly,
and can be restrained from taking dishonest advantages to secure the
coveted gain only by a good development of Conscientiousness ; with
this you will be honest, but close and exacting, Hestrain. [62.]

(6.) Large. — You have the dispositiou and ability to turn everything
to a good account ; are industrious, economical, and close ; buy cheaply
and sell at the highest price ; have great love for wealth, and a strong
tendency to accumulate, but, witli largQ BeBevolence, spend, freely

DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

where 3'our sympathies may be enlisted. You are liable, unless you
hold this strong propensity in check, to become penurious and miserly
as you grow older. Conscientiousness, Benevolence, and Adhesiveness
should be constantly called into action with Acquisitiveness, so that
everything shall be honestly got and liberally expended, for the benefit
of the world in general and of your friends and neighbors in par-
ticular. Restrain. [63.]

(5.) Pull. — You are industrious in acquiring ; take good care of what
you get ; value property for its uses ; are saving, but not avaricious or
close ; ready to help your friends, but not willing to impoverish your-
self, and are not likely to spend quite so fast as you earn. [59.]

(4.) Average. — You have a fair appreciation of the value of prop-
erty, and considerable desire to accumulate, but will be governed in
your expenditures by other faculties, and may keep yourself poor by
living up to the limits of your income. Cautiousness should be called
to the aid of Acquisitiveness, so that provision be made for the future.
Cultivate. [61.]

(3.) Moderate. — You may seek property with considerable zeal and
interest, but will value it merely as a means, not as an end ; will be
economical when jour necessities require it, but are apt to disregard
small expenses, and are very likely to spend about as fast as you earn.
Your money-making talent is but moderate, and you have no love for
" buying, selling, and getting gain " for its own sake. Cultwate. [61.]

(2.) Small. — You hold your money too loosely ; have more talent
for spending than for getting ; are liable to contract habits of extrava-
gance, and to live beyond your means. Cultwate. [61.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are wasteful, extravagant, and idle, and will
probably always be poor. Cultivate. [61.]

XXIV.— SECRETIVENESS.

(7.) Very Large. — Your ability to restrain your feelings, to evade
scrutiny, and to conceal your plans and intentions is very great. You
are reserved, politic, guarded, shrewd, enigmatical, and mysterious ; so
much so, perhaps, that your most intimate friends are never sure that
they really understand or know you. With small Conscientiousness
you would be tricky, deceptive, double-dealing, and untrustworthy,
and might, with large Acquisitiveness and small Cautiousness, both
cheat and falsify. Restrain. [64]

(6.) Large. — You are reserved in the expression of your sentiments ;
keep your plans and designs to yourself; are very discreet ; delight in
concealment ; are fond of surprising your friends ; incline to practice
strategy; prefer indirect approaches to a straightforward course ; and,
even when your purposes are entirely honest and commendable, may
often resort to cunning devices to accomplish them. Your character
^nd intentions are too carefully covered up, and you subject yourself

MENTAL FACULTIES. 169

to suspicion where there is no better ground for it than the uncertainty
by which you delight to surround yourself and your affairs. With
Acquisitiveness large, you will get, and try to keep, all the property
you can. Restrain. [64.]

(5.) Full.— You can keep a secret ; have a good degree of self-gov-
ernment ; can conceal your emotions if necessary ; keep your plans
well hidden ; and are discreet, but not disposed to be cunning, sly, or
hypocritical. [62.]

(4.) Average. — You have no great degree of reserve ; are inclined
to be outspoken and frank, but can keep your own counsel and re-
strain the manifestation of your feelings, except under violent excite-
ment, when you are liable to give your emotions or opinions full
expression. [62.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are inclined to pursue an open and direct
course ; to express your sentiments fully on proper occasions ; possess
little reserve, and are liable, in unguarded moments, to imprudence in
speech if not in conduct. You are sincere and frank, and generally
express your thoughts and emotions in a clear, unequivocal manner.
Your friends know just what you are, see both your virtues and your
faults, and will find yow. neither better nor worse than you seem. [62.]

(2.) Small. — You are open, spontaneous, and transparent; have
little power or disposition to conceal your feelings, and generally speak
out exactly what you think. Policy, cunning, evasion, equivocation,
strategem, and indirection have no place in your nature ; but you are
open and above-board in everything. You have hardly enough policy,
restraint, or self-government for your own good. Cultivate. [64.]

(1.) Very Small. — You disclose everything; can not keep a
secret ; and tell all you know, if not more. Cultivate. [64.]

XXV. CAUTIOUSNESS.

(7.) Very Large. — You are too cautious, watchful, anxious, and
easily worried ; are in perpetual fear of evils and accidents ; dare not
advance lest you should go wrong ; are timid, afraid to take responsi-
bilities or to run risks ; procrastinating, cowardly, and easily thrown
into a panic. You are made miserable by groundless fears, and should
try to make use of your reason in combating them. Restrain. [67.]

(6.) Large. — You are careful, prudent, watchful, anxious, and apt to
procrastinate ; are slow in coming to a decision ; tr}^ to be always on
the safe side ; are judicious in making plans, but apt to be more slovf
and cautious in carrying them out than is consistent with the highest
success, and lose many a good opportunity through fear to take a little
risk. You are apt to be over-solicitous about the health or welfare of
children or friends, and to give yourself unnecessary pain in view of
evils which may never come. Restrain. [67.]

(5.) Fttll.-^You are generally careful, prudent, and deliberate ; art

170 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

not inclined to procrastinate, but take proper time to consider; are
AvatcliM rather tlian suspicious ; are judiciously cautious, but not
timid. Under excitement you might act rashly; but are generally safe,
and work with well-laid plans. [65.]

(4.) Average. — You are capable of being prudent and careful, but
with an excitable temperament may be rash and unreliable, acting
rather from impulse than from judgment; are inclined to act rather
hastily, and may sometimes get into trouble b}' a lack of due delibera-
tion. Culii'Date. [66.]

(3.) ]\IoDERATE. — You are rather careless and imprudent ; liable to
sujEfer from w^ant of forethought ; meet with many accidents ; take too
many risks ; undertake enterprises without counting the cost ; are
afraid of nothing ; and are apt to " get into hot water." CuUwate. [66.]

(2.) Small. — You do not know what fear is; are rash, reckless,
and liable to rush headlong into difSculties. Cultwate. [66.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are as described in (2), only in a lower
degree. Have no prudence. Cultivate. [66.]

XXYI.— APPROBATIVENESS.

(7.) Yert Large. — You are exceedingly sensitive to praise or
blame ; care too much for public opinion ; are mortified by censure
and greatly elated by words of commendation ; are ambitious of
notoriety, distinction, or respectability ; and are liable, if this faculty
be not kept under good control, to be ostentatious and vain. You are
obsequious vvhere courtesy only is required. Restrain. [69.]

(6.) Large. — You are fond of praise and easily wounded by a word
of censure or criticism ; are too anxious to please others, too ambitious
to shine, and too much alive to the smiles or frowns of the public for
your own peace of mind. You are polite and courteous in the extreme,
and unless Conscientiousness be large may sometimes be false to truth
and duty for the sake of being agreeable, or be guided too much in
what you say and do by the consideration of what others may think or
say of 3^ou. Self-Esteem and Conscientiousness should be exercised
against your too great susceptibility to the influence of public opinion.
No matter what " Mrs. Grundy" may saj^ Restrain. [69.]

