w_Ll') C)- w ..J =---= rT1 ë) - - U r--, tf) ::r = rT1 = = C() - c() - M :;; = = 0 LL._ (' = --= M - ...D iñ= ffi - M > Z ::>- rT1 f , ) \ t.( " I J \ I( \ f' , L ( L '\ ,.. ('3\ !) " 1 1 ' I -. . .., , \ , t fJ \ r , ) \ ..) l r '- - --... "", '" . .. '" . " " 'of , ., I. e . \:- I " , -\ ".;. ... " .. ,. --- , " ............ "- o. f . \ .. t, , \ l " ê- \- '\ ....... , - ø . ..---- ..- / \ "( . J \ '- I ' r- - " \. \.. 1\ e \ , . . - , . . . " , '0- - "" .' '-'" .. , , , 'v. .' ...... . ' .). - , , "- '\ ,. , ..,. , " .. .. \ ... \ 1 ". '- . '- .. ..J .... ........ . . .. \ "'- ..... , \ THE HIS 1.' 0 l{ Y OF TIlE l EBELLION, BY ED\V ARD EARL O}i'l CLARENDON. IN EIGHT '-OLUl\lES. . K - ", ,. 1 ' Tfi,(J.z E) Gæ.. HUCYD. l\'e qUldfalsi dicel C QUdcul, lle quid n:ri nOIl audcat. CICERO. THE HISTORY O}' THE REBELLION AND CIVIL WARS 1K ENGLAND, TO \\ HICH IS ADDED AN HISTORICAL VIE" OF THE AFI,'AIRS OF IRELAND, BY ED"rARD EARL OF CLARENDON. . A NE\V EDI'rlt)N, EXHlllITJNG A FAITHl"VL OLLATION OJ? THE ORIGINAL MS., 'VITH ALL THE SUIJPRESSED PASS -\GES; ALSO 1'HE UNPUBLISHED NOTES OF BI HOP '\ ARßURTON. . v () L. \1. . o Xli' 0 Ill), .AT TIlE CI..AllENDUN j>UES:;. ,-'1 JH'('CXX V I. THE HISTORY OF THE REBELLION, &c. BOOK XI. DEUT. xxix. 4. Even all rlatlo'ntv sltall say, JVherifore hath the Lord done · th'lts unto tllis land? wltat meanetlt tlte heat gf tit is great anger? LAM. ii. 7. Tlte Lord Itatlt cast qff Ids altar; lte ltath abhorred ,tis sanc- tuary; lte 'tatlt given 'lip into tlte hand W the enerny tlte walls gf his palaces; they have made a noise in the Itousc W tlte l.Ærd as in tlte day if a solemn fiast. . IF a universal discontent and murmuring of the BOOK three nations, and abnost as general a detestation XI. both of parliament and army, and a most passionate ] 648. d . h II h . L!. II " d d · h b The temper eSIre t at a t elr .10 les an ma ness IllIg t e of the na- L!. . . h k . II h h d k tion at this .10rgotten ]n restonng t e lUg to a t ey a ta en time. from hiln, and in settling that blessed government they had deprived themselves of, could have contri- buted to his majesty's recovery, never people ,vere better disposed to erect and repair again the build- YOL. VI. ß 1'\ II E I-I I S r r () R \YO BOOK ing they had so maliciously thrown and pulled down. Xl. In England there ,vas a general discontent amongst ] 648. all sorts of lnen; many officers and soldiers \vho had served the parliament fro1l1 the beginning of the war, and given too great testitnonies of their courage and fidelity to their party a, and 11ad been disbanded upon the new model, looked upon the present army with hatred b, as those ,vho reaped the harvest and reward of their labours, and spake of theln and against then1 in all places accordingly: the nobility and gentry who had advanced the credit and repu- tation of the parlialn nt by concurring \vith it against the king, found themselves totally neglected, and the n10st inferior people preferred to all places of trust and profit: the presbyterian ministers talked very loud; their party appeared to be very uu merous, and the expectation of an attelnpt fron1 Scotland, and the importunity and clamour fron1 Ireland, for supplies of men and n10ney against the Irish, who grew powerful, raised the courage of all discontented persons to meet and confer together, and all to in- veigh against the arn1Y, and the officers \vho C cor- The affairs rupted it. The parliament bore no reproach so con- :i a e cernedly, as that of "the want of supplies to Ire- 1o d Lis]e's "land and that havin g so g reat an arm y without being there. " . " an enemy, they \vould not spare any pa t of it to " preserve that kingdom." This argument made a ne,v ' armth in the house of commons, they who ha? been silent, and given over insisting upon the inso- lence and presull1ption of the arnlY, nrhich had pre- vailed, and crushed them, took no\v ne\v spirit, and pressed the relief of Ireland \vith great earnestness, a tu their party] Not.in lS. h ha.-red] contempt c who] who had OF 'rHE It Elf ELlA ION, s and in order thereunto Inade great inquisition into the expenses of the money, and how such vast sums received had been disbursed; ,vhich \\Tas a large field, and led them to many I'll en's doors upon whon1 they \vere willing to be revenged. There was a design this ,yay to get the presby- terians again into power, and that they nlight get the comlnand of an army for the subduing the rebels in Ireland. Cro1l1 "Tell had, for the quieting the cla- mours fron1 thence, got the lord Lisle, eldest son to the earl of Leicester, to be sent d under the title of lord lieutenant of that kingdom thither, with a com- mission for a Iilnited tÍll1e. e He had landed in l\1un- ster, either out of the jealousy they had of the lord I nchiquin, or because the best part of their army of English \vere under his C01111nand in that province. But that expedition gave the English no relief, nor weakened the po\ver or strength of the Irish, but rather increased their reputation by the faction and bitterness that was between the lieutenant and the president, \vho writ letters of cOlllplaint one against the other to the parliament, where they had both their parties which adhered to them. So that, the time of his commission being expired, and the con- trary party not suffering it to be renewed, the lord Lisle returned again into England, leaving the lord Inchiquin, ,vhom he 111eant to have destroyed, in the entire possession of the command, and in greater reputation than he ,vas before. And, in truth, he had preserved 1.oth \vith ,vonderful dexterity, ex- pecting every day the arrival of the nUlrquis of 01'- Inond, and every day infornling the parliament of HOOK XI. 1648. d to be sent] sent C! for a limited time.] for five or six mOllth . B2 4 'l"HE HISTORY II 0 0 K the ill condition he was in, and pressing for a supply XI. f d o men an money, when he knew they would send 1648. neither. \V:aller no- Upon the return of the lord Lisle the presby- mmated ge-. d h . d . d d . "t.. neral there, terlanS rene\Ve tell' eSlgn, an cause sir "V Il- : tco::, ed Ham \'VaIler to be nalned for deputy or lieutenant of well; who Ireland the rather ( over and above his merit and proposed ' , Lambert. the experience they had had of his service) because he could quickly draw together those officers and soldiers \v hich had served under hitn, and were now disbanded, and would willingly again engage under their old general. At the first, Cromwell did not oppose this motion, but consented to it, being very willing to be rid both of Waller, and all the officers who were willing to go with him, who he knew were not his friends, and watched an opportunity to be even with him. But when he saw 'ValleI' insist upon great supplies to carry with hhn, as he had reason to do, and \vhen he considered of \vhat con- sequence it might be to him and all his designs, if a well formed and disciplined army should be under the power of vValler, and such officers, he changed his Inind; and first set his instrulnents to cross such a supply of nlen and nloney, as he had proposed; "the one, as more than necessary for the service; " and the other, as Inore than they could spare from " their other occasions:" and when this check was put to 'V aller's engagement: he caused Lambert to be proposed for that expedition, a man who was then fast to the same interest he clnbraced, and who had gotten a great name in the army. He formalized so long upon this, that Ireland remained still unsup- plied, and their affairs there seemed to be in a very ill condition I OF THE REBELLION. 5 The Scots made so much noise of their purposes, BOOK XI. even before their commissioners left London, and gav such constant advertisements of the impatience 1648. of their countrymen to be in arms for the king, though they made no haste in providing for such an expedition, that both the presbyterians, ,vho \vere their chief correspondents, and the royal party, be- thought then1selves how they might be ready; the one, that they might redeein themselves from their foriner guilt, and the other, that they might not only have a good part in freeing the king from his ilnprisonment, but be able to preserve hin1 in liberty fron1 any presbyterian in1positions, \vhich they still apprehended the Scots n1ight endeavour to opposef, though they had no sU"spicion of the engagement lately n1entionedg' at the Isle of'Vight. ".fhe carl of Holland, who had done t\vice very The earl of . 1 . d b d 1 . h . HoJland notorIOUS y amISs, an a Jeen, SInce ]S return prepares to fron1 Oxford, notably despised by all persons of cre- ;;:: ; of dit in the parliament and the army, had a mind to Bucks and others, redeen1 his forn1er faults by a ne,v and thorough en- gagement. He had 111uch credit by descent and by alliance \vith the presbyterian party, and was privy to the undertakings of Scotland, and had constant intelligence of the advance that ,vas Inade there. His brother, the earl of 'Varwick, had undergone son1C mOI'tification with the rest, and had not that authority in the naval affairs as he had used to have, though he was the high admiral of England by or- dinance of parlialnent, and had done then1 extraor- dinary services. He did not restrain or endeavour to suppress the earl of Holland's discontents, but in- t oppose] impose g lately mentioned] Not in 11 S. B3 , 6 'rI-IE HI S"rOR Y lô48. flalned thein, and promised to join ,vith hinl, as many others of that gang of men did; resolving that the Scots should not do all that ,york, but that they ,,"ould have a share in the nlerit. The duke of Buckinghanl; and his brother, the lord Francis Vil- liers, ,vere newly returned from travel, and though both very young h , \vere strong and active Inen i , and being, in respect of their infancy, unengaged in the late ,val', and so unhurt by it, and cOIning now to the possession of large estates, ,vhich they thought they ,vere obliged to venture for the cro\vn upon the first opportunity, they fell easily into the friendship of the carl of I-Iolland, and ,vere ready to embark thenlselves in his ad\Tcnture. The earl had lnaùe tender of his resolutions to his old . nlistress the queen at Paris, \vho ,vas ahvays disposed to trust him, and the lord J ernlyn and he rene,ved their for- Dler friendship, the ,,"arlTIth whereof had never been ex tinguished. So k a conlmission ,vas sent frOlTI the prince to the carl to be general of an arlny, that ,vas to be raised for the redelnption of the king froll1 prison, and to restore the parliament to its freedonl. The earl of Peterborough, and John l\lordaunt his brother, the fanlily of the earl of N orthanlpton, and all the of- ficers ,vho had served the king in the ,val', ,,,ith which the city of London and aU parts of the king- dom abounded, applied thenlselves to the earl of Holland, and received con1111issions from hitl1 for se- veral commands. This engagelnent wàs so well kno,vn, and so ge- nerally spoken of, that they concluded that the par- nOOK XI. h vcry JOllIlg] under )cars i men] )oung men k So] And OF THE REBELLI()N. liament durst not take notice of it, or wished well to it. And there is no question, never undertaking of that nature 1 was carried on \yith so little reserva- tion; there was scarce a county in England, in which there ,vas not SOlnc association entered into to appear in arnlS for the king. 'rhey who had the principal conllnand in \Vales under the parliament, sent to Paris to declare, "that, if they might have " supply of arms and anlmunition, and a reasonable " sum m for the payment of their garrisons, they " \vould declare for the king, having the chief places " of those parts in their custody." "rhe lord Jermyn encouraged all those overtures with nlost positive undertaking, that they should be supplied \vith all they expected, within so Inany days after they should declare; which they depended upon, and he, according to his custom. never thought of after; by which the service miscarried, and many gallant men \vere lost. Crom,,-ell, to WhOßl all these machinations ,vere kno"' n, chose rather to run the hazard of all that such a loose combination could produce, than, by - seizing upon persons, to engage the parlianlent in ex- anlinations, and in parties; the inconvenience \vhere.. of he apprehended more; finding already that the presbyterian party had so great an influence upon the general, that he declared to hilll, " he \vould not ., march against the Scots," 'VhOlll he had a good nlind to have visited before their counsels and reso- lutions were formed; and Croml\Tçll had reason to believe, that Fairfax \vould he firnl to the saIne mind, even after they should have in varled the king- don). J (If t hat nature] of ul'h a nat lrc n4 tl1 slim] 11m of money 7 BOOK , XI. 1648. 8 '!'HE HIS"rOR Y BOOK All things being in this forwardness in England, XI. it is fit to inquire how the Scots cOlnplied \vith their 1648, obligations, and \vhat expedition they used in rais- fhe Scots' prepara- ing their arlny. After the commissioners' return : ;: i I;n fron1 London, upon the king's being Il1ade prisoner into Eng- in the Isle of'Vi g ht, it was lon g before the marquis land. of Argyle could be prevailed \vith to consent that a parliament should be called. He had made a fast friendship with Cromwell and Vane; and knew that in this ne\v stipulation with the king, the Hamil- tonian faction ,vas the great undertaker, and meant to have all the honour of \vhatsoever should follo\v. And yet nthe duke upon his return to Scotland lived at first very privately at his own house; seldom ,vent abroad to any meeting;n and to those who came to hin1, and to \vhom that resolution ,,,,"ouId be grateful, he used to speak darkly, and as a man that thought n10re of revenge upon those who had implisoned him, than of assisting the cro,vn to recover the au- thority it had lost. Argyle, whose power was over that violent party of the clergy which would not de- part from the most rigid clause in the covenant, and ,v ere \vithout any reverence for the king or his go- vernment o , discerned that he should never be able to hinder the calling of a parlian1ent, ,vhich the peo- ple generally called for, and that he should sooner obtain his end by puzzling their proceedings, and obstructing their determinations, after they should be assembled, than by obstinately opposing their coming together. So SUllUllons ,vere issued for the n the duke-meeting;] Thus in MS.: the duke lived very pri- vately at his own house, had never seen the king, nor went abroad to any meeting after his return to Seotland; o or his government] or the monarchical government OF THE REBELLION. 9 convention of a parliament; and they who appeared BOOK lllost concerned for the king, and to set him at li- XI. berty fron1 his imprisonn1ent, (,vhich was all they 1648. pretended,) \vere the earl of Lanrick, brother to duke Hamilton, and then restored to his office of secretary of Scotland, who had been imprisoned at Oxford, and 111ade his escape fron1 thence; and the earl of Lau- therdale, 'v ho had been ,vith the forwardest frol11 the beginning of the rebellion, when he ,vas scarce of age, and prosecuted it to the end with most emi- nent fierceness and anÌ1nosity. They were hoth men of great parts and industry, The cbarac- though they loved pleasures too; both prou d and ; n an- alnhitious; the fornler, ll1uch the civiller and better L d a 1 uther- a e. bred, of the better nature, and better judglnent, and an openness and clearness more to be trusted and relied upon than most Dlen of that partyP: the lat- ter, insolent, in1perious, flattering, and disselnbling, fitter for intrigues and contrivances by the want of the ingenuity which the other had, and by the ex- perience and practice he had in the comlnittee of both kingdoms in their darkest designs. 'l'he fornler 'vas a lnan of honour and courage; the latter had courage enough not to fail ,vhere it ,vas absolutely necessary, and no impediment of honour to restrain hhn from doing any thing that might gratify any of his passions. 'rhese t,vo ,vere the chief lTIanagers and contrivers to carryon this affair; for though the chancellor, the earl of Lowden, had been a commissioner in England, and as privy to the treaty with the king, and had tnade as many professions and protestations p that party] that nation 10 'l HE HIS'l'OltY BOOK of duty to hin1 as they, and indeed ,vas ,villing to XI. perlorm them, yet he ,vas so obnoxious for his loose ] 648. and vicious life, which ,vas notorious, that he durst not provoke Argyle or the clergy by dissenting fron1 theln. They used all the interest and skill they had, to get such elections in the boroughs of Inen1- bel's for the parliament as might conlply \yith thelll ; and the people generally ,vere exceedingly offended, and ashamed of the infamous delivery up of the king to the English, to ,vhich they imputed all the danger that threatened them, and the reproach and infamy that lay upon their country; and so had great prejudice to aU nlen ,vho "yere thought to he the cause of it. At the opening of the pariialllent, they did all they could to inflanle the people against the army The parJia- in England; which, they said, " had forced the par- ment met . in Scot- " llalnent there to break the treaty bet,veen the t",.o ]and' and . k o d . h . . 11 f h k o h their'de1i- -, lng on1s In t ell' I usage 0 t e lng, \\T 0 ,,"as berations. "imprisoned by the arnlY, nor ,vas it in the po,ver " of the parliament to set hinl at liberty: that they " had no\v, npon the nlatter, absolutely deposed hÍln, "hy not suffering him to perfornl the office of a " king, nor permitting any. of his subjects to repair "to hÍ1n; in ,vhich the kingdolll of Scotland \vas " concerned, in that being independent upon Eng- "land, and the parliament of England, they ,vere " by them deprived of their king, and could not be " adlnitted to .speak ,vith him, nor his luajesty to " send to them; ,vhich ".as such a presumption, and "violation of the la,v of nations, and such a perfi- " dious breach and contempt of the soleo1n league " and covenant, and of the treaty bet\veen the two " kingdonls, that they ,,-ere hound hy all the ob1iga... ()F 'rHE }tEBELLION. " tions hUlnan and divine to be sensible of it, and to " redeeol their king's liberty, and their o\vn honour, " \vith the hazard of their lives and fortunes and all " that \vas dear to them: and therefore they desired " that they olight enter upon those counsels, ,vhich " might soonest get an army together, \vhich should " no sooner enter England, but it would find a con- "junction from that \vhole kingdol11, except only " the arIllY; and that it would then quickly appear " that the parlianlents of both kingdools desired the " same thing, and to live happily under the govern- " ment of the same king." This discourse, urged and seconded by many of the principallllen, ,vas entertained by the rest \vith so general a reception, that Argyle found it ,vould he to no purpose directly to contradict or oppose it. lIe san r the election of the knights and burgesses had succeeded according to the ,vishes of the other lords q, and that they ,vould concur \vith \vhatsoever ,vas proposed; and he found like\vise that they had ,vrought upon the greatest part of their clergy; who helieved all they said to theI11. He did not therefore oppose any thing proposed hy thenl, but only de- sired, "that they \vould Y ry ,veIl \\ycigh the Olanner " of their 'proceeding in an affair of so great concern- " Inent, \vhich ,vas like to terolinate in a bloody \var "hetnreen the t\VO kingdoms; which had hitherto ' proceeded as brethren, and had both reaped great " benefit and ad,"antage from the conjunction: and " he hoped there ,vas no purpose to shake any of " those foundations nrhich had heen laid in the years "by-gon(' \\rhich supported that government, and q the wishes of the otlJcr lords] their wishes 11 BOOK XI. 1648. . l 'l'HE HIS'l OR y BOO K "made that kingdom happy; which if dissolved, all XI. " the mischief and tyranny they had formerly felt ] 648. "and undergone, would break in upon them ,vith a " torrent that should destroy them." Every body declared, " that there was no purpose to swerve, in "the least degree, from what was established for " the government in either kingdom, by their solemn "league and covenant, which they had in perfect " veneration, and looked upon it as an obligation "upon them to do all that had been proposed;" upon which Argyle acquiesced as sati:sfied, not doubting but that, in the prosecution of their coun- sels, he should find opportunity enough to obstruct the quick progress, and to interrupt the conclusion, and execution. Sir 1\1. The lords who had been in England, and fre- Langdale and sir P. quented Halnpton Court, ,vhilst the king was there, Musgrave t k h I h . } d d and others, 0 ma e t elllSe ves t e 11lore gracIouS, la treate tr.e t a l t tl all the king's party with all l11anner of caresses, and WI 1 uY Ie .. c ts, nd 1110re particularly had nluch applied thelnselves to InvIted mto Scotland; those gentlenlen of the north who had 11108t en1Ï- wh hff . tbey went. nently served the kIng, and who had good fortunes there to support their interest. Of this kind there were two very notable tHen, sir l\larmaduke Lang- dale, and sir Philip l\lusgrave; both Jnen of large and plentiful estates, the one in Yorkshire, the other in Cumberland and "T estllloreland; ,vho having been in the time of peace elllinent in their country in the offices of justices of peace, and deputy lieu- tenants, had, in the beginning of the ,var, engaged thel11selves in COlllmands in the king's army with great reputation of stout, diligent, and active offi- cers; and continued to the end, and had not after applied themselves to make any composition, but OF THE ItEBELLION. expected a new opportunity to appear with their swords in their hands. They were both looked upon by the parlianlent, and the chief officers of the army, with great r jealousy, as men worthy to be feared s, and who could never be induced to com- ply with them. The Scottish lords had not been scrupulous to let these two gentlelnen kno"r what they intended, and "that they made no question " but they should engage their ,vhole kingdom and "nation to enter into a present ,val' with England u on the king's behalf; and therefore desired them, ., by the interest and influence they had upon the "northern counties, to dispose then1 to a conjunc- " tion ,vith thenl." And because they knew that they two were too notorious to stay with any secu- rity about London, much less in their own country, they invited them into Scotland, where they assured them, " they should not only be safe, but very ,vel- " come; and should be witnesses of their proceed- " ings, and have parts of their own to act in, as " soon as the season should be ripe." These gentleillen, though they had been hitherto unhurt, and, whilst the army n1ade those professions towards the king, had been Inuch courted by the chief officers thereof, and had been quartered \\Tith them as friends, kne\v ,veIl, no\v the mask ,vas off, that if they did not immediately apply themselves to make their compositions, they should be appre- hended, and Í1nprisoned. And therefore, being per- suaded t that the Scots would engage for the king, they accepted their invitation, and told them, " they r great] most $ feared] apprehended t persuaded] confident 13 BOOK XI. 1"648. BOOK XI. ] 648. ]4 rr H] II I S rr () It Y "should quickly find thenl in Scotland after their " O\VI1 return." Accordingly, after having secretly spent - some thne in their O\Yl1 countries v, and di- rected their friends to be in a readiness \v hen they should be called upon, and in the Inean time settled a ,yay how to corresIJond together, they went into Scotland to those \v ho had invited thenl, and ,verc received by then1 \vith civility enough. They owned such a \variness, in respect of the jealousies aUlongst themselves, and the ill arts of Argyle, that they de- sired then1 "for SOlne tilne to \vithdraw to some "place," (\vhich they recolnmended to then1,) " and "there to remain in secret, and under feigned "nalnes, until the calling of the parlianlent; at " which tÏlne they Inight COlne to Edinburgh, and " appear in their own likeness with all freedoln." So after having relnained in that private Inanner, w here they ,vere \vell treated for sonle lllonths, when the parlian1ent \\raS asselnbled at Edinburgh, they returned thither; and were very \\Tell looked upon by all that kne\v thelll; \vhich made them be- have thelnselves \vith the nlore freedom and confi- -dence in their conversation, the forementioned lords telling theln all they lneant to do, and what arts they were to use till they could get their army up, to- wards which they believed they had mastered the greatest difficulties. Though the Scottish commissioners had with- drawn fronl London, shortly after they had pro- tested loudly against the proceedings of the parlia- lnent, both in Ïlnprisoning the king, and in refusing to give them leave to repair to hinl, or to receive \" countries) l'ounties 011' 'r I-LE REBf:I.l. I O . 15 fro111 him any directions or orders concerning the BOO h. government of that kingdom, and thought it high XI. time to provide for their own security by quitting 1648. their station at London, \vhere they received every day affronts, and their persons were exposed to con- tempt; yet there were no sooner preparations to... ,yards a parlialnent in Scotland, than con1rnissioners Commis- sioners sent were sent frolll the lords and comn1ons at 'Vest- from the o . d Ed . b h O f h h d iwobouses mlnstel to reSl e at In urg , as] t ey ope to into Scot- over-vote thelTI there too; and it was' evident Jand. quickly that they were not without a strong or at least an active party there. They were received ,vith the same show of respect, and the same care was taken for their accomn1odation, as had been ,vhen they first came for contriving of the covenant; not only the nlarquis of Argyle, and his party, very diligently visited thenl, and perfornled all offices of . respect towards theÌ11, but even the Halniltonian faction, and they .who were nlost solicitous to raise the ,val', attended them as officiously as others, and made the same professions to preserve the peace and amity between the t,vo nations. That rigid party of the clergy which so adored the covenant in the strictest sense of the letter, that they did not desire to have any IDore dependence upon the king, but in effect u to láy hin1 aside, and to settle the government \vithout hiln, as their bre- thren in E gland had resolved to do, were never from thenl, and ,,,illingly received such presents and pensions frolll the English cOlnn1issioners, as they \yere prepared and provided to offer to them; and much money was given to make thenl fast friends. \I in f'ftè('t] No! ill. JI...... BOOK" XI. 1648. 16 THE HISTORY By this means nothing was resolved, or proposed in the most secret councils, that \vas not forthwith imparted, and ll1ade kno\vn to them; and they be- haved themselves as haughtily and imperiously, as if they had their army at hand to second then1. They took notice of the resort of so 111 any English x to Edinburgh, and that there were many amongst them who had been in arms against the parliament, and demanded, "that they 111ight either be banished " that kingdon1, or delivered to them to be sent to " the parlialllent." They were so clamorous in this argument, and found so much countenance to their clalllour, that they who had invited the English thither, had not the courage to o\vn them; but advised them un- derhand, " to absent themselves from the town, till " that storm should be over." And even sir 1\1a1'- maduke Langdale, and sir Philip Musgrave, whom, over and above all the discourses held \vith them at London, the Scottish lords had sent to confer \vith as they passed through the northern parts home- wards, and had then conferred with them, and de- sired them " to prepare all things with their friends "for the surprisal of Ber\vick and Carlisl , when "the season shou]d be ripe; and that they would "hasten their journey into Scotland, that they , might be out of danger of imprisonment;" even these men were desired, " either to withdraw again " from Edinburgh, or to keep their cham hers there, , and not to be seen abroad, until their army should " be raised, and such a general made choice of as " would take care of their protection." And they x English] Not in flf8. OF THE REBELLION. did not conceal froB1 theIn, that they luade no doubt but that duke Ha01ilton should be that gene- ral; ,vho often conferred with them in private, and always assured them, "that \vhatever \vas, in that "place and season, discoursed of the covenant, " which was very necessary to bring their designs to " pass, he should be no sooner invested in the com- " mand his friends designed for him, than he \vould "manifest his resolution to join with the king's " party, upon the true interest of the crown, with- " out which he would Y hope for little success in 'f. England:" and he desired them, "though they " saw little appearance yet of raising an army, which "wouJd be as soon finished as begun, by the Ine- " thod they were accustol11ed to use, that they would " write very earnestly to their friends in England to " begin, as soon as Inight be, to execute the designs " they had laid in as many parts of the kingdon1 as " they could, upon confidence that they should re- " ceive relief before they could be oppressed." To the same purpose they writ to the queen, and de- sired" that the prince might be in a readiness to be " ,vith them against the time their ar01Y should be " ready to Inarch; which, they assured her, should " be by the beginning of 1\1ay." All which several advertisements, being cOlnmunicated in England, found a people too ready to give credit to \vhat was prolnised, and to begin the work sooner than they ought to have done; and yet they were hastened by such accidents, as, in truth, made tJleir appearance even necessary. The king, whilst he ,vas at I-J ampton Court, YOL.VI. } would] ,could c 17 HOOI\. XI. I (j48. 18 'l"HE HIS TOllY BOOK when he foresaw that the army ,, ould not cOlnply Xl. with hiIll, as he once believed, and resolved to get 1648. thetllselves Z out of their hands, had, as is Inentioned before, directed the duke of York, who \vas of years to be trusted with the secret, " that, when a fit op- ,,, portunity should be offered, he should nlake his " escape into the parts beyond the seas, and follo\v "the directions of his mother:" and about this time, \vhen so much action was expected, which probably might produce many alterations, his ma- jesty, in all places, found some way to advertise the duke, "that it would be a very proper season for " hinl to luake his escape." The person who was intrusted to contrive it was colonel Barnfield, a man of an active and insinuating nature, and dexterous enough in bringing any thing to pass that he had the luanaging of hinlself. He had now no relation to the king's service; he had served the king in the late war ar; a colonel of foot, and had not behaved himself so well in it, as to draw any suspicion upon himself from the other party, and \vas in truth much more conversant with the presbyterian party than with the king's. So that his repair often to the place where the duke of York and the other chil- dren were, drew nothing of suspicion upon him. The escape The duke and his brother and sister \vere then of the duke . of York be- kept at St. James's, where they had the lIberty of the r : garden and park to walk and exercise themselves in, James's. and lords, and ladies, and other persons of condi- tion, were not restrained from resorting thither to visit them In this Inanner Barnfield had been sOlnetinles there; and after he had infornled the z themselves] h imsel f OF THE ItEBELLION. duke \vhat he ,vas to d0 9 and found one or t,vo Ulore to be trusted het\veen theIn, that he might not hecolne suspected by being- ohserved to speak too often with hiln, he provided a sOlall vessel to be ready about the custo111-house, and to have its pass for Holland, and then advertised the duke to he ready in the close of an evening, ,vhen playing, as he used to do, with the other children, in a 1'00111 from \vhence there ,vas a pair of stairs to the gar- den, he Inight, untaken notice of, get thither; frool ,vhence there \vas a door into the park; ,vhere Banl- field would meet him. And this was so well ad- justed, that the duke caine at the hour to the place; where the other Inet hiIn, and led hitn presently ,vhere a coach was ready, and so carried hiIn into a private house; \vhere he only stayed whilst he put on women's apparel, that was provided for him; and presently, with colonel Barnfield only, went into a pair of oars that was ready; so he passed the bridge, and went on board the vessel that was ready to re- ceive him; which inllnediately hoisted sail, and ar- rived safe in Holland, without any man of the ship having the least inlagination what freight they carried. The duke, as soon as he was on shore, and in a lodging, resolving no longer to use his woman's ha- hit, stayed there till he advertised his sister, the princess royal of Orange, of his arrival; who quickly took care to provide all such things as were neces- sary for his renlove to the Hague; frotH whence the qu cn \vas i.nformed, and so kne\v as soon alnlost "There he was, as she did of his escape frOll1 Lon- don. The prince ,vas not yet ready for his rel11ove, nor was it resolved which way he should go; so c2 19 BOOK XI. ) ô 18. HOOK XI. I G 1 S. Sir John Berkley maùe his highnt'ss's governor in the ab- sence of tbe lord Byron. QO "rHE HIS1. ORY that it ,vas thought best that the duke should, for the present, stay at the Hague with his sister, till farther resolutions luight be taken; and though the service which Balufield had performed was very ,yen esteelned, yet they thought the making hÜn a grooln of his bedchamber would be an ample re- compense, and that it ,vas necessary to put a peI'son of a better quality about his highness, who might have a superior comnland over the other servants; and because the lord Byron, who had been Inade governor of the duke of York by the king, was then in England, secretly attending the conjuncture to appear in arlllS in a quarter assigned to him, sir John Berkley was sent by the queen to wait upon the duke, as governor in the absence of the lord Byron, which Balllfield looked upon as a degrada- tion, and bringing the man he hated of allluen liv- ing, to have the command over hinl. The lord Capel, who was in the lTIOSt secret part of all these intrigues in England, being entirely trusted by those who would not trust any of the presbyterians, nor communicate their purposes to them, had written to the chancellor of the ex- chequer, who renlained still in Jersey, the hopes he had of a good conjuncture, and his own resolution to embark himself in that attenlpt, as soon as it should be ripe; and had signified the king's command to hinl, " that as soon as the chancellor should be re- " quired to \vait upon the prince, he should without " delay obey the SUffilnons:" and the king had like- ,vise writ to the queen very positively, " that when "it should be necessary for the prince to remove " out of France, the chanceIlor should have notice " of it, and be required to give his attendance upon OF THE REBELLION. 21 " the person of his royal highness, in the condition BOO K " he had formerly done a." About the beginning of XI. l\lay, in the year 1648, the lord Capel, who had al- 16--18. ways corresponded \vith the chancellor, and in- formed him of the state of affairs, and all that con- cerned hitnself, \vrit to him, " that all things ,vere " now so ripe, that he believed the prince would not " find it fit to renlaiu longer in France; and there- " upon conjured hinl that he \vould be ready, if he " should be sent for, as he ,vas confident he ,vould " be, to attend upon his highness;" ,vhich, he said, all the king's friends expected he should do; and which he was resolved to do as soon as the prince should be out of France, though he should receive no order or invitation so to do. About the middle of 1\1ay, the queen, according'fhe chan- I . ., d h h 11 f celJor of the to us InaJesty s cornman , sent to t e c ance or 0 exchequer the exche q uer to Jersev cOIDlnandin g "that he sent f r to 01 , , the pnnce '" would \vait upon the prince in the Louvre at Pa- from Jer- sey. " ris," upon a day that was past before the letter canle to his hands. But he no sooner received the ummons, than he betook himself to the journey, and to transport hinlself into N ornlandy; where, after he was landed, he made what haste he could to Caen, supposing hp should there find secretary Nicholas, ,vho had given him notice, "that he had " received the same comn1and." 'Vhcn he caIne to Caen, he found the secrctary.s lady there, but hiIn- self \\ as gone to Rouen, to the lord Cottington, and intended to stay there till the other should ardvc, and to consult together there upon their farther t formcdy done] Origiually taillin any prejudice agaillst added in MS. not without ome him. blaming the qucen {<}l' cnter- c3 00 rwnJ 1. HE HIS"rORY HOOK J ourne y . 'rhe old earl of Bristol, \vho had lived Xl. like\vise at Caen, \vas gone with the secretary to 1648. Rouen, having likewise received the ;5anle sunl1llons \vith the others to attend the prince at the Louvre. The chancellor hastened to Rouen, where he found the lord Cottington, who had still the title band precedency of lord high treasurer of England, the earl of Bristol, and secretary Nicholas, who were all his very good friends, and very glad of his arrivaJ. They had received advertisenlent, the day before, " that the prince, with all his snlall train, was passed " by towards Calais;" and direction was sent, " thai " the chancellor, whonl they supposed to be on the " way, and the rest, should stay at Rouen, till they " should receive new orders from Calais, where his "royal highness ,vould take new nleasures what " he was to do." So they stayed together at Rouen, where there \vere at the same time very many Eng- lish of quality in their own condition, who were driven out of England, as well as they, for their fi- delity to the king, and had brought sonlewhat with thenl for their support abroad, till they might upon sonle good change return to their own country. In the Inean tinle they lived very decently together in that city; where they were well esteemed. The way between Rouen and Calais was so dangerous without a very strong convoy, that no day passed without robberies and nlurders, so that they were glad of their order not to stir froln thence, till they should receive a vel'y particular direction from the prince; and within few days they received advice, The p.rincl' " that the prince had, as soon as he came to Calais, went mto b title] office OF THE REBELLION. Q3 ." put himself on board a ship that he found there BOOK " bound for Holland, whence they were to hear from XI. "him, how they should dispose of themselves." ] 648. Holland "Thereupon they alJ resolved to remove fron1 Rouen from alais, to Dieppe, fron1 whence they n1ight embark them- selves for Holland if they sa\v cause; the ways by land, in regard that both the French and the Spa- nish armies were in the field, being very danger- ous. c The prince's l"emove from Paris on such a sudden, The revolt . . of part of 'proceeded fron1 an accIdent In England that was the fleet to d . d I k d l . k 11 fj the king very extraor Inary, an 00 e I e a ca 1'0111 from Rains- Heaven. 'rhe parlialnent aLout this tilne d had pre- borough. I)ared, according to custom, a good fleet of ten or a dozen ships for the SUlnn1cr guard, and appointed Rainsbol'ough to be admiral thereof; \v ho had been bred at se , and was the son of an eminent con1- Dlander at sea, lately dead; but he himself, from the tiIne of the new model, had been an officer of foot in the army, and was a colonel of special note and account, and of Cronlwell's chief confidents. This e offended the earl of 'Varwick much, and disposed him to that inclination to concur with his brother lately Inentioned. f Captain g Batten likewise h was as much un:satisfied, who had acted a great part i in the first alienating the fleet and the affections of c dangerous.] J.U8. adds " The night beiore they were to leave Houen, the secretary received uoticc by an express from Cacn, that his wife was at the point of death, whereupon he was obliged to return tu Caen, and the lord Cottington, the earl of nristol, and the chancellor set forward next day for Dieppe. d about this time] Not in JUS. e This] \Vhich f that inclination to concur with his brother lately nlen- tioned.] concurrence with his brother. g Captain] And captain h likewise] Nul in MS. i a great part] so great a part C 4 Q-J:. 'rHE HI TORY I 648. the seamen froin the king, and had ever ueen their vice-admiral afterwards, and one of the persons k upon whom they principally relied at sea. Rains- borough, as long as he relnained in the navy, had been under his command, and both the earl and Batten 1 well knew that this Inan was now lllade ad- Iniral of this fleet, because they, being presbyterians, hould have no credit or influence upon it; ,vhich made them solicitous enough that the seamen should not he well pleased with the alteration; and they looked upon Rainshorough as a man that had for- saken them, and preferred the land before the sea service. The seamen are in a 111anner III a nation by thelTIselves, a humorous, bl'ave, and sturdy peol)le; fierce n, and resolute in whatsoever they 0 are in- clined to, somewhat P unsteady and inconstant in pursuing it, and jealous of those to-morrow by Wh001 they are governed to-day. These lnen, observing the general discontent of the people, and that, how- ever the parliament ,vas obeyed by the power of the arll1Y, both army and parliament were grO\VIl very odious to the nation q, and hearing so much dis- eourse of an army from Scotland ready to enter into the kingdon1, concluded r that the king would be restored; and then remenlbering that the revolt of the fleet ,vas the prealnble to the loss of his ma- jesty's authority every where else, and a great cause S of all his Inisfortunes, thought t it ,vould be a gIori- I:HHJ XI. k and one of the persons] ..tnr1 the person I Batten] he m in a InannerJ Not in JJJS. n it humorous, brave, and stunly people; fierce] a hu- luorOliS and fitntastic people, fierce and rude () t hey] they resol ve or _ P somewhat] Not in Jl:S. q the nation] them r concluded] they concluded S a great cause] the cause t thought] imagined Ol ' "l"HE REBELLION. 5 uus thing to thenl, if they could lead the way to his BOO K majesty's restoration by their declaring for him. This XI. ,vas an agitation anlong the COlnlllon seampn, with- 1648. out communicating it to any officer of the quality of Inaster of a ship. This inclination was much Îln- proved in them by a general disposition in Kent to an insurrection for the king, and by SOllle gentle- men's coming on board the ships, according to the custom of that country; who fOlllented the good dis- position in the sealnen by all the ways they could. At this very time there appeared generally C:omu o- · d . d ffi . bons III throughout Kent the sanle In Igeste a ectlon to Kent for the king, and inclination to serve him, as was the king. among the seamen, and was conducted with much less order and caution, neither the one nor the other having been designed by those who took care of the king's affairs, and who designed those insurrections which happened in other parts of the kingdom.. They knew nothing, that is, contributed nothing to this good disposition in the seanlen 11, though they were not without some hope, that, upon all x other revolutions, son1e\vhat might likewise fall out at sea to the advantage of the king's affairs. They had SOlnc expectation indeed from Kent, where they knew the people \vere generally well affected, aud depended upon two or three gentlemen of that coun- try, who had been officers in the king's army, and rcsolved to bring in some troops of horse, when oc- casion should be ripe; hut it was resolved and in- tended y that thc Scottish army should he entered the kingdom, hy which the parliament arnlY would 1\ good disposition in the sea- men] distemper among the sea- men '!{ all] Not in US. 'f and intended] Not Ùt US. 2{; rIIE HISTORY 1648. be upon their nlarch towards them, before they would have any appearance of force in the parts near London; and then they believed that both country and city ", ould rise together. And so those gelltlenlen of Kent, ", ho "' ere privy to any design, lay privately in London to avoid all cabals in their country; so that \vhat now fell out there, was by Inere chance and accident, that could never be fore- seen, or prevented. 'rhere happened to be at some jovial meeting in Kent about that tinle, one 1\11'. L'Estrange, a younger hrother of a good falnily in Norfolk, who had been al ways of the king's party, and for attempting some- what in his own country for his majesty's service, had been taken prisoner by the parliament, and by a court of war condemned to die, hut being kept in prison till the end of the war, was then set at li- herty, as one in whonl there was no more danger. But he retained his old affections, and more remem- bered the cruel usage he had received,' than that they had not proceeded as cruelly with hÏ1n as they luight have done. He had a great friendship with a young gentleulan, 1\11'. Hales, who lived in Kent, and was married to a lady of a noble birth and for- tune, he being heir to one of the greatest fortunes of that country, but was to expect the inheritance from the favour of an old severe grandfather, ,vho for the present kept the young couple from running into any excess; the mother of the lady being of as sour and strict a nature as the grandfather, and both of them so much of the parlianlent party, that they were not willing any part of their estates should be hazarded for the king. At the house of this 1\11'. Hales, 1\11'. L'Estrange was, when, by the communi... ]J 0 0 K XI. OF THE ItEBELLION. 7 catîon ,vhich that part of Kent z always hath with the ships which lie in the Do\vns, the report first did arise that the fleet would presently declare for the king, and those sealnen ,vho can1e on shore talked as if the city of London would join \vith them. This drew many gentlemen of the country ,vho wished well, to visit the ships, and they re- turned Inore confirlned of the truth of "'That they had heard. Good-fellowship ,vas a vice spread every where a, and this young great heir, who had been always hred among his neighbours, affected that which they were best pleased with, and so his house was a rendezvous for those who delighted in that exercise, and who every day brought him the ne\vs of the good inclinations in the fleet for the king; and all men's mouths were full of the general hatred the whole kingdonl had against the parliament as well as the army. Mr. L'Estrange was a man of a good wit, and a fancy very luxuriant, and of an en- terprising nature. He observed, by the good com- pany that canle to the house, that the affections of all that large and populous country were for the king. H begun to tell 1\11'. Hales, "that though "his grandfather did in his heart wish the king " well, yet his carriage had been such in his con- "junction with the parliament, that he had n10re " need of the king's favour than of his grandfather's " to be heir to that great estate; and that certainly " nothing could be In ore acceptable to his grand- ,- father, or 1110re glorious to him, than to be the " instrulnent of both;" and therefore advised hÎ1n BOOK XI. 1648. Z which that part of Kent] which that country a spread every where] gene- rally spread over that country R 1 HE HIS'rORY I 64 . " to put himself into the head of his 'O'Vll country, " \vhich would be willing to be led by hiln; that "'v hen the Scots were entered into the northern " parts, and all the kingdom should be in arlTIS, he " might, \vith the body of his countrymen, march " towards London; which would induce both the " city and the parliament to join \vith him, whereby " he should have great share in the honour of re- " storing the king." The company that frequented the house thought the discourse very reasonable, and saw that the issue nlust be very honou able: the young lady of the house was full of zeal for the king, and ,vas willing he.r husband should be the instrulllent of his deli- very: the young gentleman himself had not been enough conversant in the affairs of the world to ap- prehend the danger or hazard of the attelTIpt, and so referred hin1self and the ,vhole business to be go- verned and conducted by J.\rlr. L'Estrange, ,vhonl they all believed by his discourse to be an able sol- dier. He writ some letters to particular gentlenlen, ,vho he \vas informed would receive them \villingly, and signed warrants to the constables of hundreds with his own name, which had been never heard of in the country, requiring, "in his majesty's name, "all persons to appear, at a time and place ap- " pointed, to advise together, and to lay hold on "such opportunities, as should be offered for re- " lieving the king and delivering him out of prison." There ,vas an incredible appearance of the country at the place appointed, \vhere Mr. L'Estrangc ap- peared \vith Mr. Hales, and those persons which had been used to their company. IVlr. L'Estrange spoke to theln in a style very nluch his own; and HOOK XI. OF 1."HE REßELl IO . 29 heing not very clear to be unùerstooù, the Inore pre- vailed over then1. He spake like a nlan in autho- rity, inveighed against "the tyranny of the arnlY, " \vhich had subdued the parliament, against their " barbarous in1prisonnlent of the king, and against " a conspiracy they had to 111urder hin1." He added, " that the affections of that noble country were ,veIl " known to his majesty, and that he had therefore " appointed the fleet that was in the Downs to join "with them; and that he douhted not but they " would together be too strong for his enemies, who " were like to have enough to do to defend then1- " selves in l11any other places; and that his majesty " was willing they should have a gentleman of their " own country, ,veIl kI)own to them, to be their ge- " neral;" and named Mr. Hales; ,vho was present. There was not one man ,vho so much as asked for any letter or comlnission, or other authority frOlTI the king; but all of them, very frankly and unani- Inously, declared" they would be ready to join, and " march as their general Hales should direct;" and so another day and place was appointed for another appearance, and listing and forllling their regilnents; and in the mean time Mr. L'Estrange set out uch declarations and engagements, as he thought n10st like to prevail with the people, and required, " that " they should be read in all churches;" which was done accordingly. The next appearance was greater than the former; and with the same forwardness h, lllany coming armed both horse and foot, and shew- ing a Inarvellous alacrity to the engagclnent. Their general then gave out his cornulissions for several ßOOh. X. I ô48. 1> forwardness] eourage so THE HIS'l"ORY 1648. reginlents, and a ne\v day ,vas appointed for their rendezvous, when all should COlne arnled, and keep together in a body, until it should be fit to march to London. It was known that the fleet was gone out of the Do\vns, but it was as ,veIl kno\vn that it had abso- lutely renounced the service of the parliament, and rejectcd all their officers. It was easy to persuad the people, that they were gone upon sonle impor- tant enterprise, and would speedily return; and it ,vas insinuated "that it was gone to the Isle of " 'Vight to release the king, who would return with " it into Kent;" which Dlade them hasten their pre- parations. At the time when the king made the earl of N orthunlberland admiral, he declared, and it was inserted in his comnlission, "that he should enjoy "that office during the minority of the duke of " York;" and the duke having nlade his escape at this time, when there ,vas this comlTIotion amongst the seamen, it was no sooner kno\vn that his high- ness ,vas in Hol1and, but the seamen talked aloud, "that they would go to their admiral;" and the gentlenlen of Kent stirring. thenl up and inflanling them to that resolution, and the SealTIen again press- ing the gentlemen to hasten their rising in arms, that they lTIight assist and second each other, they both declared thenlsel ves sooner than they ought to have done, and before they were prepared for an en- terprise of that inlportance. The parlialnent was wen infornled of the dis- temper alnongst the seamen, and had therefore for- horne putting the half of the provisions aboard the ships, ,vhich, for the greatest part, lay ready in the BOOK XI. OF rrHE ItEBEI LION. 31 Downs, wanting only half the victual they were to BOO h. have for the sunlmer service. But those officers XI. which were on board, finding they had no au- 1648. thority, and that the seanlen mocked and laughed at them, sent every day to infornl the parliament, what nlutinous humour the whole fleet was in. 'Vhereupon they sent Rainsborough and some other officers thither; presuming that the presence of the adnliral would quickly quiet all. He, heing a man of a rough imperious nature, as soon as he caI11e on board his ship, begun to make a strict inquiry into the former disorders and nlutinous behaviour, upon ,vhich all the men of his ship retired into their old fortress of one and all, and presently laid hold on Rains- . d · d I ffi f · borough hUll, an put hIm, an suc 1 other 0 cers 0 the shIp and some h I . k d . h b d h other oHi- as t ey I e not, Into t e oat, an sent t em on cers put on shore. 'Vhich ,vas no sooner known to the rest of shore hy t he sca- the ships, but they follo,ved their example, and used men. their officers in the sanle manner. After they had for SOlne days been feasted and caressed by the peo- ple of Kent, some of the gentlemen putting them- selves on board to join ,vith thenl, and in order to assist them towards providing such necessaries as were wanting, they ,vent out of the Do\vns, and stood for Holland, that they might find their admi- The re- I d I Ii h . b L!. . ,'olted ships ra ; an et la t ell" anchors elore the BrIll. 'Vhat wt'nt O\'t'l" was done by the gentlemen of Kent on shore, and to Holland. the success thereof, ,,,ill be related hereafter. This so very seasonable revolt of the fleet, in a conjuncture when so nlany advantages ,vere ex- pected, was looked upon as a sure Olnen of the de- liverance of the king. And the report that the ships were before Calais, as if they had expected sOlnebody there, which ,vas true, for SOl1le titne, was 3 TI-IE HIS".fORY ß 0 0 K the reason that it was thought fit that the prince XI. (who had hitherto thought of nothing but being sent 1648. for by the Scots, and ho\v to find himself with theln) should make all possible haste to Calais. This was the cause of that his sudden nlotion, which was yet retarded for want of nloney, and all other things ne- cessary for his journey. The cardinal shewed no manner of favouring all these appearances of advan- tage to the king; he gave less countenance to Scot- land, than he had ever done when it was in rebel- lion against the king; and, notwithstanding all his , , promises with reference to Ireland, the marquis of Ormond renlained still at Paris, without obtaining arms or nloney in any proportion, (both \v hich had been promised so liberally,) and was, after all Í1n- The mar- portunities, compelled to transport himself into Ire- ;fg ;; land (where he was so inlportunately called for) O F t of . t without an y nlanner of su pp lies, which were ex- ranee III 0 Ireland. pected. And now, when the remove of the princp was so behoveful, the cardinal utterly refused tû furnish him with any money; all which discounte- nances were shortly after remenlbered to Cromwell, as high merit. The prince's remove was by every body thought so necessary, that the lord J errnyn, as was pretended, found means to borrow so nluch nloney as was ne- cessary for the journey; which the king paid long after with full interest. Dr. Goffe, a man well known in that time, as the chief agent and confident of nlY lord Jermyn, was presently sent into Holland, to dispose thp seamen to be willing to receive the lord Jermyn to cOlnmand the fleet. So solicitous that noblenlan was to be in the head of any action that was like to prosper, ho\v unfit sopver he ,vas for it; OF THE REBELI IO . 33 having neither industry, nor kno,vledge of any thing BOOK of the sea, and being less beloved by the seamen XI. than any man that could be nained. The prince 1648. Inade what haste he could to Calais, attended by prince Rupert, the lord Hopton, and the lord Cole- pepper, and some other gentlelnen, besides his o\vn domestics; and finding one of the English frigates before Calais, and understanding that the duke of York was gone frolll the Hague to Helvoetsluys, and had put himself on hoard the fleet there, his highness presently embarked, and l11ade the 1110re haste lest his brother should be in action before hinl, and was received at the fleet with all those acclama-The prince tions and noises of joy, \vhich that people are accus- c:i : t. tomed to; they having expressed as much sonle days before, at the arrival of the duke of York. As soon as it was known in Holland that the prince of 'Vales was arrived, the prince of Orange, with his wife the J)rincess royal, came presently thi- ther to entertain his highness the best that place \vould permit, but especially to rejoice together, hav- ing not seen each other from the time they \vere children. The prince found the fleet in faction and Factions in d . d d . the prince's ISOr er, an great paIns had been taken to corrupt fleet. them. Sir John Berkley's coming to the Hague to assunle the govcrnnlent of the duke of IT ork, had not been acceptable to his royal highness; who ,vas persuaded by colonel Banlfield, that he had been un- faithful, as well as unfortunate, in his attendance upon the king to the Isle of \Vight. 'l'he colonel hilllself ,vas so incensed \vith it, that he used oU the skill and insinuation he had, to lessen his highness's l'e\"erence to the queen, and to dispute her conl- mands. Then taking the opportunity of the fJeet'c; VOlh VI. D BOOK XI. 1648. 