GC

974.902 N51h v.l 1917114

REYN .-TORiCAD

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

fLkEN <JnjUl t hih.

3 1833 02255 6499

A HISTORY

OF THE

CITY OF NEWARK

NEW JERSEY

EMBRACING PRACTICALLY

TWO AND A HALF CENTURIES

1666-1913

I [.LUST RAT ED

VOLUME I.

PUBLISHERS

he Lewis Historical Publishing Co.

NEW YORK CHICAGO

1913

COPYRIGHT, 1913 THE LEWIS HISTORICAL PUBLISHING CO.

.

TABLE OF CONTENTS . .

1917114

Volumes I. and II.

FOREWOHI).

Chapter I. PREHISTORIC NEWARK. — Laying the State's Foundations — The Passaic and Weequahic — Theories as to Prehistoric Man.

Pages 3-10

Chapter II. THE INDIANS AND THE DUTCH.— Old Indian Highways —The Red Man on the Coast — Indian Traditions and Tribal Divisions — Jersey Indian Characteristics — The Leuni Lenape Religion — Marriage - — Training of the Boys — Medicine .Men — The Indians and "Eire Water" — Inhumanity of the Dutch — The Pavonia Massacre— The Last Stand of the Lenni Lenape — The Passing of the Jersey Indians. Pages 11-25

Chapter III. PURITAN UNREST — THE ENGLISH AND NEW JERSEY. — Puritans Look Toward Newark Region — The New Haven Theocracy — Puritan Intolerance— Persecution of the Quakers — New Haven Colony Merged With Connecticut — Pastor Pierson's Activities — Early Efforts for a New Settlement — New Jersey as the English Pound It — The Form of Government — Functions of the Assembly — Inducements Offered Settlers — The Trouble-Making Nicholls' Grants — The Duke of York Annexes Staten Island — The Three Epochs of English Government in New Jersey. Pages 2 9-4 2

Chapter IV. PREPARATIONS FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF NEWARK. — Selecting the Town Site — The visit to the Delaware — Seventeenth Cen- tury Estimates of the Newark Region — Insense of the Forest Primeval — Refusal of Possession by the Indians — Why Did Carteret Decline to Pay the Indians? — Robert Treat's Account — Honest Dealings with the Natives — The First Purchases of Land — Date of Settlement, Sources of Information — The Landing Place — Divident Hill and the "Triangle" — The Elizabethtown Bill in Chancery — Location of Divident Hill — Early Organization of Newark Settlers — First Town Committee — Branford Croup and the "Fundamental Agreements" — Newark's Four Scriptural Foundation Stones — Subordinate Agreements — The "Special Conces- sions" Theory— A "Wall" That Soon Crumbled. Pages 47-69

Chapter V. THE FOUNDERS. — The Milford, Guilford and New Haven Signers — Tlie Signers of Branford — Biographies of the Leading Men — Robert Treat — The Rev. Abraham Pierson — Jasper Crane — Deacon Lawrence Ward — John Ward, Turner — Josiah Ward — Micah Tomkins — Hauns Albers and Hugh Roberts — Stephen Bond — John Catlin — Robert Kitchell — Jeremiah Peck. Pages 73-88

ClIAlTKll VI. ON THE GROUND — ALLOTMENT OF THE LAND. — The Original City Planners — Encouraging the Industries — The Water Courses — The Passaic; an Old Time Description — Ancient Forests; Kinds of Trees — The Wild Animals — Land Ready for the Settler — Apportionment of the Land— The Original Town Plat — The First Parti- tions of Real Estate — The First Tax Board — The Original Ratings — Later Allotments. Pages 89-115

Chapter VII. THE HOME BUILDERS — EARLY TOWN ORGANIZATION. — The First Houses — An Almost Ideal Democracy — How They Did the Town's Work — On a Military Footing; Potency of the Drum — The First Inn — -Building the Church — The Cattle Pound and Its Importance — Ladders for Fire Protection — The First Courts — Preparing for Com- merce— The "Towns Men" — Early Indifference as to Exercising the Right of Suffrage — The Town's Defensive Force — The First Grist Mill — Robert Treat's Last Important Service — Apprehensive of War — Fortifying the Church — Early Protection of Shade Trees — Quarantine Against New York Small-Pox — The. Night Watch — A Tannery in 1676 - Keeping Out Strangers Curbing Frivolity and Disorder — Passing of tin; First Generation. Pages 119-140

iii.

TABLE OF COiNTENTS— Continued.

Chapter VIII. THE LORDS PROPRIETORS VERSUS THE PEOPLE. — New Jersey's First Assembly — Fight Against Quit-rents Begun — Bold Opposition to Governor Carteret — Newark's Firm Stand — The Dutch Re-conquest, 1673 — English Authority Resumed, 1674 — Attempt to Absorb New Jersey in New York — Brave Defiance of Andros by the People — East Jersey Under , Twenty-tour Proprietors — East Jersey's Population Over 5,000 in 1681 — King James's Last Effort to Get Back New Jersey — Anti-Proprietary Movement Grows — Details of the Strug- gle; the "Revolution" — A Jersey "Lexington" in 1700 — Newark Gives Aid to Fellow Insurgents — The First Newark Riots — The Sixty Horse- men— Lords Proprietors "Drummed Out" of Power, 1702.