(5.) Full. — You have a good degree of respect for the opinions of
others; value praise, but will not sacrifice self-respect or principle to
gain it; can endure censure when administered in a proper spirit; like
to appear well, but are not over-anxious about appearances ; with large
Cautiousness value character highly ; are courteous bu^ not obsequi-
ous ; and have a fine degree of ambition. [67.]

(4.) Average. — You are not insensible to praise or blame, but are
rather independent and careless of public opinion ; you appreciate the
commendation of your fellow-meQ, but are not much elated by praise
or deeply yrquTide^ \>J censure. You are not given to flattery or

MENTAL FACULTIES. 171

Insincere compliments ; and are hardly enough disposed to practice the
graces of courtesy or to assume a winning address. Cultivate. [69.]

(3.) Moderate. — You have but little regard for popularity ; are not
very complaisant, and despise flattery and idle compliments. Censure
does not disturb you, and you care little for praise. Cultivate. [69.]

(2.) Small. — You care little what others think or saj^ of you ; have
no respect for etiquette, style, or fashion ; are brusque and unpleasing
in manners; and too independent to be popular or beloved; put too
low an estimate on public opinion. Cultivate. [69.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are indifferent alike to praise and censure,
and care nothing for reputation. Cultivate. [69.]

XXVII.— SELF-ESTEEM.

(7.) Very Large. — You are very dignified, haughty, imperious,
domineering, proud, high-headed, and stiff-necked ; place self above
everything else ; are ambitious and aspiring in the highest degree ; and
unless restrained by other strong faculties are liable to be self-conceited,
supercilious, and repulsively pompous and overbearing. Veneration
should be made, as far as possible, to off-set your self-sufficiency.
Humble yourself before God, if not in the presence of man. What
are you but a worm of the dust ? Restrain. [72.]

(6.) Large. — You think quite highly enough of your own abilities ;
are very self-reliant ; are proud and dignified ; seldom ask advice, and
never follow it when given ; will not stoop even to conquer ; aim
high ; are not satisfied with moderate success or with a small business ;
desire to surpass all others — to stand at the head of your class or pro-
fession ; and with Hope full or large, "know no such word as fail."
With large moral organs, you will command universal respect ; but if
governed by the propensities, will be egotistical, haughty, domineering,
and rather feared and hated than esteemed. Restrain. [72.]

(5.) Full. — You evince a good degree of self-respect, dignity, and
aspiration, but are not proud, overbearing, or greedy of power ; are
disposed to listen to advice though you may seldom follow it ; and
prefer the place of a leader to that of a follower. Respecting yourself,
you will secure the respect of your fellow-men. [69.]

(4.) Average. — Your manifestation of this faculty will depend
mainly upon its combination with those that are larger, but you are in^
clined, in the main, to place about a fair estimate upon yourself and to
act with a becoming degree of ambition, dignity, and self-reliance.
Cultivate. [71.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather humble than proud; underrate
your own abilities and worth ; lack dignity and self-assertion ; allow
your inferiors to take leading positions which of right belong to your-
self; are apt to put yourself upon an equality wifli the unworthy, an 1
%Q do trifling or paean things of wbich you ar^ ^"^mw^xA aslif*i,ii.ed. ,'

172 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

lack dignity ; and are too familiar with inferiors to be respected even
by them. Cultidaie. [71.]

(2.) Small. — You lack self-appreciation, dignity, and independence ;
are too humble ; easily discouraged ; have too poor an opinion of
yourself to command the respect of the world. Cultivate. [71.]

(1.) Very Small. — You seem to be nearly destitute of this faculty.
Cultivate. [71.]

XXVIII.— FIRMNESS.

(7.) Very Large. — You can not be driven, and are not easily per-
suaded ; are sometimes disposed to be obstinate ; have an unshaken
stability of purpose ; are very persevering, tenacious, and averse to
change ; and sometimes defeat your own purposes by too great self-
will. One often gains a great deal by yielding a little. Try to bo
more pliant. Restrain. [74.]

(6.) Large. — With moral principles, you would be steadfast and reli-
able ; can not be driven ; are not easily convinced that you are wrong ;
^ enerally carry your point by persistent effort ; are very determined
and positive; set in your way; sometimes willful, if not obstinate.
^\\h large Causality you may yield to reason, or with large Adhe-
siveness be persuaded by friends ; but with Combativeness and Firm-
ness w^ell developed, adhere tenaciously to preconceived opinions, right
or wrong, and never change a plan once adopted. Restrain. [74.]

(5.) Full. — You manifest a good degree of stability, determination,
and perseverance, but are not set in your way or obstinate, and can
change your opinions or purposes when they are shown to be erroneous
or impracticable. Under the influence of large Cautiousness, you may
evince irresolution and procrastination; but wath Conscientiousness
well developed, can not be turned from what you think truth and right
require of you. You are more easily persuaded than dri\^n. Cul-
tivate. [74.]

(4.) Average. — You have hardly enough stability and fixedness of
purpose, and unless this faculty be supported by full or large Com-
bativeness, Conscientiousness, or Causality, will be too easily influenced
by those around you, and too ready to abandon your positions if
attacked. Cultivate. [74.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are too much inclined to change ; too easily
persuaded ; lack steadfastness ; are prone to say " I can't ;" are often
irresolute, and inclined to go with the current. Cultivate. [74.]

(2.) Small. — You are unstable and wavering ; fitful, impulsive, and
fickle ; have no will of your own, and are liable to be constantly the
victim of circumstances. Cultivate. [74.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are a perfect weather vane, changing with
the shghtest variation of surrounding circumstances, Try to hold
yourself at ?>. point. CuMvaie. [74.]

MENTAL FACULTIES. 173

XXIX.— conscientiousness:

(7.) Very Large. — You are governed by moral principle ; are
scrupulously exact in matters of right ; perfectly lionest ; very ready
to accuse yourself and to repent of any wrong ; are inclined to be
censorious ; make too little allowance for the weakness and imperfec-
tion of human nature ; are exacting of friends ; set up a very high
standard of morality, and are tormented by remorse if you go astray
from the narrow path you have prescribed for yourself You are
liable, unless the faculty be controlled, to become morbidly sensitive
in matters of conscience. Restrcdn. [76.]

(6.) Large. — You are disposed to be strictly honest and upright in
all your dealings ; hate whatever is unjust or contrary to your ideas of
right ; feel very guilty when conscious of having done wrong ; are
very severe in your reproofs of wrong-doing, but will forgive those
who show repentance. You always consult duty before expediency ;
seek to know what is right, and then pursue it with singleness of heart ;
but with a false education may do conscientiously, and in the belief that
it is right, what is really wrong ; or with strong propensities may be
led astray, but will quickly repent and seek to reform. You are per-
haps inclined to be over-penitent and self-accusing as well as too
exacting and censorious in regard to others. Restrain. [76.]

(5.) Full. — You have strong feelings of justice and are honest and
upright in all your intentions, but may yield to the influence of stronger
faculties against your conscientious scruples. You give expediency
some weight, but are never w^holly satisfied with yourself unless walk-
ing in the path of rectitude. Duty is generally uppermost in your
mind, but is BOt always the governing motive in your conduct. You
do not always resist temptation, and often sin, but as often repent with
sorrow and regret. Cultivate. [76.]