34 THE HIS1.'ORY being COlne to Helvoetsluys, he went thither, and having, as is said before, a wonderful address to the disposing men to mutiny, and to work upon COIU- mon men, which the fleet consisted of, there being no officers, for the Inost part, above the quality c o a boats,vain or n1aster's mate, he persuaded them " to declare for the duke of York, ,vithout any re- ",speet to the king or prince; and when his high- "ness should be on board, that they should not " meddle in the quarrel between the king and the " parlialnent, but entirely join with the presbyterian "party, and the city of London; which by this " lneans would bring the parliament to reason:" and he prepared his friends the sealnen when the duke should con1e to them, that they would except against sir John Berkley, and cause hin1 to be dismissed; and then he believed he should be able to govern both his highness and the fleet. At the same time Dr. Goffe, ,vho was a dexterous man too, and could comply with all luen in all the acts of good-fello\vship, had gotten acquaintance with others of the seam.en, and made thenl jealous of Barn- field's activity; and endeavoured to persuade them, " that they should all petition the prince," (,vho, he knew, ,vould be shortly with them,) "that the lord " Jermyn might be made their admiral; who would " be able o supply them with money, and whatso- " ever else they wanted: that there was no hope of " money but froln France, and that the lord Jermyn "had all the pow er and credit there, and might " have what money he desired;" and by these agi- C there being no officers, for them being not above the qua- the n10st part, above the qua- lity lity]. the greatest officer among OF THE REIJELl.ION. 35 tations, the infant loyalty of the seamen begun to BOO K XI. be distracted. At the same time the lord 'Villoughby of Par- 164H. ham, who had always -adhered to the presbyterians, and was of great esteem amongst them, though he was not tainted with their principles, had left the parlianlent, and secretly transported himself into Holland; and was arrived at Rotterdam, when Barn- field returned from the fleet, and went to ,vait upon the duke of York at the I-Iague. Barnfield delivered such a message froln the fleet as he thought \vould hasten the duke's journey thither; and told hinl, " the seamen made great inquiry after the lord 'Vil- " loughby, and much longed to have hin1 with them ;" insinuating to the duke, "that he had much contri.. " buted to that good disposition in the seamen, and " was privy to their revolt, and had promised spee- " dily to conle to them, and that it would be the " most acceptable thing his highness could do to " carry hin1 with hinl to the fleet, and Blake hin1 " his vice-adlniral." The duke made all inlaginable })aste to Helvoetsluys, and itnmediately ,vent on hoard the Adlniral; where he ,vas received ,vith the usual marks of joy and ac-clanlation. He declared the lord "Tilloughby his vice-adlniral, and appointed some other officers in the several ships, and seemed very desirous to be out at sea. In the nlean tilne Barnfield continued his activity; and the doctor, find- ing he had little hope to raise his patron to the height he proposed, did all he could to hinder the operation of Barnfield, and took aU the ways he could that the prince might he advertised of it, and thereupon hasten his own journey; \vhich did like- ,vise contrihute to the haste his highnes!I; made. lIe n 2 3() THE HISTORY BOO K arrived at Helvoetsluys very seasonably to prevent XI. many inconveniences, which would have inevitably 1648. fallen out; and the seamen, upon his highness's ap- pearance, returned again into their old cheerful hu- n10ur; which the prince knew ,vould be best pre- served by action; and therefore exceedingly desired to be at sea, \vhere he was sure he lnust be superior to any force the parliament could in a short time put out. But the fleet already wanted many pro- visions, of which beer was the chief; which, by the countenance and assistance of the prince of Orange, ,vas in a short time procured in a reasonable pro- The prince portion; and then the prince set sail first for Yar- comes into mouth Road then d for the Du\vns. havin g sent his the Downs' , with the brother, the duke of York, with all his family to the fleet. Hague, to remain there. Though the duke was exceedingly troubled to leave the fleet, ,vhich he had been persuaded to look upon a his province, yet he could not but acknow- ledge, that right reason would not permit they should both be ventured at one time on board the fleet; and, the prince detern1ining to engage his own person, he sublnitted to the deterlnination; and was 'v ell content to remain with his sister. The prince did not think fit to relnove the lord Wil- loughby (who, he knew, was much relied upon Ly the presbyterian party) from the charge the duke had given him; though he ,vas not n1uch known to the seamen. e But captain Batten coming at the same time when his highness did to the fleet, and d first for Yarmouth Road, then] Not in MS. e though he was not llluch known to the eamen.] though he had never been at sea" 'lnd was not at all known to the seamen. O}i' THE REBELLION. bringing the Constant \Varwick, one of the best fri- gates the parliament had built, with Jordan, and two or three seanlen of good command, his highness knighted hitn, and made him rear-admiral of the fleet; believing, that he could not do a more popular and acceptable thing to the seanlen, than by putting the sanle nlan, who had commanded them so many years, over them again at this tin1e; \vhose expe- rience and governlnent would supply the defects and want of skill of the vice-adlniral, ,vho was very willing to be advised by him. But the prince short- ly after found he ,vas 111istaken in that expedient, and that the seanlen (,vho desired to serve the king upon the clear principles of obedience and loyalty) did not in any degree affect Batten, because he had failed in both, and ,vas now of a party towards \\rhich they had no veneration. The truth is, the prince came prepared and disposed froll1 the queen, to depend wholly upon the presbyterian IJarty, \vhich, besides the })o\ver of the Scottish arluy, ,vhich was every day expected to invade England, ,vas thought to be possessed of all the strength of the city of London; and the lord Colepepper, and Mr. Long, the prince's secretary, ,vere trusted hy the queen to keep the prince steady and fast to that dependence; and his highness ,vas enjoined to be entirely advised by them; though all the other lords ahout hin} were of another nlind, and the prince hirnsclf not inclined that ,vay. Dr. Steward, the dean of the king's chapel, whom his majesty had reconlmended to his son to instruct him in all lllatters relating to the ('hurch, and Dr. Earles, and the rest of his chap- lains, waited diligently upon hin1 to prevent those infusions. But, by those two, the benefit of this D3 37 BOOK XI. I G48. 38 'fHE HIsrrORY BOO K fleet was principally considered, as a happy means XI. to put the prince on shore, that he might be in the 1648. head of the Scottish army; and no doubt if that army had been then entered into England, as it was very shortly after, the prince would have been directed f, with the fleet, " to have followed all the " advice ,vhich should have been sent from the " Scots." In the nlean time it ,vas thought most counsel- lable, after the prince had sailed some days about the coast, that the kingdom might generally know that his highness ,vas there, that they should all go Thence into into the river of 'rhames, and lie still there; 1 >y the river of . Thames. whIch they expected two great advantages; first, that the city would be thereby engaged to declare itself, \vhen they sa,v all their trade obstructed; and that their ships home,vards bound, of which, at that season of the year, they expected many, lllust fall into the prince's hands; and then, that the pre- sence of the prince in the river would hinder the parlianlent from getting seanlen; and fronl setting out that fleet ,vhich they \vere preparing to reduce the other, under the comnland of the earl of \Var- wick; whom they thought fit, in this exigent, again to enlploy; and who, by accepting the charge, thought he should be in a better posture to choose his party, in any other alteration that should happen at land. 'Vhen the parliament first heard of the conlmo- tion in Kent, and saw the ,varrants which ,vere sent out and signed by L'Estrange, whom nobody knew, (and the gentlenlen of Kent, who sat in the parlia- f directed] alh ised OF 'l"HE REBELLION. 39 lnent, assured thenl, "that there was no such gentle- " man in that county;" and sir Ed\vard Hales, who likewise \vas present there, told thenl, "he was very " confident that his grandson could not be embarked " in such an affair,") they neglected it, and thought it a design to amuse them. But ,vhen they heard that ihe meetings ,vere continued, and sa\v the de- clarations ,vhich ,,-ere published, and were well as- sured that young Hales appeared ,vith then1 as their general, they thought the matter "\\rorth their care; and therefore appointed their general, " to send two " or three troops of horse into Kent to suppress that "seditious insurrection;" sir Edward Hales now excusing himself \vith revilings, threats, and detes- tation of his grandson; \vho, he protested, should never be his heir. The earl of Holland, ,vho had a commission to be general, and the rest ,vho \vere engaged, \VeTe not yet ready, the Scots being not yet entered; nor did they understand any thing of the business of Kent; ho,ve\ er when they were assured that they \vere drawn into a Lody, and \\Tere so strong that the offi- cers ,vho comnlanded the troops \vhich had been sent to suppress thenl, had sent to the parlianl{ nt ,vord, "that they dUJ'st not advance, for that the " enemy ,vas lTIuch stronger than they, and increas- " ed daily; and that they had sent a letter to the " city of London inviting thenl to join ,vith theln ;" the earl of Holland I say, and the others ,vith him, g thought it fit to send thenl all the countenance and encouragenlent they could; and thereupon despatch- ed th e officers \\T ho had been designed for the HOOK XI. 1648. g the earl of Holland I say, and the others with him,] they n4 BOOK XI. 1648. . 40 THE HIS"rORY troops of that county, when the season should be ripe, and who had hitherto lurked privately in Lon- don to avoid suspicion. They were desired to call their friends together, as soon as ,vas possible, to join ,vith their neighbours; and 'v ere told, "that "they should very shortly receive a general from " the king:" for they did not think 1\1r. Hales equal to the ,york, who found his power and credit to grow less, the greater the appearance grew to be; and they begun to inquire for the king's comnlission. The earl of Holland had formed his party of many officers who had served both the king and the par- lialnent; all which were in the city; and he had not yet a Inind to call thenl together, but to expect the appearance of their northern friends, and there- fore consulting with the rest, and finding the earl of Norwich, \vho had been some Inonths in England under a pass from the parliament, (upon pretence of making his composition, from which he had never been excluded,) willing to engage himself in the conduct of those in Kent, where he was well kno\vn and beloved, his atfection and zeal for the king's service being not to be doubted, they resolved that he should go thither; and there being many blank cOlnnlissions ready to be disposed as the service should require, they filled one with his name, by \vhich the cOlnmand of all Kent ,vas c0111mitted to hinI, "with po,ver to lead theln any ,vhither as the " good of the king's service should nlake requisite." And with this cOIn mission he nlade haste into Kent, and found at laidstone a better body of horse and foot armed than could have been expected; enough in number to have IHet any arnlY that ,vas like to be Lrought against thenl. They all received hinl OF 'l HE REBELLION. 41 with ,vonderful acclaulations, and vowed obedience to hin1. 1\11'. Hales, upon the news of another gene- ral to be sent thither, and upon the storn1S of threats and rage which fell upon him from his grandfather, on the one side, and on his wife by her mother on the other side, and upon the conscience that he ,vas no equal to the charge, though his affection was not in the least declined, found means to transport him- self, and ,,,ife, together with his friend 1\:11'. L'Estrange, who had lost his credit with the people, into Holland; l'esolving, as soon as he had put his wife out of the reach of her III other, to return himself, and to ven- ture his person in the service "rhich he could not , conduct; \vhich he did quickly after very heartily endeavour to do. The in1portunities from Scotland with the presby- terians their correspondents, the fame of sir Marma- duke Langdale's being well received at Edinburgh, and that many English officers and soldiers daily flocked thither, but especially the prol11ises froln Paris of supplies of arlns, amlnunition, and ß10ney, as soon as they could expect it, set all the other ,,,heels going in England which had been preparing all the winter. '"rhere ,vere in South 'Vales colonel Laughorn, colonel Powell, and colonel Poyer, \vho comn1anded those }}arts under the parliament, which they had served from the beginning: the first of thelU a gentleman of a good extraction, and a fair fortune in land in those counties, who had been bred a page under the earl of Essex, when he had a con1- luand in the Low Countries, and continued hi de- pendence upon him after,vards, and was n1uch in his favour, and by that relation \vas first engaged in the l'ebellion, as many other gentlenlen had been, with. BOOK Xl. 1648. 4Q rHE I-IISTüRY ] 648. out wishing in to the king: the second ,vas a gentle- lnan too, but a soldier of fortune: the third, had fron1 a low trade raised hÍ1nself in the war to the reputa- tion of a very diligent and stout officer, and was at this tilne trusted by the parlialnent ,vith the govern- ment of the town and castle of Pembroke. These three couu11unicated their discontents to eãch other, and all thought then1selves ill requited by the parlia- nlent for the service they had done, and that other lnen, especially colonell\litton, ,vere preferred before theln; and resolved to take the opportunity of the Scots cOIning in, to declare for the king upon the presbyterian account. But Laughorn, who was not infected ,vith any of those freaks, and doubted not to reduce the other t\VO, ,,,hen it should be time, to sober resolutions, ,,-ould not engage till he first sent a confident to Paris to inform the prince of what he had deternlined, and of ,vhat their ,vants consisted, ,vhich if not relieved, they should not be able to pur- sue their purpose, desiring to receive orders for the tinle of their declaring, and assurance that they should in tilllC receive those supplies they stood in need of: And the lord J ernlyn sent hin) a proll1ise under his hand, "that he should not fail of receiving " all the things he had desired, before he could be " pressed by the enenlY;" and therefore conjured him, and his friends, "forth,vith to declare for the " king; ,vhich he assured thenl "Tould be of singular ,. henefit and advantage to his 1l1ajesty's seryice; " since, upon the first notice of their ha,Ting declared, "the Scottish arll1Y \\Tould he ready to nîal:ch into " ngland." Hereupon they presently declared, Le- fore they ,vcre provided to keep the field for ,vant of anlll1unition and 1l10neV, and ,vhen Pen1broke ,vas 01 HOOK XI. O}1' 'rHE REBELLION. 43 not supplied \vith provisions for above two nlouths; BUOK and \vere never thought of after. XI. The lord Byron had been sent from Paris, upon 1648. the importunities fr0J11 Scotland, to get as many h to declare in England in several places, as might dis- tract the army, and keep it from an entire engage- ment against then}; to dispose his old friends about Chester and North 'Vales to appear as soon as might be: and he presently, \vith the help of colonel Ro- binson, possessed himself of the island of Anglesey, and disposed all North 'Vales to he ready to declare as soon as the Scots should enter the kingdom. But that which was of n10st Ïlnportance, and seemed al- ready to have brought the war even into the heart of England, was that some gentlemen, \vho had for- nlerly served the king in the garrison of Newark, and in the northern arn1Y, under sir 1\1arlnaduke Langdale, had (by a design consulted \vith hÏIn be- fore his going into Scotland, and upon orders received fl'on1 hitn since, \vhen he believed the Scots would be in a short tilne ready to begin their Inarch) surprised the strong castle of Pontefract in Yorkshire, <\vhich had a garrison in it for the par1iaulent,) and gre\\ presently so nUJ11erOllS, by the resort of officers and soldiers fron1 the adjacent counties, that they grew forn1Ïdable to all those parts, and made the C0J11mU- nication bet\veen London and York insecure, except it \\'as with strong troops. Upon \vhich argulnent of the surprise of Pontefract, we shall enlarge here- after, before \ve speak of the tragic conclusion of this enterprise. All affairs were in this Inotion in Eng- land, before there \vas any appearance of an arnlY in b as many] as Illany place 44 1.'HE HISTORY 1648. Scotland, which they had prolllised should be ready to march by the beginning of May. Indeed as to the raising an arnlY in Scotland, the difficulties were well nigh over, nor did they ever look upon that as a thing that would trouble theIn, but who should comnland, and be general of this arl11Y, was the nlatter upon \vhich the success of all they proposed would depend; and if they could not pro- cure duke Hamilton to be made choice of for that service, they \vould i promise thenlselves no good issue of the undertaking. It was a hard thing to renlOVC the old general Lesley, \vho had been hitherto in the head of their army in all their prosperous successes; but he "ras in the confidence of Argyle, ,vhich was objection enough against hinl, if there \vere no other; and the man ,vas grown old, and appeared, in the actions of the last expedition into England, very un- equal to the command. And therefore some expe- dient ,vas to be found to be rid of him; and they found it no hard lnatter to prevail with him to de- cline the cOlnmand, upon pretence of his age and in- firnlities, when in truth he had no Inind to venture his honour against the English, except assisted by English, which had been his good fortune in all the actions of nloment he had performed in this war]\: ; and when he had bpen destitute of that help, he had always received some affront. "\Vhen by this means there was a new general to be named, duke Hanlil- ton was proposed, as a fit nlan to be employed to re- deelll the honour of the nation. He had fornlcrly discharged 1 .the office of general under the king of BOOK XI. j \\!(Hlld] could k in this war] Not ill lJI1S. I discharged] undergone OF TI-IE REßEl,LION. S\veden, where Lesley, that had now declined the employment, was major general under him; and therefore could not be thought to be without ample experience of war. 'Vhilst this was depending, Argyle took notice of sir l\larmaduke Langdale's and sir Philip Musgrave's being in the town, and of some discourses \vhich they had used, or S01l1e other English officers in their company, and desired, "that, if they "\yere to have " any cOlnmand in the arnlY, they Dlight presently " take the covenant; and that there might be a ge- " neral declaration, that there should be neither of- " ficer nor soldier received into their arlUY, before " he had first taken the covenant: and that, after ,,- they were entered into the kingdoln of England, " they should Inake no conjunction ,vith any forces, " or persons, who had not done, or should refuse to " do the same." This proposal found no opposition; they ,vho were most forward to raise the army for the delivery of the king, being as violent as any to advance that declaration. And though duke Hamil- ton and his brother of Lanrick did as well disap- prove it in their own judgments, as they did fore- see, out of the long experience they had of Eng- land, what prejudice it would bring upon them there, yet they had not the courage in any degree to speak against it; and the chancellor of Scotland and the earl of Lautherdale were as passionate for the advancen1ent of it, as Argyle himself; and seelued to think that those two gentlen1en either had al- ready taken, or ,vould be ,villing to take it. It can hardly he believed, that, after so long kno\v ledge of England, and their observation of 'VhOlTI the kin 's party did consist, after their so 45 BOOb.. XI. 1648. 46 1.' HE I-I I s'r 0 R Y ] 648. often conferences with the king \vithout prevailing upon hinl, in any degree, either to preserve himseJf at Newcastle fron1 being delivered up to the parlia- ment, or in their last agitation with hilll, when he yielded to so nlany unreasonable particúlars to gra- tify them, to consent to or promise, " that any man " should be compelled to take the covenant;" that they should still adhere to that fatal combination against the church, which they could never hope to bring to pass, except they intended only to change the hand, and to keep the king under as strict a re- straint, when they should get him into their hands, as he was under the domination of the parliament and army: yet they were so infatuated with this resolution, that they discovered their apprehension of the k.ing's party, and designed no less to oppress them than the independents and anabaptists; and upon the news of the revolt of the fleet fron1 the parliament to the king, the insurrection in Kent, and other places, and the general inclinations through- out the kingdom for the king, thèy slackened their preparations, that they might defer their n1arch, to the end that all that strength might be oppressed and reduced, that so they lnight be absolute ll1asters after they had prevailed over the arn1Y. And at last, \vhen they. could defer their march no longer, upon the importunate pressure of their friends ill London, they sent the earl of Lautherdale with those insolent instructions, \vhich will be mentioned anon, and positively required the prince immediately to repair to them; declaring Ill, "that if his person " should not be forthwith in their army, they "rould BOOK XI. rn declaring] positi\-ely dedaring O] THE REBEL I ION. 47 "return again into Scotland \vithout 1uaking any BOO K Xl. " atte1npt;" and the kno,ving this resolution, ,vas the reason that the queen was so positive in her in- ] 648. structions, notwithstanding the appearance of any other advantage to the king in England. Sir 1\Iarmaduke Langdale and sir Philip l\ius- grave no sooner heard of this declaration, than they went to those lords, and expostulated very sharply with then1, for" having broken their faiths, and be- " trayed them into their country; where they were " looked upon as enelnies." They were answered, " that they must give over their design to redeelll "the king, or yield to this determination, which " their parliament was so firm and united in; and " would never depart from." And therefore theyen- treated thel11 with all imaginable inlPortunity, that they would take the covenant; some of thenl desir- ing to confer with them upon it, and undertaking to satisfy then1, that the covenant did not include those things in it, ,vhich they thought it did. But when they saw those gentlemen ,vould not be pre- vailed with, but that on the contrary they resolved presently to leave the country; and told them, " they would undeceive those honest people in Eng- " land, who were too llluch inclined to trust then1; " and that they should find that they had a harder " work in hand than they imagined;" the Scottish lords kne,v well enough of what importance their presence was to be to thenl, for their very entrance into England; and thereupon desired them, "that " they would have a little patience, and again ab- " sent then1selves from Edinburgh, till the heat of " this dispute was over, and till the arn1Y should he " ready to Jnareh;" and duke Hanlilton, who had a 48 ".rHE HISTORY I 648. marvellous insinuation to get himself believed, as- sured thelTI in confidence, ,,, that as soon as he should " find himself in the head of his army, and upon " their march, there should be no more talk of co- " venants, but that all the king's friends should be " \velcome, and without distinction." So they left Edinburgh again, and went to their old quarters; where they had not stayed long, before the duke sent for them to come to him in private; and after a very cheerful reception, he told them, "he was no,v " ready; and that their friends in England called "so iInportunately for them, that he was resolved " to march in very few days; which he thought ne- . " cessary to communicate to them, not only for the " friendship he had for them; which ,vould always " keep him without reserve towards then1; but be- " cause he must depend upon them two to surprise "the towns of Berwick and Carlisle, against the " time he should be able to march thither; for he " intended to march between those two places." The work ,vas not hard to be perfornled by them, they having, from their first entrance into Scotland, adjusted with their friends who inhabited near those places, to be ready for that enterprise ,vhen they should be called upon; which they then believed would have been much sooner; so that they were ,villing to undertake it, and demanded comlnissions from the duke for the doing thereof; ,vhich he ex- cused hin1self for not giving, under pretence of" the " secrecy that ,vas necessary; in l'espect \v hereof he " would not trust his own secretary; and like\vise, " as a thing unnecessary for the work; since it ,vas " their own reputation and interest, and their being " known to have heen al\vays trusted by the king, BOOK Xl. OF THE REBELLION. 49 " by which they could bring it to pass, and not his " c0111n1ission; fot' which those towns would have " no reverence." Besides, he told them, " that the " marquis of Argyle had still protested against their " beginning the war by any act of hostility against " the English, in forcing any of the towns; \vhich " \vas not necessary in order to the king's deliver- " ance; but that an army might march to the place " where the king was, to the end that those messen- " gel's who were sent by the state to speak with the " king, Inight have liberty to speak with his ma- " jesty; \vhich \vas a right of the kingdom, and the " den1anding it could be no breach of the pacifica- " tion bctween the two kingdolns." 'rhis argument, they kne\v, was not reasonable enough to sway the duke. But they foresaw two other reasons, which did prevail \vith him not to give those commissions they desired, which other- \vise might have been given with the same secrecy that the business was to be acted with; the one, the order against giving any commission to any man be- fore he had taken the covenant: and how much au- thority soever the duke might take upon him to dispense with that order after he should be in Eng- land, it might not be convenient that he should as- SUlne it whilst he remained yet at Edinburgh: the other was, that, when they had done it without his commission, he might, upon his march, or as soon as he came thither, dispossess them of the gov rnment, and put Scotchmen into their places; tbe' last of \vhich he did not dissemble to thelTI; but confessed, " that, though the çouncil of Scotland would not " attempt the taking of those towns, yet when they " hould he taken, they would expect the gov"ern- VOL.V. E BOOK XI. ) (j.ts. 50 THE HIS'rORY 1648. " ment thereof should be in their hands, and de- "pend upon them, without which they should not " be able to send him those continual supplies which " he expected from them." And there being then a recruit of five or six thousand, \vhich sir George l\Ionroe had near raised in the north, and from Ire- land, n wbo were to begin their 111arch after him, as soon as he should be out of Scotland, the two gentle- men had no purpose of remaining in those govern- ments, well knowing that their presence would be of importance to the army, at least whilst they stayed in tbe northern counties; yet they knew well, it \vas for the service that those towns should remain in the hands of the English, without which few of the gentlemen of those parts \vould declare then1selves, how well affected soever they were; which when they had offered to the duke, they left it to hin1, and accepted the emploYlnent he pressed them to undertake, and parted to put the sanIe in execution in both places at one tin1e, all things be- ing concerted bet\veen them to that purpose. Sir Marmaduke Langdale had several officers, and soldiers, laid privately on the Scottish side to wait his commands, and n10re on the English; there be- ing t\VO or three good families within t\VO or three miles of Ber\vick, who were \vell affected and ready to appear \vhen they should be required; in expec- tation whereof they had 0 harboured many men. Some of them sir l\tlarmaduke appointed to meet him, on the Scottish side, at a place about a mile distant from Ber\vick, the night before he intended t he surprise, and the rest to he in the town by the BOOK XI. n and rom Ireland,] Not in iUS. 0 had] had for some time OF 'THE REBELLION. 51 rIsIng of the sun; some about the market place, BOO K and SOllle upon the bridge, by which he must enter. XI. The next morning, being market day, when great 1648. droves of little horses, laden with sacks of corn, al- ways resorted to the town, sir Marmaduke Lang- dale, with about a hundred horse, aDd some few foot, which walked with the market people, pre- sently after sunrising, was upon the bridge, before there was any apprehension; and finding his friends there whom he expected, he caused the bridge pre- sently to be drawn up, and guarded by his foot, and sent others to the other parts. Himself with most of his troops went into the market place, where he found his country friends ready to do all he would con1mand. There was so general a consternation Sir M. . d . Langdale SeIZe upon the whole town, there beIng no other surprises garrison but town's-men, that after they bad seized : ki). upon the mayor, who was the governor, all things fa ;:"e ,vere in a short tin1e so quiet, that they opened their soon after. ports again, that the market might not be inter- rupted. Sir Philip Musgrave, with as little opposi- tion, possessed himself of Carlisle; "There he had a greater interest; and the people were generally bet- ter affected to the king, and lTIOre disinclined to the Scots than those of Berwick used to be; and they both hastened advertisen1ent to the duke of what they had done. It will be much wondered at, that after Crom- well plainly foresaw they should have a war with Scotland, and had constant intelligence from thence of the advances they made, he did not take care to put garrisons into those two important places, the very strength of \vhich could for some time have withstood all the power which Scotland could have E2 BOOK XI. 1648. 5 THE HISTORY brought against theln. But the same reason which had been current at Edinburgh to this very time, had prevailed at '" estnlinster. I t was specially pro- vided for by the act of pacification between the two kingdoms, when the parliaments of both kingdoms combined against the king, "that there should be " no more garrisons kept on either side in Berwick "or Carlisle;" where they were then disbanded, and SOlne of their fortifications slighted; which could easily have been repaired; and, without repairing, could have kept out an enemy for some time. And the parliament would not now permit any men to be sent thither, that the Scots nlight not pretend that the war was begun by them; but left Berwick to the government of the mayor and the citizens; who could have defended themselves against the Scots if they had expected them. But the truth is, Cromwell had so perfect a contempt of the whole strength of that nation, that he never cared what advantage ground they had upon any field, or what place they ever possessed. Sir Marnladuke Langdale and sir Philip l\lus- grave were no sooner possessed of Berwick and Car- lisle, than all the gentlemen, officers, and soldiers thereabouts, who had fornlerly served the king, re- sorted and flocked to then1 \vell årmed, appointed, and provided for the war; so that they had not- only very sufficient gaiTisons to keep those places, but troops enough of horse to free the adjacent counties fron1 those forces, and committees, and other persons, ,vho were either publicly engaged in, or weIl known privately to \vish well to the parlia- ment. It was upon the 28th of April that sir 1\1ar- maduke Langdale possessed himself of Berwick; OF THE REBELLION. and soon after P sir Philip Musgrave surprised Car- lisle, about eight of the clock at night, many gentle- men of the. neighbours being in and about the town, expecting his arrival; so that the citizens were in confusion, and made little resistance. It is very true, they had both given under their hands to duke Ha- milton, that they would deliver up the towns to him when he should require them; he having assured them, " that the king had prolnised, under his hand, , that those two towns should be delivered into the " possession of the Scots;" which it must needs be supposed that they should first take fronl the parlia- ment, in whose possession they were both when the king signed the engagement at Carisbrook castle. And the duke had not only refused to give them any men, or other assistance towards the taking them, but, as hath been said, would not grant them his cOlnlnission to perform it; pretending, "that he " durst not do it, because they were bound not to " begin the war:" only he, and the other lords of his fraternity, promised " to send five hundred lßns- " kets, and ten barrels of powder to each garrison; " and that their whole ar111Y should march into Eng- , land within twenty days; and that, if they were " sooner in distress, they should be sure to be re- , lieved." But after he heard that both places were pos.. sessed hy them, he deferred not to send a governor and garrison to receive Berwick; to whom sir Mar- maduke Langdale delivered it according to his pro- mise; and was required "to march with all the 'English to the parts adjacent to Carlisle, anù p soon after] next day after E3 53 BOOK Xl. 1648. BOOK XI. 1648. 54 'l'HE H IS'l'OR Y " there to increase his troops to what number he " could; with what expedition was possible;" which he performed so effectually, that, in very few days, he had a rendezvous upon a heath ,vithin five miles of Carlisle, where he mustered above three thousand foot well armed, and seven hundred horse not so well armed; all which were raised in Cumberland and Westmoreland, over and above the garrison of Carlisle; which yet remained under sir Philip Mus- grave; and, within two days, five hundred horse, very \vell appointed, came out of Yorkshire, the bi- shopric of Durham, and the neighbour parts; so that sir Marmaduke Langdale resolved presently to march into Lancashire, to reduce those who were for the parliament there; which he could easily have done, the lord Byron being ready upon the borders of Che- shire to have joined with him. But this quick ad- vance and progress towards an army, was not well looked upon at Edinburgh; and an express was de- spatched with positive orders to sir Marmaduke Langdale" not to engage or fight with the enemy, "upon what advantage soever, until the Scottish " army should come up." And ,vherever that ex- press should overtake sir Marmaduke, he was im- mediately to retire ,vith his forces near Carlisle; which he obeyed as soon as he received the order, and when he might have marched against Lambert; who was sent before with a less strength than sir Marmaduke commanded, and which in all probabi- lity would have been defeated. But, as if this had not been discouragement enough, within one or two days after that express, letters were sent from the council in Scotland, by which sir Marmaduke Langdale was very severely OF 'rH REBELLION. 55 reprehended, "for receiving papists into his army, BOOK " and not owning the covenant in the declarations Xl. "which he had published;" and told, "that he 1648. "should receive no assistance from them, except "the covenant was embraced by all his army." This struck at the root of all their hopes; and was so contrary to all the engagements they had re- ceived from the Scottish lords, both by words and letters, "that they should never be troubled with " any such motions, after they were once upon Eng- " lish ground; and that then they should proceed " upon those grounds as were like to bring in most " men to their assistance;" that sir Marmaduke pre- vailed with sir Philip l\lusgrave to make a journey forthwith to Edinburgh, to expostulate upon the whole matter, and declare their firm resolution to the lords there. Sir Philip l\lusgrave, that it might. appear that they did not exclude any who had taken the cove- nant, and were willing to join with them, carried a list with him of the names of many officers in their troops who had been compelled to take the cove- nant before they could be adn1itted to composition, or procure the sequestrations to be taken from their estates, and of some others who had taken it for quietness sake in the places where they lived; with which the Scots were in some degree Initigated, but seemed to retain still their rigour, that it should be submitted to by the whole army. In the mean time Lambert, having gotten a Lambert b d f d d d · marches strong 0 y 0 horse an .loot, a vance upon SIr against Marmaduke Langdale; who, being enjoined not to them. fight, was forced to retire to Carlisle, and uffer himself to be, upon the matter, blocked up on one E4 56 'rHE HIS'rOR Y BOO K side, whilst he sent letter upon letter to the duke XI. " to hasten his march, or to send some troops to his 164R. "assistance, and liberty to fight the enemy." 'I'he ear) of The earl of Norwich had found the assembly at Norwich at M . d b lik . di Maidstone al stone very numerous, ut eWlse very sor- with the Kelltish forces. ,10 derly, and without governlnent, nor easy to be re- duced under any con11nand. They had been long enough together to enter into jealousies of one an- other, and from thence into factions, and were of several opinions what they were to do. And though they all pretended an entire submission and obedi- ence to the earl of Norwich as their general, yet no JTIan forbore to deliver his opinion of things and persons, nor to inquire by what means they håd first been drawn together; which implied that many men wished they had been to begin again. The earl was a man fitter to have drawn such a body toge- ther by his frolic and pleasant humour, which re- conciled people of all constitutions wonderfully to hin1, than to forin and conduct them towards any enterprise. He had always lived in the court in such a station of business as raised hin1 very few enemies; and his pleasant and jovial nature, which was every where acceptable, made him many friends, at least made many delight in his company. So that by the great favour he had with the king and queen, and the little prejudice he stood in with any body else, he was very like, if the fatal disorder of the time had not blasted his hopes, to have gro,vn master of a very fair fortune; which was all that he proposed to himself. But he had no experience or knowledge of the war, nor knew how to exercise the office he bad taken upon him of general, but was very ,villing to please every man, and comply OF THE REBELLION. .\vith every body's humour; which was quickly dis- covered; and so men withdre\v the reverence they were prepared to have paid him, and grew more ob- stinate in their own opinions what was to be done; and the indisposition increased, when they heard that Fairfax himself was appointed to lllarch to- wards theIne They ,vho best understood the affair, and how to apply the strength they had to the best advantage, advised, " that they might retire beyond " Rochester, and by breaking down the bridge there, " and fortifying another pais or two, which was easy " to be done, they nlight keep the enemy from en- " tering into the east q of Kent" (which was the largest and best part of that rich and populous county) "longer than they would be able to con- " tinue the attempt, for fear of being enclosed by an " enemy at their back, if the city of London, or " those of Essex, who were most spoken of, had a " mind to declare for the king; and by this means " they might be sure of a correspondence with the " fleet;" of the return whereof in a short time they were ll10St confident; and the more, because SOllle gcntlc111en of their own body were on board the fleet in SUU1e authority, who, they knew, ,vould hasten their return all they could. l\fal1Y were the n10re persuaded that the fleet was gone to the Isle of\Vight for the rescue of the king, lJccause those gentlemen were gone in it. And with- out doubt that advice was the ll10St reasonable, and if it had ùeen pursued might have kept the enemy at a bay for some time. But other ll1cn less reason- able were of another Dlind: they did not believe (J east] west 57 BOOK XI. 1648. ð8 rrHE HISTORY BOO K "that Fairfax could have leisure to look after them; XI. " they were confident that the parliament had so 1648. "many enemies to look after, those in Wales grow- " ing strong, and having beaten the party that had "been sent against them; and the officers in the " north, who had seized upon Pontefraet castle in " Yorkshire, and had drawn in a strong garrison " from the parts adjacent, had a body of horse, that " infested all those parts; and the Scots were upon " their march for England; and therefore they eon- " eluded that Fairfax could not be at leisure to visit " thern: the retiring would be an argument of fear, " which would dishearten their friends at London, " and all those of that part of Kent, which must be " deserted upon their retreat, would desert them, as "soon as that resolution should be known;" and therefore they desired, "that they might all march " towards Blackheath; which would raise the spirits " of their friends, and many would resort every day " to them out of London and the parts adjacent; all " which were eminently well affected." The Kent- The noise for this was the greater, and the earl : r : of Norwich himself ,vas thereby swayed to be of towards h .. d h I d d d Blackheath. t at opInIon; an so t ey reso ve to a vance, an a short day was appointed for a general rendezvous upon Blackheath; and orders were sent out accord- ingly. The disturbance in so many places made the re- solution of the general now to be known, which had been hitherto carefully concealed, "that Fairfax " himself was not wi1ling to Inarch against the " Scots;" whieh was not now counsellable for him to do. Cromwell was very willing to take that pro- vince to himself, and had always so great a COll- OF' 'I'HE REBELLION. 59 tempt of the Scots, that he was willing to march BOOK with a much lesser nUlnber than he well knew the XI. Scottish army to consist of; and being informed 1648. which way the Scots resolved to enter the kingdom, and that they were even ready to march, he ad- Cromwell d h h h ld b advances vance to meet t em, as soon as t ey s on e en- against the tered, with those troops which he had made choice Scots : of, having first suppressed the risings in South 'Vales by taking of Pelnbroke castle, and making prisoners therein Laughorn, Powel, and Poyer, the heads of that insurrection, and not troubling hhnself with Pontefract castle, which he thought would not be of great consequence, if the Scots were sub- dued. Fairfax, \vith a nUlnerous part of the army, re- mained in and about London to suppress the insur- rection in Kent, and watch any other which should fall out in the city or thereabouts; of which they had more apprehension than of all the power of Scotland. And so when the parliament was adver- tised by their troops which were first sent, that they were too weak to advance farther, and heard that the earl of Norwich was declared general of the Kentish troops, and was marching in the head of them towards Blackheath, Fairfax drew all his army Fairfax together, and his cannon, and olarched over London- the bridge to meet the men of Kent at Blackheath, and men. to stop their march to London. The earl was now advanced so far, and Fairfax advanced too fast to put the former counsel in practice, of breaking down the bridges, and keeping the passes; and they who had opposed that counsel, and were so forward to advance, thought they were now too far. The countrymen were weary of being all night in the GO THE HISTORY DOO h field, though it was the warmest season of the year, l' XI. d · an many wIthdrew themselves every day; so that J 648. . they who remained had no reason to believe theln- selves equal to the power that marched towards them, and yet there were more left than could hope to preserve themselves by flying, and by conceal- ment. s And therefore, as Fairfax advanced, the Kentish forces drew back; made several stands; but, being hard pressed, they divided, some retiring to Rochester, others to l\laidstone. Those at l\laid- stone had a sharp encounter with the general's whole strength, and fought very bravely, but were at last defeated. In the Inean tinle the earl of N 01'- wich, and divers other officers, who were with the party at Rochester, quitting that place, marched back towards London, in hope still of the city's join- ing with them. But that failing, and apprehending Fairfax would be soon in their rear, the earl and those who remained, and designed to run the ut- Iuost hazard, resolved to pass s themselves and their horses by such boats as they had ready about Green- The earl of wich, and down the river, over into Essex, where Norwich, h k h h d fj . d d h F . and some t ey ne\V t ey a many rleo s, an were aIr- forces r. d h . ld .. h . d trans ort laX an IS army COll not VISIt t em In some ays. hemselves So the y made a shift to trans p ort themselves to the Ipto Essex, . and fix in number of near a thousand t tuen, horse and foot; Colchester. . whereof many were officers and soldIers who had served the king, and young gentlemen grown up in r the warmest season of the year,] MS. adds: the n10nth of July, S And therefore, as Fairfax advanced - resol ved to pass] And therefore the earl, upon conference with those who re- mained, and were resolved to run the utmost hazard, resolved to pass t a thousand] two thousand OF THE 11EnEl LION. Gl 10yaJ fan1ilies 11, ,vho had heen too young to appear BOO K 1 L': XI. JClore. They found many persons in Essex ready to join 1648. with them, who came sooner together than they in- tended, upon the alarln of Kent; and who had pur- posed to have passed over into Kent to have joined with and assisted those who had so frankly appeared for the king, if they had not been prevented by their unexpected con1ing to them. There was the brave lord Capel, sir \Villialn COlnpton, sir Charles Lucas, x sir George Lisle, all excellent officers. There was sir Bernard Gascoign, and many other gentlemen, and officers of nalne, ,vho had drawn together many soldiers. To these joined colonel Farr; who had served the parliament, and was a known creature and confident of the earl of \Varwick's, and had at that time the command of Languard Point, a fort of ilnportance upon the sea x; so that 'v hen they were all come together Y, with those who came from Kent, they made a body of above three thousand horse and foot, \vith officers enough to have formed and commanded a very good army. 'rhey well knew Fairfax \vould quickly visit them, and therefore they chose to post thelTISel yes in Col- chester, a great and populous town, which though unfortified, they cast up such works before the avc- 11 loyal families J those falui- lies x sir George Lisle, all excel- lent officers. There was sir Bernard Gascoign, anrl many other gentlemen, and officers of name, who had drawn together many soldiers. To these joined eolonel "'arr; who-upon the sea] Thus in MS.: George Lisle, sir Bernard Gascoigne, all excellent otEcers, with WhOlll colonel Farr, who-upon the sea, joined with them, and Inany other gentlemen and of.. ficers of name, who had drawn together many soldiers Y all come togetllerJ joined together 62 THE HISTORY 1648. nues, that they did not much fear to be forced by an assault; and resolved to expect a conjunction with other of their friends; and were in great hopes Z that the Scottish army, which they heard was upon its march, would be with them before they could be distressed. They had scarce put themselves and the town, which was not glad of their company, into any order, before Fairfax came upon them; who made no stay in Kent, after he heard what was become of the earl of Norwich and his friends; but left two or three troops of horse to settle that county, with the assistance of their committees, who had been driven from thence, and returning now victorious, knew well enough how to deal with those who had revolted froln them. \Vhen he came first before Colchester, and saw it without any fortifications, he thought presently to have entel'ed the town with his army; but he found so rude resistance, that by the advice of Ireton, who was left by Cromwell to watch the general as \vell as the army, he resolved to en- compass it with his troops, and without hazarding the loss of men to block them up, till famine should reduce them; and disposed his army accordingly; which quickly stopped up all passages by which either men or provisions should get into the town; though by many brave sallies from within, their quarters were often beaten up, and many valiant n1en were lost on hoth sides. The fleet, after it had, with all imaginable cheer- fulness, submitted to the command of the prince, was not so active as it was expected it should be; BOOK XI. Fairfax besieges them. z in great hopes] most confident OF THE REBELl..ION. 63 and was very much the \vorse for the factions and BOOK divisions which were amongst those who attended XI. U p on the P rince; who, accordin g to their several F 1?48.o actIons lD humours, endeavoured to work upon the seamen; a the prince's .. fleet. people capable of any llnpresslon, but not very re- tentive of it. Prince Rupert, to whom the prince was very kind, did not, upon many old contests in the late war, love the lord Colepepper, who was not of a temper that cared to court him: and there was one, who had the greatest influence on prince Ru- pert, Herbert the attorney general, that of all men living was most disposed to make discord and dis- agreement between men; all his faculties being re- solved into a spirit of contradicting, disputing, and wrangling upon any thing that was proposed. He having no title or pretence to interpose in councils, and yet there being no secret in the debates there, found it easy to infuse into prince Rupert, who to- tally resigned himself to his advice, such arguments fiS might disturb any resolution: and there were so many who were angry that they were not admitted into the council, as the lords Piercy, Wilmot, and 'Ventworth, that it was no hard matter to get any thing disliked that ,vas resolved there. They had all that admission and countenance from the prince, that they had as lnuch confidence to speak to and before hin1, as any where else. Prince Rupert had a great n1ind that somewhat should be attempted upon the coast, which might have caused some sea- towns, and the parts adjacent, to have declared for the king; which seemed not a design that would hear a reasonable discourse. But action was a very grateful word to the seamen, and they who opposed nny t.hing that tended toward it, \vere looked upon 64 'rHE HIS'l"'OltY BOO K \vith great jealousy and prejudice. But the prince' XI. was obliged, as hath been said, by his instructions ) 648. at Paris, not to engage himself in any thing that might divert hhn froln beiríg ready at the minute when the Scots should call for his presence; and they expected the first intimation of that from Lon- don; from whence they had the assurance already, that duke Hamilton was entered into the kingdom with an army of above thirty thousand men; which was then generally thought true, though they fell far short of the number. a 'Vhen the prince came with the fleet into the sea froln Helvoetsluys, he met a ship of London bound for Rotterdanl, and laden with cloth by the com- pany of l\ferchant Adventurers, who did not think that the fleet could have been so soon ready for sea. This ship was taken, and, the decks being sealed up was kept under guard with the fleet; which, at It enters their entrance into the river of Thames, took nlany the river of . . Thames; other ShIpS of great value outward bound, and In- :: : ips. tercepted all vessels honleward bound, and amongst those an East India ship richly laden, and the more \VelCOnle because the ship itself was a very strong ship, and would make an excellent man of war, and the captain thereof was a seaman of courage and experience, and was very well inclined to serve the king: and, without doubt, if all the ships which were then taken, had been sent into some secure ports, the value of the goods would have lTIounted to so great. a sum, as might have countervailed a very great expense at sea and land. But as it would have been very difficult to have found such a a was generally thought true, number.] was true. though they fell far short of the OF 1. HE ItJ::BELl IO.N. 65 secure port, where that treasure might have been BOO K XI. deposited, so it was not suitable to those ll1easures which had been taken, and were still pursued, for 1648; his royal highness's proceedings. '-rhe city of Lon- don was to be courted by all the artifices imaginable, and that was so alarmed by the fleet's heing in the river, and by the seizure of so lllany of their ships, especially the cloth ship, that there was a general consternation amongst the people: and the lord mayor and aldermen applied themselves to the par- liament, for leave to send down some agents to the fleet to procure a release of that ship; and if that could not be brought to pass, that they might buy it at as good rate as they could get it. Which was the introducing such a con1merce and correspondence between the fleet and the city, in such a conjuncture of jealousy, that most men believed the parliament would Dever have hearkened to it; and concluded, from the granting it, that there was another sort of treasure enclosed in that ship, than ,vhat belonged to the Merchant Adventurers; and that many of those \vho granted that indulgence to the city, ha4 more money on board that vessel than the cloth was worth, though the value thereof amounted to no less than forty thousand pounds. Upon this liberty granted by the parliament, a <:ommis- · .c h . · h .. SlOoers sent con1mIttee was sent rom t e CIty WIt a petItIon to to the h · f 'V I " th t h Id t h h . prince from t e prInCe 0 a es, a e won res ore t e s IP the city " which belonged to his father's good subjects." With ;: n pe- these lnen came letters froll1 some of those who ,vere well known to be very solicitous at that tinle for , the advancement of the king's service, and privy to the treaty with the Scots, and whatever ,vas in- tended by the earl of Holland: the countess of Car- VOL. VI. F BOOK XI. J 648. The prince writes to the city. 66 THE HISTORY lisle, \vho \\Tas trusted by all that people, and had gotten again confidence with the queen, trusted Mr. Lowe, who was enlployed by the city in this nego- ciation, to say many things to the prince of the good inclinations of the city, and how necessary it was not to irritate it. And he brought other letters and testimonies to. give him credit, as a man trusted by all who intended to serve the king, who had \vith wonderful address got hin1 to he one of those em- ployed by the city, that he might, under that secu- rity, give such anÎlnadversions to the prince, and to his council, as \vas necessary. He was a man intel- ligent enough of the spirit and humour of the city, and very conversant with the nobility and gentry about the town; and though he was trusted by the presbyterian party, as a man entirely addicted to them, he took p ins to insinuate himself into many of the king's party, which did believe him fit to be trusted in any thing that might concern them. But he was a man of so voluble a tongue, and so ever- lasting a talker, and so undertaking and vain, that no sober man could be imposed upon by him. Upon the receipt of this petition, the prince writ a long letter to the city, and enclosed in it a declara- tion, for the publishing of both which in print care was taken, the substance of which was, "the great " affection he bore to the city, and the prosperity " thereof;" the whole being in such a style, as might best please the presbyterians, ,vith less care than should have been used to preserve the zeal of the king's party; and desiring, "that they would join " with him for the delivery of the king his father " out of prison, and to make a good understanding "between his majesty and the parliament, which OF THE REBELLION. H his highness desired ,vith all inlaginable concern- "ment." The citizens quickly found, that there was no hope to have their ship released without a good sunl of l11oney, which the prince told then1 " \vas absolutely necessary for the payment of the " seamen, and he ,vould receive it as a loan fronl " thelu, and repay it when a peace should be made." So sonle of them returned to London, and the rest remained ,vith the fleet, cOIning and going for a month, and driving many bargains for other ships. By this means the prince received advertisement of the Scots continuing their march, and that those who ,vere enclosed in Colchester were in a very good condition, and willing to expect relief; which they would be sure to recèive in due time, the earl of Holland being ready to declare as soon as their pressures should require it. After near a month's negociation, there was about twelve thousand pounds paid to the prince, and thereupon that cloth ship was delivered to the merchants, with a general opi- nion, as hath been said, that there was somewhat else besides cloth in the body of it; for which there was not any search suffered to be Inade. 'Vhilst the l)rince lay in the Downs, there was an enterprise necessary to be DIade on shore, which did not succeed to \vish. Upon the first revolt of thp fleet from the parliament, and before it set sail fot" Holland, it had taken one or two of those block- houses, or castles, b which are nearest the Downs C ; and had left some seamen in them, with sufficient provisions to defend themselves till the fleet should return. The prince found thes( hlockhouses be- h or castles,] Nut in MS. c the Downs] the lnouth of the river 1 4 ' 2 67 Bon K XI. 16.t8. 68 'THE HISTORY gOO K sieged, and received intelli g ence out of them, that Xl. their provisions were so near spent, that they could 16<-18. not hold out above so many days. The strength that lay before them consisted more in horse than foot; and at high tide the boats might go so near, that there seemed little difficulty of putting in relief, or to compel the besiegers to rise: and the seamen, having nothing else to do, offered to undertake the service for the redemption of their fellows; many land officers being likewise on board, and son1e foot soldiers, the prince sent some of those with the sea- men to undertake the business; but it had no good issue; the tide ,vas too far spent before it begun; whereby they had more ground to march between their landing and the castle than they imagined, and the horse charged then1 with such resolution, that many of the Inen were killed, and more taken prisoners, and the rest forced to their boats with n10re disorder than became then}. And some other attempts being afterwards made with no better suc- cess, the blockhouses at last caIne into the hands of the enemy; which though of little inconvenience to the prince, those forts being of very small imporpo tance to do any prejudice, yet there ,vas some dis... reputation in it; and it discredited the designs, \vhich had not yet appeared very prosperous in any place; and any access of good fortune raised the spirits of the parliament's party d, who easily were persuaded to think it greater than it ,vas, in a time when they lay under some lllortification. The parlia- By this time another fleet ,vas prepared by the ment pre- · · d pares a fieet.parliament of nlore and better shIps than ha re- d of the parliament's party] of those OF 'l"HE I{EBEI LION. 69 volted, and the comnland thereof given to the earl BOOK of 'Varwick; who very frankly accepted it; and XI. was already on board, and with the tide ,vas come 1.648. ... f h . d 1 d d agamst the wIthIn slght 0 t e prInce; an t 1ere roppe an- revolted chor. So that both fleets lay within that distance : :n er of each other that there was now nothin g thou g ht of the earl , of War- of but a battle; to which there seenled all alacrity wick. in the prince's fleet; and, it l11ay be, the lnore upon the intelligence that the other was not ,yell manned, and that 111any ,v ere put on board ,vho had l110re affection for the king ; which they would manifest when they canle within distance: but whether that fancy was froill itnagination or intelligence, it seelned to have no foundation in truth. The earl of 'Varwick and his fleet appeared re- solute and prepared enough for an engagement: yet it \vas \vell kno\vn, that the earl was privy to the engagenlent of his brother the earl of Holland, and had promised to join with him. And therefore The prince . h h fi h h . h ld . writes to It \VaS t oug t t, t at t e prInce S ou wrIte to the earl of the earl to SUlnnlon, or invite him to return to his \Varwick. allegiance. This \vas sent by Harry Seynlour, ,\Tho quickly returned with an answer fronl the earl, His answer. \vhich, in ter111S of duty enough, hUll1bly besought bis highness "to put himself into the hands of the ' parliaulent; and that the fleet with hinl Blight "SUbll1Ït to their obedience; upon ,vhich they " should be pardoned for their revolt." Though this 1uight ,veIl have satisfied concerning the earl's inclination, yet the prince ,vas prevailed }\Tith, that 1\11'. Crofts might give the earl a visit; 'who, having 1110re acquaintance with him, having Inarried his aunt, Inight be able to get a private au- dience of the earl; \vhich Seynlour endeavoured, i' 3 70 'rHE I-IIS'rORY 1648. but could not obtain. But Crofts returned as the other did; and now there wanted only a wind to bring theln together, ,,,hich coming fair for the prince, he resolved to attack then1. All anchors were weighed, and preparations nlade to advance to the assault, the whole fleet being under sail towards the other; ,vhich seelned equally resolved and dis- posed, though the wind, which drove the prince upon them, conlpelled them a little to retire, where the river was somewhat narrower. In an instant the wind ceased, and there was a calm; so that the prince could not advance; and some doubts arose, upon the narrowing of the river, as if sonle of his ships Inight want water in the engagement. In this d,eliberation the wind rose again, but from another quarter, ,vhich ,vas directly in the prince's face; and would not suffer him to move to\vards the enemy, but drove hÎ1n back, and would carry him out of the river. Hereupon were new consultations; great want of provisions was discovered to be in the fleet, insomuch as that they should not be able to stay at sea above ten days, and many ships would want sooner, and therefore since the earl of \Varwick, as the wind stood, could not be compelled to fight, and they were in danger to be distressed for provi- sions, it was thought nlost counsellable to put to sea; where they could more commodiously engage in a battle, if the earl of \Varwick would advance; and if he did not, there was great reason to hope, that the prince might nleet with those ships which were c0l11ing from Portsn10uth to join with the earl, and which nlÏght easily be surprised or taken by the prince's fleet; which was Dluch superior to them in strength. BOOK XI. OF THE REBELLION. 