Pages 143-159

Chapter IX. THE COMMON LANDS — EARLY laws and PENALTIES- QUARRIES AND MINES — CURRENCY. — The Patent of 1696 — The Trusteeship — Passing of the Trusteeship — Selling Common Lands — Beginning of the City Parks — Last Phase of Common Lands Disposal — Early Laws and Penalties — Newark's First Hanging, 17 38 — -A People of Deeds and Few Words — The First Vehicles — -Newark Famed for Its Cider — The First Saw Mill, 1695 — Newark's Quarries — The Schuyler Copper Mines and Others — Currency from 1665 to 1776. Pages 163-178

CHAPTER X. NEWARK, MOTHER OF TOWNS — A CENTURY-LONG CHURCH CONTROVERSY — PRINCETON COLLEGE IN NEWARK. — Making Roads of Indian Trails — Twelve Highways Provided For, 1705 — Other Highways — The "Mountain Society" — Essex County's Popula- tion in 1730 — -Colonel Josiah Ogden Breaks the Sabbath — An Epoch- Making Dissension — The Founding of Trinity Episcopal Church — -The Feud That Lasted for a Century — Trinity Church Building Fund Aug- mented by a Lottery — Lotteries Throughout the Province — Dr. Aaron Burr — David Brainerd and Yale — Ordained a Missionary in Newark — The Austere Training of Boys — 1700-1750 — Princeton College in New- ark— The First Commencement — Requirements for Admission — Why the College Left Newark — College Life in Newark — The Course of Study — Dr. Hurr's Marriage — Young Shippen's Letters — A Woman of Rare Qualities- -The College's Influence on Newark — A Remarkable Itoll of Honor. Pages 181-212

CHAPTER XI. Til 10 GREAT NEWARK RIOTS— FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS AND COLONEL PETER SCTUIYLER— ROAD DEVELOPMENT --FIRST STAGE LINES. — The Jail Delivery or 1746— Governor Helehor'ii Warning - Fssox County a Battleground The French and Indian Wars Colonel I'otor Schuyler The First Campaign The Sec- ond Call to Arms — -A Gentleman and a Soldier — Colonel Schuyler's Welcome Home — Later Enlistments —Colonel Schuyler's Death — "Jer- sey Blue" — Newark's Growth, 1750-1760 — The Old Plank Road— The New York-Philadelphia Road — The First Newark-New York Line — The Newark-New York-Philadelphia Stage, 1768 — The Early Ferries — The First Post Ollices — An Old Newark Iron Foundry — A Cattle Fair of 17 68 — St. John's Lodge of Free Masons — Eighteenth Century Newark Homes — Newark a Place for "Country Seats" — New Jersey's First Tramps — Death Penalty for Horse Stealing. Pages 215-243

Chapter XII. THE GATHERING OF THE STORM.— Temper of the Colon- ists Misunderstood — New Jersey's Devotion to the Crown — New Jersey's "Sons of Liberty" — Jersey "Sons" and the Stamp Act — The New Jersey Assembly and the Stamp Act Congress — The Conservatism of Ogden of Essex — Ogden Burned in Flligy at Eli/abethtown — The Tea Tax — (■loom at Princeton — New Jersey's "Tea Bonfire" — Essex County Takes the Lead — An Epoch-making Newark meeting, June 11, 1774 — Essex's ('all to Her Sister Counties — Newark Formally Declares Herself — A Fearless Grand Jury — Governor Franklin's Warning Ignored — The

TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued.

First Call for Militia, August, 1775 — The Arrest of Governor Franklin — The Last of the Royal Governors — The Two Franklins — Father and Son — New Jersey's "Declaration of Independence." Pages 247-268

Chapter XUT the new jersey continental line— minute men

—THE MILITIA ORGANIZATION — STATE TROOPS. — The "Fighting Parsons" — Newark at War With Itself — Washington in Newark, June 25, 1775 — Essex County's Population in 1775 — Making Ready for War — First Establishment, New Jersey Line— Second Establishment, "For the War" — Essex County Continentals — Maxwell's Brigade — The Third Establishment — The Militia Organization — Ancient Aversion to a Standing Army— The Essex County Militia — The Minute Men — Essex Militia's First Service — The Flying Camp — Monthly Classes — Increasing Difficulty of Militia Maintenance — The "State Troops" — How They Responded to the Call to Arms — The Militia's Battle Record — Jemima Condict's Diary. Pages 271-287

CHAPTER XIV. THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE — NEWARK AND ESSEX IN THE STRUGGLE. — Washington's Instructions to Essex County Folk — The Retreat, as Described at the Time — Soldiers' Appeals to Patriot- ism— Washington Fears the Worst — "The Conduct of the Jerseys Has Been Infamous" — Between the Hackensack and Passaic — Cornwallis's Delay the Patriots* Salvation — The Army in Newark— Washington's Letters to Lee — The Army's Wish to Remain in Newark — The "Times That Try Men's Souls" — The Departure from Newark — Newark in the Grip of the Enemy — Pastor Macwhorter's Account — Plunderers and Vandals in Bloomfield— Enemy's Brutality Inflames All New Jersey — The Quickening of the Militia — Newark a Patriot Outpost — Washing- ton's Visits to Newark — Washington Charged With Treachery — Activities at Second River — General Clinton's Descent Upon Essex County- — Clinton's Headquarters Opposite Belleville — The Enemy's Night March from Newark — An All-day Battle at Second River — Clinton Exceedingly Cautious — Clinton Counts His Plunder.