(4.) Average. — You are inclined to do what is right and to be
guided by moral principle, but have not always the strength to resist
the temptations held out by stronger faculties, and when you do
wrong are inclined to justify yourself You are too often governed in
your conduct by expediency rather than by considerations of duty or
moral right. With large propensities and moderate Self-Esteem,
Yenei'ation, and Spirituality, you may manifest much selfishness and
but a weak sense of duty, honor, or honesty; but with these conditions
reversed will be honorable and trustworthy under ordinary tempta-
tions. Cultivate. [76.]

(3.) Moderate. — Your ideas of right and wrong are rather feeble,
and you are inclined to allow interest rather than duty to rule ; but
may be restrained by Approbativeness or Cautiousness from dishonest
or dishonorable actions. Cultivate. [76.]

(2.) Small. — You have few scruples of conscience, and do right as a
matter of expediency or through fear of the consequences of an

i?i DELINEATION OP OHARAOtER.

opposite course, rather tliau from moral principle; are governed by
expediency. Cultivate. [76.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are almost '^'ntirely destitute of moral
principle. Cultivate. [76.]

XXX.— HOPE.

(7.) Very Large. — Your expectations are almost unbounded.
Everything desirable seems attainable ; you build castles in the air ;
liave many ships at sea, all of which you think sure to come in loaded
with treasures ; and, living in the future, which is always bright, you
are generally joyous, sanguine, and happy. You are constantly dis-
appointed ; never realize half that you expect ; and spend your life in
a world of brilliant illusions. Restrain. [78.]

(6.) Large. — You are inclined to overrate the future ; look on the
bright side of things ; overlook obstacles and evils ; attempt much
more than you can accomplish; console yourself wheii disappointed
by the anticipation of better fortune next time ; are a firm believer in
" the good time coming ;" are sanguine, buoyant, and joyous ; never
despair ; " hope on, hope ever ;" live in the future more than in the
present; are liable to be led i.to extravagant expenditures and exten-
sive speculations on the most delusive grounds and with disastrous
results. Restrain. [78.]

(5.) Full. — Your expectations are generally reasonable ; you are
sanguine and enterprising ; often realize more than you expect. You
are not much inclined to castle building, and " when your ships come
home from sea " anticipate only ordinary cargoes ; are neither despond-
ing nor too much elated. [77.]

(4.) Average. — You are inclined to expect and to attempt too little
rather than too much ; get too easily discouraged by the obstacles you
encounter, some of them imaginary ; look on the dark side at times,
and are disposed to be satisfied with the present instead of looking
forward to the future ; generally count the cost and make safe invest-
ments. Cultivate. [78.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are very moderate in your expectations of the
future; inclined to despondency; often look on the dark side; lack
enterprise, and are afraid to attempt any great enterprise ; make sure
gains, but small ones ; live in the present, and have more fear than
hope for the future. Cultivate. [78.]

(2.) Small. — You expect little from the future but misfortune ; see
80 many obstacles and discouragements ahead that you dare attempt
very little; are very liable to become despondent and melanchol}^.
Cultivate. [78.]

(1.) Very Small.— You expect little or nothing that is desirable,
and undertake nothing for fear of loss. Cultivate. [78.]

MENTAL FACULTliite. i?5

XXXI.— SPIRITUALITY.

(7.) Very Large. — You have strong intuitive perceptions of what is
right and best ; have faith in spiritual monitions ; and are most likely
to take the true course when you alloAV yourself to be guided by what
you internally feel to be the right way. A morbid or undue action of
this faculty may lead you to become superstitious ; to blindly believe
in dreams, omens, fortune-telling, and false prophecies, or to induce
leligious fanaticism. It must be properly regulated, and made to act
ill harmony with reason, though it may transcend it. Restrain. [80.]

(6.) Large. — You have a large measure of faith ; an internal con-
sciousness of right, duty, truth, falsehood, and what is best ; love to
meditate on spiritual subjects — the immortality of the soul, the future
life, the existence and perfections of God, and the destiny of man;
eiijoy spiritual communion, or the blending of soul with soul ; and, if
Veneration be large, find ecstatic happiness in fervent adoration of
tlie Deity. In certain states of the physical system, one may be natur-
ally clairvoyant ; be forewarned in visions or in dreams ; perceive the
higiiest truths b}' intuition, and even possess prophetic gifts. One must
carefully guard against the perversion of this noble and exalted faculty
(see 7), and not allow our living faith to degenerate into superstition,
or our piety to become mere fanaticism. Restrain. [80.]

(5.) Full. — You are not lacking in the ground- work of faith ; have a
good share of spiritual feeling, and considerable intuitive inspiration ;
but do not always allow yourself to be guided by the premonitions
which would lead you ariglit. You desire to believe in all truth, but
are sometimes beset by doubts. Cultivate. [80.]

(4.) Average. — You are not destitute of the light within ; have
some spiritual monitions, and are not inclined to disregard the guidance
of the internal sense ; but your intuitions are not always sufficiently
distinct to insure their full influence, or j^our belief in their authority
so implicit as to make them very potential in your life. Cultivate. [80.]

(3.) Moderate. — The spiritual part of your nature is not so influen-
tial as would be desirable ; you have rather indistinct perceptions of
s'piritual things ; lack faith ; beheve little that can not be logically
proved; rely on evidence rather than on intuition; and would ''prove
all things " in order to " hold fast that which is good." Cultivate. [80.]

(2.) Small. — You have very weak perceptions of spiritual truths ;
must have proof before believing ; are not guided b}^ faith — a doubting
Thomas ; have no premonitions or warnings, and do not believe in
them. Cultivate. [80.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are nearly destitute of the spiritual senti-
ment— believe little or nothing ; are skeptical in regard to a future life ;
ridicule the idea of revelations from Heaven, and treat premonitions
and warnings with contempt. Cultivate. [80.]

17(3 DELINEA.TIOK OF CHARACTER,

XXXII.— VENERATION.

(7.) Very Large. — You are eminently respectful, deferential, and
inclined to be religious, prayerful, and devoted to the worship of God ;
circumstances favoring, you vi^ould manifest extreme fervor in your
petitions before the throne of Grace; evince great reverence for time-
honored usages, foinns, ceremonies, and institutions ; and are pro-
foundly respectful toward the aged, the good, or the great. Bestrain.
[83.]

(6.) Large. — You are, by organization, strongly inclined to worship :
take great delight in religious exercises ; are fervent in prayer ; feel
awed in the presence of the great; are very deferential toward the
aged ; naturally conservative in your views ; reverence ancient forms
and ceremonies; are inclined to adhere to long-established customs
and- to admire the ''good old ways." You have need to beware of the
perversion of this faculty, leading to religious bigotry, slavish fear, and
the domination of a blind impulse. Carefully du'ect, If not Restrain.
[83.]

(5.) Full. — You are not lacking in devotion, respect for superiors,
reverence for age, or a fair degree of conservative feeling in reference
to established institutions ; but these emotions are greatly influenced
by circumstances, and are strongly or weakly manifested accordingly
as they are incited or restrained by other faculties. There may often
be an internal conflict in you between the worldly and the spiritual.

[81.]

(4.) Average. — You are inclined to worship when the devotional
feeling is specially called out, but are apt to make religion subservient to
business or to whatever else may be your dominant tendency. Acting
with Conscientiousness and Benevolence, your Veneration will dispose
3'ou to make justice, mercy, and good works the basis of your religion,
while the rites of worship will be esteemed less important. Culti'cate,
[83.]