71 At this time the earl of Lautherdale arrived in a ßOOK XI. ship from Scotland; and having left duke Hamilton upon his n1arch towards Berwick, he was sent to 1648. denland the performance of the treaty, and that the prince would immediately repair to that army. This confirmed the prince in the purpose of putting out to sea, since it was absolutely necessary to carry the fleet first into Holland, before it could transport hin1 into the northern parts. So the whole fleet The prince .. went to sea went to sea, and contInued theIr course for Holland, towards . h h . n . h h h . h . h Holland, WIt ope Stl to meet 'VIt t ose SIpS W IC were after having comin g from Portsll1outh. And meet with them attempted to fight the they did in the night; which the prince knew not earl o Warwick. till the morning; when one put the fault upon an... other; and it was now necessary to lllake all possi- ble haste to Holland; since by the conjunction with these ships, besides all other advantages, the earl of The e rJ (If 'V . k b .. h b \VarwJck arWIC was no\v ecome superIor In t e num er, follows him as well as the strength and goodness of his ships; : : . which appeared by his coming before Helvoetsluys. within fe\v days after the prince's arrival there. It was near the middle of July, when duke Ha-Dul{e Ha- . 1 d . E I d . h h . h milton Inl ton entere Into ng an 'VIt IS army, ,v en enters he caIne to Carlisle, and immediatel y took that g o- E l ngl t al t l l d a )OU Ie vernlnent from sir Philip Musgrave, and drew out middle of J ul y. aU the English garrison, and put Scots in their place. And after some fe\v days stay there, the The dul{e's English and Scottish forces ß1et at a rendezvous, in march. the way to tbat part of CUluberland e where Lam- bert then quartered: and if they had continued their march, as they ought to have done, it is very probable they had broken that body of Lambert's. e to that part of Cumber1andJ to Penrith in Cumberland l 4 BOOK XI. ] 648. Sir l\J. Langdale a day be- fore hLm. 7 TI-IE HIS"rORY But the duke would quarter that night two miles short; and Lambert, in the same night, marched fr0111 thence in great disorder and confusion to the edge of Yorkshire. The duke rested n1any days, that all his forces Inight C0l11e up, \v hich came slo\vly out of Scotland. As soon as they \vere come up, he marched to Kendal; ,vhere he rested again several days f; the reason \vhereof nobody could imagine. It was suspected it was g that those forces which \vere up in several parts of the kingdol11, for the king, might undergo SOllle defeat, that they might not be so united h, as to control or obstruc1 the pres))yterian design. For after that army was entered into England, it moved. as hath been said, by such very slo\v ll1arches. and so negligently, and with so little apprehension of an enemy, and it was quartered at so great i a distance, that t le head- quarter ,vas very often t\venty miles distant from some part of the arlny; the duke hinlself perforn1ing no part of the office of a general, but taking his ease, and being wholly governed by k the lieutenant gene- ral of the army, and two or three other officers. Sir l\larn1aduke Langdale marched, with his body of English, consisting of near four thousand foot, and seven or eight hundred horse, ahvays a day before the army; by \vhich they intended to have timely advertisement of the enemy's motion 1, and likewise Ineant that he should bear the first brunt of them, desiring to weaken him by all the ways they could. ... f several days] a full fort- night . g It was suspected it was] Except it were h not be so united] not so unite i great] huge k by] by Da\'id Lesley I motion] MS. adds: and for . \ h.i{'h they made no other pro- V1 SIO n OF 'rHE REBELLION. 73 They had not Ìnarchcd many days, it being now HOOK near the Iniddle of August, when sir l\larmaduke XI, Langdale advertised the duke, by an express, "that 1648. "he had received unquestionable intelligence that " Cromwell was \vithin two or three days march, " and resolved to engage his arlny as soon as possi- " bly he could, and that he would not be diverted " fronl it, by the people's gathering together at any " distance from hinl, in \vhat posture soever;" and therefore desired his grace, ,. that he would keep his " army close together; for they could not be far " asunder \vith any security;" and declared, " that " he hÏ1nself \vould rest, and wait the advance of the " enemy, and then retire back as he should find it " necessary." The duke, not\vithstanding this advertisement, refornled not the order of his In arch in any degree, . but \vas persuaded, " that the enelny could not be " so near; and that, if CI'Offi\Vell was advanced to " such a distance, it was only \vith such a party, as " he would not presume to engage with their whole "arnlY." In .this confidence, he marched as he had done before. Sir Marnladuke sent him every day Sir M. d . h fi d h r. " d h h . Langda1e a VIce t at con rme t e lornler, an t at IS turns into ligence from his friends in Rcotland, how affairs Scotland. \vent there, he returned thither in the saine ship G4 88 '1' I-I:E 1-1 I ;rr O.lt Y BOO {{ that transported hint ii"OIll thence, \vith as Illuch XI. rage and n1alice against the council about the prince, '" 1648. as against Crolnwell hio1self. The defeat i of the Scottish arn1Y at Preston, though it was not at first believed to be an entire victory over their whole body, there being double that number that was not there or that marched froln thence, broke or disappointed most of the de- signs which were on foot for raising men, in those northern counties, for the king's service, to have joinefl and united under sir lVlarmaduke Langdale. Sir Thomas Tildesly, a gentleman of a fair estate, who had served the king fronl the beginning of the ,val' ,vith good courage, ,vas then with a body of English, with ,vhich he had besieged the castle of Lancaster, and was upon the point of reducing it, when the news of Preston arrived. It was then ne- cessary to quit that design; and hearing that major general Monroe, who, shortly after the duke march- ed out of Scotland, followed hiIn with a recruit of above six thousand horse and foot, \vas COlne to the Sir Th. Til- skirts of Lancashire, he retired thither to him, hav- desl y retires . . , to Monroe. lng gathered up nlany of SIr l\Iarmaduke Langdale s n1en, \vho had been broken at Preston, and some others \vho had been ne\vly levied. Sir Thomas Tildesly 1110ved l\lonroe, "that his forces, and some " regitnents of Scots, whQ yet ren1ained about Ken- " daI, might join \\J?ith the English under his corn- u mand, and march together to\vards Preston, and "follow Croffi\vell in the rear, as he pursued the " Scots:" \vhich they might very well have done, being a body, when in conjunction, of above eight J The rlcfcat] The wonderful defeat OF 'l'HE REBELLION. 89 thousand Dlen; \vhich was equal k in nUlnber to the BOOK army under Cromwell. But the major general would XI. not consent to the motion, but retired to the farther 1648. part of \Vestmoreland; and the English followed them in the rear; presuming, that though they would not be persuaded to advance after Cromwell, yet that they would choose some other more conve- nient post to make a stand in, if th e enemy follo\ved them; and then that they \vould be glad to join \vith them: to which he ,vas pressed again the next day, but continued still fast in his sullen resolution, \vithout declaring what he meant to do; and retired through CunlherJand, \vhere he had left a sad re- lllenlbrance of his having passed that way a few days before, having then raised vast sums of money upon the poor people, and now in his retreat plun- dered alnlost all they had left. The English n1arched into the bishopric of Dur- ham, to join with such ne\v levies as were then raising there; and their nUll}ber being increased by the addition of those troops which were under the cOlnmand of sir Henry Bellingham, they met again l11ajor general l\lonroe in N orthun1berland, and de-Monroe sired him, " that they ll1ight unite together against e :j:Ï: ;: " the common enen1 Y \v ho e q uall y desired the de- land,. upon , Hanultonts "struction of thenl both." But he resolutel y re- defeat re- treats to- fused, and told them plainly, " that he would march warrls Scot- d . . S I d d land: " lrectly Into cot an , an expect orders there;" which he did with all possible expedition. Sir Philip Musgrave believed that he and his foot Sir Philip Inight be ,velconle to Carlisle; and went thither; u : : e. dud sent sir Henry Bcllinghall1, sir Robert Strick- k equal] superior BOOK XI. 16<48. Berwick and Car- lisle deli- vered to the parJia- mente 90 "fHE HIS1. OR Y land, and colonel Chatel', to the earl of Lanrick, and offered that they should carry their troops into Scot- land to join with him; \vho he knew \vell \vould stand in need of help. But he durst not accept their motion, saying, "if he should, Argyle would " from thence take an excuse to invite Crom,vell ;" ,vho they heard was then upon his march towards Ber,vick, to bring his army into Scotland: upon which sir Henry Bellingham returned with the party he con1manded into Cun1berland, paying for all they had through that part of Scotland it was necessary for thenl to pass through. Sir Philip Musgrave had no better success \vith sir William Levingston, the governor of Carlisle; for though he received hin1 very civilly, and entered into a treaty with him, (for he kne,v ,veIl enough that he was not able to victual or defend the place without the assistance of the English, and therefore desired the assistance of sir Philip in both,) yet ,vhen articles \vere agreed upon, and signed by sir Philip Musgrave, the governor fell back, and refused to en- gage hÌlnself" not to deliver up the garrison \\rith- " out the consent of sir Philip l\iusgrave;" \vho "ras contented that none of his lllen should come within the walls, until it should be most apparent, that they could no longer keep the field.. 'Vi thin a short time after, orders were sent out of Scotland for the delivery of Berwick and Carlisle to the parlialnent; in which orders there was not the least mention of lllaking conditions for the Eng- lish. Sir Philip lVlusgrave had yet Appleby castle in his own possession, havi:ng taken it after he had delivered Carlisle to duke Hamilton, and after he was marched from thence. By this good accident, OF THE It.EBELLION. 91 upon the delivery of it up, which could not long H 00 K have made any defence, he made conditions for him- XI. self, and one hundred and fifty officers, many of 1648. them gentlelnen of quality, \vho lived again to ven- ture, and some to lose, their lives for the king: after \vhich, he soon transported himself into Hol- land. Croln"rell resolved to lose no advantage he had got, but as soon as he had perfected his defeat of duke Halnilton, by gathering up as many prisoners as he could of the dispersed troops, he marched di- rectly to\\'ards Scotland, to pull up the roots there, from \vhich any farther trouble might spring here- after; though he \vas very earnestly, called upon fron1 Yorkshire to reduce those at Pontefract castle \vhich gre\v very troublesome I to all their neigh- bours; and, not satisfied ,, ith drawing contributions fron1 all the parts adjacent, they nlade excursions into places at a great distance, and took divers sub- stantial men prisoners, and carried them to the castle; where they rel11ained till they redeemed then1selves by great ranson1S. I-Io"rcver, he would not def r his northern l11arch; but believing that he should be in a short time capable to take vengeance upon those affronts, he satisfied himself in sending colonel Rainsbùrough, \vith some troops of horse and foot, to restrain their adventures, and to keep them blocked up; and himself, with the rest of his army, Cromwell t . d h . h J:'. S I I . b . b marches con lnue t ell' marc lor cot an(, It élng a out into Scot- the end of August, or beginning of Septemher, be_land. fore the harvest of that country was yet ripe; and so capable of being destroyed. I troublesome] formidable BOOK XI. 1648. 9Q "rHE H IS1.'OR Y I t was generally believed, that the marquis of Ar- gyle earnestly invited him to this progress; for the defeat of the Scottish army in England had not yet enough made hin1 master of Scotland. There was still a committee of parlialnent sitting at Edinburgh, in which, and in the council, the earl of Lanrick swayed without a rival; and the troops \vhich had been raised under Monroe for the recruit of the duke's army, were still together, and at the earl's devotion; so that the marquis \vas still upon his good behaviour. If he did not invite Cron1well, he \vas very glad of his coming; and made all possible haste to bid him welcome upon his entering into the kingdonl. They made great shows of being lnu- tually glad to see each other, being linked together by many promises, and professions, and by an entire conjunction in guilt. There was no act of hostility committed; Cronl- well declaring, "that he came with his arl11Y to pre- "serve the godly party, and to free the kingdolu " from a force, \vhich it was under, of malignant "men, who had forced the nation to break the "friendship \vith their brethren of England, \\rho " had been so faithful to them: that it having pleas- " ed God to defeat that army under duke Hamilton, " who endeavoured to engage the two nations in " each other's blood, be "Tas come thither to prevent " any farther mjschief, and to renlove those fron1 " authority who had used their power so ill;" and " that he hoped he should, in very few days, return "with an assurance of the brotherly affection of "that kingdoll1 to the parliament of England; " which did not desire in any degree to invade t.heir " liberties, or infringe their privileges." He was con.. OF TIlE REBELI.,ION. 9S ducted to Edinburgh by the marquis of Argyle, ,vhere BOO K Xl. he ,,,"as received \vith all solemnity, and the respect due to the deliverer of their countr y , and his arnl Y I ] G4.S. d s recen'e quartered about, and supplied \vith all provisions the at Edin- hurgh. country could yield. rhe earl of Lanrick, and all the Hamiltonian fac- tion, (that is, all \vho had a nlind to continue of it,) "rere \vithdra\vn, and out of reach; and they ,vho renlained at Edinburgh ,vere resolved to obey Ar- gyle; \vho they sa\v could protect them. There \vere then enough left of the comrnittee of parlia- Inent to take care of the safety and good of the kingdom, \vithout putting Crom,vell to help then} hy the po\ver of the English; ,vhich \vould have been a great discredit to their governlnent. '\Thilst he remained their guest, (,,'horn they entertained Jnagnificently,) Argyle thought hÍInself able m , by the laws of Scotland, to reform all that was anliss, and preserve the governn1ent upon the true founda- tion. So the committee of parliament sent to 1\lon- The com. . . mittee of roe an order and cOlnmand to dIsband hIS troops; the Scot- \vhich when he seemed resolved not to do, he quick- s r :; I y discerned that Crom,vell must be arbitrator. and onroe to , disband. thereupon he observed the orders of the committee very punctually: so that there was no po\ver in Scotland that could oppose the command of Argyle; the committee of parliament, the council, all the magistrates of Edinburgh, ,vere at his devotion; and \vhoever were not so, were either in prison, or fled. The pulpits \vere fulJ of invectives against the sinfulness of the late engagernent. and solemn fast enjoined hy the assen1hly to implore God's par- m thought him elf able] WR!I able 94 'f II E IIIS'I'OR Y BOO K don and forgiveness for that heinous transgression; XI. the chancellor Lowden giving the good example, by 1648. making his recantation and hun1ble subn1ission with many tears. Cro111well had reason to believe that it \vould henceforward prove as peaceable a king- dOlTI as he could \vish; and having thus n concerted all things \vith his bosom friend Argyle, (who re- solved, as soon as he was \vithdrawn a distance from Edinburgh, that he and his army might not be thought to have an influence upon the councils, to call the parlianlent to confirm all he should think Cromwell fit to do, ) he returned for En g land; \vhere he thou g ht retu rns for EngJand. his presence was like to be \vanted. The cOlIlmittee of parlian1ent at Edinburgh (\vho had authority to convene the- parliament \vhen the major part of then1 should please; care being taken in the nOll1ination of them, that they were such as \vere thought most like to pursue the way they were entered into) sent out their sun1mons to call the par- he sco - lialnent. They lvho appeared, were of another Inind bsh parha- ment being from \vhat they had been formerly, and \vith the called con- . d 1 . h h . h h I d d demn'duke san1e pasSIon an zea WIt \V IC t ey 1a entere : n's into the engagement, they now declared it unlawful mente and ungodly; and the assen1bly joining ",,.ith them, they excolnmunicated all who had the most eminent parts in the promoting it; and made them incapable of bearing any office in the state, or of sitting in council, or in parlian1ent; subjecting those who had sinned in a less degree, to such penalties as \vould for ever luake them subject to their governlnent. By these judgments, alTIOngst others, the earl of Lanrick was deprived of being secretary of statp, n thus] therefore Ol THE REBELLION. 95 and that office was conferred upon the earl of Lo- BOO K Xl. thian; who, in the beginning of the rebellion, had been employed by the conspirator into France, and 1648. conling afterwards into England was imprisoned thereupon, and being after set at liberty continued amongst those who, upon all occasions, carried the rebellion highest, and shewed the most Ïll1placable malice to the person of the king. And by this time Argyle was beC0111e so nluch more 111aster of Scot- land than CrolTIwell was of England, that he had not so much as the 8hado\v of a parliall1ent to con- tend, or to comply with, or a necessity to exercise his kno\vn great talent of dissilllulation, all lnen doing as he enjoined them, \vithout asking the rea- son of his direction. To return to the state of the king's affairs in England: 0 when the earl of Norwich and the lord Capel with the Kentish and Essex troops were en- closed in Colchester, their friends could not reason- ably hope that the Scottish arn1Y, which had so long deferred their march into England, contrary to their pronlise, would, though they ,vere no\v come in, march fast enough to relieve Colchester before they should be reduced by famine. rrhe earl of IIolland The earl of h h .. . C HoIJand t oug t It necessary, SInce luaoy "rho were In 01- rises; goes h h d d h 1 h . · to King- r ester a engage t en1se yes upon IS pronlIses stone and Huthority, now to begin his enterprise; to which the youth and \varmth of the duke of Buckinghan1, who was general of the horse, the lord Francis Vil- liers his brother, and divers other young noblemen, spurred hinl on. And he might have the better opinion of his interest and party, in that his purpose o To return to the state of the king's affairs ill Englaud :] Not in iUS. BOOK XI. "I 648. 96 'l'HE HI rrOR y of rising, and putting hÌlnself into arlns for the re- lief of Colchester, was so far from being a secret, that it was the conlmon discourse of the town. rrhere was a great appearance every lllorning, at his lodging, of those officers \vho were kno\vn to have served the king; his cOlnnlissions she,ved in many hands; no question being more comnlonly asked, than "when doth Iny lord Holland go out ?" and the answer was, "such and such a day;" and the hour he did take horse, 'v hen he ,vas aCCOlll- panied by an hundred horse fronl his house, ,vas publicly talked of t,vo or three days before. I-lis first rendezvous was at Kingston upon Thanles ; where he stayed two nights, and one \vhole day, ex- pecting a great resort to hÎIn, not only of officers, but of common 111en, who had promised, and listed themselves under several officers; and he inlputed the security he had enjoyed so long, not\vithstand- ing his purpose was so generally kno\vn, to the ap- prehension both the parlial11ent and the arnlY had of the affections of the city to join \vith him; and he believed, that he should not only remain secure at Kingston, as long as he should think fit to stay there, but that some entire regiments of the city would" march out with hilll for the relief of Col- chester. During the short stay he 111ade at Kingston, some officers and soldiers, both of horse and foot, came thither, and many persons of honour and quality, in their coaches, came to visit him and his conlpany from London; and returned thither again to prov de what was still wanting, and resolved to be with him soon enough. The principal officer the earl re- lied upon (though he had better) \vas Dalbeer a Ot' 1'I-IE ItEBELLION. 97 Dutclnnan, of nalne and reputation, and good expe- BOO K . XI. rience in ,val'; ,vho had served the parhanlent as conlmissary general of the horse under the earl of I G48, Essex, and having been left out in the ne\v model, was aillongst those discontented officers who looked for an opportunity to be re\Tenged of the arnlY; which they despised for their ill breeding, and much preaching. "fhus Dalbeer ',vas glad to depend upon the earl of Holland, who thought himself likewise happy in such an officer. The keeping good guards, and sending out parties towards the Kentish parts, where it was kno\vn some troops remained since thp last comnlotion there, ,vas cOlnrnitted to his care. But he discharged it so ill, or his orders \vere so ill observed, that the second or third nlorning after their conling to Kingston, sOlne of the parlianlent's foot, ,\t ith t,vo or three troops of colonel Rich's P llorse, qfell upon a party of the earl's about Nonsuch; and beat, and pursued them into Kingston q, before Is routf'd h · I . h d · b d · h there: t ose \\'It nn a notIce to e rea y to receIve t enl; the earl and most of the rest nlaking too llluch haste out of to\\Tn, and never offering to charge those troops. In this confusion the lord Francis Villiers, a youth of rare beauty and comeliness of person, en- deavouring r to Blake resistance, ,vas unfortunately killed, with one or two more but of little note. 1\lost of the foot Inade a shift to conceal thenlselves, and some officers, until they found means to retire to their close mansions in London. The earl..\vith P colonel Rich's] MS. adds: eminent for praying, but of no fame for fighting l) felJ upon a party of the earl's about Nonsuch; and VOL. VI. beat, and pursued them into Kingston] fell into the town r endeavouring] not being upon his horse so soon as the rest, or endeavouring II 98 TI-IE HISTOR\T BOOK near an hundred horse (the rest ,visely taking the XI. \\ray to London, ,vhere they were never inquired 1648. after) wandered ,vithout purpose or design, and was, Escapes to t\VO or three days after, beset in an inn at St. Neots St. Neots,. H . . where he is In untIngtonshlre, by those few horse who pur- taken. sued hhn, being joined with sOlne troops of colonel Scroop's s; where the earl delivered himself prisoner to the officer without resistance: yet at the sanle time Dalbeer and Kenehn Digby, the eldest son of sir Kenehn, were killed upon the place; whether out of fornler grudges, or that they offered to de- fend themselves, ,vas 110t known; and the duke of Buckinghan1 escaped t, and happily found a way into London; 'v here he lay concealed, till he had an opportunity to secure himself by being trans- ported into Holland; where the prince was; 'v ho received hiln with great grace and kindness. The earl of Holland relnained prisoner in the place where he ,vas taken, till by order froln the parlia- ment he was sent to War\vick U castle, where x he was kept prisoner with great strictness. The total defeat of the Scottish ariny lately men.. tioned succeeded this, and ,vhen those noble persons within Colchester were advertised of both, they kne,v ,veIl that there was no possibility of relief, nor could they subsist longer to expect it Y, being pressed ,vith ,vant of all kind of victual, and having eaten near all their horses. They sent therefore to Fairfax, to treat about the delivery of the to,vn upon reasonable S being joined with some troops of colonel Scroop's] Not ill IUS. t escaped] had severed him- self before from them U \Varwick] \Vindsor x where] where, notwith- tanding he was constable of it, nor could they subsist longer to expect it] nor could theyex- pect it longer OF TI-IE REBEI LION. J9 conditions; but he refused to treat, or give any con- ß 00(( ditions, if they would not render to filercy all the XI. officers and gentlenlen; the common soldiers he ,vas 1648. contented to disnliss. A day or t,vo was spent in deliberation. They within proposed "to Inake a "brisk sally; and thereby to shift for themselves, "as many as could." But they had too fe\v horsé, and the few that ,vere left uneaten were too ,veak for that enterprise. Then," that they should open " a port, and every Ulan die \vith their arlns in their " hands;" but that way they could only be sure of being killed, \vithout lTIuch hurting their adversa- ries, \vho had \vays enough securely to assault them. Hereupon, they were in the end obliged to deliver Colcbester . ce)Î\'er d. thenlselves up prIsoners at mercy; and \vere, all the officers and gentlenlen, led into the public hall of the town; \vhere they \vere locked up, and a strong guard set upon them. They were required presently to send a list of all their nalnes to the general; which they did; and, within a short tinle after, a guard ,vas sent to bring sir Charles Lucas, and sir George Lisle, and sir Bernard Gascoigne to the general, being sat with his council of war. They were carried in, and in a very short discourse told, "tbat after so long " and so obstinate a defence until they found it ne- " cessary to deliver themselves up to mercy, it was " necessary, for the example of others, and that the " peace of the kingdoI11 might be no more disturbed " in that manner, that some military justice should " be executed; and therefore, that council had de- "terrnined they three should be presently shot to " death;" for \vhich they were advised to prep;.tre themselves; and ,vithout considering, or hearing what they had a mind to say for theillselves, they H2 BOOK XI. 1648. 100 'rI-IE HISTORY were led into a yard there by z; where they found three files of ll1usketeers ready for their despatch. Sir Bernard Gascoigne was a gentleman of Flo- rence; and had served the king in the war, and afterwards rell1ained in London till the unhappy ad- venture of Colchester, and then accompanied his friends thither; and had only English enough to ll1ake himself understood, that he desired a pen and ink and paper, that he might write a letter to his prince the great duke, that his highness might know in ,vhat n1anner he lost his life, to the end his heirs D1ight possess his estate. The officer that attended the execution thought fit to acquaint the general and council, without which he dul'st not allow him pen and ink, which he thought he might reason- ably demand: when they ,vere informed of it, they thought it a matter worthy SOll1e consideration; they had chosen him out of the list for his quality, conceiving hinI to be an English gentleman, and preferred hin1 for being a knight, that they might sacrifice three of that rank. This delay brought the news of this bloody reso- lution to the prisoners in the town; who were infi- nitely afflicted with it; and the lord Capel prevailed with an officer, or soldier, of their guard, to carry a letter, signed by the chief persons and officers, and in the name of the rest, to the general; in which they took notice of that judgn1ent, and desired him " either to forbear the executio,n of it, or that they "might all, who were equally guilty with those "three, undergo the same sentence with them." The letter was delivered, but had no other effect than the sending to the officer to despatch his order, z there by] that was contiguous OF THE REBELLION. 101 reserving the Italian to the last. Sir Charles Lucas BOO K was their first work; who fell dead; upon which XI. sir George Lisle ran to him, embraced him, and ] 648. . . Sir Charles kIssed hIm; and then stood up, and looked those Lucas and who were to execute him in the face; and thinking Sl? e they stood at too great a distance, spake to them to to death. come nearer; to which Olle of thelll said, " I'll war- " rant yqu, sir, we'll hit you:" he answered smiling, " Friends, I have been nearer you, when you have " missed me." Thereupon, they all fired upon him, and did their work home, so that he fen down dead of 111any wounds without speaking word. Sir Ber- nard Gascoigne had his doublet off, and expected the next turn; but the officer told him " he had or- " der to carry hin} back to his friends;" which at that time was very indifferent to him. The council of war had considered, that if they should in this manner have taken the life of a foreigner, who seemed to be a person of quality, their friends or children who should visit ItaJy Inight pay dear for many generations; and therefore they conlmanded the officer,'" when the other two should be dead, to " carry him back again to the other prisoners." The t\VO who were thus murdered were men of Their c11a. d . h 1 . racters. great name an esteem In t e ,var; the one Jelng held as good a commander of horse, and the other of foot, as the nation had; but of very different tempers and humours. Lucas was the younger bro- ther of the lord Lucas, and his heir both to the ho- nour and estate, and had a present fortune of his own. He had been bred in the Low Countries un- der the prince of Orange a, and always amongst the horse. He had little conversation in that court, ,vhere a under the prince of Orange] Not in MS. H3 BOOK XI. J G48. 10 rrHE HIS1. ORY great civility ,vas practised, and learned. He \vas very brave in his person, and in a day of battle a gallant Dlan to ]ook upon, and follow; but at all other tiInes and places, of a nature scarce b to be lived with, of DO good c understanding, of a rough and proud humour d, and very morose conversa- tion e; )'et they all desired to accolDpany him in his death. Lisle was a gentleman who had had the same education \vith the other, and at the same tinle an officer of foot; had all the courage of the other, and led his nlen to a hattle \vith such an alacrity, that no man was ever better followed; his soldiers never forsaking hin1; and the party \vhich he conlmanded, never left any thing undone which he led them upon. But then, to his fierceness of courage he had the softest and 11108t gentle nature iInaginable; was kind to all f, and beloved of all, and without a capa- city to have an enemy. . The manner of taking the lives of these worthy Inen \vas new, and \vithout exaInple, and concluded by most IDen to be very barbarous; and \vas gene- rally inlputed to Ireton, \vho swayed the general, and ,vas upon all occasions of an {lnmerciful and bloody nature. As soon as this bloody sacrifice was ended, Fairfax, with the chief officers, went to the to\vn-house to visit the prisoners; and the general (who was an ill orator on the most plausible occa- sion) applied with his civility to the earl of N 01'- wich, and the lord Capel; and, seeming in some de- b scarce] not C no gootl] an ill Ù humour] nature e and \-ery U1orose conversa- tion] which made hÏln during the time of their being in Col- chester 1110re intolerable than the siege, or any fortune that threatened them f \Vas kind to aU] loved all OF THE REBELLION. 103 gree to excuse the having done that, \vhich he said BOO K " tbe military justice required," he told them, " that XI. " all -the lives of the rest \vere safe; and that they 1648. " should be well treated, and disposed of as the par- " lialnent should direct." rrhe lord Capel had not so soon digested this so late barbarous proceeding, as to receive the visit of those \vho caused it, \vith such a return as his condition might have pronlpted to him; but said, " that they should do well to finish " their work, and execute the same rigour to the " rest;" upon which there \vere two or three such sharp and bitter replies bet\veen him and Ireton, that C{J t him his life in few months after. \Vhen the general had given notice to the parlialnent of his proceedings, he received order to send the earl of Norwich and the lord Capel to \Vindsor castle; \vhere they had afterwards the society of duke Ha- milton g, to lanlent each other's misfortunes; and after son\e time they two \vere h sent to the Tower. Though the city had undergone so many severe tnortifications, that it might very well have been discouraged from entering into any Illore dangerous engagements, at least all other people tnight have · been terrified from depending again upon such en- gagements, yet the present fright ,vas no sooner The beha- h h d .. e d ,-iour of over t an t ey recovere new spIrIts lor ne\v un er- the city at takings; and seemed always to have observed SOllle- this time. ,vhat in the last miscarriage which 111ight be here- after prevented, and no more obstruct their future proceedings; and lnany in the parliall1ent, as ,veIl as in the city, who were controlled and dispirited g duke Hamilton] earl of 1101- laud h two were] were all H4 104 '"rHE HIS'fOR Y BOOK by the presence of the army, when that was at a XI. . dIstance appeared resolute, and brisk in any contra- J 648. diction and opposition of their counsels. S that Croln"''"ell had no sooner begun his march towards the north, and Fairfax his into Kent, but the conl- mon council delivered a petition to the parliament, They peti- "that they would entertain a personal treaty \vith tion for a personal "the king, that the kingdon1 might be restored treaty. · h . .iY " agaIn to a appy peace; whIch could be hoped lor " no other way." This \vas the first presumption that had been offered, since their vote of no more addresses to be made to the king; which had been near half a year before; and this seemed to be lllade with so universal a concurrence of the city, that the parlianlent durst not give a positive refusal to it. And in truth the major part thereof did really de- sire the same thing; which Inade sir Harry Vane, and that party in the parlialnent to which the army adhered, or rather which adhered to the army, to contrive some specious way to defer and delay it by seeming to consent to it, rather than to oppose the A commit- n10tion. And therefore they appointed a committee tee of par- . Hament of the house of commons, to meet wIth such a com- trt'ats with. f h . 1 h h ld k them about mlttee 0 t e COllllTIOn COUnCI , as t ey s ou ma e it. choice of, to confer together of the ways aud nleans to provide for the king's safety and security during the tilne of the treaty: which committee being met together, that of the house of conlmons perplexed the other with many questions, " what they Ineant " by those expressions, they used in their petition," (and had been the comnlon expressions, long used both by the king and the parliament, in all ap- plications \vhich had concerned a treaty,) " that his " majesty might treat ,vith honour, freedom, and OF ".rHE REBELLION. 105 u safety? what they intended by those "Tords? and BOOK XI. " whether the city ,yould be at the charge in main- " taining those guards, which were to be kept for 1648. " the security of the king during such treaty; and " if the king should in that treaty refuse to give the "parliament satisfaction, ho\v his person should be " disposed of?" and many such questions, to which they ,veIl knew that the comnlÍttee itself could make no ans\ver, but that there must be another conlmon coJncil called, to ,vhich they nlust repair for direc- tions. And by this means, and administering new questions at every meeting, much tÌlne was spent, and the delays they \vished could not be avoided. So that not\vithstanding all the city's earnestness i that the treaty might be presently entered upon, it was delayed till k the insurrection in Kent, and the designs of the earl of Holland (to both which they had pronlised another kind of assistance) were both disappointed, and expired. However, the prince was still in the Do\vns with his fleet, and the gentlemen in Colchester defended themselves resolutely, and the Scottish arnlY was entered the kingdon1, all which kept up their courage; insomuch as, after all the delays, the parlianlent consented, and declared, The parlia. h h ld . I . ment de- " t at t ey wou enter Into a persona treaty WIth dares for a " the king for the settling the peace of the king- r::::;:al " don1; uut that the treaty should he in the Isle of " 'Vight, 'v here his Majesty should enjoy honour, " freedom, and safety." The city had offered before to the committee upon sOlne of the questions which had bpen admi- i all the city's earnestness] k it was delayed till] much all their clam01.irs time was spent, and 106 'rI-IE HIS rORY BOO K nistered to them, "that if the treaty might be in XI. "London, they would be at the charge of nlaintain- j 648. "ing those guards which should be necessary for " the safety and security of the king;" and there- fore they were very much troubled, that the treaty should be no\v in the Isle of Wight, upon which they could have no influence; yet they thought not fit to make any new instances for change of the place, lest the parliament ßlight recede from their vote, that there should he a treaty entered upon. So they only rene\ved their importunity, that all ex- A commit- pedition might be used; and, in spite of all delays, tee of both. h b .. f A · houses sent In t e egInnlng 0 ugust a comnl1ttee was sent to the kino' .c b th h h k . C . b k tl for that trOm 0 ouses to t eYing to arls roo cas e, purpose in \vhere he had been close shut U P about half a year, the begin- ning of without being suffered to speak with any but such August. who were appointed by them to attend, and watch him. The sub- The message the comolittee delivered \vas, " that stance of h .. .... their mes- "the ouses dId desIre a treaty wIth hIS maJesty, In s ge to the " what P lace of the Isle of \Vi g ht he would a pp oint lmg. ' " upon the propositions tendered to hinl at Hamp- "ton Court, and such other propositions, as they " should cause to be presented to him; and that his " 111ajesty should enjoy honour, freedom, and safety " to his person." The lnessengers, who ,vere one of the house of peers and two COlllmoners, were to return within ten days, nobody being very I strict in the limitation of time to a day ill, because the treaty was so much the longer kept off, ,vhich they hoped still would by some accident be prevented. The king received them very graciously, and told 1 very] Not in lJlS. m to a day] Not in .IUS. OF THE REBELLION. 107 theIn, " they could not believe that any n1an could BOO K " desire a peace Inore heartily than himself, because XI. " no man suffered so much by the want of it: that, ] 648. " though he was without any man to consult with, " and without a secretary to write what he should " dictate, yet they should not be put to stay long " for an answer;" which he gave them within two or three days, all \vritten in his own hand; in which, after he had lamented his present condition, and the extreme restraint he was under, he said, " he did very cheerfully embrace their ll10tion, and The king's . answer. " accepted a treaty they promised should be wIth "honour, freedom, and safety; which he hoped " they did really intend should be performed; for " that, in the condition he was in, he was so totally " ignorant and uninformed of the present state of " all his dominions, that a blind man was as fit to " judge of colours, as he was to treat concerning the " peace of the kingdoln, except they would first re- " voke their votes, and orders, by which an men "were prohibited and forbid to come, write, or "8peak to him. For the place, he could have " wished, for the expedition that would have re- " suIted frOlTI thence, that it might have heen in or " near London, to the end that the parliament's "resolution and determination might have been " sooner kno,vn upon any emergent occasion that " ITlight have gro\vn in the treaty, than it could be " at such a distance: however, since they had re- " solved that it should be in the Isle of \Vight, he " would not except against it, but named the town " of Newport for the place of the treaty." He said, "though he desired all expedition might be used " to,vards the beginning and ending the treaty, yet 108 'I'll-IE HISTORY BOO K "he should not think himself in any freedom to XI. "treat, except, before the treaty begun, all such ] 648. "persons might have liberty to repair to hinl, whose " advice and assistance he'" should stand in need of "in the treaty." He sent a list of the names of those his servants which he desired might be ad- mitted to come to him, and attend upon him; whereof the duke of Richmond, the marquis of Hertford, the earls of Southalnpton and Lindsey, were the chief; all four gentlemen of his bedchaluber, and of his privy council. He nanled likewise all the other ser- vants, whose attendance he desired in their several offices. He sent a list of the names of several bi- shops, and of such of his chaplains, as he desired to confer with, and of many common lawyers, and some civilians, whose advice he might have occasion to use, and desired, "that he nlight be in the same ,. state of freedom, as he enjoyed whilst he had been " at Hampton Court." By the time that the commissioners returned from the Isle of "Tight, and delivered this answer to the parliament, news was brought of the defeat of the Scottish arnlY, and Crom\vell had \vritten to his friends, "what a perpetual ignominy it would be to " the parliament, that nobody abroad or at home " would ever give credit to them, if they should re- U cede from their foriner vote and declaration of no " farther addresses to the king, and conjured them " to continue firnl in that resolution." But they had gone too far now to recede, and since the first 1110- tion and petition from the common council for a treaty, very many menlbers, who 'had opposed the vote and declaration of no more addresses, and from the tilne that had passed, had forborne ever to be OF THE REBELI..ION. 109 present in the parliament, upon the first mention of BOOK a treaty, flocked again to the house, and advanced XI. that overture; so that they were lTIuch superior in ] 648. number to those who endeavoured first to, obstruct and delay, and now hoped absolutely to frustrate all that had been proposed n towards a treaty. And the great victory which had been obtained agaínst the Scots, and which they concluded must speedily reduce Colchester, and put a quick period to all other atten1pts against the parliament, made then1 ore earnest and solicitous for a treaty; which was all the hope left to prevent that confusion they dis- cerned was the purpose of the army to bring upon the kingdolll: and so \v1th the more vigour they pressed "that satisfaction might be given to the " king, in all that he had proposed in his answer;" and, not\vithstanding all opposition, it was declared, The vote of h h .L'. dd d no more " t at t e vote lor no more a resses should stan addresses " re p ealed: that the treat y should be at New p ort. repealed; , and the " and that his majesty should be there in the same treaty to be at Newport. " freedoln in \vhich he ,vas at Hampton Court; that " the instructions to colonel Hammond, by which " the king had been in that manner restrained, and " all persons forbid 0 froin going to him, should be " recalled; that all those persons who "Tere named " by the king, should have free liberty to repair to " him, and to remain with him y/ithout being ques- " tioned, or troubled." And having proceeded thus far, they nominated five P lords and ten comn10ners to be the comnlissioners who should treat with the king, and \vho were enjoined to prepare all things to be in readiness for the treaty with all possible n proposed] Not in .t1JtlS. o forbid] restrained p five] a committee of five 110 THE HISTORY BOO K expedition; but sir Harry Vane q, being one r of XI. h · t ose cOlllmlssioners, used all his arts s to obstruct ] 648. and delay it, in hope that Crom \Ven would despatch his affairs in Scotland time enough to return, and to use more effectual and powerful arguments against it, than be was t furnished withal. All these occurrences \vere very well known to Crolnwell, and \vere the motives which persuaded hÏ1n to believe that his presence at the parliament was so necessary to suppress the presbyterians, who ceased not to vex hhn at any distance, that he would not be prevailed with to stay and finish that only work of difficulty that remained to be done, which was the reducing Pontefract castle; but left LaIn.. bert to make an end of it, and to revenge the death of Rainsborougb, who had lost his life by that gar- rison, with SOlne circulnstances which deserve to be remembered; as in truth all that adventure in the taking and defending that place, should be preserved by a very particular relation, for the honour of all the persons who were engaged in it. An account \Vhen the first u war had been brought to an end of the tak-. . ing of Pon- by the reductIon of all places, and persons, whIch : tfor had held for the king, and all men's hopes had been the king. rendered desperate, by the imprisonnlent of his ma- jesty in the Isle of'Vight, those officers and gentle- men who had served, whilst there \vas any service, betook themselves general1y to the habitations they had in the several counties; where they lived quietly and privately, under the insolence of those neigh- hours who had formerly, by the inferiority of their q but sir Harry Vane] but the lord Say and sir Harry Vane r one] two s his arts] their arts t he was] they were U first] Not in .iUS. OF THE REBELLION. 111 conditions, subn1itted to then1. 'Vhen the parlia- ment had finished the ,var, they reduced and slight- ed 1110st of the inland garrisons, the maintenance whereof was very chargeable; yet by the interest of sonle person who comlnanded it, or out of the consideration of the strength and importance of the place, they kept still a garrison in Pontefract castle, a noble royalty and palace belonging to the crown, and then part of the queen's jointure. The situation in itself was very strong; no part whereof ,vas conl- nlanded by any other ground: the house very large, with all offices suitable to a princely seat, and though built very near the top of a hill, so that it had the prospect of a great part of the 'Vest Riding of Y ork- shire, and of Lincolnshire, and N ottinghamshire, yet it \vas plentifully supplied with water. Colonel Cot- terell, the governor of this castle x, exercised a very severe jurisdiction over his neighbours of those parts; which \vere inhabited by many gentlemen, and sol- diers, \vho had served the king throughout the war, and \vho were kno\vn to retain their old affections, though they lived quietly under y the present go- vernlnent. Upon the least jealousy or humour, these Inen \vere frequently sent for, reproached, and some- times itnprisoned by the governor in this garrison; which did not render them the more devoted to hin}. 'Vhen there appeared some hopes that the Scots would raise an arnlV for the relief and release " of the king, sir Marmaduke Langdale, in his way for Scotland, had visited and conferred with some of his old friends and countrymen, who now lived quietly within some distance of Pontefract, who in- x castle] garrison y quietly und r] with all submission to BOOK XI. 1648. BOOK XI. ] 648. 11 TIRE HISTORY fornled hiIn of that garrison, the place \vhereof was well known to hhn. And he acquainting theln "Tith the assurance he had of the resolution of the prin- cipal persons of the kingdolll of Scotland, and that they had invited him to join with theIn, in order to which he was then going thither, they agreed, "that, " when it should appear that an army ,vas raised in "Scotland upon that account, which must draw " down the parliament's arnlY into the other north- " ern counties, and that there should be risings in " other parts of the kingdolll," (\vhich the general indisposition and discontent, besides some particular designs, made like to fall out,) "that then those "gentlemen should endeavour the surprise of that " castle, and after they had made themselves strong " in it, and furnished z it with provisions to endure " some restraint, they should draw as good a body " to them as those countries would yield:" and hav- ing thus adjusted that design, they settled such a way of correspondence with sir Marmaduke, that they frequently gave hinl an account, and received his directions for their proceeding. In this disposi- tion they continu d quiet, as they had always been; and the governor of the castle lived towards them with less jealousy, and more humanity, than he had been accustomed to. There was one colonel Morrice, ,vho, being a very young man, had, in the beginning of the \var, been an officer in some reginlents of the king's; and, out of the folly and inlpatience of his youth, had quitted tbat service, and engaged himself in the parliament arnlY with some circumstances not F. furnished] provided O ' 'rHE ItEBELLION. 113 very comlnendahle; and by the clearness of his .cou- rage, and pleasantness of his lIuIuour, made himself not only very acceptable, but was preferred to the cOlllluand of a colonel, and perforlued nlany notable services for thein, being a stout and bold undertaker in attempts of the greatest danger; \v herein he had usually success. After the ne\v modelling of the army, and the introducing of a stricter discipline, his life of great licence kept not his reputation \vith the ne\v officers; and being a free speaker and cen- surer of their affected behaviour, they left him out in their cOlnpounding their new army, but with Jnany professions of kindness, and respect to his en1Ïnent courage, \vhich they \vould find sOlne' occa- sion to employ, and re,vard. He was a gentleman of a cOIllpetent estate in those parts in Yorkshire; and as he had grown elder, he had heartily detested hinlself for having quitted the king's service, and had resolved to take some seasonable opportunity to ,vipe off that blelnish by a service that would re- deelu hill}; and so \Y3S not troubled to be set aside hy the new general, but betook himself to his estate; enjoyed his old hunlour, which ,vas cheerful and pleasant; and Inade hÍInself 1110St acceptable to those who were most trusted by th parliament; who thought that they had disnlissed one of the best officers they had, and were sorry for it. lIe no\\', as a country gentleman, frequented t}u:' fairs and markets, and conversed '" itb equal free- ùon1 with all his neighbours, of what party soever they had heen, and rene,ved the friendship he had forll1crly held with sonle of those gentlemen W]10 had served the king. .But no friendship was so dear to him, as that of the governor of Pontefract VOL. VI. I BOOK XI. ) 648. BOOK XI. ] 648. 114 'I' I-I E 1-1 I S L' 0 It Y castle, who loved hin1 above all men, and delighted so much in his cOl11pany, that he got him to be with hin1 sometin1es a ,veek and nlore at a time in the castle, when they always lay together in one bed. He declared to one of those gentlemen, who were united together to make that attenlpt, "that he " would surprise that castle, 'v henever they should " think the season ripe for it;" and that gentleman, who knew him very ,veIl, believed him so entirely, that he told his companions, " that they should not " trouble themselves with contriving the means to " surprise the place; which, by trusting too many, " would be liable to discovery; but that he ,vould "take that charge upon hiIllself, by a ,yay they "need not inquire into; \vhich he assured them " should not fail:" and they all very willingly ac- quiesced in his undertaking; to which they kne,v well he was not inclined without good grounds. Morrice was more frequently with the governor, who never thought himself wen without him; and always told him" he must have a great care of his " garrison, that be had none but faithful men in the u castle; for that he ,vas confident there ,vere SOIne " men who lived not far off, and who lnany times "came to visit hhn, had some design upon the " place;" and would then in confidence name nlany persons to hÏ1n, some whereof were those very men with whonl he con1municated, and others were men of another temper, and ,vere 1110st devoted to the parliament, all his particular friends and COIn pa- nions; "but that he should not be troubled; for he U had a false brother alTIOngst them, from whOln he " was sure to have seasonåble advertisement;" and promised him, "that he ,yould, within fe,v hours OF THE ItEBELLION. 115 " notice, bring him at any time forty or fifty good " Inen into the castle to reinforce his garrison, when "there should be occasion;" and he would shew hiln the list of such men, as would be always ready, and \vould sometimes bring some of those men with him, and tell the governor before them, "that those " \vere in the list he had given him of the honest " fellows, who would stick to hilTI 'v hen there should " be need;" and others \vould accidentally tell the governor, "that they had listed the111sel yes with co- "lonel l\'lorrÌce to come to the castle, whenever he " should call or send to them." And all these men thus listed, were fellows very notorious for the bit- terness and nlalice which they had always against the king, not one of which he ever intended to make use of. He I1lade hiulself very fauliliar ,,'"ith all the sol- diers in the castle, and used to play and drink with them; and, ,vhen he lay there, \vould often rise in the night, and visit the guards; and by that means ,vould s0111etimes make the governor dismiss and discharge a soldier WhOlTI he did not like, under pretence, "that he found hinl always asleep," or some other fault which ,vas not to be examined; and then he would commend some other to him as very fit to be trusted and relied upon; and by this means he had very much power in the garrison. The governor received several letters from his friends in the parliament, and in the country, "that he h should take care of colonel l\iorrice, who resolved " to betray him;" and informed him, "that he had '" been in such and sllch company of n1en, \vho were " generally esteemed most malignant" and had great " intrigues \vith thenl;" all \\7hich \vas "Tell kno\vn I 2 BOOK XI. 1648. BOOK XI. 1648. l1ß THE II I STOR \.- tu the governor; for the other was never in any of that conlpany, though ,vith all the show of secrecy, in the night, or in places renlote from any house, but he always told the governor of it, and of many particular passages in those meetings; so that when these letters came to him, he she,ved them still to the other; and then both of t.hem laughed at the intelligence; after \vhich l\lorrice frequently called for his horse, and went home to his house, telling his friend, "that though he had, he knew, no Inis- " trust of his friendship, and kne\v hin} too well to " think hi m capable of such baseness, yet he ought " not for his o\vn sake be thought to slight the in- " formation; which would Inake his friends the less " careful of him: that they had reason to give hin1 " warning of those 111petings, \vhich, if he had not "known himself, had been very worthy of his sus- " picion; therefore he would forbear conling to the " castle again, till this jealousy of his friends should " be over; who would know of this, and be satisfied " with it:" and no power of the governor could pre- vail with him, at such tirnes, to stay; but he would be gone, and stay a \vay till he was, after some time, sent for again with great in1portunity, the governor desiring his counsel and assistance as much as his company. I t fell out, as it usually doth in affairs of that nature, when many ll1en are engaged, that there is an impatience to execute what is projected before the time be throughly ripe. The business of the fleet, and in Kent, and other places, and the daily alarms from Scotla d, as if that arl11Y had been en- tering the kingdom, 111ade the gentlemen \vho \\'ere engaged for this enterprise imagine that they de.. O:F '-.rHE ItEBEI LION. 117 felTed it too long, and that though they had re- ceived no orders from sir 1\larmaduke Langdale, which they were to expect, yet they had been sent, and miscarried. Hereupon they called upon the gentleman \vho had undertaken, and he upon Mor- rice, for the execution of the design. The time agreed upon ",as such a night, ,vhen the surprisers were to he ready upon stich a part of the wall, and to have ladders to mount in t\VO places, where t\\ro soldiers were to be appointed for sentinels who \vere privy to the attempt. 1\1orrice was in the castle, and in bed with the governor, and, according to his custom, rose ahout the hour he thought all would be ready. They without Inade the sign agreed upon, and were answered by one of the sentinels from the wall; upon which they l un to both places '" here they were to mount their ladders. By some accident, the other sentinel who was designed was not upon the other part of the wall; but a when the ladder was 1110unted there, the sentinel called out; and finding that there were men under the \vall, run towards the court of guard to call for help; b which gave an alarm to the garrison: so that, for that tinle, the design was disappointed. But, shortly after, Morrice and some of the same gentle- men surprised the castle, under the disguise of coun- trymen cOlllillg in with carts of provision; and pre- sently seized on and mastered the main guard, and made \vay for thcir friend , horse and foot, to enter. Then two or thrce of then1 went b to the governor's but] ,",0 th ..t b which gave an alarm-two or three of them went] 1 "us in lU s.: and in his way met l\lor- rice, who, finding him to be a wrong soldier, seemert not to believe him, hut took him hack with him to :5hcw him the plaec , I 3 BOOK XI. 1648. BOOK XI. 1648. 118 'fIfE HIS"rORY chanlber, whom they found in his bed, and told him, " the castle was surprised, and himself a prisoner." He betook himself to his arms for his defence, but quickly found that his friend had betrayed it, and the other gentlemen appearing, of whOln he had been before ,yarned, his defence was to no purpose, yet he received some ,vounds. Morrice afterwards C comforted hinl with assurance "of good usage, and " that he \vould procure his pardon from the king " for his rebellion." They put the garrison in good order, and so many came to them from. lYO orkshire, N ottinghalu, and Lincoln, that they could not in a short tinle be re- strained, and had leisure to fetch in all sorts of pro- visions for their support, and to Inake and renew such fortifications as might be necessary for their defence. FrOlll Nottingham there came sir John Digby, sir I-Iugh Cart\vright, and a son and nephew of his, who had been good officers in the army, \vith nlany soldiers who had been under their command; many other gentlemen of the three counties were present, and deserve to have their nanIes recorded, since it was an action throughout of great courage and conduct. Cromwell's marching to\vards the Scots with the neglect of these men after their first appearance, and carried him to the top of the wan, nearer, that they might listen; and from thence, being a very strong man, he made a shift to throw the soldier over the wall: and by this time they from without were got upon the wall from both places, and had made their signs to their friends at a distance. \rith these l\lor- rice went to the court of guard, which was in part prepared, so that with knocking two or three of the other in the head, they became masters there, and open- ed the port for their friends' horse and foot to enter. l\Ior- rice, with two or three gentle- lUent, went, &c. c aften\-ards] lVOt in ]JiB. OJ? l'l-I:E R:EBELLION. 119 and only appointing some county troops to enclose BooK XI. then1 from increasing their strength, gave them great opportunity to grO\V; so that driving those troops 1648. to a greater distance, they drew contribution from all the parts about them, and made incursions nluch farther, and rendered thenlselves so terrible, that, as was said before, after the Scots' defeat, those of Yorkshire sent very earnestly to Crol1lwelI, h that " he \vould nlake it the business of his arnlY to re- "duce Pontefract." But he, resolving upon his Scottish expedition, thought it enough to send Raiushorough to perfOrl1l that service, with a regi- ment of horse, and one or t\\ O of foot, belonging to thè army; ,vhich, "rjth a conjunction of the country forces under the saIne C0l11mand, he doubted not would be sufficient to perform a greater work. As soon as the castle had been reduced, they ,vho "ere possessed of it \\ ere very willing to be under the command of l\lorrice; ,vho declared he would not accept the charge, nor be governor of the place, knowing well what jealousies he Blight be liable to, at least upon an)' change of fortune, but under the direction of sir John Digby; \vho was colonel ge- neral of those parts, and \vas a n1an rather cordial in the ser\Tice, than equal to the conlnland; which ßlade hinl refer all things stilJ to the counsel and conduct of those officers \\rho were under hiln; by \vhose activity, as nluch was done as could be ex- pected fronl such a knot of resolute persons. The total defeat of the Scottish arlny being no\v Part of the II k d h h . fj . d . Ii I trarrison', genera y llown, an t at tell' rien S In a ot lcr t1eml't places were defeated, they in the castle ,,,cn knc\v i ::.,- ,vhat they ,vere presently to expect, and that they boroll;h. should be shortly shut up frolll luaking farther cx- I 4 BOOK XI. 1648. l O '1' IIß I-I I S'l'Olt Y cursions. They heard that Rainsborough was upon his march towards theIn, and had already sent sonle troops to be quartered near them, hilnself yet keep- ing his headquarters at Doncaster, ten n1iles from the castle. They resolved, \vhilst they yet enjoyed this liberty, to n1ake a noble attell1pt. They had .. been informed, that sir Marlnaduke Langdale, (whonl they still called their general,) after the overthrow of the Scottish army, had been taken prisoner, and remained in N ottinghaln castle, under a most strict custody, as a man the parliament declared, "they ". would make an exanlple of their justice." A party of about twenty horse d, but picked and choice men, went out of the castle, in the beginning of the night, with a resolution to take Rainsborough prisoner, and thereby to ransom their general. They were all good guides, and understood the \vays, private and public, very exactly; and ,vent so far, that about the break of day or a little after, in the end of .LL\u- gust, they put themselves into the COTIlmOn road that led from York; by which ways the guards expected no enemy; and so slightly asked then} "whence " they came?" who negligently answered; and ask- ed again, "where their general was?" saying," they " had a letter for hilTI from Crolnwell." They sent one to shew them where the general \vas; ,vhich they kne\v well enough; and that he lay at the best inn of the to\vn. And when the gate of the inn ,vas opened to them, three of them only entered into the inn, the other rode to the other end of the town to the bridge, over which they were to pass to\vards Pontefract; where they expected and did find a d A party of about twenty twelve horse, and no more horse] l\lorrice, with a party of Of' 'rIfE REBELLIOS. 