Pages 291-322

CHAPTER XV. WAR-WORN NEWARK, 1778-1780. — The Second Jersey Continental Line Regiment's Winter in Newark — Patriotic Toasts in 1778- Did General Wayne Camp In Newark? —"Light Horse Harry" Lee's Descent Upon Paulus Hook — Capture of Tory Recruits at Second River — A Newark Store in 1779 — Burning of Newark Academy and the Martyrdom of Joseph Hedden — British and American Accounts of the Expedition — A Skirmish at Market and Broad Streets — Reprisals; an '"Underground Hallway" Connecticut Farrte, June 7, 1780 — Knyp- liansen's Blunders The Murder of Mrs. Caldwell and Its Effect Upon the People— After the Battle; Statement of a Continental Officer — Militia Flock to the Colors— A British Explanation — Americans Greatly Outnumbered — The Last Battle of Springfield— Steadiness of the Jersey Militia — The Bloody Return to Elizabethtown — The Last Battle in New Jersey. Pages 325-348

CHAPTER XVI. SUFFERING OF NEWARK LOYALISTS — A FEW OF NEWARK'S PATRIOTS. — Confiscation of Tory Estates — Jufige David Ogden, Irreconcilable— The Longworths — The Rev. Dr. Isaac Browne — Dauntless Newark Patriots — Dr. William Burnet — Captain William San- ford Pennington — Major Samuel Hayes — Caleb Bruen — The Camp Family — Captain Eliakim Littell — Lieutenant Conger — Captain Wheeler — Josiah Beach — Captain Holden — Lieutenant-Colonel Cumming.

Pages 351-366

CHAPTER XVII. THE FIRST BRIDGE — NEWARK AS TRAVELERS SAW IT, 1679-1800 — ERA OF THE STAGE COACH. — Demoralized by the War — Town Meeting Government Continued — The First Postmasters — Prosperity Starts With the Bridges — Traveler Wansey's Account — The

TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued.

Domestic Servant Problem in 1794— Ileal Estate Values in 1794 — "One of the Neatest and Prettiest Towns" — The Mosquito Pest in 1679 and 1748 — "One of the Finest Villages in America" — The Village Beautiful — The Days of the Stage Coach, 1794-184 0 — The New York-Philadelphia Lines — -The Short Line Stages — Fast Travel Across the State — A Losing Struggle With the Railroads — Intersecting Stage Lines — The Old Mail Coach Guard — The Era of the Turnpike. Pages 369-394

CHAPTER XVIII. CIVIC PRIDE, 1787-1800 — THE FIRE MENACE AND HOW IT WAS MET — THE NIGHT WATCH. — The Town's Second Academy — St. John's Lodge Ceremonies — Trinity Church in 1796 — The Fire Menace — The Burning of the Boudinot House — Fire Companies; the First Fire Engines — Town's Centre a Tinder-box — Snowballs as Fire Extinguishers — Pump Owners Scolded — The First Fire Insurance Company — Night Watch a Police Force — Public Execution of Mur- derers— Organizing Against Thieves — Corporation Greed in 1806 — County Jail and Debtor's Prison. Pages 397-416

Chapter XIX. the village taverns and their influence —

EMINENT MEN IN NEWARK — WASHINGTON IRVING AND "COCK- LOFT HALL." — The "Rising Sun," the "Eagle" and Other Inns — Archer Gilford's Tavern — Newark as a Market Centre — Business Grows at the "Four Corners" — When Daughters of Old Families Drove Cows — Mak- ing Love by Acrostic — Distinguished Sojourners — Town of Newark "Perhaps Handsomest in the World" — Washington Irving Here — "Cock- loft Hall" — French Influence in Newark. Pages 419-442

Chapter XX. EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NEWARK— THE WHISKEY INSURRECTION — THE MILITIA, 1793-1798. — The Birth of Democracy in Newark — The Federalists of Newark — Breeches Give Way to Pantaloons — The Growth of Democracy — Patriotism and the Flagstaff — Newark and the Whiskey Insurrection — "Jersey Blue" — The Militia and Politics — Citizen-Soldiers' Uniforms, 1793-1794 — Wear- ing the Uniform to Church — Muster and Training Days — Maneuvers of the Essex Brigade. . Pages 4 4 5-461

CUAPTKR XXI. INDEPENDENCE DAY IN NEWARK, 1788-1836 — DIS- TINGUISHED VISITORS OF THAT PERIOD.— Reasons for Industrial Parade of 178S -The New Constitution — A Power Constructed Within Three Hours — Uproar in the Church, 1799 -Platoon Firing, 1804 — Afraid of England, 1805 — A Sham Battle in 1806 — John Homespun and John Bull A United Community in 41812- Remarkable Industrial Parade in 18.2 I Toasts Tell Spirit of (Me Times |{eV. hooper Clim- nilng's Stirring Oration, IK2:: Absence" of Drunkenness Causes Surprise The Fiftieth Anniversary The Cincinnati -Daniel Webster Toasts New Jersey, 1832 — Passing of the Veterans — Washington's Birthday — - President Adams in Newark — Two Visits from Lafayette— Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay. Pages 465-497