(3.) Moderate. — If 3^ou are religious, it is probably because your
education has been favorable to it, and were fortunate enough to have
been brought up Tinder religious influences; but your religion is one
of works rather than of humility, submission, and faith. You have
little respect for customs or institutions merely on account of their
antiquity, and no reverence for creeds, rites, and ceremonies. Culti-
vate. [83.]

(2.) Small. — You experience little devotional feeling, and are de-
ficient in reverence for age and respect for superiors. Cultivate. [83.]

(1.) Very Small.— You seem to be nearly destitute of reverence
and respect, and have no devotional feeling. Cultivate. [83.]

XXXIII.— BENEVOLENCE.

iT-^ Very Large. — You have a large, loving, kindly heart; are

MENTAL Jb/iCULTIES 1T7

remarkably benevolent, charitable, and forgiving ; have ready sympa-
tliies and an open purse ; and with moderate or small Acquisitiveness
may impoverish yourself to assist others, or with small Conscientious-
ness spend in charity the money which of right belongs to you]
creditors. "Be just before you are generous," and do not allow
sympathy to overrule judgment. Restrain. [83.]

(6.) Large. — You are very tender, generous, and kind-hearted;
ready to sympathize with suffering and to relieve want, to the extent
of your means; prefer to suffer yourself rather than to see others
suffer ; are charitable, forgiving, and merciful ; a " good Samaritan,"
and, in this respect, a true follower of Him who " went about doing
good." [83.]

(5.) Full. — You are kind and obliging; like to see others happy,
and desire to make them so ; but will not overtax yourself to relieve
your neighbors of their burdens, and may allow selfish feeling to over-
rule your kindness. With Conscientiousness full or large, will " be
just before you are generous." Cultivate. [83.]

(4.) Average. — You are kind to those you love, especially if
Adhesiveness be large, and may practice general benevolence through
the influence of Approbativeness or for selfish ends, but are not inclined
to philanthropy. Cultivate. [83.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are not inclined to be obliging, but manifest
a feeling of indifference in regard to the comfort or welfare of those
around you ; are rather selfish and unsympathizing. Cultivate. [83.]

(2.) Small. — You care little for the sufferings of others, so long as
you are yourself at ease. " It is not my affair," you say. You have
no " sweet sympathy" in your soul. Cultivate. [83.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are almost utterly selfish — have no generous
or sympathetic feelings. Cultivate. [83.]

XXXIV.— CONSTRUCTIVENESS.

(7.) Vert Large. — You should manifest remarkable m-echanical
ingenuity, a passion for making things, and (with Causality large)
great inventive talent. You take to tools naturally, and almost seem
to be master of all trades without having learned them ; you can make
almost anything ; and are constantly contriving " improvements ;"
you might devote yourself to mechanical invention with great benefit
to the world, if not to yourself; but must beware of "perpetual
motions," or of monomania on this subject. Restrain. [88.]

(6.) Large. — You have great taste and talent for mechanical pur-
suits ; delight in building, repairing, and employing machinery ; with
large Imitation, can make anything after a pattern — anything, in fact,
that you have seen made; and with large Causality, are strongly
inclined to invent and "to contrive new ways of doing things. As a
writer, you would show great skill in the construction of youi

8*

178 DELIKEATION OF CHARACTER

sentences, as well as la the arrangement of the subject-matter of youi
essay or book. [88.]

(5.) Full. — You have a good degree of mechanical judgment and in-
genuity; are interested in machinery and mechanical operations, and
with practice would attain skill in the use of tools. [88.]

(4.) Average. — With the education of a mechanic — a thorough
training in any particular trade — you may make a good workman,
but manifest no special liking for the use of tools. Cultivate. [88.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather awkward in the use of tools, and
should not attempt anything requiring much mechanical skill.
Cultivate. [88.]

(2.) Small. — You are deficient in constructive talent, and should not
attempt to invent. Cultivate. [88.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are very awkward in your attempts (if
you ever make any) to use tools, and could scarcely build a rough hen-
coop. Cultivate. [88.]

XXXV.— IDEALITY.

(7.) Very Large. — You have the most exquisite taste, the highest
degree of refinement, and intense love of the beautiful ; live in an ideal
world ; set up a high standard in character and manners ; have a most
vivid imagination, and with the mental temperament and a good
development of the reflective faculties, Constructiveness, Imitation,
etc., are capable of achieving success in the highest walks of poetry or
art. [90.] Y'our danger lies in the direction of extra fastidiousness
and the tyrannical domination of the ideal, shutting you out from all
participation in the interests and enjoyments of the real world around
you. Ikstrain. [90.]

(6.) Large. — You are imaginative, refined, and tasteful ; love poetry,
art, and tJie beautiful in nature ; have high ideas of propriety in expres-
sion and conduct ; are graceful and polished in manners ; have lofty
aspirations ; incline to strive after perfection in character and perform-
ance, and if otherwise well-endowed (see 7), possess a talent for the
creation of the beautiful ^in poetry or art. [88.]

(5.) Full. — You are not wanting in taste, refinement, or love of the
beautiful; enjoy poetry and art; appreciate elegance and polished
manners; and have elevated notions of the proprieties of life, but are
not sentimental, fanciful, or over-fastidious. You love adornment and
display, but are not disposed to sacrifice the useful to the ornamental.
[88.]

(4.) Average. — You show more liking for the plain and substantial
than for the ornamental; are a utilitarian; live in a real, every-day,
matter-of-fact world ; and never* *' soar into the blue," or wander en-
chanted in the realms of the ideal. You are rather plain in your
manners, and in talking or writing make use of few figures of speech,

MENTAL FACULTIES. 170

preferring to say what need be said in the most direct and literal way.
Cultivate. [90.]

(8.) Moderate. — You are somewhat deficient in taste ; rathei
" homespun " in manners ; very plam in speech ; and have little
imagination. You are no lover of art, poetry, or the beautiful in
nature, and your character is lacking in elevation and refinement
Cultimte. [90.]

(2.) Small. — You show a marked deficiency in taste, polish, and re-
finement, and are extremely utilitarian. Cultivate. [90.]

(1.) Very Small. — You evince no taste and no appreciation of
beauty. Cultivate. [90.]

XXXYI.— SUBLIMITY.

(7.) Very Large.— You appreciate and admire in the highest degre?*
the wild, the romantic, the grand, the sublime, the illimitable, the
eternal, the infinite; have a real passion for mountain scenery, vast
prospects, foaming breakers, and roaring waterfalls; enjoy with the
greatest zest " the war of elements — thunder, lightning, tempest, the
ocean in a storm, the surging rush of a swollen stream in a freshet —
whatever is magnificent or awful ;" love to contemplate the seemingly
boundless expanse of ocean; the glory of the starry heavens; ani
above all (with Veneration full or large), the omnipotence of the Deity
and the infinitude of His works. In writing or speaking, you are
inclined to use high-sounding words and metaphorical expressions,
and must guard yourself against vei'bal extravagance and bombast. In
other respects there is no need to restrain. [91.]

(6.) Large. — Your manifestations are like those described in (7),
except in a somewhat lower degree. With a good development of the
intellectual organs, you will take comprehensive views of subjects, and
give a wide scope to your thoughts and investigations. [91.J

(5.) Full. — You enjoy the grand, the sublime, and the magnificent,
and appreciate mountain scenery, the vastness of the ocean, and the
awfulness of the tempest, but in a lower degree than (7) and (6), which .
see. [91.]