121 guard of horse and foot, \vith \VhOn1 they entertained then1selves in discourse, saying, "that they stayed " for their officer, \vho \vent only in to speak with " the general;" and called fo SOUle drink. The guards making no question of their being friends, sent for drink, and talked negligently \vith then1 of news; and, it being broad day, SOllle of the horse alighteù, and the foot went to the court of guard, conceiving that 1110rning's work to he over. They \vho \vent into the inn, \vhere nobody was a\vake but the fello\v \vho opened the gate, asked in \vhich chanIber the general (for so all the soldiers called RainsLorough) lay; and the fellow she\ving them 1'1'0111 belo\v the chanlber door, t\VO of them \vent up, and the other stayed below, and held the horses, and talked with the soldier who had walked ,vith then1 fron1 the guard. The t\VO who went up, opened the chanlber door, found Rainsborough in his bed, but a\vaked \vith the little noise they had Illade. They told him in short, " that he \vas their prisoner, and " that 'it ,vas in his po\ver to choose whether he " \vould be presently killed," (for \vhich work he saw they \vere very ,veIl prepared,) "or quietly, " without Inaking resistance, or delay, to put on his "clothes and be lnounted upon a horse, that \vas " reaùy below for hiIn, and accompany them to Pon- "tefraet." The present danger awakened hinl out of the anlazenlent he \vas in, so that he told thenl he would wait upon thenl, and Inade the haste that was necessary to put on his clothes. One of them took his s\\rord, and so they led hiln do\vn stairs. lIe that held the horses, had sent the soldier a\vay to those who \vere gone hefore, to speak to thel11 to get sonle drink, and any thing else that could he BOOK XI. 16 18. l Q "rHE HISrrORY 1648. made ready in the house, against they carne. 'Vhen Rainsborough came into the street, which he ex- pected to find full of horse, and saw only one nlan, who held the others' horses, and presently mounted that he might be bound behind hÌln, he begun to struggle, and to cry out. \Vhereupon, when they saw no hope of carrying hin1 a\vay, they imlnedi- ately run him through \\rith their s\vords, and, leav- ing him dead upon the ground, they got upon their horses, and ode to\vards their fello\vs, before any in the inn could be ready to follow them. When those at -the bridge sa\v their conlpanions coming, which was their sign, being well prepared, and knowing \vhat they were to do, they turned upon the guard, and Inade them fly in distraction e; so that the ,yay Was clear and free; and though they missed carry- ing home the prize for \vhich they had made so lusty an adventure, they joined together, and Inarched, with the expedition that was necessary, a shorter way than they had come, to their garrison; leaving the town and soldiers hehind in such a consterna- tion, that, not being able to receive any information fronl their general, whom they found dead upon the ground without any body in vie\v, they thought the Devil had been there; and could not recollect them- selves, which way they were to pursue an enemy they had not seen. The gallant party came safe home without the least danlage to horse or man, hoping to make some other attempt more success- fully, by \vhich they lnight redeem sir Marnladuke Langdale. There was not an officer in the army whom Cromwell \vould not as willingly have l st as e and made them fly in dis- them, that all the rest fled in traction] and killed o .many of distraction BOOK XI. OF 'l'l-I.E H,.EBEJ LION. 1 3 this man; who ,vas bold and barbarous to his wish, and fit to be intrusted in the most desperate in- terest, and was the man whom that party al\vays intended to commit the maritime affairs to, "'hen it should be time to disll1iss the earl of. "T ar,vick; he having been bred in that element, and kno,ving the duty of it very well, though he had that misfortune spoken of in the beginning of the sunlmer. And now to finish this business of Pontefract al- together, \vhich lasted near to the end of this year, i when Lal11bert can1e to this charge, (instructed hy Cron1 \vell to take full vengeance for the loss of Rainsborough, to \vhose ghost he designed an ample sacrifice,) and kept what body of men he thought fit for that purpose, he reduced them in a short tinlC \vithin their o\vn circuit, Inaking good ,yorks round about the castle, that they rnight at last yield to hunger, if nothing else \voldd reclaim tbeul. Nor did they quietly suffer themselves to be cooped up without bold and frequent sallies, in ,vhich Inany of the besiegers, as ,veIl as the others, lost their Ii ves. 'fhey discovered Inany of the country ".ho held cor- respondence with, and gave intelligence to the castle, whom they apprehended g, whereof there \vere t\VO di vines, and some WOlllen of note, friends and allies to the besieged. After frequent mortifications of this kind, and no hUlnan hope of relief, they were content to offer to treat for the delivery of the castle, if they luight have honourable conditions; if 110t, they sent \vord, " that they had provisions yet for a f And now to finish this bu- siness of Pontcfract altogether, which lasted near to the end of this year,] ;.Vot ilt Jl S. g apprehended] iU S. add:;: and caused to be hanged in s.ight of the castle BOOK Xl. 1648. HOOK XI. 1648. 1 4 1 1-1 E 1-1 I S "r 0 R Y " good titne; that they durst die, and would sell " their lives at as dear a price as they could." Lanl- bert answered, that he knew "they were gallant " men, and that he desired to preserve as nlany of " them, as was in his po,ver to do; but he must re- " quire six of then1 to be given up to hin1, "Those "lives he could not save; ,vhich he was sorry for, "since they were brave men; but his hands \vere "bound." The six excepted by hÍ1n 'v ere colonel l\lorrice h, and five i nlore whose nalnes he found to have been amongst those .who ,vere in the party that had destroyed Rainsborough; ,vhich ,vas an enter- prise no brave enell1Y ,vould have revenged in that nlanner: nor did Lalnbert desire it, but Cromwell had enjoined it hirn: an the rest he " ,,?as content " to release, that they Inight return to their houses, " and apply themselves to the parliament for their " con1positions, to,vards ,, hich he \vould do them " all the good offices he could." rrhey fron1 within ackno,vledged "his civility in that particular, and " ,vould be glad to en1brace it, but they ,vould never " be guilty of so base a thing, as to deliver up any " of their companions;" and therefore they desired "they might have six days allo,ved theIn, that " those six Inight do the best they could to deliver " themselves; in \vhich it should be lawful for the " rest to assist then1;" to ,vhich Lambert generously consented, " so that the rest would surrender at the " end of that time;" which was agreed to. Upon the first day the garrison appeared t\vice or thrice, as if they were resolved to lnake a sally, but retired every tilne \vithout charging; but the second day h colonel l\lorriceJ iUS. names also sir John Digby. i five] four OF 'HE REBELLION. ] 5 they l11ade a very strong and brisk sally upon an- II 0 0 K Xl. other place than \vhere they had appeared the day before, and beat the enemy froln their post, \vith 16-1H. the loss of nlen on both sides; and though the party of the castle was beaten back, two of the six (whereof l\forrice was one) made their escape, the other four heing forced to retire "vith the rest. And all \vas quiet for two whole days; but in the beginning of tlle night of the fourth day, they ll1ade another at- tempt so prosperously, that t\VO of the other four like\vise escaped: and the next day they made great sho\vs of joy, and sent Lall1bert \vord, "that their " six friends \vere gone," (though there were two still remaining,) " and therefore they \vould be ready " the next day to surrender." "rhe other two thought it to no purpose to make another attempt, but devised another way to secure themselves, \vith a less dangerous assistance from their friends, \vho had lost some of their o\vn lives in the t\'"O former sallies to save theirs. The build- ings of the castle ,vere very large and spacious, and there \vere great store of \vaste stones from some walls, \vhich were fallen do\vn. They found a con- venient place, which \vas like to be least visited, where they "raIled up their t\VO friends in such a manner that they had air to sustain then1, and vic- tual enough to feed theln a month, in \vhich tin1e they hoped they might be able to escape. And this I)Ol t{'fract . dell\'ered up bClng done, at the hour appointed they opened their to Lambert. ports, and after Lalnhert had caused a strict inqui- sition to be 111ade for those six, none of ,vhich he did helieve had in truth escaped, and was satisfied that none of them \\ ere amongst those \vho 'vert' corne out, he received the rest very civilly, and oh- 1 !() rrHE HI sr.rOR \"" BOO1\ served his proinise made to them very punctually, XI. d an did not seeln sorry that the six gallant men (as 164 . he called theIn) were escaped. And now they heard, which very much relieved their broken spirits, that sir l\larn1aduke Langdale had lnade an escape ObIt of the castle of N otting- haIn; who shortly after transported himself beyond the seas. Lanlbert presently took care so to dis- mantle the castle, that there should be no more use of it for a garrison, leaving the vast ruins still stand- ing; and then drew off all his troops to new quar- tel's; so that, \vithin ten days after the surrender, the t\VO, who \vere left walled up, threw do\vn their enclosure, and securely provided for themselves. Sir John Digby k lived lnany years after the king's re- turn, and was often with his Inajesty. Poor Mor- rice was after\vards taken in Lancashire, and hap- pened to be put to death} in the same place where he had cOl1llnitted a fault against the king, and where he first performed a great service to the par- liament. The CODdi- In this desperate condition, that is before de- tioD of the . . prince and scribed, stood the klng's affairs \v hen the prInce was the duke h H h . fl I d .. r: of York at at teague, IS eet a rea y mutInYIng lor pay, :gue, his o\vn family factious and in necessity, and that of factions his brother the duke of York full of intrigues and among their fol- designs, between the restless unquiet spirit of Bam- lowers. field, and the ambitious and as unquiet humour of sir John Berkley. 'I'he council, \vhich was not nu- merous, (for the prince had not authority to add any to those \\T ho \vere his father's counsellors,) k Sir John Digby lhred] Sir .John Digby was one of tho e who Jired I and happened to be put to death] and by a wonderful act of Providence was put to death OF 'fHE REBELLION. ] 1 wanted not unity in itself, so nluch as subn1ission and respect from others, 'v hich had been lost to those who were in the fleet, and the prejudice to those still renlained, and so abated much of the re- verence which most men were ,villing to pay to the two who caUle last. And the great aninlosity which prince Rupert had against the lord Colepepper in- finitely disturbed the counsels, and perplexed the lord Cottil1gton, and the chancellor of the exche- quer, who had credit enough with the other two. But Colepepper had some passions and infirmities, which no friends could restrain; and though prince Rupert was very ,veIl inclined to the chancellor, and \vould in ITIany things be advised by him, yet his prej udice to Colepepper was so rooted in him, and that prejudice so industriously cultivated by Her- bert the attorney general, who had the absolute as- cendant over that prince, and who did perfectly hate aU the ,vorld that would not be governed by hinl, that every Ineeting in council ,vas full of bitterness and sharpness between them. One day the council nlet (as it used to do when they did not attend the prince of 'Vales at his lodg- ings) at the lord treasurer's lodging, (he and the chancellor of the exchequer being in one house,) about giving direction for the sale of SODle goods which had been taken at sea, for the raising of mo- ney toward the paynlent of the fleet. In such ser- vices merchants, and other proper persons, were al- ,vays necessary to be trusted. Prince Rupert pro- posed, "that one sir Robert 'Valsh" (a person too well kno,vn to be trusted) "might be elTIployed in " that affair:" it was to spll a ship of sugar. No Juan ,vho \\Tas present would ever have consented BOOK XI. 1648. 128 'rHE II I S'TO It Y 1648. that he should have heen el11ployed; but the lord Colepepper spoke against hinI ,yith some warlnth, so that it might be thought to reflect a little upon prince Rupert, "Tho had proposed hiln. Upon ,vhich, he asking " what exceptions there ,vere to sir Ro- " Lert 'Valsh, \vhy he nlight not be fit for it," Cole- pepper answered with SOine quickness, "that he was "a known cheat;" "Thich, though notoriously true, the prince seenled to take very ill; and said, "he " was his friend, and a gentlenlan; and if he should " come to hear of what had been said, he kne,v not " how the lord Colepepper could avoid fighting with " hin1." Colepepper, whose courage no l11an douLted, presently replied, "that he ,vould not fight ,vith " Walsh, but he would fight with his highness;" to which the prince answered very quietly, "that it "was well;" and the council rose in great per- plexity. Prince Rupert went out of the house, and the chancellor led the lord Colepepper into the garden, hoping that he should so far have prevailed with him,' as to have made hÍ1n sensible of the excess he had cOIDlnitted, and to have persuaded hÍIn pre- sently to rep ir to the prince, and to ask his pardon, that no Blore notice Inight be taken of it. But he was yet too warlH to conceive he had COl1lnlitted any fault, but seen1ed to think only of luaking good what he had so hnprudently said. Prince Rupert quickly infornled his confident the attorney general of all that had passed; who ,vas the unfittest 111al1 living to be trusted ,vith such a secret, having al- ,vays about hÍln store of oil to throw upon such fire. He soon found Ineans to Blake it known to the prince, who presently sent for the chancellor of the BOOK XI. Ol rrHE ItEBELI,ION. If29 exchequer to be inforIned of the whole matter; and ,vhen he understood it, ,vas exceedingly troubled, and required hÍln "to let Colepepper know, that he "ought to make a submission to prince Rupert; " \vithout ,vhich worse \vould fall out." He went first to prince Rupert, that he might pacify hin1 till he could convince the other of his fault; and he so far prevailed with his highness, ,vho would have been more choleric if he had had less right of his side, that he was willing to receive a sublnission; and promised, "that the other should "receive no affront in the mean time." But he found ßlore difficulty on the other side, the lord Colepppper, continuing still in rage, thought the provocation was so great, that he ought to be ex- cused for the reply, and that the prince ought to acknowledge the one as well as he the other. But after SOlne days recollection, finding nobody with whom he conversed of his mind, and understanding how llluch the prince was displeased, and that he expected he should ask prince Rupert pardon, and withal reflecting upon the place he was in, where he could expect no security frolll his quality and function, he resolved to do what he ought to have done at first; and so he went with the chancellor to prince Rupert's lodging; ,vhere he behaved him- self very well; and the prince received him with all the grace could be expected; so that so ill a busi- ness seemed to be as "Tell concluded as the nature of it would admit. But the worst was to- CODle: the attorney general had done all he could to dis- suade that prince from accepting so small and so private a satisfaction; but, not prevaiJing, he in- fJanled sir Robert 'Valsh, who had been informed of VOL. VI. K BOOK XI. 164 . BOOK XI. 1648. 130 1.' HE HISTORY all that had passed at the council concerning hÏ1n- sel to t.ake his own revenge; in which many men thought, that he was assured prince Rupert would not be offended. And the next rnorning after his highness had received satisfaction, as the lord Cole- pepÌJer ,vas walking to the council without a s\vord, \Valsb, coming to him, seenled quietly to expostu- late with him, for having mentioned him so un- kindly. To the which the other ans\vered, "that "he would give him satisfaction in any way he " would require; though he ought not to he called "in question for any thing he had said in that "place." On a sudden, whilst they were in this cahn discourse, \Valsh struck him \vith all his force one blow in the face with his fist; and then stepped back, and drew his sword; but seeing the other had none, walked away; and the lord Colepepper, with his nose and face all bloody, went back to his cham- her, from whence he could not go abroad in nlany days by the effect and disfiguring of the blow. This outrage \vas committed about ten of the clock in the Inorning, in the sight of the town; \vhich trou- hIed the prince exceedingly; who Ï111mediately sent to the States to demand justice; and they, accord- ing to their method and slow proceedings in Inatters which they do not take to heart, caused Walsh to be summoned, and after so many days, {or ,vant of appearance, he ,vas by the sound of a bell publicly banished from the Hague; and so he made his resi- dence in Amsterdam, or what other place he pleased. And this was the reparation the States gave the prince for so ruffianly a transgression; and both the beginning and the end of this unhappy business ex- posed the prince himself, as well as his council, to OF THE REBEI LION. IS1 more disadvantage, and less reverence, than ought BOOK . XI. to have been paid to eIther. The im p rovidence that had been used in the fleet, Th l ) 4 ) 8. e I con- besides its un activit y , b y the dismissin g so man y di ionofthe pnnce's great prizes, was now too apparent, when there was fleet in · h h h Holland. nelt er money to pay t e seanlen, w 0 were not modest in requiring it, nor to new victual the ships, which was as important; since it ,vas easy to be foreseen, that they could not remain long in the station where they ,vere for the present, and the extreme licence \vhich all men took to censure and reproach that improvidence, disturbed all counsels, and 111ade conversation itself very uneasy. Nor was it possible to suppress that licence; every man be- lieving that his particular necessities, with which all men abounded, nlight easily have been relieved, and provided for, if it had not been for that ill hus- bandry; 'v hich they therefore called treachery and corruption. It cannot be denied but there was so great a treasure taken, which turned to no account, and so much more nlight have been taken, if the several ships had been applied to that end, that a full provision might have been made, both for the support of the fleet, and supply of the prince, and of all ,vho depended upon him for a good time, if the same had been \vell lllanaged; and could have heen deposited in some secure place, till all might have been s01d at good markets. And nobody ,vas satis- fied \vith the reasons ,vhich were given for the dis- charging and dislnissing so many ships to gratify the city of London, and the presbyterian party throughout the kingdom. For, besides that the value of what was so given a\vay and lost, ,vas ge- nerally believed to be \vorth more than all they K2 BOOK XI. 1648. 13 'r HE II IS "rOR Y. would have done, if they had been able, those boun- ties were not the natural motives which were to be applied to that people; \vhose affections had been long dead, and could be revived by nothing but their sharp sufferings, and their insupportable losses; the obstruction and destruction of their trade, and the seizing upon their estates, being, at that time, thought by many m the most proper application to the city of London, and the best arguments to make them in love with peace, and to extort it from them in ,vhose power it ,vas to give it. And if the fleet had applied itself to that, and visited all those mari- time parts which were in counties ,veIl affected, and ,vhere some places had declared for the king, (as Scarborough in Yorkshire did,) if it had not been possible to have set the king at liberty in the Isle of Wight, or to have relieved Colchester, n (both ,vhich many men believed, how un kilfully soever, to be practicable,) it would have spent the time much more advantageously and honourably than it did. But let the ill consequence be never so great, if it had proceeded from any corruption, it would proba- bly 0 have been discovered by the examination and inquisition that ,vas made; and therefore it may he well concluded that there ,vas none. And the truth is, the queen was so fully possessed of the purpose and the power of the Scots to do the king's business, before the insurrections in the several parts in Eng- land, and the revolt of the fleet appeared, that she did not enough weigh the good use that might have been made of those ,vhen they did happen, but kept m being, at that time, thought by n1any] was n Colchester,] MS. adds: (the fort at Harwich being then de- clared for the king,) o probably] Not in MS. OF THE REBELLION. 133 her mind then so fixed upon Scotland, as the sole BOO K foundation of the king's hopes, that she looked upon XI. the benefit of the fleet's returning to their alle- 1648. giance, only as an opportunity offered by Provi- dence to transport the prince with security thither. And her instructions to those she trusted about the prince were so positive, "that they should not give " consent to any thing that might divert or delay " that expedition," that, if the earl of Lautherdale had been arrived when the prince came to the fleet, it would have been immediately engaged to have transported the prince into Scotland, what other conveniences soever, preferable to that, had offered then1selves. And the very next day after that lord's coming to the prince in the Downs, his injunctions and behaviour were so imperious for the prince's present departure, that nothing but a direct mutiny among the seamen prevented it. His highness's own ship was under sail for Holland, that he n1Ìght from thence have prosecuted his other voyage: nor would he at that time have taken Holland in his way, if there had been any quantity of provision in the fleet for such a peregrination. 'fhis expedition for Scotland was the more grievous to all men, be- cause it ,vas evident that the prince hÍInself was much more inclined to have pursued other occasions ,vhich were offered, and only resigned hin1self impli- citly to the pleasure of his mother. The present ill condition of the fleet, and the un- The earl of d h f h h "Tarwick stea y umonr 0 t e common seamen, was t e more with his notorious and unseasonable b y the earl of 'Var- fleet comes , upon the wick's coming with another fleet from the P arlia- coast of Holland. n1ent upon the coast of Holland, within few days after the prince came to the Hague, and anchoring K3 BOOf{ XI. 16..f8. 134 THE HISTORY within view of the king's fleet. And it is probable he would have made some hostile attempt upon it, well kno,ving that IDany officers and seamen were on shore, if the States had not, in the very instant, sent some of their ships of war to preserve the peace in their port. HOl\Tever, according to the insolence of his n1asters, and of most of those elDployed by them, the earl sent a sumn10ns of a strange nature to the king's ships, in which he took notice, " that a " fleet of ships, \vhich were part of the navy royal " of the kingdom of England, was then riding at " anchor off Helvoetsluys, and bearing a standard: " that he did therefore, by the parliament's autho- " rity, by which he was constituted lord high ad- "miral of England, require the admiral, or COID- " mander in chief of that fleet, to take down the " standard; and the captains, and Inariners belong- "ing to the ships, to render themselves and the " ships to him, as high admiral of England, and for " the use of the king and parliament: and he did, " by the like authority, offer an indemnity to all " those who should submit to him." After ,vhich SU111mOnS, though received by the lord \Villoughby, who remained on board the fleet in the cOffilDand of vice-admiral, with that indigna- tion that ,vas due to it, and though it made no inl- pression upon the officers, nor visibly, at that time, upon the common men, yet, during the time the earl continued in so near a neighbourhood, he did find means by private insinuations, and by sending nlany of his sealDen on shore at HelvoetsIuys, (where they entered into conversation with their old companions,) so to ,vork upon and corrupt many of the seamen, that it afterwards appeared many OF THE REBELLION. 135 were debauched; some whereof went on board his BOOK ships, others stayed to do more ll1ischief. But that Xl. ill neighbourhood continued not long; for the sea- 1648. son of the year, and the winds ,vhich usually rage on that coast in the month of September, removed hÍ1n from that station, and carried him back to the Downs to attend new orders. An these disturbances ,vere attended with a The prince of Wales worse, which fell out at the same time, and that was has the h . f . r. d . smaUpox. t e sIckness 0 the prInce; \vho, alter some ays In- disposition, appeared to have the smallpox; which almost distracted all ,vho were about him, who knew how n1uch depended upon his precious life: and therefore the consternation was very universal whilst that was thought in danger. But, by the goodness and mercy of God, he recovered in few days the peril of that distemper; and, within a nlonth, was restored to so perfect health, that he was able to take an account himself of his melancholic and per- plexed affairs. There \vere two points which were chiefly p to be considered, and provided for by the prince; neither of which \vould bear delay for the consultation and resolution: the first, how to make provision to pay and victual the fleet, and to compose the mutinous spirits of the seamen; who paid no reverence to their officers, insomuch as, in the short stay which the earl of' Var\vick had made before I-Ielvoetsluys, as hath been said, many of the seamen had gone over to him, and the Constant 1Varwick, a frigate of the best account, had either voluntarily left the vrillce's fleet, or suffered itself willingly to be taken, }1 ehiefly] in the first place K4 BOOK XI. 1648. 136 'I'HE HISTORY and carried away with the rest into England. The other was, what he should do with the fleet, when it was both paid and victualled. Towards the first, there were some ships brought in with the fleet, laden with several merchandise of value, that, if they could be sold for the true worth, would amount to a SUlll sufficient to pay the seamen their wages, and to put in provisions enough to serve four months; and there were many merchants from London, who \vere desirous to buy their own goods, which had been taken from them; and others had commissions from thence to buy the rest. But then they all knew, that they could not be carried to any other mal'ket, but must be sold in the place where they were; and therefore they were resolved to have very good penny\vorths. And there were many debts claimed, which the prince had promised, whilst he was in the river, should be paid out of the first money that should be raised upon the sale of such and such ships : particularly, the prince be- lieved that the countess of Carlisle, who had con1- mitted faults enough to the king and queen, had pawned her necklace of pearls for fifteen hundred pounds, which she had totally disbursed in supply- iog officers, and making other provisions for the ex- pedition of the earl of Holland, (which sum of fifteen hundred pounds the prince had prolnised the lord Piercy her brother, who was a very importunate so- licitor,) should be paid upon the sale of a ship that was laden with sugar, and was then conceived to be worth above six or seven thousand pounds. Others had the like engagements upon other ships: so that when money was to be raised upon the sale of mer- chandise, they who had such engagements would be OF THE REBELLION. 137 themselves intrusted, or nominate those who should be, to make the bargain with purchasers, to the end that they might he sure to receive what they claimed, out of the first monies that should be raised. By this means, double the value ,vas delivered, to satisfy a debt that was not above the half. But that which was worse than all this, the prince of Orange advertised the prince, that some questions had heen started in the States, " what they should " do, if the parlian1ent of England (which had now " a very dreadful nall1e) should send over to theln "to demand the restitution of those luerchants' "goods, which had been unjustly taken in the " Downs, and in the river of Thames, and had been " brought into their ports, and were offered to sale " there, against the obligation of that amity which " had been observed between the two nations, dur- " ing the late ,var? 'Vhat ans\ver they should be " able to Inake, or how they could refuse to permit " the o,vners of those goods to make their arrests, "and to sue in their admiralty for the same? " 'Vhich first process would stop the present sale of " \vhatever others pretended a title to, till the right "should be detern1ined." The prince of Orange said, " that such questions used not to be started " there \vithout design;" and therefore advised the prince " to lose no time in 111aking complete sales of " all that was to be sold; to the end that they ,vho " ,vere engaged in the purchase, might likewise be " engaged in the defence of it." Upon this ground, as ,veIl as the others ,vhich have been mentioned, hasty bargains were made with all who desired to buy, and who ,vould not buy except they were sure to be good gainers by all the bargains which they BOOK XI. 1648. BOOK XI. J 648. 138 'IHE HISTORY made. Nor could this be prevented by the caution or wisdom of any who were upon the place, with no more authority than they had. l\Ir. Long, ,vho was secretary to the prince, had been possessed of the office of receiving and paying all monies, whilst the prince was in the fleet, and so could not well be re- moved from it when he canle into Holland: though he was thought to love money too well, yet nobody who loved it less, would at that tilne have submitted to thf enlploynlent, ,vhich exposed him to the inl- portunityand insolence of all necessitous persons, \vhen he could satisfy none; yet he liked it ,veIl with all its prejudice and disadvantage. As soon as the nloney was raised, it was sent to the fleet to pay the seamen; and the prince made a journey to the fleet to see, and keep up the spirits of the seamen, \,rho were very mutinous, not \vithout the infusions of sonle who did not desire they should be too well pleased with their officers. The lord Willoughby stayed on board purely out of duty to the king, though he liked neither the place he had, n9r the people over WhOIU he was to conl111and, who had yet more respect for him than for any body else. Sir \Villiam Batten like,vise remained with them, not knowing well ho\v to refuse it, though he had too much reason to be weary of his province, the seamen having contracted an implacable jea- lousy and malice against hiln, 1110re than they were naturally inclined to. And the truth is, though there was not any evidence that he had any foul practices, he had an inlpatient desire to lnake his peace, and to live in his own country, as afterwards he did with the leave of the king; against ,vholn lIe never after took employment. OF THE REBELLION. 139 The other point to be resolved ,vas yet more dif- ficult, " what should be done with the fleet, and ,vho " should command it?" and though the advertise- ment the prince of Orange had given his royal high- ness, of the question started in the States, con- cerned only the ulerchants' ships, which were made prize, yet it ,vas very easy to discern the logic of that question would extend as well, and be applied to those of the royal navy, as to merchants' ships. And it was evident enough, that the U niterl Pro- vinces would not take upon them to determine ,vhe- ther they were in truth the ships of the king, or of he parliament. And it was only the differences which were yet kept up in the houses, which kept them frou1 being united in that demand. So that the prince knew that nothing was more necessary than that they should be gone out of the ports of those provinces, and that the States wished it ex- ceedingly. \Vhilst Barnfield ,vas about the person of the duke of York, he had infused into hinl a Inarvellous desire to be possessed of the government of the fleet; but the duke was convin.ced with much ado, that it was neither safe for his highness, nor for his father's service, that he should be eUlbarked in it: and Barnfield, by an especial comnland from the king, who had discovered more of his foul practices than could be known to the J)l'ince, ,vas not suffered to come any more near the person of the duke. So he returned into England; ,vhere he ,vas never called in question for stealing the duke a\vay. Fron} t his time the duke, who ,vas not yet above fifteen q Q fifteen] twel ve or thirteen BOOK XI. 1648. BOOK XI. 1648. 140 'rHE HIS'rORY years of age, was so far from desiring to be \vith the fleet, that, when there was once a proposition. upon occasion of a sudden mutiny alnongst the seamen, "that he should go to Helvoetsluys, to appear " amongst them," who professed great duty to his highness, he was so offended at it that he would not hear of it; and he had still sonle servant about him who took pains to persuade him, " that the council " had inclined r the prince to that designation, out " of ill will to his highness, and that the ships "lnight " deliver hiIn up to the parliament." So unpleasant and uncomfortable a province had those persons, who, being of the king's council, served both \vith great fidelity; every body who was unsatisfied (and nobody was satisfied) aspersing them, or some of them (for their prejudice was not equal to them all) in such a manner as touched the honour of the rest, and most reflected upon the king's own honour and . serVIce. Prince Rupert S had a long desire to have that command of the fleet put into his hands; and that desire, though carried with all secrecy, had been the cause of so many intrigues, either to inflame the seamen, or to cherish their froward inclinations, and increase the prejudice they had to Batten. The at- torney mentioned this to the chancellor of the ex- chequer, shortly after his coming to the Hague, as a thing, he thought, that prince might be induced to accept out of his zeal to the king's service, if he were invited to it; and thereupon was ,villing to debate, to what person the government of the fleet could be cOffilnitted, when it should set sail froll1 r inclined] persuaded dent enough that prince Ru- S Prince Rupert] It was evi- pert OF TIlE REBELLION. 141 that port, and whither it should go. The chancellor BOO K made no other answer to him, than "that it was XI. " like to be a charge of much danger and hazard; 1648. "that he must not believe that any body would "propose the undertaking it to prince Rupert, or " that the prince would cOffilnand him to under- " take it; and that he thought it necessary, that it " should be first resolved what the fleet should do, " and \\?hither it should go, before a cOlnmander " should be appointed over it." t \Vhen the marquis of Orlnond had waited so The affairs . of the mar... many lnonths at ParIS for the performance of those qnis of Or- gaudy promises which the cardinal had made, after :) :dn(] he saw in ,vhat Inanner the P rince of Wales himself nchiquin III Ireland. was. treated by him, and that he would not suffer the least assistance to be applied to the affairs of England, in a conjuncture when very little would probably have done the work, upon the revolt of the fleet, upon so powerful insurrections in England, and possessing so many places of importance on the king's behalf, and when the whole kingdom of Scot- land seemed so united for his Inajesty's service, and an army of thirty thousand men were said to be u even ready to march; I say, after he discerned that the cardinal was so far from giving any countenance or warmth to their blooming hopes, that he left no- thing undone towards the destroying them but the imprisoning the prince; he concluded that it ,vas in vain for him to expect any relief for Ireland. And therefore he resolved, though he had neither men, 'I t on r it.] IS. adds: fIe was very glad that the attorney had proposed this, which he knew }Ie would not hme done, with- out tlm consent of prince 11u- pert; for there was in truth, a.ç in p. J 48, l. 14. u said to be] Not in MS. BOOK Xl. .J 648. 142 THE HISTORY nor money, nor arnls, nor ammunition, all which had been very liberally proll1ised to transport \vith hhn, he would yet transport his o\vn person, to what evident danger soever he \vas to expose it. Upon the full assurance the cardinal had given hin! of very substantial aid, he had assured the lord In- chiquin, " that he would be present \vith him with " notable supply of money, ar01S, and amlnunition, " and good officers, and SOl1le COlllmon nlen," (which were all in readiness, if tbe 1110ney had been paid to entertain thelll,) and had likewise sent to many, who had formerly served the king, and lived now quietly in the enemy's quarters, upon tbe article which had been formerly granted the marquis of Ormond, "that they should expect his speedy ar- " rival." And though he had, from tiule to tin1e, sent ad- vertisements of the delays and obstructions he lnet with in the French court, so that he did ahllost despair of any assistance from it, yet the lord In- chiquin had advanced too far to retire; and the lord Lisle, who had been sufficiently provoked, and con- telnned by him, \vas gone into England ,vith full malice, and such information (,vhich was not hard for him to be furnished with) as \vould put Crom- well and the army into such fury, that his friends in the parlialnent, \v ho had hitherto sustained his cre- dit, would be very hardly able to support him longer. So that, as he was to expect a storm from thence, so he had a very sharp war to Inaintain against the Irish, led and comlnanded by the pope's nuncio; which war had been always carried on in 1\1 unster with wonderful animosity, and with some circum- stances of bloodiness, especially against priests, and OF THE REBELLION. 143 others of the Roman clergy, that it was very hard BOO K to hope that those people \vould live well together. XI. And indeed the Irish were near rooted out of the 1648. province of Munster, though they were po\verful enough and strong in all the other provinces. Here- upon the lord Inchiquin, with all possible earnest- ness, \vrit to the lord of Orn10nd, "that, though "without any other assistance, he \vould trans- " port his o\vn person:" by,vhose countenance and authority he presumed the Irish lnight be divided and brought to reason; and desired hin1, "in the " Inean time to send to such of the Irish as had de- "petldence upon him, and \vho, he knew, in their " hearts did not \vish well to the nuncio, that they " ,vould secretly correspond \vith him, and dispose " their friends and dependents to concur in what " might advance the king's service; to which they " did not know that he was inclined, but looked " upon him, as the same Inalicious and irreconcile- 'I. able enemy to them, as he had always appeared to " be x to their religion, more than to their persons." From the time that the Irish entered into that An account bloody and foolish rebellion, they had very different i:: t:he æ. · · d d . h . h I rish about auectIons, IntentIons, an eSlgns, w IC were every this time. day improved in the carrying on the war. That part of the In \vhich inhabited the Pale, so called fronl a circuit of ground contained in it, was origi- nally of English extraction, since the first planta- tion by the English Inany ages past. And though they were degenerated into the manners and bar- barous customs of the Irish, and were as stupidly transported \vith the highest superstition of the Ro- x to be] to me BOOK XI. 1648. 144 r.l-' HEll 1ST 0 R Y Inish re1igion, yet they had always steadily adhered to the crown, and performed the duty of good sub- jects during all those rebellions which the whole reign of queen Elizabeth was seldom \vithout. And of that temper most of the province of Lemster was: 1\1unster was the most planted with English of all the provinces of Ireland, and though there were many noblemen of that province who were of the oldest Irish extractions, and of those families which had been kings of l\lunster, yet many of them had intermarried with the best English families, and so were better bred and more civilized than the rest of the old Irish, and lived regularly in obedience to the government, and by connivance enjoyed the exercise of their religion, in which they were very zealous, with freedom and liberty enough. The seat of the old Irish, who retained the rites, customs, lnanners, and ignorance of their ancestors, without any kind of reformation in either, was the province of Ulster; not the better cultivated by the neighbourbood of the Scots, ","ho were planted upon then1 in great numbers, with circumstances of great rigour Y. Here the rebellion was first contrived, cherished, and entered upon with that horrid bar- barity, by the O'Neiles, the Macguyres, and the lVlac- mahoons; and though it quickly spread itself, and was entertained in the other provinces, (many per- sons of honour and quality engaging-themselves by degrees in it for their own security, as they pre- tended, to preserve themselves from the undistin- guishing severity of the lords justices, who denounced the war against all Irish equally, if not against all Y rigourJ MS. adds.' if not of injustice OF 1'HE REBELLIOX. 145 Roman catholics; which kind of lllixture and con- BOO K fusion was carefully declined in all the orders and XI. directions sent to them out of England, but so un- 1648. skilfully pursued by the justices and council there, that as they found thenlselves \vithout any eUlploy- Inent or trust, to which they had cheerfully offered their service, they concluded, that the English Irish were as 111uch in the jealousy of the state as the other, and so resolved to prevent the danger by a un\varrantahle courses as the rest had done,) yet, I say, they were no sooner entered into the ,val', ,vhich ,vas so generally enlbraced, but there ap- peared a very great difference in the telnper and purposes of those who prosecuted it. r-rhey of the more nloderate pal ty, and whose main end ,vas to obtain liberty for the exercise of their religion, \vith- out any thought of declining their su jection to the king, or of invading his prprogativp, put thelns<:,lve under the comn1and of general Preston: the other, of the fiercer and more savage party, and who never Ineant to return to their obedience of the crown of England, and looked upon all the estates \vhich had ever been in the possession of any of their ancestors, though forfeited hy their treason and rebellion, as justly due to them, and ravished from them by thp tyranny of the crown, marched under the conduct of O\ven Roe O'N eile; both generals of the Irish nation; the one descended of English extraction The charac- . ters of Pres- through 111any descents; the other purely IrIsh, and ton and of the fanlily of Tyrone; hoth hred in the ,val'S of : ;i ief Flanders, and hoth ell1inent commanders there, and generals. of perpetual jealousy of each other; the one of the lnorc frank and open nature; the other darker, less polite, and the wiser J11an; hut both of then1 then in YOL. YI. L BOOK XI... ] 648. 146 "fHE HISTORY the head of more numerous armies apart, than all the king's power could bring into the field against either of them. This disparity in the tenlper and hUlliour of those people first disposed those of the nlost llloderate to desire a peace shortly after the rebellion was begun, and produced the cessation that was first entered into, and the peace, which did not soon enough en- sue upon it; and ,vhich, upon the matter, did pro- vide only for the exercise of the Roman catholic re- ligion; but did that in so immoderate and extrava- gant a lnanner, as lllade it obnoxious to all the pro- testants of the king's dominions. O\ven Roe O'Neile refused to submit to the COD- ditions and articles of that peace, though transacted and confirmed by their catholic council at Kilkenny, "rhich was the representative the Irish nation had chosen for the conduct of all the counsels for peace and ,var, and to ,vhich they all avo,ved, and had hi- therto paid, an entire obedience. The pope's nuncio, who about that time came froJTI Rome, and trans- ported himself into that kingdoln, applied himself to Owen O'N eile, and took that party into his protec- tion; and so wrought upon their clergy, generally, that he broke that peace, and prosecuted those who had made it, with those circumstances which have been before relnelnbered, and which necessitated the lord lieutenant to quit the kingdonl, and to leave the city of Dublin in the hands of the parlianlent; the lord Inchiquin having likewise refused to con- sent, and submit to that peace, and continued to make the war sharply and successfully against the Irish in the province of Munster; \vhereof he ,vas pre- sident. But the nuncio was no sooner invested in OF THE REBELLIO . 147 the supreme command of that nation both by sea BOO K h XI. and land, as over a people su ject to t e pope, and of a dominion belon g in g to him, than, being a man Th 164R ., e pope s of a fantastical humour, and of an imperious and nuncio commands proud nature, he behaved hinlself so insolently to- the Irish. ,vards all, (and, having brought no assistance to them but the pope's bulls, endeavoured by new ex- actions to enrich hilnself,) that even the men of Ul- ster ,vere weary of hin1; and they who had been the instruments of the former peace \-vere not ,va nt- ing to fOlnent those jealousies and discontents, ,vhich had produced that application to the queen and prince at St. Gerlnains, and the resolution of sending thp marquis of Ormond thither again, hoth which have heen related before. And the marquis now having given the lord lVluskerry (who had married his sister, and ,vas the n10st powerful person and of the great- est interest in Munster of all the Irish) and other of his friends notice that the lord lnchiquin would serve the king, and therefore required them to hold secret correspondence with hin1, and to concur with hin1 in \\'hat he should desire for the advancelnent of his service, they found n1eans to hold such intercourse with him, that, before the Inarquis of Ormond ar- ri,red there, against all the opposition the nuncio could make, a cessation of arlns ,vas concluded be- tween the confederate catholics and the lord I nchi- quin; and the nuncio was driven into "Taterfol'd; and, upon the matter, besieged there by the catholic 'n e mar- l . I d 1 .. . h . qUls of Or- rIS 1; an t Ie nlal quls arrIvIng at t e saine tIme at IUond ar- I,-insale, and bcin g received b y the lord I nchi q uin r K i .es a J l lnsa t', \vith all iUla g inable dut y as the kin g 's lieutenant and U... , pope's the forlorn anù conternned nuncio found it neces- nuncio I . If . 1 . I leave!l s:tI'Y to transport 1l1nSe lnt 0 Ita r, lpa"lug t Ie Ireland. L 2 \ BOOK XI. J 648. 1 t8 THE HIS1:'OR'-- kingdom of Ireland under an eXC0l1ll11Unication, and interdict, as an apostate nation; and all the province of 1\1 unster (in which there are I1lany excellent ports) became itnlnediately and entirely under the king's obedience. All which being ,veIl known to the prince and the council, it was easily concluded, "that it " ,vas the hest, if not the only place the fleet could "repair to;" though the danger in conducting it thither was visible enough; and therefore they \vere glad that prince Rupert had made that advance to- wards the cOlnmand of it, and wen satisfied ,vith the wariness of the answer the chancellor of the ex- chequer gave to the attorney Herbert z. There 'vas in truth nobody in vie,v to 'VhOl1l the charge of the fleet could he cOl1lmitted but prince Rupert: for it ,vas well known that the lord '\Til- loup;hhy, besides his being ,vithont ITIuch expel'ience of the sea, ,vas ,veary of it, and would hy no l11eans continue there; and the sealnen ,vere too 111uch broke loose froln all kind of order, to be reduced by a commander of an ordinary rank. I t was as true, that prince Rupert, at that tÍIne, was generally very ungracious in England, having the lnisfortune not to be much beloved by the king's party, and hated by the parliament. a This was an exception that was foreseen: there \vas b no other choice of a place to \vhich the fleet must hc' carried, but 1\1 unster ; and thp passage thither could not but be full of danger, in respect that the parlian1ent ,vas without Z the chancellor of the ex- chequer gave to the attorney Herbert] Not in JJ-18. a not to be much beloved by the king's party, and hated by the parliament.] to be no better beloved by the king's party, than he was by the parliamcJlt. /) there was] and as thew was OF THE Rf:UEj LION. 149 que tion nlaster of the sea, (although the island of Boo K Sciny being then under the king's authority, and sir XI. John Greenvil being the governor thereof, lllade that 1648. .passage 801nething the more secure,) therefore c this purpose \vas to be concealed as the last secret; there being great danger that the seal11en would rather carryall the ships hack again to the parlialnent, than into Ireland; against which people they had nlade a war at sea with eircUInstances vei.y barbarous, for they had seldo111 rl given any quarter, but the Irish, as well merchants and passengers, as mariners, which fell into their hands, as hath been said before, ,vere bound back to Lack, and thro\vn into the sea; so that they could have no inclination to go into a country whose people had been handled so cruelly by thelu. flerc again appeared another objection against the person of prince Rupert, who ,, ould never en- dure to be suhject to the conll11and of the lord lieu- tenant of that kingdol11: and yet it seclned 11108t reasonable that the ships, ,vhilst they stayed there, Iuight be clnployed (,o\vards the .'educing of the other parts, which \vere in rebellion: besides that there ,vas cause to fear, that the prince \vould not live ,vith that an1ity towards the ll1arquis of ()r.. luoud, as was necessary for the public service. Not- withstanding all this, 'v hen the little e stratagellJ of JJaviug prince }{upcrt desired to take the coounand Prince Ru- f tl fl t I . d ' d d . R vert under- o Ie ee upon UIll 1 not succee , prInce u- tahes the pert hill1self Inadc the I JrO I JOsitioll to the P rince to command of the take the cOllllnanu of it upon hinI, and to carry it prince's 'V hither his royal highness would be pleased to di- fleet. c therefore] so d seldom] never L3 e little] Not in M . 150 'rHE HIS'l'ORY BOOK rect. And then, the \vhole matter being debated, XI. necessity n1ade that to be counsellable, against which 1648. very many reasonable objections might he made. So it was resolved that prince Rupert should be admi- ral of that fleet, and that it should sail for Ireland. And the charge and expedition appeared to be the more hopeful by the presence of good officers, who had long comn1anded in the royal navy: sir Thomas , Kettleby, \VhOln the prince made captain of his own ship the Antelope; sir John l\rlennes, who had the command of the Swallow, a ship of which he had been captain many years before; and colonel Ri- chard Fielding, who was made captain of the Con- stant Reformation; all worthy and faitÞful lnen to the king's service, of long experience in the service at sea, and well kno\vn and loved by the seamen. 'Vith these officers, and sonle other gentlemen, who were \villing to spend their time in that service, prince Rupert \vent to Helvoetsluys, where the ships lay, and seemed to be received by the fleet with great joy. 'I'Ihey all bestirred themselves in their several places to get the ships ready for sea, and all t.hose provisions \vhich \vere necessary, in making whereof there had not diligence enough been used. 'Vhen they took a strict survey of the ships, the carpenters ""Nere all of opinion, "that the Conver- "tine, a ship of the second rank, that carried se- " venty guns, was too old and decayed to be now " set out in a \vinter voyage, and in so rough seas, " and that when a great deal of money should be " laid out to mend her, she would not be serviceable " or safe." And it did appear, that ,vhen the officers of the navy had fitted her out at the beginning of \. OF 'l"HE REBELLION. 151 the summer, they had declared, "that, when she " caIne in again, she would not be fit for more use, " but nllIst be laid upon the stocks." 'Vhereupon the ship was brought into Helvoetsluys, upon the next spring tide, and exall1ined by the best Dutch carpenters and surveyors; and all being of the sanle D1ind, information was sent by prince Rupert to the prince of the whole, who thereupon gave direction for the sale of the ordnance, and \vhatsoever else \vollld yield money: all which was applied to the victualling and setting out the rest, without which no nleans could have been found to have done it; so much ill husbandry had been used, and so luuch direct cheating in the managing all the nloney that had been raised upon the prizes. Prince Rupert remained all the time at Helvoet- sluys, till all was ready to set sail, and had, with no- table vigour and success, suppressed two or three mutinies, in one of which he had been compelled to thro\v two or three seamen overboard by the strength of his own arnlS. f All subordinate officers were ap- pointed, COlllßlissioners for the sale of all prize goods, and ships that should be taken, treasurers and pay- masters for issuing and paying and receiving all mo- nies; and an establishment for the whole too regular and strict to be observed: and though all persons employed were ,veIl known, and approved by prince Rupert, and 1110st of then1 Dominated by himself, yet f own arm .] iJJS. adds: 'Vhen advise with him upon some par- he wanted any thing, he always ticulars; who went accordingly writ to the chancellor, whom of in very cold seasons, and stayed all the council he most esteern- a day or two with him, corn- ed; and twice in that time he monly to compose some dif- writ to the prince to send the fcrenccs betwecn him and thc chancellor to IIelvoctsluys, to officers. I.. 4 BOOK XI. 1648. BOOK XI. ) 648. Sets sail for Ireland in Decem- ber. The com- missioners arrive in the Is)e of Wight, Sept. 15. 15 'rHE HIS'rORY he thought it tit after to change that constitution, and by degrees brought the whole receipts and issues under his own managenlent, and sole government. 'Vhen all was ready he came to the Hague to take leave of the prince, and returned, and about the be- ginning of Decenlber he set sail for Ireland, met with good prizes in the \vay, and arrived safely at Kin- sale: nor had he been long gone out of Holland, when the prince had a shre\vd evidence how unse- cure a long g abode would have been there, by some parliament ships con1ing into that road, and sending their l11en on shore, \vho at noonday burnt the Con- vertine \vithin the very to\vn of Helvoetsluys, nor did the States nlake any expostulation, or do any justice for the affront offered to themselves, and their governlnent. I n this calalllitous state of affairs there seemed to be no hope left, but that by treaty the king might yet be restored to such a condition, that there might be those roots left in the cro\vn, fronl \,Thence its fortner po\ver and prerogative might sprout out bere- after, and flourish. h The conlnlissioners for the treaty K long] longer h and flourish.] This rela- tion of the treaty being taken from another MS. the following brief account of Cromwell's move- ments and of the treaty, accord- ing to MS. B. is omitted. As soon as Cromwell had finished his work in Scothud with the marquis of Arg}'le, he found it neCtssary to make all possible haste to London, without mak- ing any stay by the way about Pontefract, or any thing else. 'Vhen all outward enemies were subdued to their wi h, the fire began already to be kindled in the houses, and the presbyte- rians took heart upon the confi- dence they had in the city of London, whirh stood yet en- tire, by reason they had not exposed themselves to any dis- advantage, by declaring their affections either in the business of I{ent or the siege of Col- chester; and the whole king- dom in general seemed very so- licitous once more to treat with the king; against which there was a declaration and resolu- tion of both houses; and jf that OF THE REBELLION. 153 arrived in the Isle of'Vight upon the fifteenth day BOO K of Septelnber, whilst Cronlwell yet renlained in his XI. should be recalled, their foun- dations were shaken, and they had nothing to insist upon. And therefore when Cromwell re- turned, he used all his faculties of persuading this man, and ter- rifying and threatening others, to induce them to adhere to their declaration and vote of making no more addresses to the king; if they should depart from them, their reputation of constancy would he presently Jost. lr ery many members of the house of commons, who had discontinued coming to the house from the very time that declaration had passed the house, eame now thither again upon the account of the new debate against him. 'Vhereupon, after Cromwell had tried all the ways he could, he was at last com- pelled to consent to what the major part of both houses so positively required; and so they agreed to send commi::,sioners once more to the king at the Isle of 'Vight, with their old demands upon the church, the militia, and Ireland; which was now upon the matter reduced to the king's obedience, the city of Dublin exeepted. But that they might be at a certainty in iJoint" of time, they resolved that the treaty should continue only for twe;lty days; at the expiration whereof, the com- missioners should be obliged to return, anrl to give the houses account of what the king should in that time have offcred; and during that time of the treaty, the king was attended by su h ) 648. persons of divines and lawyers as he n13de choice of, and was lodged at the town of Newport, that there might be some ap- pearance of liberty, though all guards were kept upon him with all possible strictness. Thecom- miss]oners who were sent to treat, for the lnajor part were such, who did heartily desire to preserve the king, and did fully discover the wickedness of the army; that is, the wicked in- tentions and resolutions of Cromwell, Vane, and the rest, who enough declared that they would ha\ 7 e no more a king, but would erect a republic. 'Vhereupon all possible endea- vours were used, by those who came to attt.'nd upon his ma- jesty by his own command, as well as such of the commis- sioners as were generally known to ahhor the violence that was intended, to persuade the king to yield as much in all the par- ticulars demanded as might sa- tisfy the houses; the nlajor part whereof they believed would be satisfied with much less, than they would be who go\'erned the army. !The king was more easily persuaded to comply with many things else, than in that which concerned the church; his concessions wherein could only do him good, in regard that they must satisfy the pres- byterians, who must make the major party. All the transac- tions passed in writing; the papers whereof are to be seen, which will male posterity won- der at the impudence and im- BOOK XI. 1648. 