ClIAPTI-R XXII. THE RISE OF NEWARK'S INDUSTRIES; THE FOUND- ERS.— The First Newark Shoemakers — Industrialism and Patriotism- Newark's Part in the Founding of Paterson — Early Factories — The First Carriage Makers— The Pioneer Hatters— An Influential Merchant — The Beginnings of Jewelry-making— The first Labor Agitation — Newark's Early Breweries — Moses Combs and tbc Leather Industry — A Genius for Organization — Zeal of the Manufacturers — Combs as a Reformer — The First Free Schools— Combs's Many Activities — Leather and Pros- perity -- Lnl her Coble Early Motive Power -Seth Boyden— A Remark- able Man— His First Inventions — Surprising Versatility — First Patent Leather Made in the Country— Boyden's Malleable Iron Discovery— The Boyden Locomotives Boyden and S. F. B. Morse — Smelting Zinc, Ore -A Tireless Worker for the Common Good— Newark's First Industrial CenHU.i Rapid Growth in (he IKitO's. Pages 501-534

vi.

TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued.

Chapter XXIII. NEWARK, MOTHER OP TOWNS- Til 10 COURT HOUSE ELECTION SCANDAL — LAW AND ORDER. — Essex County — The "Great Court House Election" — Women at the Polls — Newark's Hollow Victory — Woman Suffrage in New Jersey — Newark Retains County Seat — Sunday Observance — Zealots Come to Grief— Some Causes of the Unrest — The Night Watch in 182 7 — A Newspaper Sermon— Lawless- ness Described in Verse — The Germans and Law and Order.

Pages 53 7-555

Chapter- XXIV. THE BUILDING OF THE STREETS — WATER TRAFFIC — RAILROADS. — The New Arteries and Their Influence — Neglect of the Streets, 1807 — Fighting Encroachments, 1800-1810 — Striving to Stir Civic Pride — Broad Street a Mudhole, 1832 — A Returned New- arker's Lament, 183 4 — The First Pavements — Reminiscences of Centre Street — Opening of the Morris Canal, 1832 — The Coming of Hard Coal — From Periaugers to Steamboats — The Whalers, 1837 — Newark Com- merce, 1833 — A Burying Ground Episode — Newark's First Railroad — The Morris and Essex, 1835 — The Erie and the Central — Newark's First Horse Cars, 1802 — The First Sunday Cars — The Coming of the Trolley, 18 90. Pages 559-589

CHAPTER XXV. FAREWELL TO THE VILLAGE — THE WAR OF 1812— ELISHA BOUDLMOT. — Newark's First Water Company, 1801 — Increas- ing Industrial Prosperity — Newark Ready for War, 1807 — Martial Scene in Military Park, 1812 — Prepared to Meet Invasion, 1814 — "Don't Give Up the Soil!" — Return of "the Hero of Plattsburgh" — The Mustering Out of "Jersey Blue" — Elias and Elisha Boudinot — Justice Bradley's Estimate of Elisha — Judge Boudinot to Washington — Wash- ington's Letter to Boudinot — Boudinot Wins a Slave His Freedom — Family Reminiscences — Some of Boudinot's Public Services — Boudinot a Founder of Jersey City— Death of a Town Father. Pages 593-611

Chapter XXVI. NEWARK A CITY. — Newark's First City Fathers — The City Seal — The Several Homes of City Government — City Hall and Court House — City Offices in Centre Market — City Hall at Broad and William Streets — Present City Hall Opened, 1906 — From "Night Watch" to Police Deparment — Mayor Bigelow Speaks Out — The Board of Health — Early Complaint of River Pollution — Sewer Development — The Fire Department — A Disastrous Fire, 1836 — Shoveling Paths for Engines, 1845 — First Fireman to Perish on Duty, J 857 — City Hydrants, 1846 — Reorganization in 1854 — Subsequent Advancement — Exempt Firemen's Association — Hoard of Public Works, 1891 — Abuse of Military Park — ■ From Candles to Electric Light—First Ga^iglit, 1846 — A Rival Gas Company— Edison and Weston. Pages 615-64 2

Chapter XXVII. the ante-bellum mayors — other NEWARK

LEADERS — EARLY IRISH RESIDENTS. — William Halsey— Theodore Frelinghuysen — James Miller — Oliver Spencer Halstead — William Wright — Stephen Dod — Beach Vanderpool — James M. Quinby — Horace J. Poinier — Moses Bigelow — Newarkers of National Reputation — Gov- ernor William Pennington, 1796-1862 — Distinguished Visitors — Wil- liam B. Kinney, 1799-1880 — Frederick T. Frelinghuyse'h, 1817-1885 — Joseph P. Bradley, 1813-1892 — Cortlandt Parker, 1818-1907 — Amaz- ing Growth of Newark, 1826-1836 — "Lest We Forget" — Significant Criticism — The Coming of the Irish — Father Patrick Moran — The Mexi- can War — The Passaic River in the Sixties — Newark in 1876.