(4.) Average. — You manifest only a moderate degree of this element
of character, under ordinary circumstances, but when the organ ia
powerfully excited, may enjoy sublimity and grandeur very highly.
Cultivate. [91.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather deficient in the manifestation of
this faculty. Cultivate. [91.]

(2.) Small. — You care very little for the grand and sublime in ajij
form. Cultivate. [91.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are nearly destitute of this faculty. CvUi
wite. [91.]

ISO DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

XXXVII.— IMITATION.

(7.) Yehy Large. — You are capable of becoming a consummate
mimic ; cuulcl make almost anything from pattern; liave a taste and
talent for acting and of representing life to the letter. It would be
natural for you to make use of many gestures when speaking; impart
great expression to your countenance when animated ; and with larg^
Mirthfulness can relate anecdotes to the very life, and keep a company
in a roar of laughter by your droll personations. Restrain. [93.]

(6.) Large. — You have great ability to copy, make things after a
pattern, mimic, and act a part in an assumed character; can readily
adapt yourself to different circumstances, take on any mood you
choose and act out its proper manifestations; can be anybody else just
about as easily as your own proper self; are able to imitate the voice,
gestures, mode of walking, expression, etc., of your friends and
acquaintances to the life. [93.]

(5.) Full. — You have good imitative powers, and can copy, mimic,
or personate others very well when you try, but are not particularly
mcliued to assume a character or to follow an example unless stimula-
ted thereto by more influential faculties. [92.]

(4.) Average. — You can copy tolerably well, when this faculty is
2xcited and backed up by other organs, but have no strong inclination
to mimic or imitate others. You prefer to be yourself rather than
Anybody else. [92.]

(3.) Moderate. — Your imitative capacities are rather limited, and
you manifest little inclination to take pattern from othei's, or to be a
mere copyist ; are disposed to strike out new paths ; work on a plan
of your own ; and seek originality. [93.]

(2-.) Small. — You have your own way of doing things, and seldom
willingly copy anything or take pattern from anybody. Cultivate. [98.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have little ability to copy anything, and
manifest no disposition to do so. Cultivate. [93.]

XXXVIII.— MIRTHFULNESS.

(7.) Very Large. — You should be remarkably witty, jovial, comical'
and have a great love for jokes and the ludicrous. With Ideahty
Duly average, you are in danger of becoming too comical, if not clown-
ish, descending to low, coarse jests, and of making fun on solemn or
msuitable occasions. Restrain. [95.]

(6.) Large. — You can fully appreciate a joke, and know how to make '
on^ ; enjoy fun, and do your share in creating it ; laugh heartily, and
keep a company in good-humor by your mirthful sallies. "With large
Comparison and Combativeness, you would be capable, of severe
sarcasm. You should cultivate Ideality, to give your wit delicacy and
refinement, otherwise your jokes may not always be in good taste,
SMrain. [95.]

MENTAL FACULTIES. ISl

(5 ) Full. —Your capacity for appreciating wit and humor is good
and you hare considerable ability for making fun ; are witty, playful,
and humorous, especially under the stimulus of jovial company, but
are not remarkable for the manifestation of this faculty. [98.]

(4.) Average. — You may enjoy wit and humor and appreciats a
joke under a powerful excitement of this faculty ; but in general yoi
are sober, serious, and sedate, and not inclined to encourage laughtt^
")r fun-making. Cultivate. [95.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather too seriously inclined, as a general
rule, but may occasionally manifest considerable playfulness and humor.
If Combativeness and Approbativeness be full or lafge, you may not
always take a joke so good-humored ly as you ought. It will do you
good to cultivate good-humor and to laugh more. Cultivate. [95.]

(2.) Small. — You are rather slow to perceive the point of a joke,
and are seldom able to turn back a witticism aimed at yourself; are
not inclined to laugh, and perhaps think it foolish or wrong to be
jovial or merry. Cultivate. [95.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are quite too sober, and have few if any
humorous conceptions — can not take a joke. Cultivate. [95.]

XXXIX.— INDIVIDUALITY.

(7.) Vert Large. — You have extraordinary powers of observation,
and an insatiable desire to see everything and to know all about what
ever comes under your observation. You are irresistibly impelled to
individualize things, and are veiy minute and particular in your obser-
vation, taking account of particulars which would escape most persons
altogether. You should carefully guard yourself against ohtrusiveness
in exercising j'-our curiosity or passion for observation. Do not so far
forget good manners as to "stare" impudently at any one. Try to
think as well as to look. In other respects, there is no need to restrain.
[95.J

(6.) Large. — You are a great practical observer of men and things ,•
see everything ; and take account of all the particulars. You are chai'
acterized as (7), only in a lower degree. [95.]

(5.) Full. — You are a good observer ; keep your eyes open to some
purpose ; see clearly Whatever is readily observable, but are not in-
clined to a very close scrutiny or to the scanning of minute details.
You have a desire to see and examine things generally, but do not
allow this faculty to assume a controlling influence in your character.
[95.J

(4 ) Average. — Your observation is confined mainly to the more
conspicuous objects around you, or to such as interest other and larger
faculties, and is rather general than particular. Cultivate. [97.]

(3.) Moderate. — You have only ordinary observing powers, and,
^:ales3 the faculty be specially stimulated, take but little notice ot

ISl! DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

things, and are consequently vague in your descriptions of what you
havo seen. Cultivate. [97.]

(2.) Small. — Your observing powers are feeble. You use your eyes
to so little purpose that they might almost as well be closed. Your
notions of what you have seen are very vague. CuUwate. [O'V.-j

(1.) Veut Small. — You seem to be literally one of those wli <i, nav-
mg eyes, see not." Cultivate. [97.]

XL.— FORM.

(7.) Very Large. — You are remarkable for ability to o' tserve and
remember shapes and forms, and an excellent judge of c^afiguration.
You hardly ever forget a face or a picture that has Jr .tracted your
attention. " [97.]

(6.) Large. — Your memory of faces, forms, features, - /Utlines, etc., is
excellent, and you are a good judge of symmetry, ^jroportion, and
beauty of form. Can remember names by seeing then m writing. [97.]

(5.) Full. — Your memory of faces and forms is goo'^ i, but not remark-
ably tenacious. Your judgment of configuration and symmetry is
fair. Cultivate. [99.]

(4.) Average. — You have a tolerable development of this faculty,
and with practice may recollect countenances, shapes, and so forth,
with considerable distinctness. Cultivate. [99.]

(3.) Moderate. — Your memory of faces, forms, and shapes is neither
very distinct nor very retentive, and your ability to recognize persona
is poor. Cultivate. [99.]

(2.) Small. — You have a very feeble recollection of faces, and soon
forget the appearance of things you have seen. Cultivate. [99.]

(1.) Very Small. — You manifest little or none of this faculty. Cul-
tivate. [99.]

XLI.— SIZE.

(7.) Very Large. — You have great ability to judge of magnitude ;
can determine very closely by the eye alone the length, breadth, or
height of an object ; have an accurate eye for proportion, and detect at
a glance any departure from perfect correctness in this respect. [99.J

(6.) Large. — You have an excellent eye for measuring angles, pro-
portions, and dimensions ; are a good judge of harmony between the
ditferent parts of a thing, and are annoyed by a want of proportion or a
departure from accuracy in the lines of direction. [99.]