154 '!'HE HISTORY northern progress, and his army divided into several parts for the finishing his conquest; which was the reason that all they who wished ill to the treaty, and that it might prove ineffectual, had used and interposed all the delays they could, that he might return before it begun, as they who wished it might succeed well, were as solicitous, that it lllight be concluded before that tinle; \vhich lllade thClll the Jess to insist upon lllany particulars both in the pro- positions and the instructions, which they hoped might be more capable of renledies in the treaty than before it. They stayed three days in the island before the treaty begun, ,vhich was tinle little enough to pre- pare the house for the king's reception at Newport, and adjusting many circunlstances of the treaty. In that time they waited several tinles on the king, with great show of outward duty and respect; and though none of them durst adventure to see the king in private, they COllllllunicated freely with some of those lords, and others, who, with the parlialnent's leave, were come to attend the king during the tilne of the treaty. And so they found llleans to adver- piety of that tilue, that could treat such a prince in such a lnanner. 'Vhen the time gren' to an expiration, the importu- nity of his friends wrought upon him to consent to so lIlliCh, as the commissioners, who pressed 010st, did believe would give satisfaction; and they who knew the king best, did really think that his majesty much rather wished that the parliament would reject than accept it; so fiu he was from being pleased with his own concessions. Dur- ing the treaty, some of the com- missioners treated the king very rudely, yet not with so much insolence as Jenkins and Spur- stow, two presbyterian minis- ters, exercised towards him, who both · were very saucy, telling him that he would be damned; with which his majesty was not at all disturbed. They who had not seen the king, &c. as in page 157, line ) 4. OF THE REBELLION. ]55 tise his nlajesty of many particulars, which they thought necessary for him to know; which n1ade different i inlpressions upon him, as the infornlation proceeded from persons better or worse affected to hhTI. And many of those \vho had liberty to at- tend, \vere conlpetent considerers of ,the truth of what they said. The truth is, there were amongst the c0l11mis- sioners l11any who had been carried with the vio- lence of the streal11, and would be glad of those con- cessions which the king would very cheerfully have gran ted; an act of indemnity and oblivion being what they were principally concerned in. And of all the rest, \\'ho ,vere lnore passionate for the mi- litia, and against the church, there \vas no man, ex- cept sir Harry Vane, who did not desire that a peace Inight be established by that treaty. For as all the other lords desired, in their own natures and affections, no more than that their transgressions might never more be called to remelnbrance; so the lord Say himself (who ,vas as proud of his quality, and of being distinguished from other men by his title, as any Inan alive) ,veIl foresa\v what would become of his peerage, if the treaty proved ineffec- tual, and the arnlY should make their o"rn n10del of the governnlent they ,vould submit to, (as undoubt- edly they resolved shortly to do,) and therefore he did all he could to work upon the king to yield to what was proposed to him, and, afterwards, upon the parliament, to be content with what his majesty had yielded. But the advice they all gave, of what inclinations or affections soever they were, was the BOOK XI. I 648. i different] Not in 1'J8. 15() 1.'HE HI S1.'OH. Y BOO K saIne," that his majesty should, forth with, and with- Xl. " out delaying it to the expiration of the ternl as- ] 648. "signed by the parliament for the treaty," (which was forty days,) "yield to the full demands which " were made in the propositions." Their only ar- gunlent was, " that, if he did not, or not do it quick- "ly, the army would proceed their o\vn way, and " had enough declared, that they would depose the' " king, change the government, and settle a repub- " lie by their own rules and invention." And this advertiselnent was as well believed by those of the king's own party, as by the commissioners thenl- selves. Before the treaty begun, the cOlnmissioners made it known to the king, "that they could not admit " that any person should be present in the room " where the treaty should be in debate: k that they " \vere cOlllmissioners sent froln the parliament to " treat with his majesty, and with him alone; and "that they might not permit any particular and "private persons to oppose or confer with theln " upon the demands of the parliament." So that albeit the parliament had given leave to the several bish?ps, and other divines, and to many lawyers of . eminency, to wait on his majesty, upon his desire, that they might instruct and inform hiln in all diffi- cult cases which related to religion or the law of the land, they were like to be of little use to hin1 now they ,vere COlne, if they Inight not be present at the debate, and offer such advice to his majesty, k where the treaty should be or interpose his opinion or ad- in debate:] where the treaty vice, upon any matter that should be, much less that any should be in debate: man should presume to speak, OF THE REllEI..LION. 157 às upon emergent occasions he should stand in need of 1 or require from them. At last they ,vere con- tented, and his 111ajesty ,vas obliged to he contented too, that they might stand behind a curtain, and hear all that was said, and when any such difficulty occurred as \vould require consultation, his n1ajesty Inight retire to his chamher, and call those to hitll, "Tith wholn he would advise, to attend hit]], and n1ight then return again into the 1'00111 for the treaty, and declare his o\vn resolution. This ,vas the unequal and unreasonable prelin1inary and con- dition, to \vhich the king was c0111pelled to subn1Ìt hefore the treaty could begin. "rhey who had not seen the king in a year's tin1e (for it was little less from the tin1e that he had left Halnpton Court) found his countenance extremely altered. From the time that his o,vn servants had heen taken fron1 him, he \vould never suffer his hair to be cut, nor cared to have any ne\v clothes; so that his aspect and appearance was very different frolH what it had used to he: other\vise, his health was good, and he \vas much more cheerful in his discourses to\vards all 111en than could have been ilnagined, after such Illortification of all kinds. lIe was not at all dejected in his spirits, but carried himself \vith the same majesty he had used to do. His hair \vas all gray, which, l11aking all others very sad, Illaùe it thought that he had sorrow in his coun- tenance, \vhich appeared only by that shado\v. Upon Monday the 18th of Septcn1ber, the treat) begun, and the commissioners presented their COln- mission to his majesty, to treat with him personaJJy, upon the propositions presented forlnerly at IIamp- ton Court, concerning the kingdoln of England and nOOK XI. ) ô48. 158 'rHE IIISTORY ] 648. Ireland only, and upon such propositions as should be offered either by his lllajesty, or the t\VO houses of parliament, according to their instructions, &c. Though the king knew very well, that Cromwell had so totally subdued Scotland, that he had not left any lnan there in the least authority or po,ver, \vho did so much as pretend to wish well to him, and that, in truth, Crom\vell had as much the conl- tnand there as Argyle himself had, ,vho was but his creature, yet, either to recover their broken spirits, or to manifest his o\\rn royal cOin passion for them, he told the commissioners, "that, \vhen the propo- "sitions had been delivered to him at Hanlptoll " Court, the Scottish interest was so involved in " theIn, that it could be hardly separable from that " of England: that it concerned hiln, as king of " both kingdoms, to be just and equal between hoth ; " and that though they had no authority to treat " for any thing but what related to England, yet " he, who ,vas to provide for the public peace, " (which could hardly be provided for, except the " Scots were c0111prehended in this treaty,) did de- " sire, that they \vould send to the two houses of " parlialnent, to give a pass for one of the servants " to go into Scotland, to invite the council there to " send sonlebody authorized by that kingdol11, ,vho " Inight treat ,vith the commissioners of parlialnent :" and to that purpose his lnajesty delivered thenl a paper in writing to be sent by theln to the parlia- nlent, telling theln at the same tÏlne, "that it \vas "never his desire or meaning, that they should " meddle in the government of England, but onlf " should treat concerning the peace, to the end that " that 111ight be durable." But the comn1issioners BOOK XI. OF' THE REBELl..ION. 159 alleged, that" it was not in their power to receive BOOK XI. " and translnit that, or any other paper, to the par- " Hament, that referred to that kingdom; and they 1648. " besought him to give them leave, as an evidence " of their duty, to inform him of what ill conse- " quence the transmission of that paper at that tinle "might be to the treaty itself." 'Vhereupon he declined sending it by a messenger of his o,vn for the present, (which he intended to have done,) being un\villing to give any occasion of dispute or jealousy so early, and believing that after he should. have gotten a good understanding ,vith the t,vo houses, in ,vhat "ras of immediate concernment to England, he should more effectually transnlit that, or any other paper, fõr the more easy COlllposing the affairs of Scotland. Then they presented their first proposition to his The first . h } .. d k I d . proposition 11laJesty; "t at le woul revo e a 1 eclaratlonS, for re,'ok- " and cOlnmissions g ranted heretofore b J " hilll a g ainst ing. all his majesty's " the parliau1ent." 'Vhereupon his majesty desired, d.eclara- tlOos, &c. " that he might see all the propositions, they had to " make to hinl, together; that he Inight the hetter " consider what satisfaction he could give thenl upon " the whole:" which they would not yield to with- out nIuch importunity, and at last delivered theln with reluctancy, as a thing they ,vere not sure they ought to do. And though their commission referred to instructions, and his lnajesty desired that he might have a view of those, they peremptorily re- fused to let him have a sight of them; and only told hinI, "that they were directed by their instrl1c- " tions, first to treat upon the proposition they had " already presented to him, concerning the revoca- " tion of the declarations, &c. and in the next place, BOOK XI. 1648. His ma- jesty's an- swer to it. 160 'rHE HIS'rOR.Y " of the cHurch, then of the militia, and fourthly of " Ireland, and afterwards of the rest of the proposi- " tions in order;" and they declared likèwise that, " by their instructions, they were not to enter upon " any new propositions, before they should have re- "ceived his majesty's final ans\ver to , hat was first " proposed." Hereupon the king demanded of thenl, " ,vhether " they had po\ver and authority to recede from any " particular contained in their propositions, or to " consent to any alterations, if his lnajesty should " give them good reason so to do?" To which they answered very Inagisterially, " that they \vere ready " to debate, to she\v how reasonable their desires " were, and that there could be no reason why they " should alter or recede from them; hut if his ma- "jesty did satisfy then}, they should do therein as " they were \varranted by their instructions." 'l"hese linlitations and restrictions in a Inatter of that im- portance, which contained a new frame of govern- ment, and an alteration of all civil and ecclesiastical constitutions, almost damped and stifled all the hope his majesty had entertained of good from this treaty. Ho\vever, he resolved to try if consenting to the substantial part of any proposition would give thenl satisfaction; and so, without taking notice of the preamble of that proposition, which they had deli- vered to him, he declared in \vriting, which he de- li vered to them, " that he was willing to grant the " body of their proposition, that was to recall all " declarations, &c." But they immediately returned another paper to him, in which they said, "his ma- " jesty had left unanswered the most essential part " of their proposition," repeating the words in the OF 'rHE ItEßEl,LION. IGI preamble, ,vhich recited, "that the two houses of " pal'lialnent had heen necessitated to enter into a " ,varin their just and lawful defence; and that " the kingdom of England had entered into a so- " lemn league and covenant to prosecute the san1e ;" and so justifying all that had been done, &c. To all \v hich they very vehemently pressed "his ll1a- "jesty's approbation and consent, as the most ne- " cessary foundation of a lasting peace, and the in- " dispensable expectation of the two houses and of " the ,vhole kingdom; and that the t\VO houses, and " the kingdom, could not decline this particular de- " Inand, "\vithout which they could not believe thenl- " selves to be in any security; since, by the Jetter of 10' the law, they who had adhered to the parliament, " rnight SeeJll guilty of raising war against the king, " and so to he guilty of high treason by the statute " of the 25th year of king Ed,vard the 'rhird: " ,vhereas hy the construction and equity thereof " they 'v ere justified; and therefore that the con- "senting to this preanible was so essential, that " "\vithout it the parlian1ent "\vould be thought guilty; " \vhich they hoped his nlajesty did not desire it "should." And that this might nlake the deeper in1pression upon hilu, the lord Say, in the debate of it, t,vice repeated, "\\rith nlore passion than ,vas na- tural to his constitution, "that he did treu1hle to " think how sad the consequence would be, if "\vhat " they no\v pressed should be denied." And others said, that "it was no more than his majesty had "heretofore granted in the act of indelnnity that h he had passed in Scotland; and if he should 1l0\V 10' refuse to do it In England, there would he a 10' speedy end put to the treaty, ,vithout entering VOL. VI. 1\1: BOOK Xl. 1 648. l() rrHE HI srrOlt Y ßOO K "npon any of the other propositions." The king XI. was so IIlllCIt perplexed and offended with this 16.t8. haughty 1 way of reasoning, that he told those with whom he consulted, and writ the same to the prince his son, " that the long restraint he had endured in " the castle of Carisbrook, ,vas not a greater evi- " dence of the captivity of his person, nor was he " nlore sensible of it, than this ,vas of the captivity " of his Inind, by his being forced to decline those " ans,vers and argull1ents l\rhich were proper to the " support of his cause, and which must have brought "blushes over the faces of the commissioners, and " to frame others more seasonable and fit to be of- " fered to men in that condition from him who was " to receive, and not give conditions." Dispute. However, this proposition was of so horrid and cOllcerm ng the preall1- monstrous a nature, so contrary to the known truth, LIe of it. d d . .. d h . an so estructlve to JustIce an governlnent, t at It seemed to naturalize rebellion, and to make it cur- rent in the kingdom to all posterity, that his ma- jesty could not forbear to tell them, "that no act of " parlialuent could make that to be true, ,vhich was "notoriously kno\vn to be false; that this treaty " must be the foundation of the future peace and " security, and what ,vas herein provided for both " could never he called in question; that he was " most ,villing, that it should be made very penal " to every nlan to reproach another for any thing " he had done during the late tro11 bles, upon what " provocation soever." He put theln in mind, " that " it ,vas ,veIl known to sonle of thenl, that the act " of indemnity in Scotland \vas passed when his ma- I haughty] impudent OF THE REBELLION. 163 "jesty \vas not there, nor any c0111missioner ap- " pointed by hiIn; that it was prepared and drawn " hy his attorney general of that kingdonl, who was " then of the party that ,vas against his nlajesty; " and therefore it ,vas no wonder that he called "those of his own side, loyal su hjects, and good "Christians, in the pl'eall1hle of that act; \vhieh " ,vas never seen by his nlajesty, though it ,vas con- "firnled indeed, with the other acts ,vhich had "passed in that disorderly tÍlne, by his nlajesty " upon the conclusion of the peace, and their return " to their obedience; and that, \vhen that should be " the case here, he \yould give them all the appella- " tions they should desire, and as unquestionable'se- " curity as they could wish." To all which they made no other reply, and that unaninlously, "but " that they could not believe then1selves secure, if " that prealllble was not entirely consented to." This refractory obstinate adherence of the com- missioners to their own ,viII, \\ ithout any shado,v of reason, prevailed nothing upon the king; insollluch as he ,vas inclined to run the hazard of the present dissolution of the treaty, and to undergo all the in- conveniences and Inischiefs which probably n1ight attend it, rather than to sacrifice his honour, and the justice of his cause, to their insolent deoland, until he had entered into a serious deliberation with those persons who were about hinl, of \vhose affec- tions to him he had all assurance, and of the great ahilities and understanding of most of them he had a very just esteeUl. They all represented to him, froln the conference they had "rith such of the COlll- J11issioners, ,vho, they were confident, spoke to them as they thought and believed, "that if there lVel'C 1\1 2 BOOK XI. ] 648. BOOK XI. 1648. 164 '.rHE HISTORY " no expedient found out to give Inore satisfaction "upon this first proposition, than his lllajesty had " yet offered, as soon as the comlnissioners should " give account of it to the two houses, they would "be presently recalled; and the treaty be at an " end: and then it would be universally declared " and believed, how untrue soever the assertion ,vas, " that the king refused to secure the parlianlent, H and all who had adhered to them, from a prosecu- "tion by law; upon ,vhich they thought it to no " purpose to proceed farther in the treaty: ,vhereas " if his lnajesty had condescended to them in that " particular, \vhich concerned the lives and fortunes " of their whole party in the kingdoln m, they would " have given hinl such satisfaction in all other par- " ticulars, as a full and happy peace 111USt have en- " sued." Then the la\vyers informed him, "that his giving " way to a recital in a new law, which ,vas not a " declaratory la,v of \vhat the la,v ,vas formerly in "being, concerning the business in question, and " only in a preamble to a law for recalling declara- " tions, &c. did not make their actions la,,-rful, if " they were not so before; nor did it take a,vay "from those who had adh red to him, any defence " or benefit the former la,vs had given to thenl; nor " would his party be in a worse condition than they " had always been: for his majesty had always of- " fered, in all his declarations, that they \vho fol- " lowed him, and who were by them called deIin- " quents, should, at all tinIes, submit to a trial by " the laws of the land, and if they should he found m of their whole party in the kingdom] of the who]e l\Ïngdoll1 OF 'l'HE IlEBEI..LION. 165 " guilty of any crime, they should not be protected ßO 0 K Xl. ,.. by him. And it was evident, by their not }Jrosc- " cuting anyone since they were fallen into their 1648. " hands, in any legal way, that they do not think " their transgressions can be punished by law." Upon these reasons, and the joint advice and iU1- portunity of all about hin1, as ,veIl the divines as the lawyers, the king first delivered a paper in writing to the con1missioners, in \vhich he declared, "that ., nothing that should be put in writing concerning " any proposition, or part of any proposition, should "be binding, prejudicial, or lnade use of, if the " treaty should break off without effect:" and the comn1issioners presented another paper in writing, in which they fully consented to that declaration, in the very terms of the said declaration. Thereupon The king h k . d h fi . . . h consents to t e Ing consente to pass t erst proposItIon, 'VIt it. the prealnble to it, albeit, he said, "that he ,veIl " foresaw the aspersions it would expose hin1 to: " yet he hoped his good ubjects ,vould confess that ,. it ,vas IJut a part of the price he had paid for their ...." benefit, and the peace of his don1Ïnions." The first proposition heing thus consented to as ThE' second } d . . . 1 proposition t ley coul \vIsh, they dehvered theIr seconc COIl- concerning ccrning religion and the church; which cOlnpre- : :t 7)1 hcudcd "the utter abolishing episcopacy, and all church. "jurisdiction exercised by archbishops, bishops, "deans and cl1apters, and alienating their lands, " \v hich should he sold to the use and benefit of the " COlll1110n\vealtb; the covenant; \vhich ,vas pre- " scnted to his majesty to take hitnself, and to Îln- ., pose upon .all others: the Common-Prayer and " public Liturgy of the church to he abolished, and " takcn a,vay; and that the reformation of religion, 1\1 3 166 "THE HIS"rORY " according to the covenant, in such manner as both " houses had, or should agree, after consultation with " divines, should be settled by act of parlialnent :" which, the king told then1, "exceeded the implicit "faith of the church of Ron1e; which rather n " obliges her proselytes to what she does hold, than " to what she shalL" It required" the establishing "the presbyterian government, the directory, the "articles of Christian religion," (a body ,vhereof they presented,) "the suppressing innovations in " churches; for 0 the better advancen1ent of preach- "ing, the observation of the Lord's day; a bill " against pluralities and non-residency; several acts " against papists; and the taking and imposing the " covenant." This pregnant proposition, containing so many n10nstrous particulars, sufficiently warned his ma- jesty, ho\v impossible it \vould be to give them satis- faction in all; and therefore having, by consenting to the entire first proposition, put it out of their po\ver to break off the treaty, and to tell the people, "that the king, at the entrance into it, had denied " to give them any security for their lives and for- The king "tunes," he thought it now fit to offer to the COffi- offers a pro- P?sition of missioners a proposition of his o,vn, that both the hIS own;. d . h I I d . which the parhan1ent, an the people, mlg t c ear y Iscern commis- h h f h . · h d d . . h Id sioners rc- O\V muc 0 IS own rIg t an 19n1ty e won fuse to send sacrifice for their P eace. and which he thou g ht to the ", houses. n1ight prevent the designs of those who might en- deavour, upon one single proposition, or part of a proposition, to break the treaty. His own proposition contained, in very few words, 1648. nOOK XI. n rather] only o for] Nut in 1U8. O}' 'rHE REBELLION. 167 but three particulars: 1. "That he might enjoy his HO () XI. " liberty: 2. That his revenue might be restored to " him: 3. That an act of oblivion might pass:" 1648. which, he very \Ven knew, ,vould be 1110st grateful to those who seemed to value it least, as it ,,,ould exempt his own friends frorn any P illegal and un- just vexations. The commissioners absolutely refused to send it to the houses, though they had no authority to an- swer it themselves. They said, " it rather contained " an ans\ver to all their propositions, than was a " single proposition of his 0\\'11; and that the sole " end of making it was to cajole the people;" which, the king told them, " better became him to do than " any body else." But when they peremptorily re- fused to transmit it to the houses, the king sent an express of his o\vn to deliver it; which being done, The hilJg . . sends it hy after some days delIberatIon, the houses returned no messengers h h k . h I h . .. uf his own' ot er answer to t C lng," t an t 1at IS proposItIon but it is ' " was not satisfactory." In the mean time the COffi- v.oted UI1Si\- tlsfactory. Inissioners pre sed for his ans\ver to the first part of thcir proposition, for the abolishing of bishops. It would be very tedious and unnecessary to set do\vn at large the dispute, and argunlents \y}1Ïch were used on both sides upon this subject. The conunis- sioners, \vho \vould not suffer any of the king's ser- vants to be so Inuch as present \vhcn any thing of the treaty \vas agitatcd, thought fit no,v to let loose their own clergy upon the king; ,vho \vas HIuch Letter versed in the argulnent than they \\tcre. . Th{'i r mini- That wluch they urged lllost, ,vas the COl1llnon sters dis- all t . " h t J . I d I . h . pute wit It cga Ions, tans lOp all pres )yter In t C SCl"lp- tllC kin about the bishops. II any] a world of 1\[ 4 168 "rH:E HIS"rORY H 0 0 K h tu re language signified one and the sanle thing: XI. " that, if the apostles exercised a larger jurisdiction, ] G.t8. "it had been granted to them as apostles, and con- " cerned not their successors, to whonl no such au- " thority had been granted, nor any superiority over " other presbyters, 'v ho ,vere of the same function - "\vith them." 'fhen they inveighed vehelllently against" lords bishops; their pride, and lustre;" and <} they all behaved thelDselves with that rudeness, as if they meant to be no longer subject to a king, no I110re than r to a bishop. ..A..nd t\VO of them S very plainly and fiercely told the king, "that if he did " not consent to the utter abolishing of episcopacy, "he \vould be damned;" ,vith which his nlajesty ,vas not moved. The men, Jenkins and Spursto\v, Ii ved after the return of king Charles the Second, and, according to the modesty of that race of people, came to kiss his majesty's hand, and continued the same zeal in all seditious attenlpts. The king pressed them ,vith those texts of scrip- ture \vhich have been constantly urged by those who nlaintain the jUrY llivillU1Jl of bishops, the authority of the fathers, and the government of all Christian churches for fifteen hundred years, and particularly of the church of England, before and since the l e- fOrlllation, by constant and uniform practice and usage; ,vhich could not but he by themselves ac- kno,vledged to have been by bishops. The commis- sioners relieved their ill nlannered clergy, and urged, , that ,vhatsoever ,vas not of divine institution ßlight " very la,vfully he altered; for if it had its original "from men, it might by Blen be changed, or re- (I and] and as r no more than] as well as 5 Aud two of them] So two (If them O:F 'l"HE ItEnELLION. 169 " versed: that episcopacy as it was established in " the church by the laws of England, ,vas not that " episcopacy that ,vas mentioned or prescribed in " scripture; and therefore the laws ,vhich supported " it lnight be justly taken away; which, they said, " ,vas the reason that had induced 111any lnen who " ,vere not enen1ies to episcopacy, to take the cove- " llant; ,vhich obliged theln to take the present " hierarchy a\vay." I n a ,vord they urged "the practice of other re- "fòrlned churches, and that his n1ajesty insisting " upon the preservation of episcopacy, as essentially "necessary, ,vas to -reproach and condelnn them." To which he answered, "that both Calvin and Beza, " and n10st learned men of the reformed churches, .., had approved and commended the episcopal go- " vernlllcnt in England; and many of theln had be- " ,vailed t hemsel ves, that they were not permitted " to retain that government." Besides all their arguments in public, ,vhich his Inajesty with wonderful acuteness fully answered, and delivered his answers in writing to them, (which none of thelll ever after undertook to reply unto,) they found means in private to advertise the king, that is, such of them who were known to wish well to him, " that they were of his majesty's judgment ",vith reference to the government, which they "hoped might yet be pre erved, but not by the " method his majesty pursued: that all the reason- " able hope of preserving the crown, was in dividing " the parliament fron1 the army; which could be 'It only done hy his giving satisfaction in ,vhat ,vas "delnanded ,vith reference to the c}lllrch; which h ,,'ould unite the pariialllcnt in itself, SOD1e fe,\" BOOK XI. 1 648. 170 1."HE I-II S"rOR Y BO 0 K "persons excepted, and the city to the parlianlent; XI. " where the presbyterians were 010st powerful; and 1648. " this being done, the parlian1ent ,vollld inlmediately "have power to reform their army, and to disband " those who would not be reforll1ed: that then the " king would be rell10ved to London, to perfect' 11J.at " by his o,vn presence in parliament, \vhich should " be prelJared by this treaty; and then the ,vording "those bills, and the forlnality of passing thenl, "would give opportunity for many alterations; " which, being now attempted, would destroy all, " and reconcile the parlialnent to the arll1Y; which " would destroy the king: but then, 'v hat the king " urged as matter of conscience in himself \\rould "find respect, reverence, and concurrence." No doubt they, who did make these insinuations, did in truth believe thelnselves; and did think, as well as wish, that the sequel ,,,,"ould be such as they fore- told. But that which had n10re authority \vith the king, and \vhich nobody about him could put hiln in n1ind o because none of theln had been privy to it, ,vas the relnelnbrance of what he had prolnised concerning the church to the Scots, in the engage- ment at the Isle of 'Vight; which he could not but conclude was well known to nlany of the presbyte- rians in England: and he thought, that ,vhatever he had prolnised to do then, upon the bare hope and probability of raising an arlny, he 111ight rea- sonably now offer when that arluy ,vas destroyed, The ki g's and no hope left of raising another. And thereupon conceSSIOns · . d on this he did, wIth 111uch reluctancy, offer the sa111e he ha poiut. then promised to do t; ,vhich was, H to suspend epi- t promised to do] iUS. adds: not be in his power to do it because he hoped then it would OF 1."HE REBELl ION. 171 " scopacy for three years, and then upon consultation BOO K " with divines, amongst which he would nominate XI. " twenty to be present, and to consult \vith them, 1 fi4R. "such a government of the church as shou]d he " agreed upon might be established: that he would " not force any man to take the covenant, and would "have the privilege of his own chapel to use the "Colnmon-Prayer, and observe the sanle \vorship " hOe had used to do; and that aU persons, who de- " sired it, might have liberty to take the covenant, " and to use the directory: in fine, he consented to " all that he had offered in that engagement ,vith " reference to the government of the church;" and like\vise, "that money should be raised upon the " sale of the church lands, and only the old rent "should be reserved to the just o\vners and their "successors." These, with some other concessions of less importance, \vhich related to other branches of the same proposition, J/lagna inter 8llllpiria, he delivered to the commissioners as his final answer; "\\rhich the nlajor part of them did then believe would have preserved his n1ajesty frolD farther in1portunity and vexation in that particular. The next proposition was concerning the militia; The tl i d h . 1 h . d Ii d d .. · h d proposItlon W IC 1 was tell' ar ng; an IstInguls e the concerning S t L'. th E I . h b . 1 .L'. the militia. CO S lrOm e ng IS pres yterlanS; t le lormer never desiring to invade that unquestionable .prero- gative of the crown; the latter being in truth as fond of it (and as refractory without it) as of pres- hytery itself; and in that particular concurred cven \vith Croll1\vell, and 111adc little douht of subduing him by it in a short tilne. In this den1and they exer- cised their usual 1110desty, and, to abridge the suh- stance of it in fc\v \vords, they required" a po\vcr 172. 'I'HE HISTORY BOOK "to keep up the present arnlY, and to raise \vhat XI. "other arnlies they pleased for the future; which 1648. "gave theln authority over the persons of all sub- " jects, of ,vhat degree or quality soever. Secondly, " a power to raise money for the use and mainte- " nance of those forces, in such a manner, and by " such ways and means as they should think fit." And hereby they had had the disposal of the estates and fortunes of all men without restraint or limitation. 1.'hirdly, "all forces by land and sea to be managed "and disposed as they should think fit, and not "otherwise." All this lTIodest power and authority " must be granted to the lords and commons for "twenty years." And, as if this had not been enough, they required farther, "that in all cases, " when the lords and commons shall declare the " safety of the kingdom to be concerned, unless the " king give his royal assent to such a bill as shall be " tendered to him for raising nloney, the bill shall " have the force of an act of parlianlent, as if he had " given his royal assent." There were other particulars included, of po\ver to the city of London over the nlilitia, and for the Tower of London, of no importance to the king, if he onc disposed, and granted the other as was required, nor need he take care to WhOlll the rest belonged. Here the king \vas to consider ,vhether he would wholly grant it, or wholly deny it, or \vhether he nlight reasonably hope so to linlit it, that they 111ight have authority enough to please theIn, and he reserve SOllIe to hilnself for his o\vn security. The king had thought with hilTIself, upon revolving all expedients, \vhich he had too long warning to rUl1linate upon, to propose" that the inhaòitants of every county should OF THE REBELLION. 173 " he the standing Inilitia of the kingdom, to be dra,vn BOO h XI. "out of the counties upon any occasions ,vhich " should occur;" ,vhich ,vould prevent all excessive 1648. taxes and impositions, \vhen they were to be paid by thelTIselves. But he quickly discerfled that such a proposition would be presently called a conspiracy against the army, and so put an end to all other ex- pedients. Then he thought of limiting the extrava- gant po,ver in such a nlanner, that it nlight not ap- pear so nlonstrous to all intents and purposes \vhat- soever; and therefore proposed, " that none should The 1:ing's "he compelled to serve in the ,val' against their answer. " wills, but in case of an invasion by foreign ene- " ßlies: that the po,ver concern in g the land forces " should be exercised to no other purposes, than for " the suppressing of forces 'v hich might at any tilne " be raised without the authority and consent of the " lords and conU11ons, and for the keeping up and " nlaintaining the forts and garrisons, and the pre- " sent army, so long as it should be thought fit " hy both houses of parliament: that \vhat nlonies "should at any time be thought necessary to be "raised, should be raised by general and equal '- taxes, and in1positions; and lastly, that all patents " and comlnissions to the purposes aforesaid n1ight " be nlade in the king's name, by \varrant signified " by the lords and COffilllons, or such other significa- " tion as they should direct and authorize." These limitations were sent to the parlianlent, This voted h d . } 1 d h h d d by the p:u"_ W 0, accor lUg to t Ie lnet IO t ey a assulue, liament UTl- oon voted " that the 111essage ,vas unsatisfactory." satisfactory. Hereupon, that he Inight at least leave sonle nlOIlU- nl nt and rf1cord of his care and tenderness of his 174 'I'HE HIS'l'ORY BOO K people, (for, after his extorted concessions to the so XI. great prejudice of the church, he never considered 1648. what might be dangerous to his o,vn person,) he de- livered his consent to the proposition itself to the commissioners, with a preanlble to this purpose; The king "that whereas their proposition concerning the mi... consents to it with 1\ "Iitia required a far larger power over the persons preambJe. d f h . 1 . h h d b } · "an estates 0 IS su )Jects, t an a een ever ll- " therto warranted by the la"rs and statutes of the " kingdom, yet in rega d the present distractions " n1ight require more, and trusting in his two houses " of parlialnent, that they '\Tould Inake no farther " use of the power therein mentioned, after the pre- " sent distenlpers should be settled, than should be " agreeable to the legal exercise thereof in times " past, and for the purposes particularly mentioned " in their proposition, and to give satisfaction to his " two houses of parliament that he intends a full se- " curity to them, and to express his real desires to " settle the peace of the kingdo111, his majesty doth " consent to the proposition concerning the Inilitia " as it was desired." This the commissioners did by no means like, nor would acquiesce in, and al- leged, " that as the concession must be the subject , of an act of parlialnent, so this preamble must be " a part of it, and would administer occasion of dif- " ference and dispute upon the interpretation of it ; "\\ hich being so clearly foreseen, ought not to be " admitted in any act of parliament, much less in " such a one as is to be the principal foundation of At last con-" a lastin g P eace of the kin g doln." After much sents to it without the vexation of this kind, and importunity of friends, preamble. .. I f as ,veIl as of enemIes, and beIng a most as \veary 0 OF THE REBEl LION. 175 denying as of granting, he suffered the preamble to B K he left out, and his consent to be delivered without . 1648. It. It may be well wondered at, that, after having so far coo1plied \vith these three propositions, there should be any pause or hesitation in the debate of the rest. -"or in that concerning the church, and the other concerning the militia, both the church and the militia of Ireland U followed the fate of England, and were in effect cOlnprehended in the saIne propositions: so that there remained nothing more ,vith reference to that kingdom, " but declar- The fonrth . d h . h h I . h proposition " lng the peace that was ma e t ere 'VIt t e rlS , concerning " to be void ;" which they pressed with the same pas- IreJand. sion, as if they had obtained nothing; although his majesty referred the carrying on the war to them, and told them, " that he knew nothing of the peace, ",vhich had been n1ade during his imprisonment, " ",-hen he could receive no advertisen1ent of what " ,vas doing, or done; and therefore he was content , that it should be broken, and the ,var be carried "on in such a n1anner as should please then1;" ,vhich was all one to their ends and purposes, as ,vhat they desired. Rut this did by no 111eanS please theln. If the peace were not declared to be actually void, they could not so easily take that vengeance of the n1arquis of Orlllond as they resolved to do. Ir et after all these general concessions, ,vhich so much concerned hio1seJf, and the public, and when the necessity that had obliged hil}} to that ull,villing conlpliallce, l11ight ,veIl have excused hinl for satis- 11 Ireland] ftJS,adds," (though Rubject to the parliament of a kingdom distinct, and never England, but to the king alone) 176 'rHE IIISTOIlY BOOK fying then1 in all the rest of their den1ands, ,v hen XI. h t ey pressed his consent to \vhat only concerned pri- ] 648. vate and particular per ons, as the revoking all ho- nours and grants of offices ,vhich he had conferred upon those who had served him faithfully, and to except many of them from pardon, and leave them to the unmerciful censure of the t,vo houses, both for their lives and fortunes; to SUbll1it others to pay, for their delinquency in obeying and serving hÏ1n, Som.e othl'r a full 1110iety of all they were \vorth; to deprive particulars h f - -. . 1 C'. the king at ot ers 0 theIr practIce In theIr severa prolesslons first sticks d Ii . ( h - h d }J h I 1 at: an unctIons, W IC expose ate R\-vyers an(t divines, \vho had heen faithful to hitn, to utter ruin,) it cannot be expressed \vith what grief and trouble of 111ind he received those in1portunities; and, without doubt, he \vould at that time \vith lnuch more willingness have died, than subn1itted to it; but the arglIlnent " that he had done so nll1ch," ,vas now pressed upon him, (by his friends, and those ,vho were to receive as much prejudice as any by his doing it,) "that he should do 11lore; and " since he had condescended to Inany things \vhich " gave hin1self no satisfaction, he ,vould give so full " satisfaction to the parlialnent, that he Inight re- " ceive that benefit, and the kingdo111 that peace and " security he desired." Many ad vertisell1en ts came froin his friends in London, and from other places, " that it was high " time that the treaty \vere at an end, and that the "parliament had all his majesty's ans\vers before "them, to detern1ine what they \vould do upon " then1, before the arll1Y drew nearer London, ,vhich, " infallibly, it ,vould shortly do, as soon as those in O:F rrI-IE 1{} B} I-4L I()N. 177 " the north had finished their \vork X." It was no\\ BOOK near the end of October, and the appointed time for XI. the conclusion of the treaty ,vas the fourth of N 0- 1648. vember; and so after all inlportunities, as well of those ,vho 'v ere to suffer, as of those ,,,ho were to triumph in their suffering , his majesty's consent But con- . sents at was procured to 1110st that ,vas demanded III the rest last. of the propositions; the king, and all Dlen, conceiv- ing the treaty to be at an end. The king had, about the Iniddle of October, again delivered his own proposition for bis liberty, his re- venue, and an act of oblivion, to the con1ll1issioners; which they received. And though, at the beginning T le ,com- . . mIssIoners of the treaty, they had refused to tranSInIt It to the now send h f . h the kiDg'S ollses, yet no\v, a ter so nlany conceSSIons, t ey own propo- thou g ht fit to send it. and did so as soon as the y sitio.n to tht" , parhament. received it. But no ans,ver ,vas returned. Here- upon, ,vhen the treaty ,vas ,vithin t,vo days of ex- piring, his 111ajesty delnanded of theIn, " \vhether " they had received any instructions to treat upon, " or to give an answer to his o,vn proposition, which " he had delivered to then1 so long since? or ,vhe- " ther they had received allY order to prolong the " treaty?" To ,vhich they ans,vered, "they had " not as to either." And ,vhen he asked them the sarne question, the very last hour of the limited tin1e, thev n1ade the sanle ans,ver. So that the' .. ,vhole forty days assigned for the treaty \vere ex- pired, hefore they vouchsafed to return any ans,ver to the single proposition the king had Inade to thenl. Ho\vever they told hÏIn, " they had received x finished their work.] iUS. adds: and Fairfax had reduced n land castle, whith ('ouid Y'OL. YI. not hold out n1uch longer, and whieh was his last work to riD. x 178 TIlE HISTORY BOO K "nc,v conHlland to l1lake fresh instance to his ma- XI. " jesty, that he ,vould forth,vith publish a declara- 1648. "tion against the lllarquis of Ornlond; ,vho had They re- quire a de- " very lately declared, that he had authority to claratiull" k . h h I . h b I d th of the king Ina e a peace 'V It t e rIS re e s; an ",vas en agains the " treatin g ,vith thenl to that P ur p ose." 'ro ,vhich marq UlS of O lllond. his lllajesty ans,vered, "that it "ras not reasonable HIS ma- I . bI ' h d I . . jesty's an- "to press unl to pu IS any ec aratIon agaInst swer. " the nlarquis; since that if the treaty should end " happily, the desires of the t,vo houses were satis- "fied by the concessions he had already lllade;" and so adhered to his first ans\ver. And conceiving the treat.y to be closed, he desired the commission- ers, " that since he had departed froln so nluch of " his own right to give his t\VO houses satisfaction, " they ,vollld be a lneans that he 111ight be pressed " no farther; since the f{ ,v things he had not satis- "fied thenl in had so near relation to his con- " science, that, ,vith the peace of that, he coulø not " yield farther; and desired thenl to use tIle sanle "eloquence and abilities, hy w-hich they bad pre- " vailed with hiln, in representing to the two houses " the sad condition of the kingdolu, if it were not " preserved by this treaty." And so concluded with nlany gracious expressions for their personal civili- ties, and other kind expression's; ,vhich made inl- pression upon all of them \vho had any bo,vels. All this being past, and the king believing and expecting that the commissioners \\rOlIld take their leave of hinl the next morning, they caIne tIle saIne The }In\"- night to infor-m hinl, "that they had then received liament en- d d . . e h .. Jarges the "nen r or ers an InstructIons lor t e contInuIng treaty " and enlar g in g the treat y for fourteen da y s lODger ." fourteen ð ' flays longer. for which his majesty "ras nothing glad; nor did OF TIlE I{EBEI IAIOX 179 they in the houses \vho wished ,veIl to him desire BOOI\. that prolongation. For it ,vas easily discerned, that XI. it \vas n10ved and prosecuted only by them who did 1648. not intend that the treaty itself should have any good effect; ,vhich they ,vere not yet ready and prepared enough to prevent, the arl11Y not having yet finished ,,,hat they were to do in all places; and was consented to unskilfully, by those who thought- the continuance of the treaty was the best sign that both sides desired peace:" and it quickly appeared, by the ne'v instances they nlade, that delay was their only business. The cOlnmissioners, \vith ne,v The cOl11- · . d b .. b h . missioners ImportunIty an Itterness, egun upon t en ne,v renew theil' instructions, "that the kin g ,vould in1mediatel y de L man ( c1 ) a out f- "publish the declaration against the luarquis ofmonc1. " Ormond," ,vithout any other reasons than those ,vhich he had answered before. His majesty an- s\\Tered, " there was no other difference bet\veen His ma- " t1 b t . . f t . } h I jest,-'s nn- 1em U In pOInt 0 IIne,"\\T let er present y, or s;er. " at the conclusion of the peace: uIJon the peacp, 'they had the substance of their desire already " granted; and if there were no peace, they had " reason to helieve that no declaration hp should " ßlake ,vould he believed or oheyed;" and so ad- hpred to what he had ans\vcred fornlerly. Then they declared, " that the parlial11ent 'vas They urgf' " not satisfied ,vith his concessions ,vith reference farther ahout tla' " to the church; that the presbyterian governnlent church. ,.. could he exercised \vith little profit, or cOJnfort, if " it should appear to be so short1ived as to continue " hut for threE' years; and that they 111l1st therefore " press the utter extirpating the function of bishops.'9 'fhen, the perfect and entire alienation of their lands \vas insisted on; "rhereas hy the king-'s ('0])- N2 HOOk XI. I {i.1 8. The king's answer. ISO '1' I I] 1-1 J S rr 0 R Y cessions the old rent ,vas still reser\Ted to thenl. They said" " the parlialnent did not intend to force. H but only to rectify his conscience;" and, to that end, t1ler added more reasons to convince bhn in the several}Joints. They repeated their old distinc- tion between the scripture-bishop, and the bishop by la,v. For the absolute alienation of their lands, they urged nlany precedents of what had been done in forlner till1es upon convenience, or necessity, not so visible and 111anifest as appeared at present; and concluded with their usual threat, "that the conse- " quence of his denial ,vould he the continuance of " the public disturbances." To all \vhich his Inajesty ans\vered, "that, for the "presbyterian governUlent, they might reulember " that their o\vn first order for the settling it was " only for three years; ,vhich they then thought a " cOlnpetent time for a probationary la\\'", that con- "tained such an alteration in the state; and there- " fore t1)ey ought to think the sanle now: and that "it nlight he longer lived than three years, if it " would in that tÏ1ne bear the test and exanlination " of it; and that nothing could be a greater honour " to that discipline, than its being able to bear that " test and examination." He said, "he ,vas well " pleased with their expression, that they did not " intend to force his conscience; yet the manner of " pressing hinl looked very like it, after he had so "soleulnly declared that it was against his con- " science; that he did concur with thelll in their " dißtinction of bishops, and if they ,vollld preserve " the scripture-bishop, he ,vouid take a\\'ay the hi- " shop by Ia\v." fIe confessed, "that necessity Inight " justify or excuse lllany things, hut it could never O.F 'rHE REB LLIO . 181 " \varrant him to deprive the c}lurch of God of an "order instituted for continual use, and for esta- " blishing a succession of la\vful ministers in the "church." For the point of sacrilege, he said, "the ,,, concurrent opinion of all divines \vas a nluch bet- 10. tel' information to his conscience, \V}lat is sacri- " lege, than any precedents or la\v of the land could h be." Upon the \vhole Blatter, }le adhered to his fornler ans\ver in all the particulars, and concluded, " that he could \vith nlore comfort cast himself upon -. God's goodness to support hilu in, and defend hiBl H froin, all afflictions, ho\v great soever, that 1nigbt ... befall hilU, than deprive hinlself of the in,vard h tranquillity of his Inind, for any politic cOllsidera- " tion that Illight seeln to he a Ineans to restore 10' hinl." It _ 1l1Ust 110t be forgotten, that the last day, \\" hCll the treaty \vas to end, they delivered to the king the votes which the t\VO houses had passed concern- ing and upon his o\vn message, (\vhich had lain so long in their hands unans\'Tered,) \vhich \vere in ef- fect, 1. " 'rhat fr0l11 and after such tirne as the agree- ' 'he pal:- . . hament s " Inents upon thIS treaty should be ratIfied by acts votes upon '10 f I . II h . h I I d the ling's Opal' Ialnent, a IS ouses, 111anOrS, anc an s, fonner }l1"0- ' \vith the gro,,'ing rents and profits thereof, and all position. h other legal revenue of the crown s}lould be rc- .... stored to hinl, liahle to the Inaiutenance of those 10.. ancient forts, and castles, and such other legal .... charges as they \vere forll1prly charged withal, or h liable to. 2. 'fhat he should he then Jikewise re- "settled in a condition of honour, fi'cedo111, and ... safety, agreeahll to the hnvs of the laud. 3. That .., an act of illdcrnnity should he then passed ,vith .... such exceptions and lilnitations as should be agreed H 00 J\. XI. 1648. , Q ...... oJ 182 rrHE HIS'TOIIY Another prolonga- tion of the treaty till Nov. 25. The decla- ration of the army. n uo K "u p on, \vith this addition , that it should be declared XI. " by act of parlianlent, that nothing contained in his 1648. "majesty's propositions should be understood or made " use of to abrogate, weaken, or in any degTee to " inlpair any agreenlent in this treaty, or any law, " grant, or c0111mission agreed upon by his rnajesty " and the t\VO houses of parlianlent, in pursl1 nce u thereof;" in all which his nlajesty acquiesced. The tÍ1ne lÎlnited for the prolongation of the treaty \vas to end upon the one and twentieth of N ovenl- bel', and the cOlnlnissioners believed it so absolutely concluded, that they took their leave of the king, and early the next Inorning went to Cowes harbour to embark themselves. But the tide not serving to transport them out of the island, that night a 111CS- senger arrived \vith directions to them to continue the treaty till the five and t\ventiet}l; \vhich ,vas four days lTIOre. So, the three and twentieth, they returned and acquainted his nlajesty \vith it. At the saIne time, the thundering declaration of the arnlY ,vas published; which declared the Y full resolution "to change the whole frall1e of the go- " vernnlent, and that they would be contented with " no less an alteration;" ,vhich, as it was an argu- ment to the king to endeavour all he could to unite tbe t\VO houses, that they might be able to bear that shock, so it \vas expected that it \volIld have been no less an argulnent to have prevailed \,'ith theln to adhere to the king, since their interest \vas no less threatened than his. The COIll- The fresh instances the cOLnmissioners Blade \vcre lnissioners' . new pro po- upon several votes whIch had passed the t\VO houses ) the] their OJ:.' rI-IE REBEJ LIO . It53 against delinquents; and a ne\v proposition concern. ß 00 K · d h I · h XI. Jng those who had engage t emse ves agaInst t e P arlialnent since the last Januar y , and particularly . .1648. 81t1Ons a- against the nlarquis of Ornlond. They proposed, ain t de- Imquents " that there should be seven persons, the lord N ew- since Jan. I d . I " ( h d ) " h 1648, and 40' cast e, an SIX ot leI'S, W 0 were nanle, ,v 0 others, es- " should be exce p ted frolll P ardon, and their estates pec all.y th f e IlIalqUiSO " forfeited: that the delinquents, in the several classes Ormond. " 111entioned in their proposition, should pay for their " cOlnposition, SOUle a lnoiety, others a third part of " their estates, and other rates, as they ,vere set " do\vn; and that al1 who had been engaged in the " land or sea service since January 1647, should pay " a full year's value of their ,,,hole estates 1110re t})an ... the other delinquents; and that none who had "been against the parlianlent should presu l1le to " COl1le ,vithin either of the courts belonging to the " king, (Jueen, or prince, or be capable of any office " or preferlnent, or of serving in parlialnent, for the h space of three years; and that all clel'gyn1en who 'to had heen against the parlialnent should be de- " pri ved of all their preferments, places, and pro- " nlotions; \vhich should be all void as if they "'ere " naturally dead." 'fo these the king ans\vered, that, " to the excepting the seven persons naln d froBI Tùe killg's " pardon, and the forfeiture of their e tatcs, his an- answer, ... s''''cr "'"as, that, if they "'ere proceeded agrâilst ac- " cording to the ancient established lu\\'s, and could " not jl1stif} and def(:lnd thclnselves, he \\'ould not " interpose on their behalf;- hut he could not, in " justice or honour, join hilllself ill any act for taking " away the life' or estate of any that had adhered to ... hin1. 'or the rates \\;- hich \verc to he paid for ... cOlnposition, he referred it to the t\\ro 110uses of N4 ]84 'fHE HIS rORY B 0 UK.' pa1'lialnent, and to the persolls thenlselve , ,vho XI. h ,,'ould be contented to pay it; and he did hop ' I 64C!. " and desire, that they Inight be moderately dealt "\vith." And for the clergynlen, ,vhose prefertllents he well kne,v were already disposed of, and in the hands of another kind of clergy, ,vho had deserved so ,,-ell of the parlialnent, that it \vould not be in his po,ver to dispossess thenl, his Inajesty desired, " that they lnight be allo,ved a third part of ,vhat h ,vas taken froln theIn, till such thne that they, or " the present inculllbents, should be Letter provided ,- for." As to the marquis of Orn1ond, against ,,,-hOlll they pressed \vhat they had before done ,vith extr:1- ordinary aninlosity, the king ans\vered, "that since " ,vhat he had said before" (and \vhich would hring all to pass that they desired) "did not give thelu sa- " tistaction" he had \vrittcn a letter," (which he deli- \fered to thelll, to he sent, and read to theln,) " in " which he directed hinl to desist; and said, if hè " refused to submit to his command, he would then " publish such a declaration against his po,",rer and " his proceedings, as they desired." Another And now the second linlitation of titHe for the prol()n a- tion of the treaty \vas at an end. But that night caUle another treaty for a d y, vote; which continued it for a day longer, with a wherein they pre- comnland to the conl11lissioners to return on 1'hur - sent h 'o day z 1110rnin!!; ,vhich ,vas the ei g ht and twentieth propUSI- L.J tiuns more. of N ovelnber: and thereupon they presented t\VO propo itions to his 111ajesty, \vhich \vere to IJp df'- spatched that day. One COIl- 'fhc t\\'O propositions they sent fur oue day's \vork cerning cotJand. \\"e1'(1, the first" concerning Scotland; the other, coo- / Thursday] Tuesday O:F "rIfE REHELLIO . 185 cerning the church; \vhich they did not think they BOO h.. d XI. had yet destroyed enough. For ScotIan , they de- Inanded "the king's consent" to confirnl by act of 1648. " parliament such agreelnents as should he Inade by " both houses ,vith that kingdonl, in the security of " such thereof who had assisted or adhered to those " of the .parliament of England, and for the settling " and preserving a happy and durable peace het,,'een h the t\VO nations, and for the mutual defence of " each other." The kinO' P ut tllen1 in Inind, " that 1:0 that the b kIna's an- " at the beginning of the treaty they had inforn1ed swe , " hiIn, that their cOlnn1ission ,,-as only to treat con- ., cerning England and Ireland; and that they had 10. no authority to Ineddle in any thing that related " to Scotland; and that they had thereUpoll refused ,. to receive a paper fronl hiln, \\Thlch ,vas to pre- '" serve the interest of that kingdo111; and deruanded .... of theln, \\Thether their conunission ,vas enlarged;" ,vhich they confessed" was not; aud that they had " presented that paper only in obedience to the order " they had received." So that the king easily un- derstood that the end \vas only that they lnight have occasion to publish, "that the king had rejected " \vhatsoever was tendered to hilTI 011 the behalf of " the kingdoln of Scotland." 'ro prevent ,, hich, Il( answered, " that as he ,\'ould join in any agreement.. " to be confirmed by act of parliall1ent, for the. set- " tling and preserving a happy and durahle peace '" het\vcen the t\VO nations, and for their mutual dc- ... fence of each other under hinl as king of both; so " he \\ auld securf' all \vho had heen fnrn1erly ('11- " gaged ,vith then1: hut for any ne\\ cngagcluent, '" or confederacy, ,vhi h they \\rould 1uake hereafter, h he ,,"ould first kno"r \v hat it ,vas, and be ad vised 186 "rHE HISTOR"Y. BOO K ",vith in the nlaking it, before he \vould pro111ise to XI. I " confirn1 it." The other business ,vith reference to T1 164 t1 8 . the church g ave him nluch more trouble. The corn- Ie 0 ler touching n1issioners pressed hin1 " to consider the exigence of the church. " time, and that there ,vas not a whole day left to " detern1ine the fate of the kingdoln; and that no- " t.hing could unite the counsels of those who wished " and desired peace, and to live happily under his " subjection and obedience, against the bold attenlpts " of the army, which had enough declared and ll1a- " nifested \vhat their intention was, but satisfying " the houses fully in ,vhat they dell1anded in that "particular." His own council, and the divines, be- sought hill1 " to consider the safety of his own per- " son, even for the church's and his people's sakes, " ,vho had sonle hope still left \vhilst he should be " preserved, ,vhich could not but be attended "rith "ll1any blessings: ,vhereas, if he ,,,ere destroyed, "there was scarce a possibility to preserve theln: " that the moral and unavoidable necessity that lay "upon hÍln, obliged him to do any thing that was "not sin; and that, upon the 11108t prudential " thoughts ,vhich occurred to then1, the order ,vhich " he, ,vith so lnuch piety and zeal, endeavoured to " preserve, \vas Inuch more like to be destroyed by " his not complying, than by his suspending it till " his majesty and his two houses should agree upon " a future governlnent; ,\ hich, they said, nluch dif- " fered froln an abolition of it." Fj'he king's Hereupon he gave thenl his final ans\ver, " that final an- swer. " after such condescensions, and \veighed resolutions " in the business of the church, he had expected not " to be farther pressed therein; it being his judg- " ment, and his conscience." He said, "he could O.F 'l'HE REBBLLIUN. ]87 " not, as he ,vas then infornled, abolish episcopacy BOO K " out of the church; yet, because he apprehended Xl. " how fatal ne\v distractions might be to the king- ] 648. " dOln, and that he believed his t,vo houses ,,'oldd " yield to truth, if it "rere made manifest to theIn, " as he had ahvays declared that he ,vould conlply " ,vith their demands, if he were convinced in his " conscience, he did therefore again desire a consul- " tation with divines, in the manner he had before " proposed, and \vonId in the Inean time suspend h the episcopal po\ver, as ,veIl in point of ordination ,.. of Dlinisters, as of jurisdiction, till he and the t\VO " houses should agree ,,,hat governlnent should he .., estahlished for the future. For bishops' lands, he "could not consent to the absolute alienation of " theln fronl the church, but ,vonId consent that "leases for lives, or years, not exceeding ninety- " nine, should he 111ade for the satisfaction of pur- " chasers or contractors:" little differing frolll the ans,ver he had fOflnerly giv'en to this last particular: and in all the rest he adhered to his foriner anS\\i-ers. And the cOlnnlissioners, having received this his final ans\ver, took their leaves, and the next morn- ing begun their journey towards London. 'rhe king had begun a letter to the prince his son before the first forty days ,vere expired, and conti- nued it, as the treaty \vas lengthened.. even to thc hour it \vas concluded, and finished it thp nine and t\\T('ntÍcth of N" ovelnhcr, after the C0l11111issioners ,vere departed, and with it sent a very exact copy The sum of f 11 h J . h h d d . I . the kiuO"s oat c papers W lIC a passe III t le treaty, 111 Jetter t his the order in \vhich the"" ,vere I la sed fairl y en g rossed son on- .J , cernmg the by one of the clerks \\-ho attended. I ut the lettcr whole trea- . If fy. ltse \\Tas all in his o\vn hand, and contained above BOOK XI. 16.18. 