Pages 645-674

CHAPTER XXVIII. NEWARK IN THE CIVIL WAR. — Early Newark Aboli- tionists— Trouble Over the Negroes — Riot in a Church — Mayor Bige- low's Declaration — Lincoln in Newark — Great Mass Meeting — Common Council's Action— Newark Women Organize — Newark's First Regi- ment— Itunyon's Brigade— -Second Regiment — Battle List— General

TAHLE Q\; CONTENTS— Continued.

Philip Kearny — Colonel Isaac M. Tucker — Colonel Samuel L. Buck — Colonel James N. Duffy — Eighth Regiment — Colonel Adolphus J. John- son— General William H. Ward — Brevet Brigadier-General John Ramsey — Battery B — The Fighting Thirteenth — Colonel Ezra A. Carman — Brevet Brigadier-General Frederick H. Harris — Surgeon John J. H. Love — Adjutant Baldwin — Twenty-sixth Regiment — Colonel Andrew J. Morrison — Major William W. Morris — Draft Riots — Thirty-third Regi- ment— Colonel George W. Mindil — Drummer Boy Magee — Governor Marcus L. Ward — Soldiers' Hospital and Home — Newark Medical Men in Service — Camp Frelinghuysen— Memorable Independence Day — Assassination of Lincoln. Pages 6 7 7-7 2 'J

Chapter XXIX. education — the evolution of the Newark

PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 1876-1913. — First School Building, About 1700— Dr. Burr's Latin Grammar — Education for the Children of the Poor, 1774— The First Newark Academy, 1774 — Dr. Macwhorter's Philosoph- ical Academy, 1783 — The Second Newark Academy, 17 92 — An Early Plea for Women's Rights — The White School House, 17 92-1848 — New- ark a School Centre, 1798-1810 — Newark Academy, 1834-1913 — From Moses Combs to Public Schools — "For the Schooling of the Poor," 1813 — The First Public School Buildings — Objections to Public Schools — ■ The First Board of Education, 1851— Third High School in the Country — Normal School Beginnings, 18 55 — Public School Education Since Early 1880's — Nathan Hedges and Bernard Kearney — Kearney a Mas- ter Teacher — St. Mary's Academy — St. Benedict's College — Carteret Book Clubs — Newark Museum Association. Pages 733-7C2

Chapter XXX. libraries— newspapers— literary Newark—

THE EARLY STAGE. — The First Library, 1765— A "Literary Fair" in 1765 — The "Institutio Legalis" — Apprentices' Library, 1821 — The New- ark Library Association, 1845 — Circulating Library of St. John's Church — New Jersey Historical Society, 1845 — Newark Free Public Library, 1888— Newark's Pioneer Newspapers — Wood's Gazette, 1791 — The Cen- tinel of Freedom, 1796-1895 — The Telescope, 1809-1810— A Journal Typical of Its Time — The Eagle, 1820 — The Daily Advertiser, 1832- 1906 — The Evening Journal, 1857 — Last Half-century of Journalism — Literary Newark — The Beginnings of the Theatre — The Waverly Fair.

Pages 765-799

Chapter XXXI. MUSIC IN NEWARK. — An Early Chorus Leader— The Harmonic Society, 1830— Handel and Haydn Society, 1831 — First Oratorio Given in Newark, 1837— A Fruitful Decade, 1831-1840 — Genesis of German Singing Societies — Ninety-two Concerts From 1831- 1841 — Eminent Soloists in Newark — Newark Sacred Music Association — First Opera in Newark, 1855 — Famous Artists Here, 1850-1860 — Schubert Vocal Society, 1860 — -Newark Madrigal Club, 1886— Orpheus Club, 1889 — Concert Halls. Pages 803-815

CHAPTER XXXII. FROM THE REBELLION TO THE PRESENT. — The City's Two Hundredth Anniversary — The Industrial Exhibition of 1872 — Newark Becomes Cosmopolitan — Dedication of the Kearny Statue, 1880 — Newark in the Spanish-American War — Monsignor Doane — Statues and Tablets— Conclusion. Pages 819-845

Appendix A. Chronological Table of Events in Newark's History, From the Founding of the Town in 1666 to the Present. Pages 849-857

Appendix B. The Essex County Park System. Pages 858-863

Appendix G. Newark's Water Supply. Pages 863-866

Appendix 1). Chronological Table of Newark's Population. Page 867

Appendix E. Chronological Table, Newark's Mayors. Page 867

viii.

TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued.

APPENDIX F. Chronological Table, Chiefs of the Police Department.

Page 868

Appendix G. Chronological Table, Chiefs of the Fire Department.

Page 868

Appendix II. Officers of Newark Regiments in the Civil War.

Pages 868-884

Appendix I. Delegates to the Continental Congress, Senators and Repre- sentatives From Essex County, 1774-1913. Page 884

Index to History.

Page 1126

SPECIAL HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTIONS.

Rise and Growth of Manufactures. By James M. Reilly. Pages 887-930

Newark Banks and Banking. By W. M. Van Deusen. Pages 931-948

Church History. By Rev. Joseph F. Folsom. Pages 949-1016

Medical History. By William S. Disbrow, M. D. Pages 1017-1020

The Germans in Newark. By William von Katzler. Pages 1021-1125

Biographical Sketches.