(5.) Full. — You possess a good share of the ability to measure by
the eye, but require practice to give you entire correctness in this par-
ticular. Cultivate. [100.]

(4.) Average. — You have only a fair share of this eye-measuring
power, but with considerable practice may do tolerably well. Culti-
vate, [100.]

MENTAL FACULTIES. 1S3

(3.) Moderate. — You are not a good judge of size or proportion,
and should not trust to the eye where correct measurements are
required. Cultivate. [100.]

(2.) Small. — You have very vague ideas of length, breadth, height,
etc., and a poor judgment of proportion. Cultivate. [100.]

(1.) Yery Small. — You manifest little or none of this faculty. Qui-
Umte. [100.]

XLII.— WEIGHT.

(7.) Very Large. — You have remarkable skill in balancing; are
sure-footed ; seldom stumble or fall ; possess wonderful skill in skating,
swimming, sleight-of-hand, hurling, shooting, horseback-riding, etc.;
and naturally assume easy and natural attitudes in standing, and a
graceful gait in walking. Your perception of the laws of gravity and
ability to maintain the equipoise of any body you can control are very
great. With a little practice, you could perform wonderful feats in
walking a tight-rope, balancing poles and other objects ; or in riding,
vaulting, etc. [100.]

(6.) Large. — You have nice intuitive perceptions of the laws of
gravity, and great ability to apply them ; are fond of exercises involv-
ing skill in balancing, such as riding, skating, shooting ; have a steady
hand and a sure foot ; love to walk on narrow and dangerous places ;
assume natural attitudes; are annoyed by seeing anything out of
plumb or unevenly balanced ; and, with Constructiveness large, possess
great natural ability to operate machinery. [100

(5.) Full. — You have good command over your muscles, and with
practice can balance well, but have no extraordinary perception of the
laws of gravity. Cultivate. [101.]

(4.) Average. — You are described in (5), but in a somewhat lower
degree ; would require much practice to balance well. Cultivate. [101.]

(3.) Moderate. — You have but little skill in balancing, and lack
the nice appreciation of the laws of gravity which give ability to ride,
skate, shoot, or hurl well; you should not attempt to walk on high and
narrow places. Cultivate. [101.]

(2.) Small. — You can hardly walk a broad plank over a ditch ; get
dizzy on high places; are easily made sea-sick, and are not a good
rider, skater, or marksman. Cultivate. [101.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have barely sufficient appreciation of th«
laws of gravity and command over the muscles to stand erect. CW-
iivate. [101.]

XLIII.— COLOR.

(7.) Very Large. — You have a passion for colors, and an instinctive
f^rception of their harmonies ; can arrange and blend all the shades,
} ^es3 and tints in painting or otherwisej with t-^e g;reatesl, sl;ill; a.** »

184 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

painter, would excel in coloring. Inappropriate or inharmonious
arrangements of colors give jo\i pain. [102.]

(6.) Large. — You are as described in (7), only in a lower degree.
[102.]

(5.) Full. — You are a fair judge of colors and of fitness in their
combination ; but require practice to enable you to determine their
■finer shades and blendings. Cultivate. [103.]

(4.) Average. — You are as described in (5), but in a lower degree.
Cultivate. [103.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are naturally deficient in the discrimination
of colors, and only glaring ones or strong contrasts attract your atten-
tion ; with a good deal of practice, however, you might acquire a fair
degree of skill in judging of the primitive colors and their more com-
mon combinations. Cultivate. [103.]

(2.) Small. — You are very deficient in perception of colors, and care
little for them. Cultivate. [103.]

(1.) Yery Small. — You have no love for colors, and but a veiy
weak perception of the distinction implied by the word. One who
can not distinguish different colors may be pronounced idiotic in this
particular, i. e., he lacks the faculty. Cultivate. [103.]

XLIV.— ORDER

(7.) Very Large. — You are exceedingly systematic; very particular
about having everything in its proper place; are tidy, precise, and
formal to a fault, and unless this faculty be restrained, you will spend
too much time in trying (in. vain) to keep everything " just so," or to
restore order where others are continually creating what to you seems
confusion. You are liable to be "more nice than wise." Restrain.
[104.]

(6.) Large. — You are inclined to be very regular, orderly, and sys-
tematic in all your arrangements ; are sometimes too precise and formal ;
have a place for everything, and are annoyed by seeing anything out
of place, or by any failure on the part of those around you to appreciate
your methodical habits or to adhere to your strict rules of order.
Restrain. [104.1

(5.) Full. — You are systematic and orderly; like to see things in
their places ; are disposed to be tidy and careful in dress ; but are not
a slave to method, and when disorder can not be avoided, submit to it
with a good grace. You are more orderly in theory than in practice,
unless trained in some business in which method is particularly
requisite. Cultivate. [104.]

(4.) Average. — You like order, and will make some efibrt to secure
it ; but often permit disorder to usurp its place. You are not disposed
to be precise, formal, or " old-maidish." Cultivate. [104.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather uiitidy and careless m clres? a^d

MENTAL FACULTIES. 185

habits; seldom have a place for anything or anything in its place;
leave your business at loose ends ; and have a slip-shod, disjointed
way of doing everything. Cultivate. [104.]

(3.) Small. — You have a very careless, unmethodical, and inaccurate
wa3^ of doing things, and are inclined to be shiftless and slovenly in
your habits. Cultivate. [104.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have little appreciation of order, neatness,
or system, and manifest no arranging power. Cultivate. [104.]

XL v.— CALCULATION.

(7.) Very Large. — You have remarkable natural talent for com-
putation ; multiply and divide intuitively ; seem to solve difficult
problems in mathematics by instinct ; and take intense delight in
figures and statistics, and in the various applications and relations of
numbers. [104.]

(6.) Large. — You excel in mental arithmetic, add, subtract, multiply,
and divide with great facility ; perceive very readily the value and
relations of numbers; are fond of statistical information; and with
full or large Locality and Causality may excel in the higher branches
of mathematics. [104.]

(5.) Full. — You succeed very well in the use of numbers, but
are not remarkable for ability to calculate " in the head." Cul-
tivate. [106.]

(4.) Average. — You require considerable study and practice to give
you facility in arithmetical calculations, but with it can succeed very
fairly. Cultivate. [106.]

(3.) Moderate. — You remember numbers with difficulty, and are
neither quick nor accurate in adding, subtracting, multiplying, or
dividing. You think arithmetic a bore, and should not attempt to
become a book-keeper or an accountant. Cultivate. [106.]

(2.) Small. — You are dull and slow in learning arithmetic, and,
perhaps, like Mr. George Combe, have never been able to master the
multiplication table. You have no taste for numbers, and a very poor
memory of them. Cultivate. [106.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have hardly the ability to count, much less
to calculate, and are unfortunate in respect to this faculty. If you
take a realizing sense of your deficiency, you will not venture on
matliematical calculations. , Cultivate. [106.]

XLVI.— LOCALITY.

(7.) Very Large. — You have an insatiable love of traveling, and
desire to see the world, and a remarkably retentive memory of the
localities you visit; have an intuitive idea of both the relative and
absolute position of places, and never lose your way either in the
Ibrests or in the streets of a strange city. You are inclined to be too

1S6 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

roving and unsettled in your habits, and to spend all your time and
money in traveling. Restrain. [107.]