188 rI-I : HIS"rOR Y six shel ts of paper; in \v hich he Dlade a very palti- cular relation of all the Hlotives and reasons ,vhich had prevailed ,vith hinI, or over hinI, to make those concessions; out of ,vhich 1110st of this relation is extracted. And it is almost evident, that the major part of both houses of parlianlent ,vas, at that tinle, so far froin desiring the execution of all those con- cessions, that, if they had been aùle to have resisted the wild fury of the army, they ,vould have been themselves suitors to have declined the greatest part of them. That 'v hich seenled to afflict him most, next ,vhat referred to the church and religion, and \vhich, he said," had a large share in his conscien- '40 tious considerations," ,v"as the hard lneasure his friends \\rere suLjected to; for \vhose interest he did verily believe he should better provide in the execu- tion of the treaty, than he had been able to do in the prelirninaries. For, he said, " he could not but h think, that all ,vho ,vere ,villing that he should " olitinue their king, and to live under his gO\Tern- " Inent, would ùe far from desiring in the conclusion " to leave so foul a brand upon his party, of \vhich " they would all desire to be accounted for the tÎIne " to come. However, he hoped that all his friends " would consider, not 'v hat he had sublnitted to, " but ho\v much he had endeavoured to relieve thenl h from;" and conjured the prince his son, "that the " less he had been able himself to do for the111, the " more, if God blessed him, he should acknowledge ". and supply." He said, " he ,vonid \villingly forget "in how high degree some subjects had been dis- " loyal, but never had prince a testinlony in others " of 1110re loyalty than he had had; and ho\veyer " that God, for their and his punishnlent, had not () F rr HER R B E I I I ( ) X. 189 '.' blessed Oll1e of their endeavours, yet, he said, " Inore 111isguided persons were at last reduced to " their loyalty, than could in any story be exampled; " and that, by that, subjects might learn ho\v dan- " gerous the neglect of seasonable duty is; and that " men cannot easily fix \vhen they please what they "have unnecessarily shaken." The conclusion of the letter, as it was dated the five and t\ventieth of Novell1ber, (,vhat ,vas added to it after, till the nine and t,ventieth, ,vas but the additional passages upon the enlargelnent of time,) deserves to be preserved in letters of gold, and gives the best character of that excellent prince; and "vas in these words. HOOK Xl. 1648. " By \vhat hath been said a, you see how long ve The. con- . elusIOn of " hnve laboured In the search of peace: do not you that letter ' 1 d . } d d . th t U intheking' Je IS leartcne to trea In e sarne s eps. se own words. ., all "rorthy ,vays to restore yourself to your right, "hut prefer the way of peace; shelv the greatness " of your 111ind, if God bless you, (and let us COtTI- " fort you \vith that \vhich is onr o\vn comfort, that " though affliction lTIay make us pass under the cen- " sures of fi1en, yet \ve look upon it so, as if it pro- " cure not, by God's Inercy, to us a deliverance,. it h ,\rill to you a blessing,) rather to conquer your 'enetnies by pardoning, than punishing. If you , sa\v ho\v unlnanly and unchristian the in1placahle " disposition is in our ill-,villers, you would avoid " that spirit. Censure us not for having parted with " so rnuch of our own right; the price ,vas great, h but the COlnlTIodity was security to l1S, peace to u our l)eople: and \ve ,vere confident, another pnr- a By what hath been said] Statf' Pnpe7's. For this lpffer see thr Clarendon BOOK Xl. I 648. , 190 "THE HISTORY " lianlent would renlelnber ho\v useful a king's po\\'er " is to a people's liberty; of how llluch thereof we "divested ourself, that ,ve and they might tneet "once again in a due parliaUlentary ,vay, to agree " the bounds of prince and people. And in this " give belief to our experience, never to affect more " greatness or prerogative, than that \vhich is really " and intrinsically for the good of suhjects, not the " satisfaction of favourifes. If you thus use it, you " \vill never \vant means to be a father to all, and a " bountiful prince to any you ,vould be extraordi- " nary gracious to. You nlay perceive all men in- " trust their treasure \vhere it returns theln interest; " and if princes, like the sea, receive, and repay all " the fresh streanlS the river intrusts with theIn, "they \vill not grudge, but pride thenlselves to "make thenl up an ocean. These considerations " lllay nlake you as great a prince, as your father is " now a lo\v one; and your state Inay he so much " the nlore established, as l11ine hath been shaken. " For our subjects have learned (\ve dare say) that " victories over their princes are but triunlphs over " thenlselves; and so will be more un\villing to "hearken to changes hereafter. The English na- " tion are a sober people, ho\vever at present in- " fatuated. " 'Ve kno\v not but this may be the last tilne \ve " Inay speak to you, or the world, publicly: \ve are " sensible into what hands \\re are fallen; and yet, " we bless God, we have those inward refreshments " the malice of our enemies cannot perturb. 'Ve "have learned to busy ourself by retiring into ou1'- " self; and therefore can the better digest ,vhat he- '" fhUs us; not doubting hut God's proyidencp ,,,in OI THE REBELI ION. 191 " restrain our enemies' po\ver, and turn their fierce- " ness to his praise. "To conclude, if God gives you success, use it " humhly and far frolll revenge. If he restore you " to your right upon hard conditions, whatever you " promise, keep. These 111en, \vho have forced la\ys, " which they \vere bound to preserve, ,viII find their " trÍlllnphs fu 11 of trou bies. Do not think any thing " in this world worth the obtaining by foul and un- " just nleans. " You are the son of our love, and as we direct " you to ,veigh ,vhat we here reCOnll11end to you, so " \ve assure you, ,ve do not Inore affectionate]y pray " for you, (to \yhom we are a natural parent,) than " we do, that the ancient glory and renown of this " nation be not buried in irreligion and fanatic hu- " mour; and that all our subjects (to \v horn ,ve are " a politic parent) lnay have such sober thoughts, as " to seek their peace in the orthodox profession of " the Christian religion, as \yas established since the " refornlation in this kingdoI11, and not in ne\v re- " velations; and that the ancient la"rs, with the in- " terpretation according to the kl1o\\pn practice, Inay " once again be a hedge about theln; that you may " in due time govern, and they he governed, as in " the fear of God; '\Thich is the prayer of " Your very loving father, C. R." Ne"wport, 25tlt No'l'. 1648. "7hilst the treaty lasted, it ,vas believed that his majesty 111ight have made his escape; ,vhich 1l10St Ulcn v;ho \vished him \vell thought in all respects ought to have been attempted; and before the BOOK XI. ] 648. 19 'T I-I R H I 8 T () R "\.. treaty'l b he hÍ1nself \\'as inclined to it, thinking any liberty preferable to the restraint he had endured. But he did receive son1e discouragelnent froln pur- suing that purpose, \vhich both diverted him froln it, and gave him great trouble of Inind. It c_annot he imagined ho,v " onderfully fearful some persons in France "rere that he should have Inade his escape, and the dread they had of his cOIning thither; which, without doubt, ,vas not from want of tenderness of his safety, but f1'oln the apprehension they had, that the little respect they would have shewed him there, \vould have been a greater ITIortification to hÜn than all that e could suffer by the closest in1prisonment. And sure there \vas, àt that tin1e, no court in Chris- tendon1 so honourably or generously constituted, that it would have been glad to have seen him c; and it might he SOITIe reason that they who ,vished hin} BOOK XI. ) 648. h before t he treaty] Not in JT8. C glad to have seen him;] ;115. adds: Once afterwards he did endeavour to make an escape out of his ,....indow, having, as he thought, such provision made fOl" him, that if he had been out of his chamber, he might have heen con\'ey d ont of their reach; but ile \V_as deceived bv a vulgar assertion, that wher the head can out, the whole body will follow; and so hav- ing "made an experiment with his head between the bars of the window, he concluded that he could easily have got out that wav; but. when he thought to have 'executed it, and had -his head ont, and H ed all the mo- tions he could to draw his body after him, he found himself so straitened, that he could get neit.her backward nor f()f\vard ; and after much pain sustained to no purpose, he was forced to call out for some to come to his relief; and so he was from without and from within helped back into his chamber, which put an end to all attempts of that kind; and it was then be- lie\-'ed that he was betrayed into that design, and that Rolph, who was afterwards accused of it, expected his descent from his window, with a purpose to have murdered him. ee doubts thrown on this story a few paf(f'S .further in thp history. OF 'rIfE REllELLIO . 19 very \vell did not ,vish his escape, because they he- lieved hnprisonment was the worst his ,vorst ene- nlies intended towards hinl; since they nlight that way Blore reasonably found and settle their l epub- lican governnlent; ,vhich men could not so pru- dently propose to bring to })ass by a l1lurder; \vhich, in the instant, gave the just title to anpther who was at liberty to claim his right, and to dispute it: I say, d before e the treaty, aod after the votes and declarations of no lllore addresses, \vhen his treat- Inent ,vas so barbarous, his Juajesty had proposed to himself to nlake an escape, and ,vas very near the perfecting it. He had none about hÍIn but such persons \vho \vere placed by those \vho wished \vorst to his safety; and therefore chose such instrulnents as they thought to be of their o\vn principles. Amongst those there \\ as a young lnan, one 08- ,borne, by extraction a gentlelnan; who ,vas reconl- l11enùed by the lord \Vharton:( Que \\.ho deser\Ted not .to he suspected hy Crom",-ell hinlself) to t:olollcl Ham- Illond, to be placed in some near pttendance about th king; and he, frQQl the recol1llnel}pation, nev r doubting the fitness of the Ulan, iUl111eùiately ap- pointed him to ,vait as gentleman ush r; \vhich gave hinl opportunity to Lt' ahnost al \vays in the presellce of the king. 'fhis young luan, after S01l1e H1011th8' attend ce, ,,"as "Tought upon by the dig- nity of the king's carriage, and the great affability 'he \lsed to\\'ards those )vho )\-Cl'e ahvays about hillt, to h1.ve a tenderness .and loyal sense of his suffer- ings; and did really desire to do hiln any s{:1rvice that lHight he açceptahlp. 13y his oflicp of gpntle- 11 I say,] J.Vnt ill JUS. YOL.YI. e hefore] Ht'fun." o BooK XI. 1648. BOOK XI. J 648. 194 1'HE HIS'!"()RY Ulan usher he usually held the king's gloves \\Then he was at 111eat, and first took that opportunity to put a little billet, in n-hich he expressed his devo- tion, into one of the fingers of his glove. The king \vas not forward to be credulous f of the professions of a person he kne,v so little, and ","ho, he kne\v, ,vould not be suffered to be about hin1, if he "'''ere thought to have those inclinations. IIowever, after longer observation, and sometimes speaking to hÏIn whilst he ,vas walking alTIOngst others in the garden allowed for that purpose, his majesty begun to be- lieve that there was sincerity in hiln; and so fre- quently put sonle Inemorial into fingers of his glove, and by the same expedient received advertisement frolll him. There was in the garrison one Rolph, a captain of a foot company, whorn Croln,vell placed there as a priule confident, a fellow of a low extraction, and very ordinary parts; \vho, from a COlllmon soldier, had been trusted in all the intrigues of the arnlY, and ,vas one of the agitators inspired by Cronl\vell to put any thing into the soldiers' minds, upon ,vhom he had a wonderful influence, and could not contain hÍInself froln speaking 111aliciously and wickedly against the king, when dissinlldation was at the highest amongst the great officers. This Dlan gre\v into great falniliarity \vith Osborne, and knowing from what person be canle recomnlended to that trust, could not doubt but that he was well inclined . to any thing that Inight advance bin1; and so, ac- cording to his CUSt0111 of reviling the king, he \vished " he \vere out of the \vorld; for they should never f to be credulous] or o\'er credulous OF TIlE REßELLIO , 19.3 " make any settlenlent ,vhilst he ,vas ali\'c. lIe l i K " said, he ,vas sure the arlny ,vished hiln dead, and-- H d h d . d I fj I G 18, " that allll110n a receive 111any etters 1'0111 "the arlny to take hiln R,vay by poison, or any " other way; but he saw it would never be done in " that place; and therefore, if he would join ,vith " him, they ,,,ould get hiln fr0l11 thence; and then " the ,vork would easily be done." Osborne asked hiIn, "ho\v it could be possible to renlove hin1 fro111 "thence, ,vithout Hanullond's or the king's o"rn " consent?" Rolph answered, "that the king might " be decoyed tì'Olll thence, as he ,vas fron1 Halnpton " Court, by SaIne letters from his friends, of SOlne " danger that threatened, hin1, upon ,vhich he \vould " be willing to Inake an escape; and then he nlight ,,' casily he despatched." Osborne shortly found an opportunity to inforn1 the king of all this. The king bid hilTI "continue his fatniliarity ,vitb An atteml't R I h d .... h I .. . fflr tlw " 0 P , an to promise to JOIn WIt Un1 III contrlv- king's " ing how his ll1ajesty should Inake an escape ;" and ('scape. he hoped thereby to make Rolph's villainy the 111CanS of getting away. He recomn1ended one of the COln- luon soldiers to Osborne, "who, he said, he thought " luight be trusted;" and ,vished hil11 "to trust one' " Doucet;" ,vhonl the king had kno,vn before, and \vho was then placcd to wait upon hin1 at his back stairs, and ,vas indeed an honest Dlan; for it ,vas ilnpossible for hin1 to Inakc an escape, ,vithout thp privity of such persons, \vho luight provide for hiul, ,vhen he ,vas got out of the castle, as ,veIl as help hiul frOtH thence.. Osborne told Rolph, "he ,vas " confident he should in the end persuade the king " to attclnpt an escape, though he yet seemed jealous " and apprehensive of heing discovered, and taken 02 BOOK XI. 1648. 196 '.rHE HISTOR Y. "again." Doucet concurred very willingly in it, and the soldier who \vas chosen by-the king proved like- ,vise very honest, and wrought upon one or two of his companions who used to stand sentinels at the place where the king intended to get out. All things were provided; and the king had a file and sa\v; \vith \vhich he had, with \vonderful trouble, sawed an iron bar in the ,vindow, by which he could be able to get out; and being in this readiness, the night was appointed, and Osborne at the place \vhere he ,vas to receive the king. But one of the soldiers inforlned Rolph of 1110re particulars than Osborne had done g; by which he concluded that he \vas false, and directed the soldier to proceed, and stand sentinel in the same place to which he had been assigned; and he, and S0111e others trusted by hÍlll, were arlned, and stood very near with their pistols. At Inidnight the king caIne to the window, resolving to go out; but as he was putting himself out, he discerned more persons to stand thereabout than used to do, and thereupon suspected that there was SOlne discovery Inade; and so shut the window, and retired to his bed. And this ,vas all the ground of a discourse, which then fle\v abroad, as if the king had got half out at the window, and could neither draw his body after, nor get his head back, and so was compelled to call out for help; which was a mere fiction h. Rolph acquainted Hammond with what the king had designed; \vho presently went into his cham- her, and found the king in his bed, but the bar of b of more partienlar than Osborne had done] of all which Osborne had not done h See note (' page J 92. OF 'rHE REBELLION. 197 the window cut in two, and taken out; by \vhich BOOK l1e concluded his information to be true; and pre- XI. sently seized upon Doucet, but could not apprehend ] 648. Osborne; \vho "ras either fled out of the island, or concealed in it that he could not be found. Rolph could not forbear to insult upon Doucet in prison, and scornfully asked hÌ111, " \vhy his king can1e not "forth when he ,vas at the \vindow?" and said, " he ,vas ready,vith a good pistol charged to have "received hitn." When Osborne had got into a place of present safety, he ,vlit a letter to his patron the lord \'Tharton, informing him of the ,vhole l11at- ter; and desired him, "to acquaint the house of Osborne nc- " f th d . h k . , l .r. d th t cuses Rolph peers 0 e eSlgn upon t e lng s he, an a for a desi>4 BOU I\. Xl. 16 1H. The com- mons con- 5titute a high court of justice. 16 'rI-IE If I S'l'OR Y be sonle appearance of justice. Nothing could be found in the comn1on or stat.ute la,v, which could direct or \varrant them; nor could the precedent of deposing Richard the Second (the sole precedent of that kind) be applied to their purpose: for, JIO"'" foul soever the circumstances precedent had been, he had made a resignation of his royalty before the lords in parlianlent; so that his deposition proceeded fronl hinlself, and with his own consent, .and would not agree in any particular with the case in question. They ,vere therefore to n1ake '/ a ne,v form to "Tar- rant their proceedings: and a ne'v fornl they did erect, never before heard of. They constituted and erected a court that should be called "the hiB'lt " court qf justice, to consist of so many judges, 'v ho " should have authority to try the king, \vhether he " were guilty of ,vhat he ,vas accused of, or no; " and, in order thereunto, to examine such witnesses " as should be produced:" the number of the judges named ,vas about an hundred and fifty a, ,vhereof the major part might proceed. They could not have found such a number yet amongst themselves, after so many barbarities and impieties, upon ,vhol11 they n1Ïght depend in this last tragical act. And therefore they laid this for a ground; that if they should nlake only their o\vn menlbers to be judges in this case, they n1ight ap- pear in the eyes of the people to be too much par- ties, as having frol11 the beginning maintained a ,val', though defensi ve as they pretended, against the king, and so not so fit to be the only judges who Z They were therefore to rlred and fifty] to be eight and make] So that they must make forty a named was about an hun- ()ll' 'fHE REBEL1.ION. 217 were in the fault: on the other hand, if they should nOOK XI. name none of themselves, it might be interpreted that they looked upon it as too dangerous a province 1648. to engage themselves in, and therefore they had put it off to others; which would discourage others fron} undertaking it. ,,,rherefore they resolved, that the judges should be nominated pronliscuously, as \vell of 111elnhers of the house, as of such other of their good and godly 111en in the kingdo111 b. vVhosoever ,vould not be one hinlself \vhen narned, as there "''"ere yet Hlany amongst them, \,rho, out of con.. science, or of fear, utterly protested against it, should take upon hinl to nall1e another Jnan; \yhich sure he could not but think "Tas equally unla\vful : so that fe\v took upon them to nonlinate others, who \rould reject the province themselves. All the chief officers of the army "\vere named, and divers accepted the office; and such aldermen and citizens of London, as had been 1110st violent against peace, and SOllle fe\v country gentlemen, whose zeal had been taken notice of for the cause, and "\yho were like to take such a preferlnent as a testimony of the parlial11enfs confidence in thelll, and ,yould thereupon embrace it. 'Vhen such a number of men were nominated as '\ ere thought in aU respects to be equal to the \\Tork, they were to make choice of a speaker, or prolocutor, \\rho should he called lord president of that high court, \vho ß1USt lnanage and govern all the proceedings there, ask the \vitnesses all proper questions, and ans\ver \\rhat the prisoner should propose. And to that of- Bradshaw fice one Bradsha \v \vas chosen, a la,vyer of Gray's ;: 7d:: 11 kingdom] JUS. adds: as they hould think fit tu nominate Q18 'fHE HIS"rORY H 0 0 K inn, not much kno\vn in 'Vestminster-hall, though XI. of good practice in his chal11ber, and much ell1ployed 1648. by the factious C. He was a gentlclnan of an ancient family in Cheshire and Lancashire, but of a fortune of his own 11laking. He was not without parts, and of great insolence and ambition. When he was first nominated, he seelned 111uch surprised, and very re- solute to refuse it; ,vhich he did in such a lnanner, and so much enlarging upon his own want of abili- ties to undergo so Ï1nportant a charge, that it ,vas very evident he had expected to be put to that apo- logy. And when he ,vas pressed \vith more inlpor- tunity than could have been used hy chance, he rc- quired "time to consider of it;" and said, "he ,,,ould " then give his final answer;" which he did the next day; and with great humility accepted the office, which he adn1inistered with all the pride, inlpu- dence, and superciliousness imaginable. He ,vas pre- Lawyers sently invested in great state, and many officers and and other d . d I.' . f ". d officers ap- a guar asslgne lor the securIty 0 Ins person, an pointed. the dean's house at \Vestn1Ïnster given to hinl for ever for his residence and habitation, and a good sum of money, about five thousand pounds, was ap- pointed to be presently paid to hin1, to IJut hiulself in such an equipage and way of living, as the dig- nity of the office which he held would require. And no\v, the lord president of the high court of justice seemed to be the greatest magistrate in England. And though it was not thought seasonable to 11lake any such declaration, yet SOßle of those whos opi- nions gre\v quickly into ordinances, upon several occasions, declared, "that they believed that office c factious] factious and discontented persons O:F 'rHE ItEBELLIO . 9119 "was not to be looked upon as necessary})1'o hac BO OJ\. " vice only, but for continuance; and that he \vho XI. " executed it deserved to have an ample and a li- 1648. " beral estate conferred upon hinl for ever:" \vhich sudden JTIutation and exaltation of fortune could not . but make a great impression upon a vulgar spirit, accusto111ed to no excesses, and acquainted onlY,\Tith a very llloderate fortune. All this being done, they Inade choice of SOlne lawyers (till that tin1e very ob- scure, and ll1en scarce kno,vn d or heard of in their profession) to perforJn the offices of attorney general, and solicitor general for the state, to prosecute the prisoner at his trial, and to Inanage the evidence against hinl. Other officers, of all kinds, were ap- pointed to attend, and perfOrlTI the several offices of _ their ne\v court; which was ordered to he erected in 'YestIninster-hall ('. 'l'he king \vas now sent for froB1 Hurst castle, and The ling · d f b I 1 H . · h sent for was receIve y co one arrIson WIt a strong from Hurst party of horse; by wholll he ,vas to be conducted to : s . 'Yindsor castle. Harrison \vas the son of. a butcher The charac- . . ter of Har- near N antwlch In Cheshire, and had been bred up in rison. the place of a clerk under a lawyer of good account in those parts; which kind of education introduces Dlen into the language and practice of business, and, if it be not resisted hy the great ingenuity of the person, inclines young nlen to lTIOre pride g than any ,I till that timc vcrv obscure 01 ' aud men SCal"('e \... nuwn] emi- ncnt for nothing but their oh- l'Ul'ity, and that they were mcn scarce known C \" estminster-hall] iJll .lIdd:; " for which such architects were appointed as were thought fit to givc direction therein f and was rcccived] and when he came out of thc hoat which transported him frOlll thence he was received g inclines yonng lllcn to lllore pride] imbues young men with more pride BOOK XI. 1648. o 'r 11E H IS'rOR Y other kind of breeding; and disposes them to be pragmatical and insolent, though they have the skill to conceal it from their masters, except they find them (as they are too often) inclined to cherish it. vVhen the rebellion first began, this lllan quitted his master, (\vho had relation to the king's service, and discharged his duty faithfully,) and put hinlself into the parlianlent arn1Y; where, having first obtained the office of a cornet, he got up, by diligence and sobriety, to the state of a captain, ,\\Tithout any sig- nal notice taken of him till the ne\v model of the arnlY; \v}len Crom\vell, \vho, possibly, had know ledge of hinl before, found hinl of a spirit and dispo- sition fit for his service, nluch given to prayer and to preaching, and, other\vise, of an understanding ca- pable to be trusted in any business; to which his clerkship contributed very 1l1uch: and then he \vas preferred very. fast; so that, by the time the king was brought to the army, he had been a colonel of horse, and looked upon as inferior to few, after Crom- well and Ireton, in the council of officers and in the government of the agitators; and there were few men with whQln Crol11well ßlore cOlllmunicated, or upon whom he more depended for the conduct of tlny thing c0l11mitted to him. He received the king with out\vard respect, kept hin1self bare; but at- tended hinl with great strictness; and \vas not to be approached by any address; answering questions in short and fe\v words, and, \vhen importuned, \vith rudeness. He manifested an apprehension that the king had sOlne thought of luaking an escape, and did all things in order to prevent it. Being to lodge at Windsor, and so to pass by Bagshot, the king ex- pressed a desire to see his little park at Bagshot, OF "rHf JIEBELJ..4ION. l and SQ to dine at the lodge there, a place where he had used to take 111uch pleasure; and did not dis- semble the kno\ving that the lord Newburgh, who had lately married the lady Aubigney, lived there; and said, "he ,vould send a servant to let that lady " know that he ,vould dine ,vith her, that she n1ight " provide a dinner for him." Harrison ,veIl kne"r the affection of that lord and lady, and ,vas very un- willing he should make any stay there; but finding the king so fixt upon it, that he ,,"ould not be other- ,vise removed from it than by absolutely refusing hÍ1n h to go thither, he chose to consent, and that his 111ajesty should send a servant; ,vhich he did the night before he intended to dine there. Both lord and lady ,vere of known duty and affec- tion to the king; the lady, after her husband the lord Aubigney had been killed at Edge-hill, having so far incensed the parliament, that she had endured a long Í1nprisonment, under a suspicion i that she had been privy to the design ,vhich had been disco- vered by 1\11'. ",raIler, upon which Tomkins and Chal- loner had been put to death and had likewise her- self heen put to death, if she had not n1ade her escape to Oxford. After the ,val' was ended, she had, with the king's approbation, married the lord N e,vburgh ; who had the same affections. They had, from the time of the king's being at Hampton Court, con- certed with his majesty upon such means, that, in the strictest restraint he was under, they found a way to ,vrite to, and to hear from him. And most of the letters \vhich passed between the king and h by absolutely refusing him] i a suspicion] a. suspil'ion 01" by not suffering him evidence. BOOK XI. 1648. BOOK XI. 1648. Q THE HIS"rOIlY the queen passed through thcir hands; \v ho had like- wise a civher \vith the king, by \v hich they gave hin1 notice of any thing they judged of importance for hilll to kno\v. They had given him notice that he \vollld be sent for from Hurst castle, and advised him "to find son1e way that he Inight dine at the " lodge at Bagshot; and that he should take occa- " sion, if he could, to lame the horse he rode upon, " or to find such fault with his going, that he might " take another horse out of the lord Newburgh's " stables to continue the rest of his journey upon." That lord much delighted in horses, and had, at thåt time, in his stables one of the fleetest k that was in England; and the purpose was, to Inount the king upon that horse, that, \vhen he found a fit opportu- nity, he inight, upon the sudden, set spurs to him; and, if he could get out of the company that encom- passed him, he nlight, possibly, by the s\viftness of his horse, and his own skill in the most oûscure \vays of that forest, convey .himself to another place in their view; and so, three or four good horses \vere ]aid in several places. And this was the reason that the king had so earnestly insisted upon dining at Bagshot; \vhich being in his way, and his custonl being ah\Tays to dine, they could not reasonably deny hin1 that liberty. Before the king came thither, Harrison had sent some horse \vith an officer to search the house, and all about the park, that he might be sure that no C0111pany lurked, \vhich nlight make some attelnpt. And the king, all the morning, found fault with the going of his horse; and said, "he would change it, k one of the fleetest] the most notorious for fleetness OF rrI-IE ItEBELI..4 ION. Qg " and procure a hetter." 'Vhen his majesty call1P ROOK L' d · d . d 1 XI. to the lodge, he loun his Inner rea y, )ut was-- quickly inforille.d, "that the horse so 111uch depended 1 G48. The king " upon ,vas, the day before, by the blo,v of another dines at the d h ld b f h lord New- " horse, so lame , that e cou not e 0 use to t e burgh's; " P ur p ose he was desi g ned for." And thou g h that wh re was an mten- lord had other good horses, ,vhich in snch an exigent tion .of makmg tht" l11ight be lnade use of, yet the king had observed so king's great difficulty to be in the attempt all his journey, :c;r 'vain. \vhen he was encompassed always in the Iniddle of a hundred horse, the officers all exceedingly well horsed, and every lnan, officer and soldier, having a pistol ready spanned in one hand, that he resolved not to pursue that design. And Harrison had al- ready told hÏ1n, " that he had provided a better horse " for him:" and it \vas believed he would flever have pei mitted him to have made use of one of the lord N ewburgh's. 80 that after having spent three or four hours there \vith very much satisfaction to hinl- self, though he was not suffered to be in any room without the company of six or seven soldiers, \vho suffered little to be spoken, except it was so loud that they could hear it too, he- took a sad fare\vell of thcIn, appearing to have little hope ever to see them again. The lord Newburgh rode SOllle tniles in the forest to wait upon the king, tin he ,vas required by Harrison to return. His nlajesty lodged that night at his castle of Windsor, and was soon after carried The king 8 J ' I h .. H . . brought to to t. ames s. n t IS Journey, arrlson observIng St. James's. that the king had al\\rays an apprehension that there 1649. was a purpose to lllurder him, and had once let falJ SOlne \vords of "the odiousness and \vickedness of " such an assassination and nlurder, ,vhich could " never be safe to the person \vho undertook it;" he 24 THE HIS'rOR\'" BOOK told hinl plainly, "that he needed not to entertain XI. "any such imagination or apprehension; that the ] 649. "parlialnent had too nluch honour and justice to "cherish so foul an intention;" and assured hinl, " that whatev"er the parlianlent resolved to do would " be very public, and in a way of justice; to which " the ,vorld should be ,vi tness; and would never en- " dure a thought of secret violence:" which his ma- jesty could not persuade himself to believe; nor did iInagine that they durst ever produce hiJn in the sight of the people, under any forln \vhatsoever of a pu blic trial. The se,.eral It hath been acknowledged since by some officers, consulta- tions, be- and others who were present at the consultations, fore and h Ii h . f h k . , b . H after this t at ronl t e tune 0 t e Ting s elng at ampton :: g tbe Court, and after the army had l11astered both the officers, P arlialnent and the cit y , and w-ere wear y of havin g what to do ,,:ith the the king ,vith theI11, and knew not well how to be kmg: . d f h . h I 1'1 0 1111, t ere ,vere many secret consu ts ,vhat to do \vith hinl. And it was generally concluded, " they " should never be able to settle their ne,v form of " government whilst he lived:" and after he was be- COl11e a prisoner in the Isle of "Tigþt, they were Illore solicitous for a resolution and determination in that particular: and after the vote of no nlore ad- dresses, the most violent party thought" they could " do nothing in order to their own ends, till he should " be first dead; and therefore, one \vay or other, " that was to be compassed in the first place." SOllle were for" an actual deposing him; \vhich could not " but be easily brought to pass, since the parlialnent " ,vould vote any thing they should be directed:" others were for " the taking a \vay his life by poison; I,' which would Dlake least noise;" or," if thnt could OF rrHE IlEBELLION-. QQ5 "not he so easily contrived, by assassination; for U \vhich there were hands enough ready to be eU1- "ployed." There was a third sort, as violent as ei- ther of the o her, who pressed" to have him brought " to a public trial as a malefactor; which," they said, " \yould be Inost for the honour of the parliament, " and would teach all kings to kno\v, that they were " accountable and punishable for the \vickedness of " their lives." l\lany of the officers were of the first opinion, " as " a thing they had precedents for; and that he being " once deposed, they could better settle the govern- " D1ent than if he were dead; for his son could pre- " tend no right whilst he was alive; \vhereas, if the " father were dead, he would presently call hiu1self " king, and others \vould call him so too; and, it " may be, other kings and princes would own him " for such. If he were kept alive in a close prison, " he might afterwards be n1ade use of, or removed " upon any appearance of a revolution." There were as many officers of the second judg.. ment, "that he should be presently despatched." 'rhey said, "it appeared by the experience they had, " that whilst he was alive, (fOl: a more strict impri- " sonment than he had undergone, he could never " be confined to,) there ,vould be always plots and " designs to set him at liberty; and be would have "parties throughou t the kingdoln; and, in a short " time, a faction in their most secret councils, and it " may be in the army itself; and, where his liberty " ,,,,"ould yield so great a price, it would be too great " a trust to repose in any man, that he would long " resist the temptation. Whereas, if he \vere con- " fessedly dead, all those fears \\Tould he over; espe- VOL. VI. Q BOOK XI. 1649. Boor" Xl. 1649. QQü 'rHE HIS TORY " cially if they proceeded with that circuu1spection " and severity towards all his party, as in prudence " they ought to do." This party might probably have carried it, if Hammond could have been wrought upon to have concurred; but he had yet too much conscience to expose himself to that infamy; and without his privity or connivance it could not be done I. The third party, which were all the levellers and ' agitators of the arlny, in the head of which Ireton and Harrison were, would not endure either of the other ways; and said, "they could as easily bring "him to justice in the sight of the sun, as depose " hin1; since the authority of the parlialuent could " do one as well as the other: that their precedent " of deposing had no reputation with the people; " but was looked upon as the effect of SOUle potent " faction; which always oppressed the people more " after, than they had been before. Besides, those " deposings had always been attended \vith assassi- " nations and l11urders, which were the more odious " and detested, because nobody owned and avowed " the bloody actions they had done. But if he \vere " brought to a public trial, for the notorious ill things " he had done, and for his nlisgovernment, upon the " complaint and prosecution of the people, the supe- " riority of the people would be hereby vindicated " and made manifest; and they should receive the " benefit, and be for ever tì ee frOlTI those oppressions " which he had ilnposed upon theIll, and for which " he ought to pay so dear; and such an exémplary " proceeding and execution as this, \vhere every cir- 1 done] easily done OF rlIE ItEBELI ION 227 " CU111stance should he clear and notorious, would BOOK Xl. 'f be the best foundation and security of the govern- "ll1ent they intended to establish; and no man 1649. " would be aillbitious to succeed him, and be a king "in his place, when he sa\v in what manner he " must be accountable to the people." This argu- Concluded . . to have him InentatIon, or the strength and obstInacy of that publicly party, calTied it: and, hereupon, all that formality tried. of proceeding, \vhich afterwards ,vas exercised, \vas resolved upon and consented to. "\Vhether the incredibility or monstrousness of such a kind of proceeding wrought upon the minds of n1cn, or whether the principal actors took pains, by their insinuations, to have it so believed, it fell out ho\vever that tbey an10ng them m ,vho \vished the king best, and stood nearest to the stage where these parts \vere acted, did not believe that there were those horrid intentions that shortly after appeared. The preachers, who had sounded the trumpets loud- est to, and throughout the \var, preached now as furiously against all wicked atten1pts and violence against the person of the king, and foolishly urged the obligation of the covenant by which they had involved hinì in all the danger he was in) for the security of his person. As soon as the prince heard of the king's being carried by Harrison to 'Vindsor, and from thence to St. Jalnes's, though he had lately sent a servant on purpose to see his nlajesty, and to bring hitn an The prince f h h .. sends i\ let- account 0 testate e was Ill, whIch servant was ter to }<'air- · d h . h h . h fax and the not permltte to see un, e sent now anot er WIt council of a lettcr to Fairfax and the council of ,var, (for he war: rn it fell out however that very strange that they they among them] but it is Q2 BOOK XI, 1649. 228 THE HISTORY knew the parliaillent had no authority,) in which he told them, "that he had no other means to be in- " formed of the health and condition of the king his " royal father, but by the common prints, and gene- " ral intelligences that arrived in those parts: he "had reason by those to believe, that, after the ex- " pi ration of the treaty in the Isle of'Vight, (\\Therp " he hoped the foundation for a happy peace had " been laid,) his majesty had been carried to Hurst " astle; and since, by some officers of the army, to " Windsor, not without purpose of a more violent " prosecution; the rumour whereof, though of so " monstrous and incredible a nature, had called upon "his piety to make this address to them ; who had " at this tinle the po\ver to choose, whether they " would raise lasting 1110numents to thelnselves of " loyalty and piety, hy restoring their sovereign to " his just rights, and their country to peace and "happiness, a glory which had been seldom abso- " lutely vouchsafed to so sman a number of men, or " to make themselves the authors of endless misery " to the kingdom, by contributing or consenting to "an act which all Christians, into how different "opinions soever divided, must abhor as the most " inconsistent with the elements of any religion, and " destructive to the security and being of any kind " of government: he did therefore earnestly desire " and conjure theIn, sadly to consider the vast and " prodigious disproportion in that election; and then," he said, "he could not doubt but that they would " choose to do that which is most just, safe, and " honourable for them to do; make themselves the " blest instruments to preserve, defend, and restore " their king; to whom only their allegiance was due; O ' 'rHE REBELLION. 9 " by which everyone of then1 111ight justly promise BU01 " themselves peace of conscience, the singular good- XI. " will and favour of his nlajesty, the alnple thanks 1649. " and acknowledgment of all good men, and the par- " ticular and unalterable affection of the prince him- "self." This letter "ras, with much ado, delivered into the hands of Fairfax hiInself; but the messen- ger could never be admitted to speak \vith him; nor Which was . . read in the was there more known, than that It was read In the council of . 1 f d I · d · d war, and COlinCI 0 war, an al aSl e. laid aside. From the tÏ111e of the king's being con1e to St. James's, when he was delivered into the hands and custody of colonel Tomlinson, a colonel of foot, though the officer seenled to be a man of a better breeding, and of a nature more civil than Harrison, and pretended to pay much respect and duty to the king in his outward demeanour, yet his majesty, after a short tinle, n was treated with more rudeness The usage . of the bing and barbarIty than he had ever been before. They at St. . I f h . d I h h ld Jawt>s's. were so Jea ous 0 t ell' own guar s, est t ey s ou be wrought upon 0 by the influence of this innocent prince, or by the remorse of their own conscience upon the exercise of so much barbarity, that they caused the guards to be still changed; and the same men were never suffered twice to perform the saine monstrous duty. n after a short time,] Not in JUS. o They were so jealous of their own guards, lest they should be wrought upon] Thus in MS. : No man was suffered to ee or speak to him, but the 50ldiers who were his guard, some of whom sat up always in his bedchamber, and drank, and took tobacco, as if they had been upon the court of guard; nor was he suffered to go into any other room, either to say his prayers, or to receive the ordi- nary benefits of nature, but was obliged to do both in their pre- sence and before them: and yet they were so jealous of these their janizaries, that they might be wrought upon Q3 gO 'rH:E HIsrrOn,y BOO K \rVhen he ,vas first brought to \VestIninster-hall, Xl. ,vhich was upon the t,ventieth of January, before 16 9. their high court of justice, he looked upon them, and sat down, \vithout any manifestation of trouble, never stirring his hat; all the impudent judges sit- ting covered, and fixing their eyes upon hiIn, with- out the least sho,v of respect. The odious libeJ, which they called a charge and hnpeachment, was then read by the clerk; which, in effect, P contained, Tàe sum of " that he had been admitted kin g of En g land and bis charge. ' " trusted with a limited power to govern according " to law; and, by his oath and office, \vas obliged to " use the power committed to him for the good and "benefit of the people: but that he had, out of a " wicked design to erect to himself an illimited and " tyrannical power, and to overthrow the rights and , "liberties of the people, traitorously levied \var "against the present parlialnent, and the people " therein represented." And then it mentioned his first appearance at York with a guard, then his being at Beverly, then his setting up his standard at Nottingham, the day of the month and the year in ,vhich the battle had been at Edge-hill, and all the other several battles \vhich had been fought in his presence; - "in ,vhich," it said, "he had caused "and procured many thousands of the freeborn " people of the nation to be slain: that after all his "forces had heen defeated, and himself become a "prisoner, he had, in that very year, caused many " insurrections to be made in England, and given a " commission to the prince his son to raise a new " war against the parlialnent; whereby luany who He is brought to Westmin- ster-ban, Jan. 20. P in effect,] Not in MS. OF 'l HE REBELLION. Q31 " were in their service, and trusted by them, had B () 0 K " revolted, broken their trust, and betook themselves XL " to the service of the prince against the parlialnent 1649. " and the people: that he had been the autho:r' and " contriver of the unnatural, cruel, and bloody wars; " and was therein guilty of all the treasons, mur- " del's, rapines, burnings, and spoils, desolations, da- " In age, and Inischief to the nation, which had been "committed in the said ,val', or been occasioned " thereby; and that he was therefore impeached for " the said treasons and crimes, on the behalf of the " people of England, as a tyrant, traitor, and mur- " derer, and a public Ílnplacable enemy to the com- ... monwealth of England." And it was prayed, ., that he might be put to answer to all the particu- " lars, to the end that such an examination, trial, .., and judgment, might be had thereupon, as should " be agreeable to justice." \Vhich being read, their presillf\nt Bradshaw, after \Vhat pass- h h d . I I h d d h k . í' ed the first e a lnso ent y repre en e t e lng" lor not hav- day of his " ing shewed q more respect to that high tribunal," trial. told him, " that the parliament of England had ap- " pointed that court to try hÏ1n for the several trea- " sons, and misdelneanours, which he had comnlittcd " against the kingdom during the eviJ adlllinistra- " tion of his government; and that, upon the exa- "lnination thereof, justice might be done." And, after a great sauciness and impudence of talk, hp asked the king, "what answer he had to make to " that impeachment." The king, without any alteratioll in his counte- nance by all that insolent provocation, told thenl, q not having shewed] not having btirred his hat, or shewed Q4 BOOK XI. 1649. fl3fl 'rIlE HIS'rORY " he ,vould first know of them, by what authority " they presumed by force to bring him before then1, " and who gave them po "er to judge of his actions, "for which he was accountable to none but God; " though they had been always such as he need not " be ashamed to own them before all the world." He told them, "that he was their king, they his " subjects; who owed him duty and obedience: that "no parliament had authority to call him before " them; but that they were not the parliament, nor "had any authority from the parliament to sit in " that manner: that of all the persons who sat there, " and took upon them to judge him, except those "persons who being officers of the army he could " not but know whilst he was forced to be amongst " them, there were only two faces ,vhich he had " ever seen before, or whose names were known to "him." And, after urging " their duty, that was " due to him, and his superiority over them," by such lively reasons, and arguments, as were not ca- pable of any answer, he concluded, "that he would " not so much betray himself, and his royal dignity, "as to answer any thing they objected against " him, which were to acknowledge their authority; " though he believed that everyone of themselves, " as well as the spectators, did, in their own con- " sciences, absolve him from all the material things " which were objected against him." Bradshaw advised him, in a very arrogant man- ner, "not to deceive himself with an opinion that " any thing he had said would do him any good: - "that the parliament knew their own authority, " and \vould not suffer it to be called in question or OF TIlE ItEBELLION. 3g " debated:" therefore required r him, " to think bet- BOO K " tel' of it, against he should be next brought thi- XI. " ther, and that he would answer directly to his 1649. " charge; otherwise, he could not be so ignorant, as " not to know what judgment the law pronounced " against those who stood mute, and obstinately re- " fused to plead." So the guard carried his majesty back to St. James's ; where they treated him as before. There was an accident happened that first day, Disturb- ,vhich may be fit to be remembered. 'Vhen al1 those ;ti ;he who were commissioners had taken their P laces, and F th ad) t ' l 31fJaX Ie the kin g was brou g ht in, the first ceremony was, to g neral'i wife. read their commission; which was the ordinance of parliament for the trial; and then the judges were all called, every man answering to his name as he was called, and the president being first called and nlaking answer, the next who was called being the general, lord Fairfax, and no answer being made, the officer called him the second time, when there was a voice heard that said, "he had more wit than " to be there;" which put the court into SODIe dis- order, and somebody asking, who it was, there was no other answer but a little murmuring. But, pre- sently, when the impeachment was read, and that expression used, of "all the good people of Eng- " land," the same voice in a louder tone answered, " No, nor the hundredth part of them:" upon which, one of the officers bid the soldiers give fire into that box whence those presumptuous words were uttered. But it was quickly discerned that it was the gene- ral's wife, the lady Fairfax, who had uttered both those sharp sayings; who was presently persuaded or forced to leave the place, to prevent any new r r quiredJ wished 34- THE HISTORY BOO K disorder. She was of a vpry noble extraction, one XI. of the daughters and heirs of Horace lord Vere of J 649. Tilbury; \vho, having been bred in Holland, had not that reverence for the church of England, as she ought to have had, and so had unhappily COIl- curred in her husband's entering into rebellion, never inlagining what misery it would bring upon the king... dom; and now abhorred the work in hand as much as any body could do, and did all she could to hin- der her husband from acting any part in it. Nor did he ver sit in that bloody court, though he \\ras B throughout overwitted by Crol1lwell, and luade a property to bring that to pass which could very hardly have been other\vise effected. As there was in n1any persons present at that woful spectacle a real duty and cOll1passion for the king, so there was in others so barbarous and brutal a behaviour towards hiln, that they called hin1 ty- rant and murderer; and one spit in his face; \vhich his lllajesty, without expressing any trouble, wiped off with his handkerchief. Sir H. The two men who were only known to the king l\IiJòmay and sir before the troubles, were sir Harry l\1ildn1ay, In aster John Dan- f . . 1 h h h d b b d . vers the 0 the kIng's Jewe - ouse, w 0 a een re up III o : he the court, being younger brother of a good faluily b hin d kne l w in Essex, and who had been P ro&ecuted \vith so eSI es t 1e officers of great favours and bounties by king J anles, and by the army.. . . hIS majesty, that be was raIsed hy them to a great estate, and preferred to that office in his house, which is the hest under those which entitle the of- ficers to be of the privy council. No luan more ob- sequious to the court than ne, whilst it flourished; S though he was] though out of the stupidity of his soul he was O -, THE ItEBELLION. g5 a great flatterer of all persons in authority, and a BOOK spy in all places for thenl. From the beginning of XI. the parliament, he concurred with those wIlo were. I G49. most violent against the court, and most like to pre- vail against it; and being thereupon branded ,vith ingratitude, as that brand cOlnnlonly Inakes men most hnpudent, he continued his desperate pace with them, till he became one of the murderers of his Inaster. The other \vas sir John Danvers, the younger brother and heir of the earl of Danby, who "'"as a gentleman of the privy chaulber to the king, and being neglected by his brother, and having, by a vain expense in his \vay of living, contracted a vast debt, which he kne\v not how to pay, and be- ing a proud, fornlal, weak nlan, between being se- . duced and a seducer, became so far involvëd in their counsels, that he suffered himself to be applied to their worst offices, taking it to be a high honour to sit. upon the saIne bench ,,'"ith Crom\vell, who employed and contemned him at once: nor did that party of miscreants look upon any two filen in the kingdom \vith that scorn and detestation, as they did upon Danvers and Mildillay. The several unheard of insolences which this ex- A summary . . passing cellent prInce was forced to submIt to, at the other O\'er the tilnes he was brought hefore that odious judicatory, ?sf t :I. his ll1ajestic behaviour t, and resolute insisting upon his o\vn dignity, and defending it by manifest autho- rities in the la\v, as well as by the clearest deduc- tions frolll reason, the pronouncing that horrible sentence npon the most innocent person in the world, the execution of that sentence by the most t behaviour] behaviour under so much insolence fl 6 'rHE HIS'rOR Y BOO K execrable n1urder that was ever cOlnmitted since XI. that of our blessed Saviour, and the circumstances 1649. thereof; the application and interposition that was used by some noble persons to prevent that woful murder, and the hypocrisy with which that inter- position was eluded, the saint-like behaviour of that blessed martyr, and his Christian courage and pa- tience at his death, are all particulars so well.known, and have been so much enlarged upon in a treatise peculiarly writ to that purpose, that the farther mentioning it in this place would but afflict and grieve the reader, and make the relation itself odi- ous as well as needless; and therefore no more shall be said here of that deplorable tragedy u, so much to the dishonour of the nation, and the religion pro- fessed by it, though undeservedly X. His charac- But it will not be unnecessary to add a short tn. character of his person, that posterity may kno\v the inestimable loss which the nation then underwent, in being deprived of a prince, whose example would have had a greater influence upon the manners and piety of the nation, thàn the most strict laws can have. To speak first of his private qualifications as a man, before the n1ention of his princely and royal virtues; he was, if ever any, the most worthy of the His ju tice title of an honest man; so great a lover of justice, and mercy. h . ld d . h . fì I t at no temptatIon cou lspose 1m to a wrong u action, except it was so disguised to him that he be- lieved it to be just. He had a tenderness and com- passion of nature, which restrained hiIn from ever doing a hardhearted thing: and therefore he was u deplorable tragedy] lament- x though undeservedly] Not able tragedy in MS. OF "r HE R E nEIJI IO . 37 so apt to grant pardon to malefactors, that the nOOK judges of the land represented to him the damage XI. and insecurity to the public, that flowed from such 1649. his indulgence. And then he restrained himself from pardoning either murders or highway rob- beries, and quickly discerned the fruits of his seve- rity by a wonderful reformation of those enormities. He was very punctual and regular in his devotions; f:Iis devo- I · · tlOn and Ie was never kno\vn to enter upon hIS recreatIons religion. or sports, though never so early in the morning, be- fore he had been at public prayers; so that on hunt.. ing days his chaplains \vere bound to a very early attendance. He was likewise very strict in observ- ing the hours of his private cabinet devotions; and \,,'as so severe an exactor of gravity and reverence in all n1ention of religion, that he could never en- dure any light or profane word, with what sharp- ness of wit soever it ,vas covered: and though he ,vas well pleased and delighted with reading verses made upon any occasion, no man durst bring before him any thing that was profane or unclean. That kind of wit had never any countenance then. He His eonju- . gal chastity. was so great an example of conjugal affectIon, that they \vho did not hnitate him in that particular durst not Y brag of their liberty: and he did not only permit, but direct his bishops to prosecute those scandalous vices, in the ecclesiastical courts, against persons of eminence, and near relation to his serVIce. His kingly virtues had some mixture and allay, that hindered them from shining in full lustre, and from producing those fruits they should have heen r durst not J did not QSH "HE HISTORY BOOK attended with. He was not in his nature very XI. bountiful, though he gave very rnuch. This ap.. 1649. peared more after the duke of Buckingham's death, He was not . yery boun- after WhICh those showers fell very rarely; and he tifuJ. paused too long in giving, which n1ade those, to He kept whon1 he gave, less sensible of the benefit. He kept state in his .. court. state to the full, whIch Inade hJS court very orderly; no nlan presul11ing to be seen in a place where he had no pretence to be. He saw and observed Inen long, before he received them about his person; and Patient in did not love stran g ers; nor ver y confident men. He hearing causes. ,vas a patient hearer of causes; which he frequently accustomed himself to at the council board; and judged very well, and was dexterous in the n1edi- ating part: so that he often put an end to causes by persuasion, which the stubbornness of men's hn- lTIOUrS made dilatory in courts of justice. Fe?r]ess, He was very fearless in his person; but, in his ri p er not enter- prising. years, Z not very enterprising. He had an excellent understanding, but was not confident enough of it; Not confi- which n1ade him oftentilnes change his own opinion dent in his own judg- for a worse, and follow the advice of nlen that did mente not judge so "Tell as hinlself. This made hin1 n10re irresolute than the conjuncture of his affairs would adll1it: if he had been of a rougher and more impe- l'ious nature, he ,vould have found more respect and duty. And his not applying son1e severe cures to approaching evils pl oceeded frol11 the lenity of his nature, and the tenderness of his conscience, which in all cases of blood, l11ade hilTI chbose the softer ,vay, and not hearken to severe counsels, how rea- sonably soever urged. This only restrained him from z in his riper years,] Not in 111S. OF 'rIlE REBELLION. Q39 pursuing his advantage in the first Scottish expedi- HOOK tion, when, humanly speaking, he might have reduced XI. that nation to the most entire a obedience that could 1649. have been wished. But no man can say he had then many who advised him to it, but the contrary, by a wonderful indisposition all his council had to the war b, or any other fatigue. He was always a ove ofthe . Scottish na. great. c lover of the Scottish nation, having not only tion. been horn there, but educated hy that people, and he sieged by them always, having few English about him till he was king; and the Inajor nUlllber of his servants being still of that nation, ,vho he thought could never fail him. And alllong these, no man had such an ascendant over him, by the humblest insinuations, as duke Halnilton had. As he excelled in all other virtues, so in tempe- Abhorred ranee he was so strict, that he abhorred all de- debauchery. hauchery to that degree, that, at a great festival so- lenlnity, ,vhere he once ,vas, \vhen very lllany of the nohility of the English and Scots were entertained, being told by one \vho \vithdrew from thence, \vhat vast draughts of \\rine they drank, and " that there " was one earl, \vho had drank 11105t of the rest ,,, down, and was not hilllself moved or altered," the king said, that he deserved to be hanged;" and that earl cOBling shortly after into the rOOln where his nlajesty ,,,ras, in sonle gayety, to she\v how un- hurt he was from that battle, the king sent one to bid him ,vithdraw froll1 his ll1ajesty's presence; nor did he in SOllIe days after appear before him. So lTIany miraculous cirCulnstances contributed to ë\ entire] slavish b to the war] to fighting C a great] an Ílnmoderate 40 'r 11 E II IS'!' 