VOLUME III.

Page 1 to finis

IX.

§

Trorewor6

N the writing of this history the aim has been to give y ~ in simple narrative all facts, both great and seemingly ^flf^T small, that tend to show how the Newark of the pres- ent day has been built up, generation by generation. Anything and everything that seemed to add life, light and color to the story, that was to be found and was authentic, has been made use of. A sincere effort has been made, also, to make the history attractive and interesting to those who, although they may care little for the reading of history, may wish to become familiar with the making of their own city from the day of its foundation as a hamlet, to the present. At the same time, the student of history has not been altogether forgotten, and a guide to further study is offered in constant reference to the authorities quoted, with information as to where and how other material may be obtained.

An excellent index has been supplied, being the work of Mr. William B. Morningstern of the staff of the Newark Free Public Library. The index is far more complete than those usually sup- plied in works of this character. The history is thus made readily accessible to students, and the pupils of Newark's schools, and all others who may feel drawn to gather the facts about one phase or another of Newark's history.

Much information is also given in the nine appendices. In the Chronological List of leading events in the city's history (Appendix A) is given a mass of information, much of which is not to be found in the main work, and is presented in the table for ready reference.

Liberal use has been made of the early newspapers, from which has been drawn a store of reliable information as it was set down almost at the very moment of the happenings. This will be found especially true in the chapters devoted to the War for Independence and in those that tell of the coming of Newark's industries immediately after that war.

A bibliography of the works consulted during the writing of

this history is not given here, but the authorities quoted are credited in the annotations or in the text itself. The New Jersey Archives, especially those given over to the early newspapers, have proven of (ho highest value, and arc herewith urgently recom- nu w\U\\ to educators ;>•> a most valuable source o( information for their pupils. Other works to which this history is especially indebted are: Gordon's History of New Jersey, Gordon's Gazeteer of New Jersey, Barber and Howe's Historical Collections of New Jersey, Shaw's History of Essex and Hudson Counties, and Joseph Atkinson's History of Newark.

The work would not have been possible without the New Jersey Historical Society Library, the Free Public Library, and the New York Historical Society. For the courtesies extended by these libraries the writer hereby returns his thanks. The material in these institutions has been made use of more or less constantly during the entire year and a half in which this history has been in preparation.

Grateful acknowledgment is made of the kindly and valuable assistance of Miss Maud E. Johnson, of the New Jersey Historical Society. Her thorough knowledge of the resources of the library as bearing upon the subject in hand has greatly facilitated the prep- aration of this work. Expression of the writer's indebtedness is also made to: Mr. Theodore Umbscheiden, of the Newark Municipal Library; Mr. William Nelson, of Paterson, New Jersey's foremost living historian; Mr. Henry P>. Kummel, New Jersey State Geolo- gist; Mr. Clarence E. Tobin, at one time secretary of the Newark City Nail Commission; Mr. Edward S. Rankin, engineer in charge of the Department of Sewers and Drainage of the Hoard of Street and Water Commissioners; Mr. James O. Smith, a veteran of the Thirteenth New Jersey Volunteer Infantry ; Mr. Frank Bergen, general counsel for the Public Service Corporation ; Mr. G. Wisner Thorne, Mr. Forrest B. Spaulding, Mr. William S. Hunt, Mr. Daniel E. Hervey, and to many others who have willingly responded to requests for information.

FRANK JOHN URQUHART.

September 21, 1913.

XII.

PUBLISHERS' NOTE.

The publishers desire to express their admiration of the excellent work accomplished by the various writers: Mr. Frank J. Urquhart, author of the historical narrative proper; Mr. James M. Keilly, of commercial and manu- facturing development; Mr. W. M. Van Deusen, of the chapter on financial institutions; Dr. William S. Disbrow, of the article on medicine; llev. Joseph F. Folsom, on church history; and Mr. William von Katzler, on the Herman element in the city of Newark. All are exhaustive, and the entire work will doubtless find recognition as a lirst authority on the subjects upon which it treats.

The biographical department has been prepared by our regular staff writers, and all possible pains have been taken to make it entirely reliable.

THE PUBLISHERS.

CHAPTER I. Prehistoric Newark

•

CHAPTER I. Prehistoric Newark.

IT required millions of years to prepare the territory we now call Newark for the habitation of modern man, and while this fact is quite as true of most other portions of the earth, the processes by which this region was made ready have striking characteristics of their own. The name "Newark group," for instance, is a term given by science upward of half a century ago to a certain kind of rock formation found in some other sections of the country, but nowhere more clearly and typically defined than here.

This rock was made in the third grand division of time since the very beginning of things, the Mesozoic, in the later Triassic and earlier Jurassic periods of that division. It was also the age of reptiles. This Newark stone is of three principal kinds : Trap rock, which in Mesozoic time was vomitted forth through fissures from beneath the slowly stiffening crust of the earth as lava, and to be seen in the remarkable formations on the Orange Mountains and elsewhere; shale, which was at the same period mud; and sand- stone, which was originally sand. The "Newark group," as State Geologist Henry B. Kummel has described it for this publication, consists of a great thickness of alternating red shale and sandstone with intercolated sheets of trap rock, which latter represent flows of lava from fissures during the deposition of muds and sands which now constitute the shales and sandstones. These rocks extend from the Hudson river, near Haverstraw, southward through New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland into Virginia. Other detached areas lie in Nova Scotia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Virginia and North Carolina.