(6.) Large. — You have a £;trong desire to travel and to see places ;
delight in books of travel ; are deeply interested in the study of geog-
raphy and astronomy ; seldom forget any place you have once seen,
and can find your way anywhere, as if by instinct. Would make a
good explorer. [100.]

(5.) Full. — Your iixe-mory of places is good, and you enjoy traveling
and reading of travels ; find your way quite well ordinarily, but are
not remarkably endowed in this particular. Cultwate. [107.]

(4.) Average. — Your recollection of places is fair, but you have no
great desire to travel or to see strange countries, and may sometimes
lose your way. Cultivate. [107.]

(3.) Moderate. — Your local memory is rather poor, and you prefer
staying at home to traveling, and often become confused, " turned
about," or lost in strange places. Cultivate. [107.]

(2.) Small. — You have a very poor memory of places, and find even
familiar ones with difficulty. Cultivate. [107.]

(1.) Very Small. — Your local instinct is so weak that you can
hardly find your way home from any neighboring place. Cultivate.
[107.]

XLVII.— EVENTUALITY.

(7.) Very Large. — You should possess a wonderfully retentive
memory of facts, incidents, and general knowledge; and have strong
craving for information. Y^'ou Avould be a great devourer of books,
newspapers, and periodicals ; and with large Language and Imitation,
would excel in story-tolling. [108.]

(6.) Large. — You ought to have a retentive memory of historical
facts, incidents, stories, and general information ; love to acquire
knowledge ; are fond of books, learn readily anything relating to
history or biography. You are likely to be well informed on common
subjects and, with fair opportunities, to be a good scholar. [108.]

(5.) Full. — Your memory of fiicts and circumstances should be
good, if properly cultivated, but may have become indifferent through
neglect. You may, if the reflective faculties be large, remember prin-
ciples better than facts. Cultiimte. [109.]

(4.) A\':erage. — You may recollect leading events, and facts in
which you are particularly interested, but are rather deficient in
memory of indifferent matters and the details of occurrences. Cul-
timte. [109.]

(3.) Moderate. — You have a rather poor memory of events, and are
particularly forgetful of details. Y'ou are a poor story-teller. Cul-
timte. [109.]

(3.) Small, — Yo\\t meniory is treacherous and confused, ancl Qm

MENTAL FACULTIES. 1S7

not safely be relied upon for anything relating to facts, occurrences, or
the circumstances of active life. Cultivate. [109.]

(1.) Very Small. — Your memory is utterly untrustworthy. You
forget almost ever^^thing relating to what has happened, no matter
how recently. Cultivate. [109.]

XLVIII.— TIME.

(7.) Very Large. — Y^ou seeip to have an intuitive knowledge of
the lapse of time ; can keep time in music, tell the time of day almost
as correctly without a time-piece as with one ; and can wake at any
pre-appointed hour of the night. [100.]

(6.) Large. — You are an excellent judge of time ; can tell wdien ?a\Y
event of which you have a knowledge occurred ; keep time in music
very correctly ; rarely forget appointments ; and should be an accurate
chronologist. [109.]

(5.) Full. — You can keep time in music and, with practice, can
carr}^ in your head the time of da}^, but are not remarkably endowed
in this particular. Cultivate. [110.]

(4.) Average. — Your memory of dates is fair, but you require prac-
tice to give you accuracy in keeping time in music. Cultivate. [110.]

(3.) Moderate. — You have a rather defective notion of time, and
not a good memory of dates. CultiTate. [110.]

(2.) Small. — You have a confused and indistinct idea of time, and
are apt to forget appointments. Cultivate. [110.]

(1.) Very Small. — You are nearly destitute of this faculty. Cul-
tivate. [110.]

XLIX.— TUNE.

(7.) Very Large. — You are passionately fond of music ; have extra'
ordinary musical taste and talent; and with a good development of
Imitation, Constructiveness, Ideality, and Time, and a fine organiza
tion, may become an expert performer, or, with large Idealitj^, Caus-
ality, and Comparison, a composer. [110.]

[6.] Large. — You are constituted as described in (7), except in a
somewhat lower degree ; have a fine ear for music, and enjoy if you
do not readilj^ learn anything you hear. [110.]

(5.) Full. — You have good musical taste ; are very fond of music ;
and with practice can become a performer. Cultivate. [112.]

(4.) Average. — You have fair musical ability, but considerable
practice would be required to give you proficiency in music. Y"ou
have more love for the " concord of sweet sounds " than power to
produce it. Cultivate. [112.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are not particularly fond of music, but are
capable of acquiring some taste for the simpler kinds, and with practice!
^lay learn to sing. Cultivate. [112.]

188 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

(2.) Small. — You have very little taste or love for music, and le83
i^ility to produce it. Cultivate. [112.]

(1.) Very Small. — You manifest little or none of this faculty.
Cultivate. [112.]*

L.— LANGUAGE.

(7.) Very Large. — You have great copiousness of expression, a
passion for talking or writing ; are capable of becoming very fluent
and correct in the use of language ; generally put the right word in
the right place; have a remarkable verbal memory; readily make
quotations ; learn languages with facility by hearing them spoken ; are
very liable, unless this faculty be restrained, or balanced by reason, to
be tediously verbose. Bestrain. [114]

(6.) Large. — You are fluent and copious in the use of words, both
in writing and speaking ; can learn to talk well, and would love to
talk ; can learn foreign languages easily ; and have an excellent mem-
ory of words. You can tell all you know, and generally make use oi
correct if not elegant language ; are rather inclined to verbosity than
to barrenness of expression, and to talk too much rather than too little.
Bestrain. [114.]

(5.) Full. — You have a good command of language ; express your-
self with considerable ease and fluency, but are not remarkable for
copiousness, and are seldom verbose or redundant. With practice you
might make a good speaker, but can do better with the pen than with
the tongue. Cultivate. [114]

(4.) Average. — You are not very fluent in the use of language ; say
what you desire to say in few words ; are not very fond of talking ;
with practice may write well, but not rapidly. Cultivate. [114.]

(3.) Moderate. — You find some difficulty in expressing your ideas,
your vocabulary being small and your memory and command of v/ords
poor. With constant practice, you may write effectively, but your
style will be rather dry and barren. As a speaker, you would not be
likely to succeed. You may learn foreign languages, but will speak
them with difficulty, if at all. Cultivate. [114.]

(2.) Small. — You speak with difficulty ; often hesitate for words ;
and are apt to blunder in the c-onstruction of your sentences. Cultivate.
[114]

(1.) Very Small. — Your memory of words is exceedingly poor, and
your power of expression almost entirely lacking. Cultivate. [114]

* The Friends, or Quakers— many of them— are opposed to music, on the
ground that it is used as a sensuous gratification ; a disturbing element ; opposed to
simple, silent devotion. We regard Tune as a facult)- of the human mind, created for
a useful purpose, and not to be ignored or suppressed because of its abuse, any more
than that of the appetite, or of Veneration itself, which is sometimes exercised on
idols, images, and gods of wood and stone. The right use of all tU© faculties will be
acceptable to Him who created tl^em.

MENTAL FACULTIES. 189

LI.— CAUSALITY.

(7.) Very Large. — You should be noted for originality, jjlanning
r*apacity, intuitive perception of the relations of cause and effect, and
great reasoning power and comprehension. You are naturail}^ a
thinker and a philosopher, and are in danger of becoming an impracti-
cable theorist. Restrain. [115.]