0 R \.. BOOK his ruin, that Inen might well think that heaven XI. and earth conspired it. d Though he was, from the ] 649. first declension of his power, so much betrayed by his own servants, that there were very few who re- mained faithful to him, yet that treachery proceeded not always e from any treasonable purpose to do him any harm, but froBl particular and personal animosities against other filen. And, after,vards, the terror all men were under of the parliament, and the guilt they were conscious of themselves, nlade them watch all opportunities to nlake them- selves gracious to those who could do them good; and so they becanle spies upon their Inaster, and from one piece of knavery were hardened and con- firmed to undertake another; till at last they had no hope of preservation but by the destruction of their master. And after all this, when a man might reasonably believe that less than a universal defec- tion of three nations could not have reduced a great king to so ugly a fate, it is Inost certain, that, in that very hour when he was thus wickedly mur- B.elove by dered in the sight of the sun, he had as great a 1115 subjects ill general share in the hearts and affections of his subjects in when he d d was mur- general, ,vas as much beloved, esteeme , an longed dered. for by the people in general of the three nations, as any of his predecessors had ever been. To con- 'The sum of elude, he was the worthiest gentlelnan, the best his cha- · d I raéter. ll1aster, the best frIend, the best husban ,t Ie best father, and the best Christian, that the age in which he lived produced. And if he were not the greatest f king, if he were without some parts and qualities d conspired it.] and that the stars designed it. e always] Not in MS. f greatest] best OF 'l'HE REBELLION. CZ41 which have made some kings great and happy, no nOOh. XI. other prince was ever unhappy who "ras possessed of half his virtues and endowments, and so n1uch with- 1649. out any kind of vice. This unparalleled nlurder and parricide was con1- nlitted upon the thirtieth of January, in the year, according to the account used in England, 1648, in the forty and ninth year of his age, and when he had such excellent health, and so great vigour of body, that when his murderers caused him to be opened, (which they did, and ,vere SOlne of then1 present at it ,vith great curiosity,) they confessed and declared, " that no man had ever all his vital ,{ parts so perfect and unhurt: and that he seell1ed " to be of so admirable a conlposition and constitu- " tion, that he would probably have lived as long "as nature could subsist." His body was imnle- His fUlleral. diately carried into a room at 'Vhitehall; '\vhere he was exposed for n1any days to the public vie,v, that all men ITlight kno,v that he ,vas not alive. And he was then embahned, and put into a coffin, and so carried to St. J anles's; \vhere he likewise remained se\yeral days. They who ,,-ere qualified to order his funeral g declared, "that he should be buried at " 1Vindsor in a decent manner, provided that the ""Thole expense should not exceed five hundred "pounds." "rhe duke of Richnlond, tIle 111arquis of Hertford, the earls of Southanlpton and Lindsey, \vho })ad been of 11Ís bedchan1ber, and al\vays very faithful to him, desired those ,vho governed, " tIlnt " they might have leave to perfornl the last duty to " their dead master, and to ,vait upon him to his . g to order his funeral] to look after that province VOL. VI. R BOOK XI. J 619. ,. 24Q TIlE HISTOR\ " grayc;" \vhich, after sonle pauses, they were pcr- 1nitted to do, with this, " that they should not at " tend the corpse out of the to\vn; since they re- " solved it should be priyately carried to Windsor " without pomp or noise, and then they should have " thnely notice, that, if they pleased, they nlight be " at his internlent." And accordingly it ,vas com- nlitted to four of those servants, ,vho had heen by , them appointed to ,vait upon him during his im- prisonment, that they should convey the body to "Tindsor; \vhich they did. And it was, that night, placed in that chalnber \vhich had usually been his hedchalnber: the next 1110rning, it \vas carried into the great hall; "There it ren1ained till the lords caIne; ,vho arrived there in the afternoon, and il11- Inediately "Tent to colonel 'Vhitchcot, the governor of the castle, and shelved the order they had frol1l the parlialnent to be present at the burial; \vhich he adrnitted: but \vhen they desired that his ma- jesty might be buried according to the form of the COlTIlnOn Prayer Book, the bishop of London being present with thenl to officiate, he Ii positively and roughly refu ed to consent to it; and said, " it ,va " not Jawful; that thp COllllnon Prayer Book \vas " put do\vn, and he \voldd not suffer it to be used " in that garrison where he commanded;" nor could all the reasons, persuasions, and entreaties, prevail ,vith hin1 to suffer it. rfhen they ,vent into th(- church, to 111ake choice of a place for burial. But \vhen they entered into it, \vhich they had been so ,veIl acquainted ,,,ith, they found it so altered and transformed, all i inscriptions, and those land-tnarks h he] he expre4;j J ' I an] all tombs, OF THE REBELLION. 43 pulled down, by which all men knew every particu- lar place in that church, and such a disnlal l11uta- tion over the whole, that they kne,v not ,vhere they were: nor was there one old officer that had be- longed to it, or knew ,vhere our princes had used to be interred. At last there ,vas a fellow of the town who undertook to tell thel11 the place, \vhere, he said, "there ,vas a vault, in which king Harry the " Eighth and queen Jane Seymour were interred." As near that place as could conveniently be, they caused the grave to be Inade. There the king's body ,vas laid ,vithout any ,vords, or other ceremo- nies than the tears and sighs of the few beholders. Upon the coffin was a plate of silver fixed with these words only, King Chal.lelt 1648. 'Vhen the coffin was put in, the black velvet pall that had covered it was thrown over it, and then the earth thrown in; ,vhich the governor stayed to see perfectly done, and then took the keys of the church k. I have been the longer and the l1l0re particular in this relation, that Inlay froDI thence take occa- sion to mention what fell out long after, and which administered a subject of Dluch discourse; in which, according to the several humours and fancies of nlen, they who ""ere in nearest credit and trust about the king under"rent many very severe cen- sures and reproaches, not ,vithout reflection upo:t\ the king hhnself: Upon the return of king Charles the Second ,vith so much congratulation, and uni- versal joy of the people, above ten years after the murder of his father, it "Tas generally expected that the body should be relTIoved froln that obscure bu- rial, and, \vith such cereDlony as should be thought k church] JIS. adds: which was seldom put to any use n2 BOOK XI. ) 649. 44 'rHE HIS'rORY BOO K fit, should be solemnly deposited ,vith his royal nu- XI. cestors in king Harry the Seventh's chapel in the J 649. collegiate church of 'Vestnlinster. And the king hÍll1self intended nothing Blore, and spoke often of it, as if it \vere only deferred till some circun1stances and ceremonies in the doing it might be adj usted. But, by degrees, the discourse of it ,vas dinlinished, as if it 'vere totally laid aside upon some reasons of state, the ground ,vhereof several men guessed at according to their fancies, and thereupon cast those reproaches upon the statesmen as they thought rea- sonable, 'v hen the reasons ,vhich 'v ere suggested by their O\VIl imaginations did not satisfy their under- standing. For the satisfaction and nformation of all men, I choose in this place to explain that mat- tel'; ,vhich, it nlay Le, is not known to many; and at that time ,vas not, for l11any reasons, thought fit to be published. The duke of Richn10nd ,vas dead before the king returned; the Inarquis of Hertford died in a short tÍlne after, and was seldom out of his lodging after his nlajesty came to "\VhitehalI: the earl of Southalllpton and the earl of Lindsey went to "Tindsor, and took \vith thenl such of their o\vn servants as had attended them in that service, and as many others as they rell1enlbered had been then present, and \vere still alive; who all amounted t# to a small nunlber; there being, at the time of the interment, great strictness used in admitting any to be present "Those nan1es ,vere not included in the order which the lords had brought. In a word, the confusion they had at that tilne observed to be in that church, I and the small alterations \vhich were 1 that church,] IJfS. adds: all tinguished between the body of things pulled down which dis- the church and choir, OF THE REBELLION. 45 begun to be lllade towards decency, so totally per- BOOK d Jel. plexed their memories, that they coul not satisfy themselves in what place or part of the church the ] 649. royal body was interred: yet, ,vhere any concurred upon this or that place, they caused the ground to be opened at a good distance, and, upon such in- quiries, found no cause to helieve that they ,vere near the place: and, upon their giving this account to the king, the thought of that renlove was laid aside; and the reason con1nlunicated to very few, for the better discountenancing farther inquiry. Though this \vicked and abolninable action had to a degree satisfied their n1aJice, it had not enough provided for their an1bition or secul'ity. They had no sooner freed then1selves from one, than another king ,ras gro,vn up in his place. And besides the old royal party, which continued still vigorous, not- withstanding their loss of so luuch blood, and (\vhich \veakens almost as nluch) of so great estates, they did apprehend that there \vere in the vast nun1ber of the guilty (\vho quietly looked on upon the re- moval of the old, \vhom they had so grievously of- fended) who would yet be very \villing to submit, and be ohedient to the new king; wbo ,vas like to find JTIore friends ahroad, as well as at home, than his father had done. And therefore they made haste to prevent this threatening evil, by publishing a proclamation, "that no person whatsoever should Proc amn- " t d I Ch I S f h I tion aO'ainst . preSluue 0 ec are ar es tuart, son 0 t c ate proclaim- "Charles con1ll10nl y called the P rince of 'Vales or i_ g Chß les , , Stuart kmg p " any other person, to be king, or chief magistrate ' of England, or Ireland, or of any d0111inions be- " longing thereunto, by colour of inheritance, suc- " cession, election, or any other clainl whatsoever; R3 9146 1.' HE HI S"rOR Y BOOK "and that whoever, contrary to this act, presume XI. " to proclaim, &c. should be deemed and adjudged 1649. "a traitor, and suffer accordingly." In the next place, that their infant republic might be nursed, cherished, and brought up by those only who had gotten m and brought it forth, they resolved to take away and abolish the house of peers, and voted, "that they \vould l11ake no farther addresses " to the house of lords, nor receive any more from " them: that the house of peers, in parlialnent, was " useless and dangerous; and that an act should be " brought in for abolishing it: that the privilege of " the peers, of being freed from arrests, should be " declared null and void;" all ,vhich ,vas done \vith- in few days. However, they declared, "that the "peers should have the privilege to be elected " knights, or burgesses;" of which gracious conces- sion some of theln took the benefit soon after, and sat, upon their election into vacant places, in the house of commons. There remained yet another provision to be made against their own alnbition; for it was well known, that there were yet amongst then1 many who were not equally fond of a commonwealth; and therefore Vo e they declared, "that it had been found by expe- agaInst the . . . . . office of " rlence, that the office of a kIng In thIS natIon, or kingship. "to have the po,ver thereof in any single person,' " was unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous to " the liberty, and safety, and public interest of the " nation; and therefore that it should be utterly " abolished; and to that purpose an act should be "forthwith prepared:" ,vhich ,vas like\vise done, The com- mons abo- lish the bouse of peers. 11"1 gotten] begotten OF 'l'HE 11.EllELLIO . 47 and passed. And by this triple cord they believed H 00 K XI. their republic would be strongly c0111pacted, and suf- ficiently provided for. 1 fi4!L Their nc,v great seal ,vas by this time ready; Thf'Y make . a new great whereon was en graven , on one sIde, the arlllS of seal. England and Ireland, ,vith this inscription, 7'he great seal 0/ EllglaJl(I; and 011 the other side the portraiture of the house of comlnons sitting, circlul1- scribed, III tne jirð'l yeal' 0/ freellolll by GOlZ'S bless- ing l'estol"cd, 1648. "I"he custody of this great seal ,vas cOlnlnitted to three lawyers, whereof one had sat anlong the king's judges, and the others had contributed too much to their service. All things being now in this good order, they sent for their judges, to agree upon the formality and circunl- stanccs of proceedings. For it ,vas declared by the parliament, "that they ,vcre fully resolved to Inain- " tain and uphold the fundall1cntal la,vs of the na- " tion, in order to the preservation of the lives, pro- " pcrty, and liberty of the l)cople, not\vithstanding " all the alterations nlade in the government for the " good of the people:" and the writs were no more tu run in the king's nalne, as they had always done, but the name, style, and test, to be Custories liber- tatis ",l11gliæ, aut/lori/ate pal'lirl1llellti. If it were not a thing so notoriously known, it could not be believed, that of twelve judges, ,vhereof ten were of their o,vn luaking, and the other t\VO had quietly suhlnitted, froln the beginning of tbe ,val', to the authority that governed, six laid do\\rn their places, Six of their d ld · h 1 I own judges an COll not gIve t enlse yes eave to accept C01l1- gi\e up. InissiollS fron1 the ne,v established po,vcr. So aguish and fantastical a thing is the conscience of ll1en ,vho have once departed fron1 the rule of conscience, in R .t Q48 r.rHE HISTORY J OOK hope to be permitted to adhere to it again upon a XI. I · . ess pressIng occaSIon. H 1649. It will be re q uisite n, at least it ma y not be unfit, ow some eigh our- to rest and l11ake a pause in this place, to take a mg- prmcrs. . . to lJ. the VIew, 0 ,vlth ,vhat countenance the kings and prInces king's mur- f Ch · d h d h . fi d h . d der. 0 rlsten 0111 a t elr eyes xe upon t IS sa and bloody spectacle P; how they looked' upon that issue of blood, at 'v hich their own seemed to he so prodigally poured out; with ,vhat consternation their hearts laboured to see the hnpious hands of the lowest and basest subjects bathing in the bowels and reeking blood of their sovereign; a brother king, the anointed of the Lord, dislnembered as a male.. factor; ,vb at c0111bination and union ,vas entered into, to take vengeance upon those monsters, and to vindicate the royal blood thus ,vickedly spilt. Alas! there was scarce a murnlur q amongst any of them at it; but, as if they had been aU called upon in the language of the prophet Isaiah, Go, ye swift mes- sengers, to (t nation 8catterell anll peeled, to It people terrible fr01n the beginning hitherto, to a nation 'llleted out, and troclden down, whose lands the rivers have spoiled, they made haste, and sent over, that they might get shares in the spoils of a murdered nlonarch. Cardinal 1\lazarine, who, in the infancy of the French king, nlanaged that sceptre, had long adored the conduct of Cron1well, and sought his friendship by a lo,ver and viler application than was suitable to the purple of a cardinal, sent now to be admitted us a l11erchant to traffic in the purchase of the rich n be requisite] require () a view,] a view, and behold 1 1 sad and bloody spectacle] wofnl bloody spectacle q scarce a murmur] not a murmur OF THE REBELLION. 49 goods and jewels of the rifled crown, of ","hich he BOOK purchased the rich beds, hangings, and carpets, XI. ,vhich furnished his palace at Paris. The king of 1649. Spain had, from the beginning of the rebellion, kept don Alonzo de Cardin as, who had been his ambas- sador to the king, residing still at London; and he had, upon several occasions, 111any audiences frOl1l the parlialnent, and several treaties on foot; and as soon as this disll1al lllurder \vas over, that alubassa- dol", ,vho had al\vays a great lnalignity to\vards the king, bought as many pictures J and other precious goods appertaining to the cro" n, as, being sent in ships to the Corunna in Spain, were carried from tbence to l\ladrid upon eighteen mules. Christina, queen of Sweden, purchased the choice of all the n1edals, and jewels, and son1e pictures of a great })lice, and received the parlialnent's agent r with great joy and pOlnp, and n1ade an alliance with them. The archduke Leopold, who 'vas governor of Flanders, disbursed a great stun of n10ney for n1any of the best pictures, 'v hich adorned the se- veral palaces of the king; which were all brought to him to Brussels, and from thence carried by him into Germany. In this manner did the neighbour princes join to assist Croln\vell \vith very great sums of nloney, wJlereby he was enabled to prosecute and finish his wicked victory over \vhat yet remained unconquered, and to extinguish monarchy in this reno,vned kingdom; \vhilst they enriched and adorn- ed themselves with the ruins and spoils of the sur- viving heir, without applying any part thereof to his relief, in the greatest necessities which ever king , r the parliament's agent] Cromwell's ambassador BOOK XI. J 649. 50 'rHE I-IISTORY was subject to. And that which is stranger than all this, S (since 1110st men., by recovering their for- tunes, use to recover lTIOst of ,vhat they were beforo robbed of, many ,vho joined in the robbery pretend- ing that they took care to preserve it for the true owner,) not one of all these princes ever restored any of their unlawful purchases to the king, after his blessed restoration. 'Vhilst these perfidious 'v retches had their hands still reeking in the precious blood of their sovel eign, they were put upon a new piece of butchery, as ne- cessary to the stablishment of their new tyranny. The king ,vas no sooner dead, but they declared, as hath been said, " that frot11 this tin1e England should " be governed as a comlnonwealth by the parlia- " 111ent;" that is, by that handful of men, ,vho by their wisdom and po\ver had wrought this \vonder- ful alteration. And because the number of those appeared very small, and the number of those they had excluded was as visible, they made an order and declaration, "that as many of the 111en1bers \vho "had been excluded, as \vould under their hand:s " approve all that had been done during the time " they were excluded, should return to their seats " in thé house \vithout any prejudice for the future." Hereupon divers t went again into the house, satis. fying themselves that they were not guilty of the innocent royal blood that had been spilt; and so their number increased. They had 111ade a new great seal, as hath been said, and called the CODl- missioners, who were intrusted with the kee})ing thereof, the /':eejJers qf the liberties if Eugluncl. t; than all this,] iUS. adds. o and more wonderful, I dhrers] very many OF THE REBELLION. Q51 And the court of king's bench they called the u}Jper BOOK bench, and appointed certain persons to consider of XI. such alterations as ,vere necessary to be made in 1649. the la\vs of England, in regard of so important a l11utation. That they might have some obligation of obedience fronl their subjects for the future; who had broken all the former oaths which they had taken, a ne\v oath \vas prepared and established, An oath . II d , h .í'. imposed, \v blch they ca e an cllgag'C1Jzell t ; t e J.orm U called the whereof ,vas that ever y man should swear "that en age- , , , mente " he would be true and faithful to the govern111ent " established ".ithout king or house of peers x :" and \vhosoever refused to take that engagement shouJd be incapable of holding any place or office in church , or state. The necessity of taking ,vhich oath did not only exclude all of the royal party, but freed them from very many who had offices in church and state, \vho, being of the presbyterian party, durst not sacrifice their beloved covenant to this ne\v engagement. And so they filled many consi- derable places, both in the one and the other, with men throughly prepared for their service. But be- fore they could DIodel and finish all this, and whilst it was preparing, they had, in several parts of the kingdom, terrified the people with blood-spectacles Y, in the executing many of the persons who had been taken. And, that all hopes and pretences might be taken away from their subjects, the peel"s of Eng- land, that they should hereafter have any thing to do in declaring w 9 hat the fundamental laws of the 'I form] substance x house of peers] MS. adds: and that he would never con- sent to the readmitting either of them again, or words to that effect Y blood-spectacles] bloody hpcctac1es Q52 TI-IE HISTOltY BOO K land were, a ne,v high court of justice 'vas appointed XI. to sit for the trial of duke Hamilton, the earl of A ] 649 1 : h Holland, the earl of N or\vich, the lord Capel, and new ng ou of. another gentleman, one sir John Owen, (who, hav- JustIce SItS: . and several lng been heretofore a colonel in the king's arnlY, : i: . before had in a late insurrection in 'Vales killed the high sheriff,) that they might see there should hereafter be no more distinction of quality in trials for life, but that the greatest lord and the comnloners Z should undergo the sanle judicatory, and form of trial. Nor could it be thought unreasonable, that all the creations of the crown should be determined by that jurisdiction to which the crown itself had been subjected. Duke Ha- Duke Hamilton could not well be thought other milton first . f .. tried. than a prIsoner 0 war, and so not lIable to a trIal for his life. He had attempted to make an escape; in which he had so well succeeded, that a he ,vas out of his enemies' hands full three days; but, being impatient to be at a greater distance from them, he ,vas apprehended as he ,vas taking horse in South- wark; and carried prisoner into the To,ver; fronl whence he was brought, ,vith the others, before that high court of justice. He insisted upon " the right " and privilege of the kingdom of Scotland; that it " had not the least dependence upon the kingdom " of England, but was entirely governed by its own " laws: that he, being a subject of that kingdom, ",vas bound to obey the commands thereof; and " the parliament of that kingdom having thought it Z and the commoners] and the meanest peasant a He had attempted to n1ake an escape; in which he had so well succeeded, that] But bis own conscience had given him a shrewd presage, when it tempt- ed him to make an escape, which he had so luckily performed, that OF THE REBELLION. 253 " necessary to raise an army for the relief of their BOO K " king, and constituted him general of that arnlY, it XI. "\vas not lawful for him to refuse the comnland 1649. " thereof; and ,vhatever misfortune he had under- " gone \vith it, he could not be understood to be "liable to any punishlnent but ,vhat a prisoner of " war \vas bound to undergo." He ,vas told, " that "the rights and la\vs of the kingdom of Scotland " were not called in question, nor could lJe violated " by their proceedings against hiln, who was a sub- "ject of England; against ,vhich he ,vas charged " \vith rebellion and treason: that they did not pro- "ceed against hin1 as duke Hall1ilton of Scotland, "but as earl of Can1hridge in England, and they " would judge him as such." The earl of Holland Then the earl of Hot. was not at that tÏ1ue in a good disposition of health, land. and so answered little, as a Inau that ,vould rather receive his life by their favour, than fr0l11 the strength of his defence. The earl of Norwich be- The earl of } d I . If · 1 . . h Norwich. laVe nfise 'VIt 1 great submISSIon to t e court, and \vith all those addresses as ,vere nlost like to reconcile his judges to him, and to prevail over their affections: spoke of "his being bred up in the court "frolll his cradle, in the tiole of queen Elizabeth; " of his having been a servant to king Jan1es all his " reign; of his dependence upon prince Harry; af- " ter\vards upon the late king; of the obligatioñs he "had to the cro\vn, and of his endeavours to serve " it;" and concluded as a nlan that would ùe be- holding to them, if they would give him leave to live. The lord Capel appeared undaunted, and utterly The lord refused to sublnit to their jurisdiction; "that in the Capel. " conùition and capacity of a soldier and a prisoner BOOK XI. 1649. 54 THE I-IIS'rORY " of war, he said, the lawyers and gownmen had " nothing to do \vith him, and therefore he would "not answer to any thing which they had said " against him;" (Steel b having treated him with great rudeness and insolence;) but insisted upon " the law " of nations, which exempted all prisoners, though " submitting to mercy, from death, if it was not in- "flicted within so many days: ,,, hich ere long " since expired." He urged- " the declaration \vhich " Fairfax the general had made to hhn, and the rest " of the prisoners, after the death of sir Charles Lu- " cas and sir George Lisle; that no other of their " lives should be in danger, which he had \vitnesses " ready to prove, if they might be adn1Ïtted;" and concluded, "that, if he had conlmitted any offence " worthy of death, he might be tried by his peers: " which was his right by the laws of the land; the " benefit \vhereof he required." Ireton, who was pre- sent, and sat as one of his judges, denied" that the " general had made any such promise, and if he " had, that the parliament's authority could not be " restrained thereby;" and put him in 111ind of his carriage at that time, and how much he neglected then the general's civility. The other insisted still on the pronlise; and urged" that the gencrallnight " be sent for and exanlined;" which they knc\v not how to deny; but, in regard of his indisposition of health, they said they would send to hÏ1n'c, whilst they proceeded against sir John O\ven. \vho was the other prisoner. b Steel] Prideaux c they said they would send to him] they said they could not expect he should conle in person, but they would send to !)im for his testimony in writ- Ing OF THE nEDEI-JLIO . 255 . He ans\vered them \vithout any application, U that ROOK " he ,vas a plain gentlenlan of 'Vales, "rho had been XI. " al \vays taught to obey the king; that he had served Si} JO I . " hinl honestly during the \var, and finding after_owen. " \vards that many honest Dlen endeavoured to raise " forces, whereby they might get him out of prison, " he did the like; and the high sheriff endeavoured " to oppose him, and so chanced to be killed; which " he lllight have avoided, if he had stayed at home:" and concluded like a man that did not much care ,,,hat they resolved concerning him. 'Vhether the question was ,veIl stated to Fairfax, or 'v hat \vas else said to hiln to dissuade him frolu o,vnin? his declaration and promise, he boggled so Inuch in l1is ans,vcr, that they \vould be of opinion, ., that he had not nlade such direct and positive " pronlÎse; and that the same \vas never translnittcd " to the parliament; ,vhich it ought to have been; " and that, at most, it could hut exelllpt those pri- ., soners from being tried before a court, or council " of ,val', and could not be understood as an obliga.. " tion upon the parlial11ent, not to give direction to " such a legal proceeding against theIn, as they " should find necessary for the peace and safety of " the kingùom." The president Bradsha,v told the lord Capel, ,vith Inany insolent expressions, "that " he \vas tricd before such judges as the parliament " thought fit to assign him; and ,vho bad judged a "bcttcr Ulan than himself." So the sentence of A1l6ve con" death ,vas pronounced against all five of them, " that demned: "they should lose their heads;" upon \vhich sir John O\vcn Inadc a lo,v reverence, and gave then1 hU111ble thank8; and being asked hy a stander hy, I' what he ineant?" he said aloud, "it ,vas a very BOOK XI. 1649. 56 THE HIsrrORY " great honour to a poor gentleman of \Vales to lose " his head with such noble lords;" and swore a great oath, "that he ,vas afraid they would have hanged " him." The prisoners were an carried to 81. James's; where they were to remain till their execution t,vo days after; ,vhich time their friends and relations had to 'endeavour to preserve their Ii yes by the power and authority of the parlialnent; where there were so lllany sitting \vho had not sat in judgment upon them, and who were of several affections, and liable to several temptations, that there might be a reasonable hope to rescue them from the cruel and unjust judgment. Their wives, and children, and friends, left no way untried to prevail; offered and gave money to SOU1e \vho ,vere willing to receive it, and made promises accordingly. But they \vho had the greatest credit, and nlost power to terrify others who should displease them, ,vere inexorable; yet dealt so much more honestly than the rest, that they declared to the ladies, \vho solicited for their hus- bands and their fathers, "that they would not en- "deavour to do then1 service." Ireton, above all men, continued his insolent and dogged humour ct, and told theIn, "if he had credit, they should all "die." Others, who gave better words, had no bet- ter meaning than he. All their petitions ,vere read in order, being penned in such styles as the friends, who solicited for them, were advised. Duke Hamilton's petition heing read, many, upon the motives of justice, and ns they imagined his -death might be the occasion of d dogged humour] JUS. adds: quo se contra pudorem l111mie- (sævus ille vultus et robur a bat) OF THE REBELLION. 57 new troubles bet\veen the t\VO nations, since Scot- land could not but resent it, ,vould have been ,vill- ing he should live. But he had fenTer friends to his person than any of th rest; and Cronl\vell knew ,veIl that his being out of the ,yay would not be un- acceptable to then1 upon \\rhOnl the peace of that kingdom depended: so that ,,,hen his petition \-vas read, it ,vas rejected by very much the lllajor part of voices. 'fhe consideration of the earl of Holland took up a long debate: the interest and interposi- tion of the earl of 'Varwick, his brother, "ras ap- plied; and every presbyterian, to a nIan, was soli- citous to preserve him. They urged " his merit to- '\vards the parliament in the beginning of the " troubles; how nInch he had suffered in the court " for his affection to thenI: his age and infirll1ities, "which would not suffer hin) long to enjoy that " life they should give hin1: and the consideration " of his wife, and children, which ,vere nUlnerous." Rut these arguments stirred up others to inveigh against his backslidings ,,,ith the more bitterness, and to undervalue the services he had ever done; to tax his vanities, and }lÏs breach of faith. "Then e the question was put concerning hinI, they \vho were for the negative exceeded the number of the other hy three or four votes; Cronl \vell having more than an ordinary anÎlllosity against hÎlll, for his behaviour in the beginning of the summer, and for some \vords of neglect and contelnpt he had let fall concerning hÏ111self. The earl of Norwich canle next upon the tage; ,vha, having al\\Tays lived a cheerful and jo- vial life, ,vithout contracting 111any enemies, had VOL. VI. e \Vhcn] So that when S BOOK XI. 1649. BOOK XI. ] 649. 58 rrHE HISTORY many there who wished hinl well, and few who had animosity against him: so that when the question "ras put concerning him, the house ,vas equally di- vided, the votes ,vhich rejected his petition, and those which \vould preserve his life, were equal: so that his life or death depended upon the single vote of the speaker; \v ho told the house, Ii' that he had " received lnany obligations from that lord; and that " once when he had been like to have incurred the " king's displeasure, by some misinformation, which " would have been very penal to him, the lord Go- " ring" (under \vhich style he was treated, the addi- tional of N or\\-ich not being allowed by them upon their old rule) "had by his credit preserved hitn, " and relnoved the prejudice that was against him; " and therefore he was obliged in gratitude to give " his vote for the saving hinl." By this good for- tune he canle to be preserved; whether the ground of it were true or no, or \vhether the speaker nlade it only as an excuse for saving any man's life who was put to ask it in that place. The lord Capel, shortly after he was brought pri- soner to the Tower from 'Vindsor castle, had by a wonderful adventure, having a cord and all things necessary conveyed to him, let hin1self down out of the window of his chamber in the night, over the wall of the 'l""ower; and had been directed through "That part of the ditch he lnight be best able to wade. "rhether he found the right place, or \vhe- ther there was no safer place, he found the \vater and the mud so deep, that, if he had not been by the head taller than other men, he must have pe- rished, since the water can1e up to his chin. The way was so long to the other side, and the fatigue OF THE REBELLION. 259 of drawing himself out of so much 111Ud so intole- rable, that his spirits were near spent, and he was once ready to call out for help, as thinking it better to be carried back again to the prison, than to be found in such a place, from \vhence he could not extricate hilnself, and \vhere he was ready to expire. But it pleased God, that he got at last to the other side; \vhere his friends expected hiln, and carried him to a chanlber in the Telnple; where he re- Inained two or three nights secure frolll any dis- covery, notwithstanding the diligence that could not but be used to recover a Inan they designed to use no better. After t\VO or three days, a friend whon1 he trusted much, and who deserved to be trusted, conceiving that he nlight be more secure in a place to which there was less resort, and where there \vere so many harboured who were every day sought after, had provided a lodging for him in a private house in Lambeth l\larsh; and calling upon hiIn in an evening, when it ,vas dark, to go thither, they chose rather to take any boat they found ready at the 'rell1ple stairs, than to trust one of that people with the secret; and it was so late that there ,vas one only boat left there. In that the lord Capel (ns wen disguised as he thought necessary) and his friend put thell1selves, anù Lid the waterman to row thenl to Lambeth. \Vhether, in their passage thither, the other gentleman called hÍ1n 111 y lorlZ, as was confi- dently reported, or \vhether the waternlan had any jealousy by observing what he thought was a dis- guise, when they ,vere landed, the ,vicked ,vater- Dlan, undiscerned, follo\ved thenl, till he saw into \vhat house they ,vent; and then went to an officer, and demanded, "what he would give hitu to hring s2 noo(( XI. 164!J. BOOK XI. 1649. ()O 1'HE HIS'fOR Y " hirn to the place \vhere the lord Capel lay ?" And the officer promising to give hiID ten pounds, he led hÍ1n presently to the house, \vhere that excellent person ,vas seized upon, and the next day carried to the To"rer. 'Vhen the petition, that his \vife had delivered, was read, n1any gentlen1en spoke on his behalf; and mentioned the great virtues which were in him; and "that he had never deceived them, or pre- " tended to be of their party; hut always resolutely "declared hinlself for the king:" and Cromwell, ,vho had known him very ,yen, spoke so much good of hiln, and professed to have so much kindness and respect for him, that all men thought he ,vas now safe, "rhen he concluded, " that his affection to the " public so much \veighed do\vn his private friend- " ship, that he could not but tell theIn, that the " question was now, whether they \vould preserve. " the most bitter and the most Ï1nplacable enemy " they had: that he knew the lord Capel very well, " and knew that he would be the last lllan in Eng- " land that would forsake the royal interest; that "he had great courage, industry, and generosity; " that he had nlany friends \vho would ahvays ad- " here to him; and that as long as he lived, \v hat " condition soever he "ras in, he would be a thorn " in their sides; and therefore, for the good of the " cOlnlllOn\vealth, he should give his vote against " the petition." Ireton's hatred ,vas ÏInmortal; he spake of him and against him, as of a man of \vhom he \vas heartily afraid. "\r ery nlany ,vere swayed by the argulnent that had been urged against duke Han1ilton, "that God was not pleased that he should " escape, because he had put him into their hands OF THE REBEI.lLION. Q()l " again, ,,:hen he \vas at liberty." And so, after BOO K XI. a long debate, though t ere was not a man \vho had not a value for hinl, and very fe\v ''1110 had a 1649. particular nlalice or prej udice to,vards hinl, the question being put, the negative ,vas more by three or four \?oices: so that of the four lords, three ,vere \vithout the mercy of that unlnerciful people. 1'hel'e being no other petition presented, Ireton told thein, " there had heen great endeavours and solicitation " used to save all those lords; but that there "ras a " COlnmoner, another condenlned person, for 'VhOIH " no one nlan had spoke a ,vord, nor had he him- " self so much as petitioned theln; and therefore "he desired, that sir John O"ren lllight be pre- " served hy the mere nlotive and goodness of the " house itself;" which found little opposition; 'v he- ther they were satiated with blood, or that they were willing, by this instance, that the nobility should see that a COnlI1l0ner should be preferred be- fore them. A scaffold ,vas erected before 'Vestulinster-hall, and all the prisoners condenlned ,vere brought fronl St. J anIes's, (as ,veIl the t,vo \vho were reprieved, as the three ,vho \\rere to suffer,) upon the ninth of l\farch, that "-as at the end of the year 1648, a little lTIOre than a Inonth after the Inurder of the king, to sir Thonlas Cotton's house, at the upper end of "T est- Ininster-hall; \v here they were suffered to repose themseh?es ahout the space of an hour, and then were led successively through the hall to the scaf- fold, duke Halnilton heing first; ,vho seemed yet to Dul-c Ha- I h f . d d . wilton Itt'- laVe some ope 0 a reprIeve, an loa e sonle stay HI headed the hall, till the carl of Den bigh caIne to hiln; and, :\Iarch ). after a short ,,-hisper, in ,vhich he found there ,,-as s S 62 '1" I-I E 1-1 I S "r 0 R Y HOOK no hope, he ascended the scaffold. He complained )(1. h f nlUC 0 "the injustice that was done him; and 1 G4!L "that he was put to death for obeying the laws of his " country; which if he had not done, he must have " been put to death there." He acknowledged the obligations he had to the king, and seemed not sorry for the gratitude he had expressed, how dear soever it cost hirn. His natural darkness, and reservation in his discourse, made him to be thought a wise lnan, and his having- been in command under the king of Sweden, and his continual discourses of battles, and fortifications, made him be thought a great g soldier. And both these mistakes \"ere the cause that made hinl be looked upon as a worse and a more danger- ous lnan, than in truth he deserved to be. The earl of The earl of Holland was brou g ht next, who, by Holland the same day. his long sickness, was so spent, that his spirits served not to entertain the people \vith long discourse. He spoke of " his religion, as a Inatter unquestionable, " by the education he had had in the religious fanlily " of which he was a branch:" which was thOUg}lt a strange discourse for a dying Ulan, "rho, though a son, knew enough of the iniquity of his father's house, which should rather have been buried in silence, than, by such an unseasonable testinlony, have been revived in the nlelnory and discourse of H1en. He took more care to be thought a good friend to parlianlents, than a good servant to his nlaster, and was thought to say too little of his hav- ing failed so llluch in his duty to hin1, which Inost good tIlen believed to be the source from whence his present calamity sprung. He was a very well bred g great] Not in JUS. OF 'rIlE REBELI IO:S. 263 man, and a fine gentleman in good times; but too BO 0 K Xl. much desired to enjoy ease and plenty, when the king could have neither; and did think poverty the 1649. nlost insupportable evil that could befall any man in this \vorld. He was then so \veak that he could not }lave lived long; and \vhen his head \vas cut off, very little blood followed. The lord Capel \vas then called; who walked The lord xr . h II I . h f h . f . d Capel. through \v estmlnster- a , sa utIng suc 0 IS rlen s and acquaintance as he sa\v there, with a very se- rene countenance, accompanied with his friend Dr. l\rlorley; \vho had been \vith him from the tin1e of his sentence; but, at the foot of the scaffold, the soldiers stopping the doctor, h his lordship took his leave of him; and, enlbracing hinl, thanked him; and said, he should go no farther, having some ap- prehension that he might receive some affront by that rude people i after his death; the chaplains who attended the two other lords being men of the tin1e, and the doctor being well known to be ll10st contrary. As soon as his lordship had ascended the scaffold, he looked very vigorously about, and asked, " whe- " ther the other lords had spoken to the people with " their hats on?" and being told, that " they were " bare;" he gave his hat to his servant, and then \vith a clear and a strong voice he said, " that he was brought " thither to die for doing that which he could not " repent of: that he had been born and bred under " the government of a king, whmn he \vas bound in " conscience to obey; under la\vs, to which he had h the soldiers stopping the i that rude people] the 801- ùoctor,] Not in lU S. diers 84 BOOK XI. 1649. \ The lord Capel's character. 264 THE I-IISTORY "been always obedient; and in the bosom of a " church, \vhich he thought the best in the world: " that he had never violated his faith to either of " those, and was no\v condelnned to die against all " the la\vs of the land; to which sentence he did " submit." . He enlarged himself in commending " the great " virtue and piety of the king, whoD1 they had put "to death; \vho ,vas so just and so nlerciful a " prince;" and prayed to God, "to forgive the na- " tion that innocent blood." Then he recoJnmended to theln the present king; " who," he told them, " was their true and their lawful sovereign; and " ,vas worthy to be so: that he had the honour to " have been some years near his person, and there- " fore he could not but know him well;" and as- " sured theIn, that he was a prince of great under- " standing, of an excellent nature, of great courage, " an entire lover of justice, and of exemplary piety; " that he was not to be shaken in his religion; and " had all those l)rincely virtues, which could Inake " a nation happy:" and therefore advised theln "to " sublnit to his governlnent, as the only nleans to " preserve themselves, their posterity, and the pro- " testant religion." And having, with great vehe- mence, recomDlended it to them, after sOlne prayers very devoutly pronounced upon his knees, he sub- Initted hin1self, \vith an unparalleled Christian cou- l age, to the fatal stroke, which deprived the nation of the noblest champion it had. He ,vas a man in whon1 the lllalice of his enell1ies could discover very few faults, and whom his friends could not wish better accomplished; whom Crom- well's o\vn character well described; and who in- OF THE REBEI..LION. Q65 deed would never have been contented to have lived under that government. I-lis memory all Inen loved and reverenced, though fe\v tollowed }lis exanlple. He had always lived in a state of great plenty and general estimation, having a very noble fortune of his Ol\ n by descent, and a fair addition to it by his marriage ,yith an excelJent \vife, a lady of very worthy extraction, of great virtue and beauty, by ,,,honl he had a nUlllerous issue of both sexes, in which he took great joy and conlfort: so that no man \vas more happy in all his donlestic affairs; and he \vas so Innch the more happy, in that he thought hirnself ITIOst blessed in them. And yet the king's honour was no sooner violated, and his just po\ver invaded, than he thre\v all those blessings behind him; and having no other obliga- tions to the crown, than those which his o\vn ho- nour and conscience suggested to hinl, he frankly engaged his person and his fortune froln the begin- ning of the troubles, as many others did, in all ac- tions and enterprises of the greatest hazard and danger; and continued to the end, without ever making one false step, as few others did, though he had once, by the iniquity of a faction, that then prevailed, an indignity put upon him that might have excused him for some remission of his former warmth. But it made no other impression upon hinI, than to be quiet and contented, \vhi]st they ,vouid let him alone, and, with the same cheerful- ness, to obey the first summons when he was called out; which \vas quickly after. In a word, he was a Inan, that \vhoever shall, after hiln, deserve best of the English nation, he can never think himself undervalued, when he shall hear, that his courage, BOOK XI. 1649. 66 THE HISTORY, &c. BOOK virtue, and fidelity, is laid in the balance with, and XI. compared to, that of the lord Capel. 1649. So ended the year one thousand six hundred rl'he COll- . . cJusion and forty-eIght; a year of reproach and Infamy above character 11 h . h h d d b .i!.. f h of the year a years w IC a passe elore It; a year 0 t e 1648. O. s. highest dissinllIlation and hypocrisy, of the deepest villainy and most bloody treasons, that any nation was ever cursed with, or under: a year, in which the melTIOry of all the transactions ought to be rased out of all records, lest, by the success of it, atheism, infidelity, and rebellion, should be propagated in the world: a year, of which we may say, as the histo- rian said of the time of Domitian, Sicut vetus ætas vidit, quiel ultÙnurJl in libertate es/}oet, ita nos quiel in servitute k; or, as the same writer says of a time not altogether so wicked, is habitus ani1JlOrUl1l fuit, ut pessirnu1Jl facinus auderent pauci, plures vel- lent, omnes paterentur. k in servituteJ 1VIS. adds: quendi alldiendique commercia, adempto per inquisitiones et 10- 8çc. THE END OF THE ELEVENTH ßOOK. THE HISTOltY OF THE REBELLION, &c. BOOl\: XII. CHRON. xxviii. 10. And now ye purpose to keep under the children gf Judah and Jerusalern for bona.,nen and bondwomen 'ltnto you: but are tltere not with you, even with you, sins against tlte' Lord YOltr God? ISAJ AH xxix. 10. For lIte Lord Itatlt poured out 'llP?n '!Jon tlte spirit Q[ dce]) , lccp, and ltatlt closed your cyes: tlte propltets and your rulers, tlte sccrs hath Ite covered a . .. WHILST these tra g edies were actin g in En g land, BOOK and ordinances formed, as hath been said, to make it XII. penal in the highest degree for any man to assume 1649. the title of king, or to acknowledge any man to be he young so, the king hiInself remained in a very disconsolate ; : n- the Hague. a Lord Clarf'ndon has added noise like the noise of the seas; the following quotation: ISAIAH and to the rushing of nations, xvii. 12. 'Voe to the nlultitude that make a rushing liJ..e the of many people, which make a rushing of mighty waters. BOOK XII. ] 649. The States condole with him. The new council sworn. 68 rrHE I-IIS'I'ORY condition at the Hague. Though he had known the desperate state his father ,vas long in, yet the harba- rous stroke so S11 rprised hin1, that he was in aU the confusion Ïlnaginable, and all about him "rere almost bereft of their understanding. The truth is, it can hardly be conceived, with what a consternation this terrible ne,vs was received by aU, even by h the com- mon people o that country. There ,vas a won1an at the Hague, of the Iniddling rank, \vho, being with child, with the horror of the mention of it, fell into travail, and in it died. There could not be n10re evidence of a general detestation, than there was, amongst all men of what quality soever. 'Vithin two or three days, which they gave to the king's re- collection, the States presented thelTIselves in a body to his lnajesty, to condole with him for the lllurder of his father, in terlllS of great sorrow c, save that there was not bitterness enough against the rebels and murderers. The States f Holland, apart, per- formed the same civility towards his majesty; and the body of the clergy, in a Latin oration d, delivered by the chief preacher of the Hague, lal11ented the misfortune, in terlns of as n1uch asperity, and detes- tation of the actors, as unworthy the name of Chris- tians, as could be expressed. The desperateness of the king's condition could not excuse his sinki ng under the burden of his grief: but those who were about him besought hÏ111 to re- sume so much courage as was necessary for his pre- sent state. He thereupon caused those of his father's council who had attended hin1 to be s\vorn of his b even by] Not in L118. c sorrow] sorrow and condo- lence ù in a Latin oration] III a very good Latin oration OF THE REBELLION. 69 privy council, adding only Mr. Long his secretary: BOO K who, before, ,vas not of the council. All which was XII. done before he heard fron1 the queen his mother; 1649. \\rho, notwithstanding the great agony she was in, which \vithout doubt was as great a passion of sorrow as she was able to sustain, wrote to the king, "that The , . . queen s " he could not do better, than to repaIr Into France first mes. . bl d . h · d sage to " as soon as was pOSSI e, an , In t e mean tIme, e- him. "sired hin1 not to s\vear any persons to be of his " council, till she could speak \vith him." 'Vhether it \vas, that she did not think those persons to be enough at her devotion; or that she would have them receive that honour upon her recommenda- tion. The king himself had no ßlind to go into France, \vhere he thought he had not been treated \vith excess of courtesy; and he resolved to perform all filial re- spect towardsthequeen his mother, without such acon- descension and resignation of hilnself, as she expect- ed; and, to avoid all eclaircissenlents upon that sub- ject, he heartily desired that any other course might be found 1110re counsellable than that he should go into France. He himself lived with and upon the prince of Orange; who supplied hin1 \vith all things neGes- sary for his own person, for his 1110urning, and the like: but towards any other support for hÎlnself and his fanlily, his majesty had not enough to nlaintain them one day: and there were very few of thetn who could 111aintain themselves in the most private ,vay: and it was visible enough, that they should not he long able to reside in the I-Iague; \vhere there was, at that very tinle, an agent for the parlialnent, Strickland; "rho had been there SOUle years, Lut BOOK XII. ] 649. rrhe king thinks of going into Ireland. The affairs there at that time. 70 'I'HE HISTORY pretended then e to reside there with his wife, (\vho was born in Holland of English parents f,) and with- out any public character, though he was still under the same credentials. And their advertisements fro In London assured them, that the parlialnent had no- minated one, who was presently to be sent as their all1bassador, or envoy to the States, to give them an account of their affairs, and to invite them to enter into an alliance with them. So that it was time to think of some other retreat for the king; and none appeared then so seasonable in their view, as Ireland; froin ,vhence they heard, "that prince Rupert ,vas " arrived safely at Kinsale with the fleet: that the " lord I nchiquin had 111ade a cessation ,vith the Irish, " before the lord lieutenant came thither; and the "Irish had deserted the Pope's nuncio, \vho was " driven away, and had embarked hinl.selffor France: " that the marquis of Orll1ond was received by the " lord Inchiquin with all the obedience imaginable, " by which he becall1e entirely possessed of the whole "province of Munster; and that the confederate " Roman catholics had invited him to Kilkenny; " where he had made a full peace with them: so " that they were preparing an army to march under " his conlmand against Dublin." This news made theiTI hope, that every day would improve it so much, that it would be fit for the king to transport his own person thither in the spring. In this conjuncture there arrived a gentlenlan, one sir Joseph Douglass, with a letter fronl the privy e then] at that time of English parents] who was a f who was born in Holland Dutch woman OF 'rHE REBEI LION. 71 council of Scotland, by which they sent his n1ajesty BOOK word, that they had proclaimed him king of Scot- XII. land; and sent hiin the proclamation; and ,vished 1649. " that he would prepare himself to repair into that " his kingdom; in order to ,vhich they would spee- " dily send another invitation to him." And that invitation arrived at the same time with some C0I11- missioners deputed by the council, and th!"ee or four preachers sent from the commissioners of the kirk. The proclamation indeed declared, " for that as much The king . h d . d proclaimed " as the late kIng was, contrary to t e lssent an in Scot- " P rotestation of that kino-dom removed b y a violent land: . and o , commlS- " death, that, by the Lord's blessing, there ,vas left sioners thence sent " unto them a righteous heir, and lawful successor, to him. " Charles, &c. \vho \vas become their true and law- " ful king;" but upon condition of" his good beha- " viour, and strict observation of the covenant, and "his entertaining no other persons about him but " such as were godly nlen, and faithful to that obli- " gation." A proclamation so strangely worded, that, though it called him their king, manifested enough to hin1, that he was to be subject to their determina- tions, in all the parts of his government. And the (;0111nlissioners, both laity and clergy, spoke no other language; and saving that they bo\ved their bodies, and made lo\v reverences, they appeared nlore like anlbassadors frol11 a free state to an equal ally, than like subjects sent to their own sovereign. At the Lanrick, sanle till1C, thou g 'h not in the saIne shi p arrived 1ike- now uke , Hannlton, \vise from Scotland the earl of Lanrick, and earl of and Lan- . therdale, Lautherdale; the forn1er not knO\Vlng, till he canle came to into IIolland, that he was duke HanlÏlton by the hinl also. slaughter of his elder brother. But they t\VO were so far from having any authority from their country, BOOK XII. 1649. The cha. racter of this duke Hamilton. 7 THE I-IIS'l"OIlY that they were fled froln thence as proscribed per- sons and malefactors. The earl of Lautherdale, after his departure fro111 the Hague, in that discontent that is Dlentioned before, bent his course for Scot- land. But before he caIne thither, he was inforn1ed, that the state of all tl:Jings had been reversed, and the engagement declared unla\vful, and to what pe- nalties himself ,vas liable, if he should be taken. Whereupon, without suffering his ship to go into any port, he found means to send on shore to SOlne friends, and so to concert all things, that, without being discovered, the earl of Lanrick, and some other persons, liable to danger if they were found, put them- selves on board the saIne ship, and arrived in HoHand about 4that time when the other messengers from the state and from the kirk can1e froln Scotland, and when the news came of the execution of duke Halnilton. Whereupon the new duke kept his chamber for some days, without so louch as waiting on the king; ,vho sent a gracious lllessage to him to condole for the loss of his brother; and all the lords, and other persons of quality about the king, n1ade their visits to hin1 ,vith all civi1ity. This duke was not nferior in wisdom, and parts of understanding, to the wisest man of that nation, and was very much esteelned by those who did not like the complying and insinuating nature of his brother. He was a lllan of great ho- nour, courage, and sincerity in his nature, and, which was a rare virtue in the ll1en of that tinle, ,vas still the same luan he pretended to be; and had' very llluch to say in his own defence for the errors he had run into; which he acknowledged always with great ingenuity, and abhorred the whole proceedings of his OF 'THE REBELLION. 273 countrymen; and, at this time, brought a heart and ß 00 K XII. affection clearer and less clogged with scruples and reservations for the king's service, than any other of 1649. then1 did. Though Cromwell, at hi being in Scotland, had he condi- left Argyle in full possession of the government there, ;l d and had reduced and disbanded all those who were : .t this in arms against hhn, and promised him all necessary assistance to subdue those who should rise g against him in that kingdo111 for the future 11, and thereby compelled the com111ittee of estates to convene and sunUl10n the parlialnent to assemble, which they bad authority to do; and so he had suppressed the party of Halnilton, driven the earl of Lanrick to hide hitl1- self in some obscure place, and condemned the en- gagen1ent as unlawful and sinful, and aU the persons who advanced and promoted it, as deserters of the covenant, and so to stand excommunicated, and not to be capable of serving in parlian1ent, or in the council of estate; so that he was sure to find no op- position in whatsoever he proposed; yet, after the parliament had served hin1 so far, when they heard that the parlian1ent in England ,vas broken, and their freedom and privileges were taken fro111 them by the insolence and po\ver of the army, (which they perfectly hated and detested, and all those s.ects and libertinisln they heard were introduced in religion contrary to their covenant, \vhich Cro111well hin1self had prol11ised should be strictly observed,) they be- gun to exanline, what the obligations \vere \vhich were incuDlbent upon then1 even by the covenant itself. The delivery of the king's pe 'son into the g rise] risc up in arms VOl". VI. h for the future] Not in MS. T 274 THE HISTORY BOOK hands of the parliament at Newcastle had been, in XII. the instant it was done, the most unpopular and un- 1649. gracious act to the ,vhole nation of Scotland, that it had been ever guilty of, and to the army they had then on foot, which took itself to be deeply wounded by the infamy of it, and ,vas therefore quickly dis- banded by the cunning i of Argyle: and the univer- sal k indignation against that action was the princi- pal incitement to that general engagement with duke Halnilton, that the honour of the nation might in SOll1e degree be repaired, or redeemed. It was a gross oversight in the Hamiltonian party, and dis- cerned then to be so by the earl of Lanrick, that, upon that popular advantage, in which he would have found an universal concurrence, Argyle himself and all his faction had not been totally suppressed, for I the redelnption of the honour of their country. But that duke's politics did not lie that way; and, so he might return to his old post of favour in Eng- land, of which he mad little doubt, he was not will- ing to give a new beginning to those bloody enter- prises in Scotland, which, he knew well, used not to be short-lived in that clhnate after once begun, but had always fresh sacrifices of blood to perpetuate the Inemory of them. ommis h - d They had no sooner heard of the erection of a Sloners a been sent high court of justice, and of a purpose of trying the from the k - .L'. h - I . .L'. h - d . I · parliament Illg lOr IS lte, tan, not,vIthstan Jng a I the a1'tI- of Scotland fi A I ld h II . fl A before the ces rgy e cou use, t ey were a In a ame. s :t i , well the asselnbly of the kirk, as the parlialnent, re- to the par- newed the sense the y alwa y s had of re p roach in the liament of England. j cunning] wisdonl k universal] general ] totally suppressed, tor] sa- rrificed to OF TIlE REBELI"ION. 75 delivery of his person, of which the present danger he was in was the consequence. And the marquis of Argyle had had too deep a share in that wicked- ness, to endure the shock of a new dispute, and in- quisition ullon that subject; and therefore gave not the least opposition to their passion; but seemed equally concerned in the honour of the nation, to prosecute an high expostulation with those of Eng- land, for the breach of faith, and the promises, which had been Inade for the safety and preservation of the king's person, at the time he was delivered up; and therefore proposed "that commissioners should " Le forthwith sent to the parlian1ent at. London, to "require the performance of what they had pro- " mised In, and to enter their dissent and protesta- "tion against all their proceedings against their " king, in the name of the kingdom of Scotland." And the earl of Lothian, and two others, who were known to be most zealous for the covenant, and most enraged and incensed against the proceedings of the army, were made choice of, and presently sent away, that they Inight make all possible haste to \Vesttninstel", and were, immediately upon their alTival, to demand permission to wait upon the king, wherever he should be, and to receive froln him such farther directions, as he should judge necessary for his service. Thus far Argyle could not oppose; and therefore was a zealous as any man to advance it; knowing that the particular instructions 111ust be prepared by a less numher of men, and not subjected to the exa- mination and l'crusal of so many. And in those, he m promised] proposed T2 nOOK XII. 1649. BOOK XII. I G49. Their pri- vate in- structions from Ar- gyle's party. 76 THE HISTORY was sure to prevent any inconvenient powers to be granted to the commissioners, with ,vhom he had credit enough, having nlade the earl of Lothian se- cretary of state, in the place of the earl of Lanrick, and the other two being (however solicitous for the due observation of the covenant, as he himself like- ,vise pretended to be) known to be most averse from the Hanliltonian party. Their private instruc- tions were, "that they should not, in their enlarge- " ments and aggravations upon the subject of their "message, seem to take notice, or to imply, that " any violence had been used against the parlia- " ment, or any member of it: that they should be " so short in their expostulations n, that they gave " no occasion of offence: that nothing should fall 0 "from them justifying the king's proceedings, nor "in approbation of the late engagement, or which " might import a breach, or give, or be ground of a " new war: they should urge, that the parliament " would delay to meddle with the king's person, ac- " cording to their several promises and declarations " at Newcastle and at Holmby: that if they should " proceed to sentence against the king, then they " were to enter their dissent and protest, that this " kingdom lllay be free from the Iniseries which will " inevitably follow, without offering in their reasons, " that princes are exempted from trial and justice: " that none in the parlianlent of Scotland hath or " had any hand in the proceedings against the king, ,:; or members of parlialnent in England. If they " proceed, then to shew the calamities that ,viII fol- " low, and how grievous it must be to the kingdom n expostulations] amplifications o fall] proceed OF 'rHE REBELLION. 