"Ripple marks, mud cracks, raindrop impressions and foot- prints of reptiles at various horizons indicate that these beds of ehale and standstone were deposited by shallow waters, perhaps by broad shallow streams flowing across a wide plain bordering a lofty

HISTORY OF NEWARK

mountain range. Lakes of little depth or brackish water lagoons communicating with the ocean probably occurred here and there upon the plain."

It was upon this foundation then, fashioned during aeons of time, that the surface was to be built up through more ages, largely during the wonderful glacial epoch and by means of the many changes in level of the surface and the variations in temperatures from Arctic to tropical.

The glaciers, as is well known, brought down vast quantities of stone, earth, gravel and sand, the latter being ground from the rocks as they were forced against each other by the tremendous pressure of the ice around them. Much of this material was carried from points two and even three hundred miles to the northward. The whole glacial mass in New Jersey was from one-eighth to one- fifth of a mile deep.

The ice field, mighty sculptor that it was, wrought marvelous changes in its passage. It hewed and hacked, ploughed and gashed, tore and twisted, broke down and built up, until the whole surface of the earth was made over. It was rough treatment, but to it we owe the natural beauties of upper New Jersey today.

LAYING THE STATE'S FOUNDATIONS.

The rude work of this ice giant was ended when the glacier's edge reached Belvidere on the western boundary of the State, and Perth Amboy on the eastern border. Milder temperature forced it to release its grip; it began to melt. The invading ice field had almost reached the sea, for at that time more than one-third of New Jersey was under water. If you draw a line from Long Branch to Salem on the map, you will come close to describing the coast line as it was then.

As the gentle winds from the south softened the chilly breath of the ice field, great floods of water surged seaward. The chips and dust which this titanic sculptor of the land had made in passing and which it had long held tight, now dropped down. These counties were gradually freed from the ice : Sussex, Passaic, Bergen, Morris,

HISTORY OF NEWARK

Essex, Hudson, Union and the upper halves of Warren and Somer- set. All this district was given a new covering many feet deep of the soil and rock the ice field left, while great masses were washed down upon the rest of the State that was above the sea, and which we can describe as follows : The lower halves of Warren and Somer- set counties; very nearly all of Hunterdon, Middlesex, Mercer and Monmouth ; the upper thirds of Burlington and Camden, and small sections of two counties which were still beneath the sea, Gloucester nnd Salem. Ocean, Atlantic, Cumberland and Cape May counties were as yet a waste of waters. Presently, however, other gigantic forces within the earth came to the aid of those at work on the surface, and the submerged area appeared, the rivers and floods helping the uprising by bringing down great quantities of glacial drift and spreading it in every direction. The depth of the drift left in the vicinity of Newark varies exceedingly. "In the southern and eastern parts of the city," says Mr. Kummel, "in the meadows or in regions which were meadows before they were reclaimed, borings go 100 to 200 and 250 feet before reaching bed rock. In the western part of the city, however, where the land is higher, the rock is much nearer the surface. Common depths of the drift are 10, 15 and 20 feet." In every section of the city where cellars or trenches are being dug or other excavations made, one may see this glacial drift, beneath such soil as has been deposited over it by the natural process of erosion, gathered during the ages that have elapsed since the glaciers spent themselves.

i

THE PASSAIC AND WEEQUAIIIC.

The Passaic river, as well as the Delaware, had flowed seaward for centuries before the glacial epoch and the ice fields played quite as marvelous pranks with the waterways as with the land. The story of the ancient Passaic, as science has laid it before us, is briefly as follows: When the ice first came it stopped up the river above Paterson, near Little Falls, and for ages there was no river from that point down the present and former course. For a long time before the ice period this river had had two outlets to the sea,

HISTORY OF NEWARK

the one we now know, and the other through a gap in the Second Mountain, at Short Hills. After the ice, in its slow march south- ward, closed up the outlet at Little Falls, it dammed the gap at Short Hills. Then the upper Passaic Valley was drained only through an opening in the hills at Moggy Hollow, which is about eight miles north of Somerville. When the ice stopped the flow toward Paterson Falls, the drainage of the section of the upper valley still free from ice, accumulated in a lake, immediately in front of the advancing glacial mass. Thus the prehistoric Lake Passaic was formed. The lake was, so to speak, pushed ahead of the ice, and when the glacier had covered the whole valley, the lake was temporarily obliterated. When the ice began to melt, or as the scientists say, recede, the lake appeared again. It was at its maximum area just before the ice disappeared from the channel near Little Falls, for the Short Hills outlet was now permanently filled with the glacial drift and that at Moggy Hollow was too incon- siderable to carry off the waters to any appreciable degree. At this time the lake was about twenty miles long, from Little Falls to Moggy Hollow, and approximately nine miles wide, from Summit to the Morristown region.