(6.) Large. — You have excellent reasoning power; uiACommoij
capacity for contriving w^ays and means ; can generally trace effects
back to their causes, or predicate results ; are good at making plans ;
have a strong desire to know" the "why" and "wherefore" of every-
tliing ; are not satisfied with a superficial knowledge, but desire to go
to the bottom of every subject; are liable to be abstruse and more
theoretical than practical. " JResfrain. [115.]

(5.) Full. — Your capacity to plan, invent, originate, and adapt
means to ends is good, and with activity well developed and Com-
parison and the perceptives large, may manifest a good degree of
reasoning power; but with these conditions reversed, you will plan
better than you will execute. You like to know why things are as
they are, but are not disposed to push your investigations too closel3^
[114.]

(4.) Average. — Your planning and reasoning. ability depends greatly
upon the influence of other and larger organs, but in general it is only
fair. Cultivate. [115.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather deficient in the ability to discern
and apply principles, and possess no great originality or planning
capacity. Cultivate. [115.]

(2.) Small.^You are decidedly deficient in reasoning power and
ability to contrive, plan, and adapt means to ends. Cultivate. [115 ]

(1.) Very Small. — You are almost utterly destitute of originality.
Cultivate. [115.]

LIL— COMPARISOK

(T ) Very Large. — You possess remarkable powers of analysts ;
nbihty to reason from analogy and to discover new traths by induction ;
can clearly trace out relations between the known and the unknown
which escape common investigators, and with Individuality, Eventu-
ahty, and Causality well developed, will manifest great capacity for
making discoveries and a passion for analytical investigations most
jseful to the phrenologist. [115.]

(6.) Large. — Your capacity for inductive reasoning is excellent;
3'-ou manifest great ability in tracing the connection betw^een known
facts and phenomena and the laws or principles which govern them;
a disposition to analyze, resolve combinations into elements, dissect,
criticise, compare, and classify ; to observe similarities and dissimilar-
ities ; to trace analogies ; to explain by illustration ; arid in speaking, to

190 DELINEATION OF CHARACTER.

use manj'- comparisons, metaphors, and similes. "With large Language,
Continuit}', Constructiveness, and Idealit}", should write and speali
with great fluenc}^ correctness, and elegance, and in a stjde dis-
tinguished for clearness as well as f.jr beauty; but with these organs
moderate or small, there will be a liabilit}^ to broken metaphors and
hnperfect and confusing comparisons. You would make a good
chemist. [115.]

(5.) Full. — You appreciate fine comparisons and sound inductive
• reasoning, and are inclined to make use of the analogical and analytical
methods of arriving at the truth, but are not remarkably developed in
this facult}^ Cvlilmte. [117.]

(4.) Average. — Your analogical ability is fair, when called into
activity by the larger organs, but otherv*nse is rather Aveak in its mani-
festations. Cu.ltidate. [117.]

(3.) MoDEiiATE. — You are not much inclined to institute comparisons
or to observe resemblances or differences, and neither make use of nor
appreciate metaphors and similes, but may enjoy a simple and direct
comparison. Your ability to illustrate one case or point by another
involvmg similar principle is poor. Cultivate. [117.]

(2.) Small. — You seldom observe likenesses or dissimilarities, have
no skill in tracing analogies, and are content to take things as you find
them in their combinations, instead of pulling them in pieces or resolv-
ing them into elements to find out how^ thc}^ are made or the propor-
tions of their parts. Cultwate. [117.]

(1.) Very Small. — You manifest little or none of this element of
character. CuUivaie. [117.]

LIIL— HUMAN NATURE.

(7.) Very Large. — You are a natural physiognomist, or, rather, an
intuitive discerner of character, forming correct estimates of the dis-
position and moral status of those you meet at a single glance, especial-
ly if they be of the opposite sex. You can trust your first impressions
of character. With large Comparison, would make an excellent practical
phrenologist and physiognomist. It is usually large in our North Ameri-
can Indians, and should be so in our police and in all detectives. [117.]

(6.) Large. — You have an excellent judgment in matters of charac-
ter; read men and w^omen intuitively; love to study the "Signs of
Character" in the features, voice, walk, manners, etc., and could
become a good practical delineator of character. [117.]

(5) Full. — Your first impressions of character are generally correct;
but you are liable to make occasional mistakes. You love to study
character, and with practice may become a good practical phrenologist
or physiognomist. Culiiimte. [118.]

(4.) Average. — Your talents for reading character are fair, but youx
first impressions are not to be fully trusted. Cultivate. [118.]

MEKTAL FACULTIES. 191

(3.) Moderate. — You liave no great natural capacity for character-
reading, and often form incorrect estimates of people, but with study
and practice may do tolerably well. Cultivate. [118.]

(2.) Small. — You are a poor judge of character and are easily
imposed upon — do not know how to take people. CiUtivaie. [118.]

(1.) Very Small. — You have little or no appreciation of humaa
nature. Cultivate. [118.]

LIV.— AGEEEABLENESS.

' (7.) Very Large. — You are remarkably bland, winning, and per-
BLiasive; very conciliator}'^ ; and generally please everybod}^ Are
more like a Frenchman than an Englishman. [118.]

(6.) Large. — You have an agreeable and fascinating manner, and a
way of saying and doing even disagreeable things at which no one can
take offense, and which makes everj'^thing you say and do acceptable.
You are conciUatory and persuasive, and are almost universally liked.
" Are all things to all'men." [118.]

(5.) Full. — You are pleasing and bland in your manners, and, with
large Ideality, polite and agreeable ; but when angry, may make use
of blunt and sharp expressions. Cultivate. [119.]

(4.) Average.— You are generally pleasant in conversation and
manners, but may when excited become very brusque and repulsive.
Are more like an Englishman than a Frenchman. Cultivate. [119.]

(3.) Moderate. — You are rather deficient in Agreeableness, and
have little ability to smooth over your words or actions. Cultivate.
[119.]

(2.) Small. — You have an unpleasant way of saying even pleasant
things, and often quite unnecessarily provoke the ill-will of those
around you. Cultivate. [119.] '

(1.) Very Small. — You manifest no desire or ability to please.
Cultivate. [119.]

KoTE. — The literature of Phrenology is not very voluminous. Some
of the most important works are the following: Sur les Fonctions
du Cerveau par Dr. Gall, 6 vols., Paris, 1825 (price, $125); Gall's
Complete Works (in English), 6 vols. ($15); Spurzheim's Phrenology,
2 vols. ; Cours de Phrenologie par Dr. Broussais ; Traitc de Phreno-
logie Humain et Comparee, 2 vols, 4°, avec Atlas in f« de 120 Planches,
par Dr. Yimont ; Combe's Lectures on Phrenology ; Combe's Constitu-
tion of Man ; Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied ; and Board-
man's Defence of Phrenolog}^. On Physiognomy : Lavater's great
work. Essays on Physiognomy (various editions), and New Physiogno-
my, by S. R. Wells, are the only books of much value now accessible.

Men and Women Differ in Character.

No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.

[Portraits from Life: in " Heads and Faces."]
James Parton. No. 5. Emperor Paul of Russia. No. 9.

A. M. Rice. No. 6. George Eliot. No. 10.

Wm. M. Evarts. No. 7. King Frederick the Strong. No. 11.

General Wisewell, No. 8. Prof . George Bush.

General Napier.
Otho the Great.
African.

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