Geologists have learned enough to know that the Passaic river which flowed through the Short Hills as described above, was a large and powerful stream. That it flowed through a comparatively wide and deep valley would also seem to have been proved. Did it flow through Newark? Its upper bank was certainly very close to the southern boundary of the present city. It reached the sea somewhere between Elizabeth and Newark, possibly at Waverly. It may be that little Weequahic creek, from which the present park derives its name, and which is largely responsible for the present lake there, is the venerable and mightily-reduced relic of the ancient river.

It was but an accident of Nature that the glacial drift did not permanently close the channel at Little Falls and not that at Short Hills. Had it happened this way, the Passaic would now be flowing along Newark's southern instead of its eastern border. What more

HISTORY OF NEWARK

striking and instructive manifestation of the changes worked out in those dim days of the earth's making-over could be found ?

Thus, by majestic stages, through spaces of time of so great duration that the mind can not comprehend their extent, was the Newark ground made ready for the final touches that were to render it habitable for the Indians, the immediate predecessors of the men who founded the city.

We know there was animal life on the site of Newark before and during portions of the glacial era. But prehistoric man, the primeval human, was he here? The Eskimo, some authorities believe, followed the glacial movement southward and retired when the great ice fields began to succumb to a warmer climate.

THEORIES AS TO PREHISTORIC MAN.

Traces of prehistoric man in divers sections of the earth are often found below the glacial deposit or drift, in rude implements which were not accidents of nature but must have been fashioned by human hands. Fragments of bone believed to be those of the mammoth, the musk-ox and the reindeer, have been found in the Delaware Valley, below the so-called Trenton gravels.1 Science still hesitates to admit that these relics prove the existence of prehistoric man along the Delaware ; in fact there have been animated con- troversies on this point during the last two decades or so. It may remain for the proof to be brought out in this section of the State, possibly somewhere in the Passaic Valley.

In recent years, we may say since the opening of the Twentieth century, a more general interest in the science of anthropology, archaeology and kindred branches has arisen. In our own State more determined and intelligent efforts than ever before are on

1 See Dr. C. C. Abbott's "Archaeologica Nova Caesarea."

"At the termination of the Newark mountain, at Springfield, and in many of the trap ranges, smoke and in some instances flame, issuing from the crevices of the rock, have been observed by the inhabitants; proceeding probably from carbonated hydrogen gas, indicating coal below. Animal and vegetable remains have been observed in this freestone. Near Dellvllle, a tooth, almost two inches in length, was discovered some years since, fifteen feet below the surface." Gordon's Gazeteer of New Jersey, 1834.

HISTORY OF NEWARK

foot to pry into the secrets of the State's very early past. The legislature of 1912 set aside a small sum to be devoted to archaeo- logical research under the direction of the State Geological Survey, with a view of locating the Indian villages of former times and to gather together all the relics of the savages that are to be found. If this search is continued it is possible that traces of prehistoric man may also be found. They may lie along the ancient pathways of the Passaic (on any one or all three of them), as well as along the Delaware, and in other sections of Essex county.2

3 Information in detail concerning the Geology of the Essex County region will be found in several of the publications of the New Jersey Geo- logical Survey, one of the most efficient bureaus in the State.

•

CHAPTER II. The Indians and the Dutch

CHAFrER II.

The Indians and the Dutch.

A HISTORY of Newark would be sadly incomplete without some account of the red man who, for unnumbered cen- turies before Columbus found the continent, abode on this soil and knew it for his own. He was the ancient owner, the first, unless prehistoric man had his brute-like existence hereabouts. The men who founded Newark received the territory direct from the Indian, causing him to retire gradually to more and more distant points with constantly reducing numbers until the savage was lost in oblivion. The story of his going hence is much the same as everywhere in the early settlement of the country, with this strik- ing and altogether pleasing difference; while elsewhere the ground was often wrested from him by force and by trickery, here, in Newark, as throughout all New Jersey, the Indian was paid the price he asked for every foot of the land.

There was no Indian village of any considerable size on Newark soil, at least not for several generations before the settlement. It was part of the domain of the Awkinges-awky, Ackinken-hackys or Hackensacks, a sub-tribe of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. The Hackensacks' headquarters were near the site of the present city of Hackensack, and the tribal boundaries were, roughly, Wee- quahic creek (the original boundary line afterwards fixed by the settlers between Newark and Elizabethtown) on the south; the Ramapo mountains on the north and west, with the Hudson and a part of Staten Island completing the confines. Below the Hacken- sacks were the Raritans and above them the Tappans. The whole State was dotted with tribal centres, like that near Hackensack, from which small groups composed of a few families moved hither and thither over the region set aside to their tribe, hunting, fishing, raising occasional crops of maize, corn, etc.

I

12 HISTORY OF NEWARK

OLD INDIAN HIGHWAYS.

When the Dutch trappers and traders, the first white men to really explore the region, fared out from New Amsterdam, and from the little settlement at Bergen, a decade or so after Hudson discovered the great river that bears his name, they found the country we now call New Jersey peopled with perhaps fifteen hun- dred Indians, living peacefully, each division and sub-division in its own section under a loose government which served well for all purposes of the aborigines. They welcomed the Dutchmen, piloted them up and down the streams, bartered their furs, showed them the way through the wilderness along the myriad paths which the feet of many generations of their people had worn deep, along the waterways through clefts in the hills, around all natural bar- riers, over meadows and beside