277 " of Scotland, considering his being delivered up at BOOh. " Ne\vcastle: that if the papers which were entitled, XII. " 7'he agreement qfthe }Jeo}Jle, appeared to be coun- ] 64!). " ten anced, and should Ï1nport any thing concerning " the processing of the prince, or changing the fun- " damental governn1ent of the kingdom, they should "enter their dissent: that they should a]ter those " their instructions, and manage their trust therein, " according to the advice they should receive from "their friends there: that they should prosecute "their instructions concerning the covenant, and "against any toleration: that they should shew, " that the king's last concessions \vere unsatisfactory " to those propositions which they had made in point " of religion." 1"hese \\Tere their private instructions; and \v ho those friends at London \vere, by \vhose advice they were to alter their instructions, or manage their trust therein, can be understood of no other men but CroI11\vell, and young sir Harry Vane; \vith wholl1 Argyle held close correspondence. The commis- sioners observed their instructions very faithfullJ, and, after the king had been twice brought before the high court of justice, they gave in their very calm protestation; in \vhich they put then1 in mind, Upon tbe king's trial "that they had, near three \veeks before, repre- they enter th . " sented to them what endeavours had been used te:; tr::- " for taking away the king's life, and for the change and dissent. " of the fundamental governnJent of the kingdom, " and introducing a sinful and ungodly toleration " in matters of religion; and that therein they had " expressed their thoughts, and fears of the dan- " gerous consequences, that Inight follo\v thereupon; '1'3 78 THE HISTORY ] 649. " and that they had also P earnestly pressed, tbat " there might be no farther proceeding against his " majesty's person, which would certainly continue " the great distractions of the kingdom, and involve " them in many evils, troubles, and confusions; but " that, by the free counsels of both houses of parlia- " ment of England, and with the advice and cOß- "sent of the parliament of Scotland, such course " might be taken in relation to the king, as might " be for the good and happiness of both kingdoms; "both having an unquestionable and undeniable " right in his person, as king of both; which duly " considered, they had reason to hope, that it would " have given a stop to all farther proceedings against " his majesty's person. But now understanding that "after the imprisonment and exclusion of divers " nlembers of the house of commons, and without " and against the consent of the house of peers, by " a single act of their own, and theirs alone, power " was given to certain persons of their own mem- "bel's, of the army, and some others, to proceed " against his majesty's person, in order whereunto "he had been brought before that extraordinary " new court; they did therefore in the name of the " parliament of Scotland, for their vindication from " false aspersions and calumnies, declare, that though " they were not satisfied with his majesty's late con- " cessions, in the treaty at Newport in the Isle of " 'Vight, especially in the matters of religion, and " wete resolved not to crave his restoration to his "governlnent, before satisfaction should be given BOOK XII. p also] farther OF THE REBELLION. 79 " by him to that kingdom; yet they did all unani- " mously with one voice, not one member excepted, " disclaim the least know ledge of, or occasion q to, " the late proceedings of the army h re against the " king; ånd did sincerely profess that it would be " a great grief to their hearts, and lie heavy upon "their spirits, if they should see the trusting his " majesty's person to the two houses of the parlia- " ment of England to be made use of to his ruin, " contrary to the declared intentions of the kingdom " of Scotland, and solemn professions of the kingdom " of England: and to the end that it n1ight he ma- " nifest to the world, how much they did abominate " and detest so horrid a design against his majesty's " person, they did, in the name of the parlialnent "and kingdom of Scotland, declare their dissent " from the said proceedings, and the taking away " of his majesty's life; protesting, that as they were " altogether free from the san1e, so they might be "free frolll all the miseries, evil consequences r, and " calamities, that might follow thereupon to the dis- " tracted kingdoms." 'Vhoever considers the wariness in the ,vording and timing this protestation, the best end whereof could be no other than the keeping the king always in prison, and so governing ,vithout him in both kingdoms, (which ,vas thought to have been the purpose and agreelnent of Crom,vell and Argyle when they parted,) Inust conclude that both the comlnissioners, and they \v ho sent theIn, laboured and considered luore, what they were to say in the future, than what they were to do to prevent the BOOK XII. ] 649. q occasion] accession r consequences] confusions T4 f.!80 THE HISTORY BOOK present mischief they seemed to apprehend. And XII. the parliament best knew their temper, when they 1 fi49. deferred taking notice of their protestatiou, till after they had executed their execrable villainy; and then they sent them an answer that might suit with all The parlia- their P alates. The y said "the y had heretofore told ment after ' the king's "them, what power this nation had in the funda- murder . send their "mentals of government: that If Scotland had not answer to h d l . b h it. "t e same po\ver an 1 erty, as t ey went not " about to confine theIn, so they would not be li- " mited by them, but leaving them. to act in theirs " as they should see cause, they resolved to main- " tain their o,vn liberties as God should enable thenl. "And as they were very far from Ï1nposing upon " them, so they should not willingly suffer imposi- "tions from thenl, whilst God gave thern strength " or lives to oppose them." They said, "the an " swer they made to their first and second letter " was, that after a long and serious deliberation of " their own intrinsical power, and trust, (derived to " them by the providence of God, through the dele- " gation of the people,) and upon the like considera- " tions of what thenlselves and the whole nation had " suffered from the misgovernment and tyranny of " that king, both in peace, and by the wars, and " considering, how fruitless and full of danger and "prejudice the many addresses to him for peace "had been, and being conscious how much they " had provoked and tempted God, by the neglect of " the impartial execution of justice, in relation to " the innocent blood spi1t and mischief done in the " late \vars, they had proceeded in such a course of " justice against that nlan of blood, as they doubted " not the just God (who is no respecter of persons) OF THE REBELLION. f281 " did approve and would countenance with his bless- BOO K XII. "ings upon the nation; and though perhaps they " 111ight meet with many difficulties before their li- 1649. "berties and peace were settled, yet they hoped " they should be preserved froll1 confusion, by the " good-will of hitn who dwelt in the bush, which "burned, and was not consumed; and that the " course they had taken with the late king, and " meant to follow towards others the capital ene- " mies of their peace, ,vas, they hoped, that which " ,vould be for the good and happiness of both na- " tions; of which if that of Scotland ,vould think " to make use, and vindicate their own liberty and "freedom, (which lay before them, if they gave " thenl not a\vay,) they would be ready to give them " all neighbourly and friendly assistance in the esta- "blishing thereof; and desired them to take it " into their most serious consideration, before they " cspoused that quarrel, which could bring them no "other advantage than the entailing upon them, " and their posterities, a lasting ,val', with all the " miseries which attended it, and slavery under a " tyrant and his issue." I t cannot be denied, but that Scotland had by this a fair invitation to have made themselves a poor repu blic, under the shelter and protection of the other, that was already become terrible. But the cOlnmissioners, who well knew how unsuitablé such a change would be to the constitution of their go- vernnlcnt, and that they might be welcome to their T e .com- . . mlSSlOnt>rs own country, whIther they were now to repaIr, nlade reply, and a reply to this answer with ll10re courage than they s r;:;d, had vet ex p ressed. for ,vhich l1ot\vithstandin g their but after- J " wan)s freed. qualification, t]}( y ,verc imprisoned hy the parlia- 8 THE HISTORY BOO K ment; and, upon new instance from Scotland, set at XII. liberty afterwards. 1649. l\Iatters being reduced to this state, the marquis The m r- quis of Ar- of Argyle could not hinder the new king's being f ea o sr acknowledged and proclaiIned king, nor from being r:;c i invited home; which since he could not obstruct, king with a it would be his maste rp iece to clo g the P roclama- clause for the cove- tion itself with such conditions as might terrify the nant. new king from accepting the invitation; and there- fore he caused this clause to be inserted in the body of the proclamation itself, "because his majesty is "bound, by the la\v of God and the fundamental " laws of this kingdom, to rule in righteousness and " equity to the honour of God, and the good of re- " ligion, and the wealth of the people; it is hereby " declared, that before he be admitted to the exer- " cise of his royal power, he shall give satisfaction " to this kingdom in those things which concern the " security of religion, the unity betwixt the king- " doms, and the good and peace of this kingdom, " according to the national covenant and solemn " league and covenant; for which end, they were re- " solved, with all possible expedition, to make their " humble and earnest address to his majesty." This was the proclamation that sir Joseph Doug- lass brought to the Hague, and the subject upon which the commissioners were to invite his majesty to go for Scotland, whose instructions were very suitable to the proclamation: and at the same time Middleton when the commissioners came from thence, Middle- assembles h h d b · h . some troops ton, and sonle other officers, w 0 a een In t eIr" in Scotland-last army, hearing that the prince was proclain1ed king, thought it \vas seasonable to put themselves into a posture to serve him upon his arrival; and so OF 1.'HE REBELLION. QS3 assembled some of those troops which had"formerly BOOK served under them in the north of Scotland; where- XII. upon David Lesley was appointed forthwith, with a 1649. party of horse and foot, against those royalists, w horn they knew to be real assertors of his cause, without any other interest or design than of their perform- ing their duties, as loyal subjects ought to do: and the kirk at the san1e time declared, "that, before "the king should be received, albeit they had de- " clared his right by succession, he should first sign "the covenant, submit to the kirk's censure, re- " nounce the sins of his father's house, and the ini- " quity of his mother," with other things of the like nature. All which information an"ived at the same time with the commissioners, that they who were about the king might not be too much exalted with their master's being declared king of one of his three kingdoms. And it was very manifest, by all that passed then and afterwards, that the mar- quis of Argyle meant only to satisfy the people, in declaring that they had a king, without ,vhich they could not be satisfied, but that such conditions should be put upon him, as he knew he would not submit to; and so he should be able, with the con- currence of the kirk, to govern the kingdol11, till, by Crom\vell's assistance and advice, he lnight reverse that little approach he had made to\vards Inonarchy by proclailning a king. I t ,vas a great misfortune to the king, and which Factions in 1 d . the king's a \vays atten s courts \vhlch labour under great court with wants and necessities, that, \vhilst the greatest : : : . to union imaginable all10ngst the fe\v friends he had was necessary, and of too littlp po\vcr to huoy hin1 up from the distresses ,vhich ovcrwhehncd hÏ1n, Q84 r.rHE HISTORY . BOOK there was yet so great a faction and animosity XII. amongst theIn, that destroyed any the most pro- 1649. bable design that could offer itself; as it now fell out with reference to Scotland, which, if united, D1ight yet be able to give reputation at least, if not a vigorous assistance to the king's interest. T e mar- The marquis of l\fountrose, who hath been men- . . . l\I untr.ose tloned before, had been oblIged by the late kIng to arnves In d . d .c L' France: lay o\vn h]s arms; an alter he had perlornled such wonderful actions in Scotland, and left that kingdom upon his majesty's first coming int the Scottish arlllY to N e\vcastle, had first arrived in France, and had not such a reception from the queen of England, and those who were in credit with her, as he thought the notable services he had performed for the king had merited. The truth is, he was somewhat elated with the great actions he had done; which, upon his first coming to Paris, he caused to be published in a full relation in Latin, dedicated to the prince of \Vales; in \v hich, as his own person, courage, and conduct was well extoIled, so the reputation of all the rest of that nation (upon whose affections the queen at that tin1e depended) was exceedingly undervalued and depressed s; which obliged the queen and the prince to look less gra- ciously upon him; which he could not bear without expressing much disturbance at it. He was then a man of eclat, had many servants, and Illore officers, who had served under hilll, and came a\vay with him, all ,vhom he expected the queen should enable him to maintain with some lustre, by a liberal as- signation of monies. On the other hand, the queen S depressed] suppressed OF THE REBELLION. !l85 was in straits enough, and never openhanded, and BOO K used to pay the best services with receiving them XII. graciously, and looking kindly upon those who did 1649. thenl. And her graces were still more towards those ,vho were like to do services, than to those ,vho had done them. So that, after a long attend- ance, and some overtures lllade by him to cardinal l\lazarine, to raise an army for the service of that king, which he did not think were received with that regard his great name deserved, the Inarquis left France, and made a journey into Germany to Tbence } , d .. . . 11 h u- tation of ,vhat they should.. be able to do for the future, by the great things they had done befo}'e in fþose changes and revolutions which are Inentioned; not considering, that the superior officers of the 3rll1Y were no,v united ,vith the parliaIl1ent, and conCUITed entirely in the san1e designs. And there- fore when they renewed their former expostulations and delnands fronl the parlialnent, they ,vere ca- shiered, and inlprisoned, and sonle of then1 put to death. Yet about the tin1e that t Croll1,vell, who had prosecuted u thenl with great fury, ,vas going x for Ireland, they recovered their courage, and re- solved to obtain those concessions by force, ,vhich were refused to be granted upon their request: and so they mutinied in several parts, upop pr Sull1ption that the rest y of the a1'lny, ,vho would not join ,vith thenl in puhlic, ,vould yet never be prevailed ,vith to oppose, and reduce theln by force. But this con- fiùence deceived them; for the parliaU1cnt no sooner commanded their general Fairfax to suppress theIn, than he drew troops together, and fell upon then1 at l 'Yet about the time that] \T et after u prosecuted] per ecuted VOl.. VI. x going1 gone y the rest] thost' I" f i33 BOOK XII. ] 650. BOOK .XII. 1650. 434 THE HISTORY, &c. Banbury, Burford,z and in other places; and by killing some upon the place, and executing others to terrify the rest, he totally suppressed that fac- tion; and the orders of those at Westminster met with no more opposition. This was the state and condition of the three kingdoms at the end of the year 1649, some few months after the king embarked himself in Holland for Scotland. a And since the next year afforded great variety of unfortunate actions, we will end this discourse, according to the method we have used, with this year: though hereafter we shall not continue the same method; but cOlnprehend the oc- currences of many years, whilst the king rested in a patient expectation of God's blessing and deliver- ance, in less room. Z Burford,] Not ,in MS. a at the end of the year 1649, some few Inonths after the king enlbarked himself in Holland for Scotland.] when the king embarked himself in Holland for Scotland, and at the end of the year 1649. i. e. Old Style. - THE END OF THE TWELFTH BOOK. THE HISTORY OF THE REBELLION, &c. BOOK XIII. EXOD. ix. 1 (j, 17. ,A nd in 'oery decd for this cause have I raised t!tee llP,.fòr to sltew ill thee 'my power, and tltat rny name '1nay be declared tltrougltout all lIte earth. As yet exaltest thou tltyself against my people? . THE marquis of Argyle, who did not believe that BOOK XIII. the king would ever have ventured into Scotland upon the conditions he had sent, was surprised with 1650. the account the commissioners had given hiIn, " that " his majesty resolved to enlbark the next day; that " he would lpave all his chaplains and his other ser- " vants behind hiln, and only deferred to take the h covenant hinlself till he can Ie thither, \vith a re- h solution to satisfy t11l kirk if they pressed it." 'fhercupon he ilnlncdiab.ly despatched a\\Tay another .Argyle I . h . . 1 . ] } . sends new vessc \Vlt nc\v prOposItIons, \V HC 1 t Ie comnns- prol'osi- . . . I tions. sloners "'cre to InsIst upon, ant not to con5,cnt to whicl: miss- the king's cOlning into that kingdonl, \vithout he eù the king. }-' f 2 BOOK XIII. 1650. The king arrives in Scotland. The king takes the covenant. 436 THE HISTORY likewise consented to those. But that vessel met not with the king's fleet, which, that it might avoid that of the parlianlent, ,vhich attended to intercept the king, had held its course more northward, where there are good harbours a; and so had put into a harbour near Stirling, that is, ,vithin a day's journey of it, but where there was no to,vn nearer than that b for his l11ajesty's reception, or where there ,vas any accon11TIodation even for very ordinary passengers. From thence notice was sent to the council of the king's arrival: the first welcome he received was a new demand "that he would sign the covenant him- " self, before he set his foot on shore;" which all about him pressed hin1 to do: and he now found, that he had n1ade haste thither upon very unskilful Ï1uaginations and presulnptions: yet he consented unto ,vhat they so imperiously required, that he might have leave to put hilnself into the hauds of those who resol ved nothing less than to serve hin1. The lords of the other party, who had prevailed with hin1 to sublnit to all that had been required of him c, quickly found that they had deceived both him and themselves, and that nobody had any au- thority but those n1en who were their Inortal ene- mies. So that they would not expose thelnselves to be imprisoned, or to be removed from the king; but, with his majesty's leave, and having given him the best advice they could, what he should do for himself, and what he should do for them, they put themselves on shore before the king diselnbarked; and found ll1cans to go to those places ,vhere they a are good harbours] is plenty of good harbours h than that] Not ill MS. C that had been required of him] that he had done OF THE REBELLION. 437 might be some time concealed, and which were like BOOK . fj h k . A d h XIII. to be at dIstance enough rom t e lng. n s ort- I y after duke Han1ilton retired to the island of Ar- H 1 J 5 t O. anl1 on ran, ,vhich belonged to hinlself; where he had a and Lau- . therdale little house ,veIl enough accoml11odated, the Island depar from b . L' h . h b . d . h . ld b t the kmg. elog 101" t e 1110st part In a lte '''It WI eas s: Lautherdale concealed hiI11self amongst his friends, taking care both to be ,veIl inforll1ed of all that should pass about the king, and to receive their ad- vice upon any occasions. The king ,vas received by the marquis of Argyle A gyle re- . · . b b . celves the ,vlth all the out\\Tard respect lmaglna Ie; ut, wIth- king. in t,vo days after his landing, all the English ser-l\Iost of the . . hin 's Eng- vants he had of any quality were removed fro1l1 Ins lish' ser- tJ d k f B k . h I t d ,"ants re- person, Ie u e 0 uc ll1g a111 on y excep e . moved from The rest, for the 1110st part, ,vere received into the him. houses of some persons of honour, ,vho lived at a distance from the court, and ,vere themselves under a cloud for their kno,vn affections, and durst only attend the king to kiss his hand, and then retired to their houses, that they nlight give no occasion of jealousy; others of his servants ,vere not suffered to rell1ain in the kingdolll, but ,vere forced presently to re-en1hark thclllscives for Holland; an10ngst ,yhich ,vas Daniel O'N eile, "Tho hath been often Inentioned before, and "rho caIne froll1 the n1arquis of Ormond into Holland, just "Then his lnajesty ,vas ready to elnbark, and so ,vaited upon hin1; and ,vas no sooner kno\vn to be ,,-ith his 111ajesty, (as he ,vas a person very generally kno,vn,) but he "Tas apprehendcd by Daniel Ù f h . 1 L' I . I . J d O'l\'eile ap- or er rOlll t e connCI , lor )elng an rlS llnan, an prehended having been in arn1S on the late king's hehalf in the };e o:: : late "Tar' for "Thich the y ,verc not ,vithout SOI11e ofScotla.'ul; , and uamsh- discourse of putting hitn to death; hut they did inl- ed. }.' f 3 438 THE HISTORY HOOK mediately banish hin1 the kingdom, and obliged him XlII. to sign a paper, by ,vhich he consented to be put to 1650. death, if he were ever after found in the kingdom. They sent away likewise IVlr. Robert Long, who was his principal, if not only, secretary of state, and had very much persuaded his going thither; and sir Edward \Valker, who was clerk of the council, and had been secretary at war during the late war, and SOlne others, upon the like exceptions. They placed other servants of all conditions about the king, but Their cler- principally relied upon their clergy; who were in gy always about the such a continual attendance about him, that he was king. never free from their importunities, under pretence of instructing him in religion: and so they obliged hÍln to their constant hours of their long prayers, and made him observe the Sundays with more ri- gour than the Jews accustomed to do their sab- bath d; and reprehended him very sharply if he slniled on those days, and if his looks and gestures did not please theIn, whilst all their prayers and Their ser- sermons, at which he was cOlnpelled to be present, mons before l ' b I d b . . . . I him. were 1 e s, an ltter InvectIves agaInst al the ac- tions of his father, the idolatry of his mother, and his own malignity. He was not present in their councils, nor were the results thereof cOlnmunicated to hin1; nor was he, in the least degree, COnl111Unicated \vith, in any part of the government: yet they lnade great sho\v of out\vard reverence to him, and even the chap- lains, \vhen they uscd rudeness and barLarity in their reprchensions and reproaches, approat;hed hin1 Argyle's still with hended knces, and in the humblest po - behaviour tures. "fhere \vas never a better t;ulutier than 1\.1'- to him. l\fr. Long also sent away. c. tht:ir ablJath] Not in 1.11S. OF TI-IE REBELl.lION. 439 gyle: who used e all possible address to make him- self gracious to the king, entertained him ,vith very pleasant discourses, ,vith such insinuations, that the king did not only very ,veIl like his conversation, but often believed that he had a n1ind to please and gratify hin]: but then, when his majesty n1ade any attenlpt to get sOlne of his servants about him, or to reconcile the two factions, that the kingdom nlight be united, he gathered up his countenance, and re- tired from him, without ever yielding to anyone proposition that was lnade to hinl by his Inajesty. In a word, the king's table was ,veIl served; there he sat in Inajesty, waited upon with decency: he had good horses to ride abroad to take the air, and was then wen attended; and, in all public appearances, seem- ed to want nothing that was due to a great king. In all other respects, with reference to power to oblige or gratify any nlan, to dispose or order any thing, or hinlself to go to any other place than ,vas assigned to him, he had nothing of a prince, hut might very well be looked upon as a prisoner. Rut that which was of state and lustre made .) most noise, and was industriously transmitted into all nations and states; the other of disrespect or re- straint \vas not cOl1ununicated; and if it could not he entirely concealed, it ,vas considered only as a faction bet" een particular great Inen, ,vho contended to get the po,ver into thcir han<<;Js, that they nlight the more notoriously and eluinently serve that prince \VhOnl they all equally ackno\vledged. The king's condition sëell1ed wonderfully advanced, and his heing possessed of a kingdolu without a rival, in ! used] made 1"f4 BOOK XIII. 1650. BOOK XIII. 1650. 440 THE HISTORY which there was no appearance of an enenlY, looked like an earnest for the recovery of the other t,vo, and, for the present, as a great addition of po,ver to hinl in his kingdom of Ireland, by a conjunction and absolute submission of all the Scots in Ulster to the marquis of Ornlond, the king's lieutenant there. All men ,vho had dissuaded his majesty's repair into Scotland were looked upon as very weak politi- cians, or as men who opposed the public good, be- cause they were excluded, and might not be suffered to act any part in the adventure; and they who had advanced the design valued themselves exceedingly upon their activity in that service. The States of Holland thought they had merited much in suffering their ships to transport him, and so being ministerial to his greatness; \vhich they hoped would be re- membered; and they gave all countenance to the Scottish lnerchants and factors who lived in their dominions, and some secret credit, that they might send arms and ammunition, and whatsoever else was necessary for the king's service, into that kingdoll1. France itself looked very cheerfully upon the change; congratulated the queen with much cerenlony, and many professions; and took pains to have it thought and believed, that they had had a share in the coun- sel, and contributed very much to the reception the king found in Scotland, by their influence upon Ar- gyle and his party. And it hath been mentioned before, how great a reputation this little da\vning of po\ver, ho\v clouded soever, gave to the anlbassadors in Spain, and had raised theln frolll such a degree of disrespect.. as ,vas near f to contenlpt, to the full dig- f near] ncare t OF f). HE REBELLION. 441 nityand estimation in that court that was due to BOOK XIII. the station in which they 'vel'e. There-fell out there an accident at this time, \vhich 1650. was a great manifestation of the affection of that court, and indeed of the nation. As don Alonzo de Cardinas had used all the credit he had, to dispose that court to a good correspondence ,vith the parlia- ment, so he had enlployed as much care to incline those in England to haye a confidence in the affec- tion of his nlaster, and assured them, "that if they " \vould send an ambassador or other 111inister into " Spain, he should find a good g reception." The parliament, in the infancy of their comlTIon\vealth, had lnore inclination to make a friendship with Spain than with France, having at that time a very great prejudice to the cardinal; and therefore, upon this encouragement fronl don Alonzo, they resolved to send an envoy to l\ladrid; and Inade choice of one Aschaul, a scholar, who had been concerned in dra\v- Ascham ing up the king's trial, h and had written a book to : :7 deterllline in what tilne, and after how many years, from } . the par lament the allegiance which is due from subjects to their so- of England. vereigns, comes to be deternlined after a conquest; and that from that term it ought to be paid to those who had subdued them: a speculation they thought fit to cherish. This Ulan, unacquainted with husiness, and UIl- skilled in language, attended by three others, the one a rencgado Franciscan friar, "rho had been bred in Spain, and was ,veIl versed in the language; an- other, ,vito was to serve in the condition of a secrc- I! good] vcry good drawing up the king's trial,] 1\ ot h who had been concerned in in AIS. 44Q THE HISrrORY BOO K tary; and the third, an inferior fellow for any ser- XIII.. · d II . S . .. E I . -_ VIce, arrIve a In paIn 1 In an ng Ish merchant's 1650. ship: of which don Alonzo gave such timely notice, that he was received and entertained by the chief magistrate at his landing, until they gave notice of it to the court. The town \vas quickly full of the rumour, that an ambassador was landed from Eng- land, and would be received there; which nobody The am- seenled to be ,veIl pleased with. And the ambassa- bassarlors d I d . h d L · d H . h there expos- ors expostu ate WIt on eWIS e aro WIt tulate with h h h . h 1 . . h Id b don Lewis some warmt , "t at IS cat 0 IC majesty s ou e about it. "the first Christian prince that would receive an " anlbassador frolTI the odious and execrable k mur- " derers of a Christian king, his brother and ally; " which no other prince had yet done, out of the de- " testation of that horrible parricide." And there- fore they desired him, "that Spain would not give " so infamous I an example to the other parts of the His answer." \vorld." Don Lewis assured them, "that there " \vas no such thing as an ambassador coming from " England, nor had the king any purpose to receive " any: that it was true, they were infornled that " there was an English gentleman landed at Cales, " and come to Seville; who said, he ,vas sent from " the parliament with letters for the king; which " was testified by a letter fronl don Alonzo de Car- " dinas to the duke of Medina Celi; \vho thereupon " had given order for his entertainment at Seville, " till the king should give further order: that it was " not possible for the king to refuse to receive the " letter, or to see the man ,vho brought it; \vho pre- i in Spain] at Seville or Ca- diz. k execrable] infamous ! infamous] horrid OF TI-IE REBELLION. 443 " tended no kind of character: that having an alll- " bassador residing in England to preserve the trade " and comlnerce between the t\VO nations, they did " believe, that this Inessenger Inight be sent \vith " SOllie propositions from the English merchants for " the advancement of that trade; and if they should " refuse to hear \vhat he said, it might give a just "offence, and destroy all the conlnlerce; \vhich " \vould be a great damage to both nations." That this ne,v agent lllight come securely to 1\1a- drid, an old officer of the arlllY was sent froln Seville to accompany him thither; who caine with hinl in tIle coach, apd gave notice every night to don Lewis of their advance. There were at that time, over apd above the English merchants, l1lany officers and soldiers in 1\ladrid, ,vho had served in the Spanish armies, Loth in Catalonia and in Portugal; and these nlen had consulted alnongst thenlselves how they might kill this fellow, who canle as an agent fròm the ne\v republic of England; and half a dozen of thein, having notice of the day he was to COl1le into the town, which ,vas generally discoursed of, rode out of the to,vn to meet him; but, nlissing hhn, they returned again, and found that he had entered into it by another way; and having taken a vie\v of his lodging, they Inet again the next morning; and find- ing, accidentally, one of the alnbassadors' servants in the streets, they persuaded hin1 to go with them, and so \vent to the house where Aschanl lodged; and, \vithout asking any questions, walked directly up the stairs into his chalnher, leaving a couple of thcir nUlnber at the door of the street, lest, upon any noise in the house, that door nlight be shut upon thcln. They \vho ,vent up drew their swords; and nOOK XIII. 1650. 444 THE HISTORY BOOK besides their intentions, in disorder, killed the friar XIII. as ,veIl as the agent; and so returned to their com- ] 650. panions \vith their s\vords naked and bloody, and Ascham kiJled by some foolish expressions of triuInph, as if they had some offi- cers at his perforn1ed a very gallant and a justifiable service. 7:"s in N ot,vithstanding all \vhich, they Inight have dispers- ed thelnselves, and been secure, the people were so little concerned to inquire what they had done. All but one But they being in confusion, and retaining no COlll- fly to a cha- pel for posed thoughts about theIn, finding the door of a sanctuary; I . I h I · h " h e. he, to the ]tt e c ape open, went In t It er lor sanctuary: Venetian I } h · I · f h b d ambassa- on Y Ie ,v 0 was In t 1e serVIce 0 team assa ors dor's. separated himself froin the rest, and \vent into the house of the Venetian an1bassador. By this time the people of the house where the luan lay had gone up into the chalnber; ,vhere they found t\VO dead, and the other two crept, in a terrible fright, under the bed; and the 111agistrates and people \vere about the church, and talking with and examining the per- sons ,vho were there: and the rU1110Ur was presently divulged about the to"Tn, "that one of the English " an1bassadors ,vas killed." They were at that time entering into their coach to take the air, according to an appointment which they had made the day before. "Then they were inforn1ed of what had passed, and that Harry Pro- gers, ,vho ,vas their servant, had been in the action, and was retired to the house of the Venetian ambas- sador, they \\1"ere in trouble and perplexity; dismiss- ed their coach, and returned to their lodging. Though they abhorred the action that was committed, they foresaw, the presence of one of their own servants in it, and even some passionate ,vords they had used, in thcir expostulation ,vith don Lc,vis, against the OF THE REBELLION. 445 reception of such a messenger, as if "the king their BOO K XIII. " master had too many subjects in that place, for " such a feUow to appear there ,vith any security," 1650. ,vould nlake it be believed by many that the at- tempt had not been n1ade without their consent or privity. In this trouble of nlind, they imlnediately The am- . I I L . ' d H th bassadors ,vrlt a etter to (on e\VIS e aro, to express e write to sense the y had of this unfortunate rash action. "of don Lew s , about tillS " which, they hoped, he did believe, if they had had action. " any notice or suspicion, they would have prevented " it m." Don Lewis returned theln a very dry an- swer; "That he could not imagine that they could His answer. "have a hand in so foul an assassination in the " court," (for all l\ladrid is called and looked upon as the court,) " of a person under the in1ll1ediate 1)1'0- " tection of the king: ho,vever, that it was an ac- "tion so unheard of, and so dishonourable to the " king, that his nlajesty was resolved to have it ex- " amincd to the bottonl, and that exenlplary justice " should b done upon the offenders; that his o,vn " anlbassador in England Inight be in great danger "upon this Inurder; and that they would send an " express presently thither, to satisfy the parlianlent " how 111uch his catholic lnajesty detested and ,vas " offended ,vith it n, and resolved to do justice upon " it; and if his aUlbassador under,vent any inconve- " nience there, they ,vere not to ,vonder if his ma- " jesty ,vere severe here;" and so left it to them to iUlagine that their o\vn persons Inight not he safe. But they kne,v the ten1per of the court too well, to have the least apprehension of that: yet they m prevented it] J.US. adds: nwithit]Origiually,withfhis by exposing their own p rsons barbarous murder 446 THE HIS'fORY BOOK were a little surprised, \vhen they first saw the mul- XIH. titude of people gathered together about their house, 1650. upon the first ne,vs of the action; insomuch that the street before their house, which was the broadest in 1\11 adrid, (the Calle de Alcala,) was so thronged, that men could hardly pass. But they were quickly out of that apprehension, being assured, that the jealousy that one of the English all1bassadors had suffered violence had brought that multitude together; which they found to be true; for they no sooner s'hewed then1selves in a balcony to the people, but they sa- luted them with great kindness, prayed for the king their master, cursed and reviled the murderers of his Those that father; and so departed. They who had betaken = p : themselves to the chapel \vere, the next day or the t t a h ken d second, taken from thence by a principal officer after ence, an imprisoned: examination, and sent to the prison: the other was the other escapes into not inquired after; bu t, having concealed himself for France. I d h f h · h ten or twe ve ays, e went out 0 t e to,vn In t e night; and, without any interruption or trouble, went into France. Of all the courts in Christendom, Madrid is that where alnbassadors and public ministers receive the greatest respect, which, besides the honour and punctuality of that people, bred up in the observa- tion of distances and order, proceeds froln the excel- lent Inethod the anlbassadors have of Ii ving with mutual respect towards each other, and in mutual concernn1ent for each other's honour and privileges: so that, if any alnbassador, in himself or his servant , receive any affront or disl espect, all the other ambas- sadors repair to him, and offer their ervice and in- terposition; by \vhich means they are not only pre- served from any invasion by any private and parti- OF THE REBELLION. 447 cular insolence, but even from some acts of power, BOO K XIIl. which the court itself hath son1etime thought fit to 1650. exercise, upon an extraordinary occasion, towards a minister of whom they had no regard. All are unit- ed on the behalf of the character; and will not suffer that to be done to,vards one, which, by the conse- quence, lllay reflect upon all. I t cannot be iUlagined, with what a general cOln- passion aU the alnbassadors looked upon these nn- . happy gentlemen, who had involved themselves hy their rashness in so 111uch peril. They came to the English ambassadors to advise and consult what might be done to preserve therrI, everyone offering his assistance. The action could in no degree be justified; all that could be urged and insisted upon in their behalf, ,vas the privilege of sanctuary; " They had betaken thelnselves tQ the church; and " the taking then1 from thence, by \vhat authority " soever, was a violation of the fights and in1111unities " of the church, which, by the law of the kingdom, " was ever defended with all tenderness." So that, before the guilt of the Llood could be examined, the prisoners desired "that their privilege Inight be ex- " alnined, and that they nlight have counsel assigned " then1 to that purpose;" which was granted; and severa] argulllents were "made upon the Inatter of la\\1" before the judges; who \vere favourable enough to the prisoners. The king's counsel urged, " tJlat " in case of assassination the privilege of sanctuary " \vas never allo\ved," (which is true,) and cited many precedents of late years in l\ladrid itself, \vhere, for less crÍlnes than of blood, DIen had been taken on t of the sanctuary, and tried, and executed. 'rhe Eng- 448 THE HIS rORY BOOK lish ambassadors thought not fit to appear on their XIII. behalf, and yet ,vere not ,, illing that the new re- 1650. public should receive so lnuch countenance from that court, as would have resulted from putting those gentlemen to death, as if they had killed a public he nUI1.- lninister. The pope's nuncio, Julio Rospigliosi, who CIO ROSplg- . liosi requir- ,vas after\vards Clement IX. could not, accordIng to ed them to h I f h R . h . · be delivered testy e 0 t e oman court, elt er gIve or receIve back. visits from the English alnbassadors; but they per- forn1ed civilities to each other by messages, and passed mutual salutations, with all respect to each other, as they met abroad. And the Venetian am- bassador brought them frequent assurances, "that "the nuncio had spoken very effectually to the " king, and to don Le,vis, for the redelivery of the "prisoners to the church, and pressed it so hard " upon the conscience of the king, that he had some " promise that they should not suffer." In the mean time, thundering letters came from the parliament, ,vith great menaces what they \vould do, if exemplary justice ,vas not inflicted upon those ,vho had murdered their envoy; and don Alonzo urged it, as if " he thought hin1self in danger till " full satisfaction should be given in that particu- " lar;" all which for the present made deep ilnpres- sion, so that they knew not ,vhat to do; the king often declaring, "that he would not infringe the " privilege of the church, and so undergo the cen- " sure of the pope, for any ad \Tantage he could re- The issue of" ceive \vith reference to any of his dominions." In this busi- d ( h h d . f h . æ. t ness after the en , t at t e Iscourse 0 t IS allalf may no th d e an:b d as- be resumed a g ain hereafter, ) after a lon g hnprison- sa ors e- parture. ment, (for during the ambassadors' stay they would OF 'rHE ltEBEL1.ION. 449 not bring theln to any trial, lest they 111ight seem to do any thing upon their solicitation,) the prisoners were proceeded against as soon, or shortly after the ambassadors had left l\ladrid, and were all con- deluned to die; and as soon as the sentence ,vas de- clared, all the prisoners were again deli vered into the same church; 'v here they reulained lilany days, having provisions of victuals sent to thelll by 111any persons of quality, until they had all opportunity to make their escape, \vhich \vas very successfully done by all but one; who, being the only protestant amongst them, ,vas more lualiciously looked after and \vatched, and was followed, and apprehended after he had made three days journey frolll l\ladrid, and carried back thither, and put to death: which "as all the satisfaction the pariialllent could obtain in that affair; and is an instance ho,v far that people ,vas frol11 any affection to those of England in their hearts, ho\v lnuch soever they complied \vith them out of the necessity of their fortune. "Then sOlue weeks were passed after that unlucky accident, the anlbassadors ,vent to confer with don Le,vis upon sOlne other occurrence, with no purpose of Inentioning any thing of the prisoners. Don Le\vis spoke of it in a lllanner they did not expect; one expression \vas, " }ro tCl1g0 ill'vi{lia de e.Yto.Y ca- " va/eros, ð$c. I envy those gentlclllen for having " done so noble an action, ho,v penal soever it l11ay " prove to them, to revenge the blood of their king. " \Vhereas," he said, " the king his master wanted " such resolute su hjects; other,vise he would never " have lost a kingdolll, as he had done Portugal, for " ,vant of one brave man; who, by taking a,vay the " life of the usurper, might at any time, during the VOL. VI. G g BOOK XIII. 1650. 450 THE HIS"rOR Y ß 0 0 K "first two years, have put an end to that rebel- XIII. " lion. o " 1650. o that rebellion.) Thus con- tinued in ftIS.: Though the pri- vileges of ambassadors were DutCh greater in tbat court than in any other, and that they lived much better towards each other, than ambassadors used to do in any other court, yet they used to communicate those privileges more easily, and to admit men to usurp that title, who had no pretence to it. Not that the king permitted them to cover, which they never affected, nor could he ever have endured; but in all other re- spects they were treated as such; and the ambassadors were obliged to do so, except they were under son1e obliga- tion to the contrary. There were at that time tw instances of that kind, though upon dif- ferent negociations. The one "vas in the count of Swaffen- burgh, who CaIne, as they said, ambassador fron1 the archduke Leopold, who was only a prince by appellation, without any ter- ritory, and was then actually in the service of the king of Spain, as governor of the Low Coun- tries, though under such a re- strained commission, that the count of Fuenfaldagna, with two or three other Spanish counsellors, had authority in many cases to control his de- terminations. The count of Swaffenburgh was his chief ser- vant and confident; and being a man of good parts and spirit, used to enter into sharp con- tests and disputes with those ministers in the right and be.. half of his master; whereupon he was become suspected and disliked in the court at l\ladrid, and was now sent by the arch- duke, not only to insist upon the rights of his place, and to complain of the infringement of them, but to justify himself, and to wipe off those asper- sions which had becn cast upon him; and Jet he was received under the title and style of an1- bassador, treated with excel- lenza, and waited upon by one of the king's coaches, and upon the day of his audience rode to the court attended by all the other ambassadors' coaches; and because they nei- ther liked his person or his bu- siness, and resolved not to gra- tify him in any thing he came about, or desired, they used him with the more ceremony and respect; and there being a sudden accident one day, which looked like an affront to hinl, ,vhen, in a crowd of coaches upon one of those solemn days, when the king and all the court and all ambassadors use to take the air, in a little field that can hardly receive all the company, the count's coach stood, where the duke of Alberquerque had a mind to pass; and the other coachman refusing to yield the way, the duke alighted out of his coach, and with s\vord in the scabbard struck him over the head, the count being him- self in the coach, which the duke protested Dot to have known, till after he had struck his coachman; when the count OF THE REBELLION. 451 To return no,v to the affairs of Scot.land : P ,vhe- ther, when the nlarquis of Argyle first kne,v that the king ,vould venture himself into Scotland, he suspected his o,vn strength, and so sent for his friend Croffi\vell to assist hÏ1n; or \vhether it seelned Illore reasonable to the parliament, ,vhen it ,vas assured bade his coachman drive out of the field; and, as soon as he was retired out of the company he sent a gentleman to the duke, to let him know that he expected to seè him with his sword in his hand. But the business was taken notice of before, and the king had com- manded the duke of Alber- querque to his house; and it being so unusual a thing, and unsuitable to the Spanish gra- vity, for a grandee to go out of his coach to strike a coachman, it was looked upon as a pur- pused and designed inj ury. All the ambassadors met the next morning at the count's lodging, to off r their service, and to consult what was to be done, to repair their character, but found the condé most inclined and resolved to do justice to himself; but the punctuality of the court pre\Tented any further pursuit, by obliging the duke of Alberquerque first to write to the count, and to protest that hc did not know that he was in the coach, nor had the least thought to affront him, and then to go to his lodg- ings, and ask his pardon; both which he performed: which was an imposition and conde- scension that the grandees looked upon as very extraordi- nary. The other, who was receired and countenanced as an alubas- sador, was the marquis of Lu- signon, who was sent by the prince of Condé, and ,vas com- monly called the prince of Condé's ambassador, ,vho was likewise attended by one of the king's coaches. It is true, he had 110t so formal an audience as the count of Swaffenburgh had, but intimation was given to all the ambassadors, that the king expected that they should visit him; which aU did, but the English aIubassadors, who did not think fit, both in respect of their master or them- selves, to give such un1brage to France, and so forbore to shew any respect or civility towards IJim. 'J'his unhappy gentleman after a journey or two in that negociation to l\Iadrid, was taken in his return, and after some n10nths' of imprisonment, had his process made, and lost his head. Bv this time. the ill news fron{ Scotland hrou ht a. ncw lllortification upon the ambas- sadors, which the king himself had undergone there in a more severe degree, and he {luickly found that he had madc haste thither upon very unskilful ima- ginations and presumptions. p To return now to the aff:'1i rs of Scotland:] Not in b18. Gg2 BOOK XIII. ] 650. 45 "rHF HISTORY BOO K of the king's being there, to visit hiln in that king- XIII. Ò om, than to expect a visit q from hiln, is not ] 650. enough clear at this tilne. But as soon as the king Cromwell, o;ent for.by ,vas in Scotland, Cro111,vell, being sent for by the the parha- I . I Ii h . . ment out of par lanlent, e t ,vat relnalned to be done In Ire- ;= : dire_ land to Ireton, (,vho had Inarried his daughter,) and ton IJis de- made hinl de p utv. and trans l JOI'ted himself into puty. " , The parlia- England; ,vhere the parliament, not ,vithout great ment re- ...c 11 1 b . I d solved to OppOSI bon J rom a t 1e pres yterlan party, reso ve send n t to send an arlny into Scotland. l\lany opposed it, army In 0 Scotland. as they thought it an unjust and unprofitable "Tar, and kne"r it must be a very expensive one; and others, because it ,vould keep up and increase the power and authority of the arlny in England; which \vas already found to be very grievous. F.airfax. This resolution produced another great alter- gives up his . commis- atIon: Fairfax, who had hitherto ,vorn the name of sion. general, declared positively that he \vould not com- mand the army against Scotland. The presbyterians said, " it ,vas because he thought the war unlawful, "in regard it ,vas against those of the same re- " ligion;" but his friends ,vould have it believed, Cromwell that he ,vould not fight against the king. Hereupon made gene- . ral. Crom\vell was chosen general; ,vluch made no al- teration in the arlny; ,vhich he had modelled to his own 111ind before, and commanded as absolutely. But in all other places he gre,v more absolute and more imperious; he discountenanced and suppressed the presbyterians in all places; ,vho had been sup- ported by Fairfax. The independents had aU cre- dit about hitn; and the churches and pulpits were open to all kind of people who would shew their q visit] visitation OJ? 'rIlE REBELLION. 453 gifts there; and a general distraction and confu- BOOK XIII. sion in religion covered the whole kingdom; which raised as general a discontent in the minds of the 1650. people, who, finding no ease from the burdens they had so long sustained, but an increase of the taxes and itnpositions every day, gre,v weary of their new government; and heartily prayed, that their general Inight never return from Scotland, but that, he being destroyed there, the king Inight return victorious into London. The bitterness and per- secution against their brethren in England, and the old animosity they had long borne against the per- son of Cromwell, made those in authority in that kingdom resolve to defend thelnselves against his invasion, and to dra,v together a very nU111erOUS The Scots b d f II . d d d I . d · h 11 raise an ar- o y 0 men ,ve provl e , an supp Ie \VIt a my against things necessary but courage and conduct. They him. were so careful in the nlodelling this army, that they suffered fe\v or no officers, or soldiers r, ,vho had been in the engagement of duke Han1ilton, or ,vho gave the least occasion to be suspected to ,vish ,veIl to the king or to the Hamiltonian party, to be listed or received into their service. So that they had only SOll1e old discredited officers, ,vho, being foro1erJy thought un\vorthy of comlnand, had stuck close to Argyle and to the party of the kirk. 'fhe truth is, the \vhole arll1Y "ras under the govern- Inent of a C0111nlittee of the kirk and the state; in ,vhich the 11linisters exercised the sole authority, and prayed and })reached against the vices of the court, and the itnpiety and tyranny of Crom\yelI, equally; and pron1Îsed their arlny victory over the enemy as r few or no officers, or s(Jhliers] neither otIicer or soldiers ug3 454 THE IllS TORY BOOK positively, and in as confiQent terms, as if God hÍ111- XIII. self had directed them to declare it. The king de- l650. sired that he Inight cOlnn1and this army, at least run the fortune of it. But they were hardly pre- vailed with to give him ]eave once to see it; and, after he had been in it three or four hours, upon the observation that the comnlon soldiers seelned to be Inuch pleased to see hÏ1n, they caused him to return, and the next day carried him to a place at a greater distance froln the army; declaring, "that they " found the soldiers too. much inclined to put their " confidence in the arn1 of flesh; ,vhereas their hope " and dependence ,vas to be only in God; and they "\vere Inost assured of victory by the prayers and " piety of the kirk." Cromwell In July S Crom\vell entered Scotland, and marched enters Scot- · h . · . 11 h . h . I h land. 'VIt out any opposItIon tI e came WIt III ess t an a day's journey of Edinburgh; where he found the Scottish army encalnped upon a very advantageous ground and he nlade his quarters as near as he could conveniently, and yet with disadvantages enough. For the country was so destroyed behind bim, and the passes so guarded before, that he was compelled to send for all his provision for horse and foot from England by sea t; insomuch as the army was re.duced to great straits; and the &cots really believed, that they had them aU at their mercy, ex- cept such as would embark. on board their ships. But as soon as Cromwell had recovered some provi- sions u, his army begun to relnove, and seemed to 8.July] August about six weeks, during which t by sea] MS. adds: and time the army lay till Cromwell being seized upon U sonle provisions] a little by a' fever, which held him strength OF THE REBELLION. 1:55 provide for their Inarch. 'Vhether that march was BOOK .L'. f XIII. to retire out of so barren a country .lor \vant 0 pro- visions, (\vhich no doubt \vere very scarce; and the ] 650. season of the year \vould not perlnit them to depend upon all necessary supplies by sea, for it \vas no\v the month of September,) or whether that nlotion \\Tas only to draw the Scots from the advantageous post of \vhich they were possessed, is not yet under- stood. But it \yas confessed on all sides, that, if the The distress S d · d ,. · h d of Crom- cots ha remalne \Vlthlll theIr trenc es, an sent well's army. parties of horse to have followed the English arlny closely, they D1ust have so disordered them, that they \vould have left their cannon and all their heavy carriage behind them, besides the danger the foot lnust have been in. But the Scots did not in- tend to part with them so easily; they doubted not but to have the spoil of the whole army. And therefore they no sooner discerned that the English were upon their ßlarch, hut they decalnped, and fol- lowed \vith their whole body all the night folIo\ving, and found thell1selves in the l1lorning within a sn1all distånce of the enemy: for Cromwell was quicklr advertised that the Scottish arlny waS dislodged, and marched after hinl; and thereupon he nlade a stand, aud put his lllen in good order. The Scots found they were not upon so clear a c}lase as they imagined, and placed thenJs lvcs again upon such a side of a hill, as they helieved the Engli h \vould not have the courage to attack them there. Hut Crolu\vell knc\v them too well to fear thCI11 Cromwell entire) y upon any ground, when there \vcrc no trenches or routs the .l' t " fi . k 1 ..c h 1 1 r. Scots in the .lor 1 catIons to -eep Inll .lrom t elll; an( t lerelOrC battle of he Inade 11astc to charge thClll on all sides, upon Dunbar. what advantage-ground soever they stood. Thcir Gg4 456 '-rHE HIS'fORY BOO K horse did not sustain one charge; but fled, and XIII. ,vere pursued with a great execution. The foot 1650. depended much upon their n1inisters, who preached, and prayed, and assured then) of the victory, till the English were upon then1; and SOine of their preachers \vere knocked in the head, 'v hilst they were pronlising the victory. Though there ,vas so little resistance 111ade, that Croll1well lost very fe\\r men by that day's service, yet the execution \vas very terrible upon the enemy; the whole body of the foot being, upon the ll1atter, cut in pieces; no quarter \vas given till they were \veary of killing; so that there ,vere bet\veen five and six thousand dead upon the place; and very few, but they \vho escaped by t.he heels of their horse, were without terrible wounds; of which very lllany died shortly after; especially such of their 111inisters ,vho \vere not killed upon the place, as very Hlany were, had very notable Inarks about the head, and the face, that any body lnight know that they were not hurt by chance, or in the cro,vd, but by very good will. All the cannon, an1munition, carriages, and baggage, Cromwell ,vere entirely taken, and Croln\vell with his victori- urgh. ous ar111Y marched directly to Edinburgh; \vhere be found plenty of all things which he wanted, and good accolnmodation for the refreshing his arluy, which stood in need of it. Never yictory was attended with less lan1enta- tions: for as Croln\vell had great argulnent of tl'i- ulnph in the total defeat and destruction of the only The king aflny that ,vas in Scotland; which defeat had put a gets advan- f h k . d d h h . f . f . tage by great part 0 t at "'lng on1, an t e c Ie CIty 0 It, this. under his obedience; so the king, who was then at St. Johnston's, ,vas glad of it, as the greatest happi- OF "I'HE I{EBEJ LION. 457 ness that could befall him, in the loss of so strong a body of his enelnies; \vho, if they should have pre- vailed, his majesty did believe that they ,vould have shut hitn up in a prison tbe next day; \vhich had been only a stricter confinen1ent than he suffered already: for the lord Lorne, eldest son to the mar- quis of Argyle, being captain of his guard, had so watchful x a care of him both night and day, that his 111ajesty could not go any \vhither ,vithout his leave. But, after this defeat, they all looked upon the king as one they might stand in need of: they permitted his servants, who had been sequestered froln hin1 from his arrival in the kingdolll, to attend and ,vait upon him, and begun to talk of caning a parlialnent, and of a tÏlne for the king's coronation; which had not hitherto been spoken of. SOlne ministers begun to preach obedience to the king; the officers, \v ho had been cashiered for their malignity, talked aloud of" the Iniscarriages in the government, and that " the kingdom was betrayed to the enemy for want " of confidence in the king, \vho alone could pre- "serve the nation." They of the council seenled not to have so absolute a dependence upon the mar- quis of Argyle, but spoke lnore freely than they had used to do; and the nlarquis applied hin1self Inore to the king, and to those ahout him: so that the king did, in a good degree, enjoy the fruit of this victory, as ,yell as Cronl\vell, though his n1ajesty's ad vantage ,vas discerned by a fe\v lnen only, and those reduced into an obscure quarter of the king- don1; but the other 111ade the éclat. The destruc- tion of the only arlny, and the possessing of Edin- .x watchful] strict BOOK XIII. 1650. 458 THE IIISTORY BOOK burg}), "vas looked upon, in all places, as the entire XIII. conquest of the "\vhole kingdoill. J 650. Don Alonzo Inade haste to send the news into Spain of" the total and irrecoverable defeat of the " king; that he was driven into tIle Highlands; " frol11 \vhence he "\volIld be compelled to fly, as soon " as he could get means to escape: that the republic "was now settled, and no 1110re fear or hope of the " king:" the effect of all ,vhich the ambassadors quickly found at Madrid, by the carriage and coun- tenance of that king and the council; though it can- not be denied that the common people appeared to have a much more generous sense of the alteration, than the others did. The ambassadors received shortly a full advertisement of the truth; and" that " the king thought his condition nIuch improved by "the defeat;" and they used all the means they could, by several audiences, to inform the king of Spain and don Le,vis of the truth; and "that they " were misinformed, as if the army overthro,vn was " the king's; whereas they were indeed as much his "enemies, as Cromwell's was." But in this they could obtain no credit, and all ways were taken to make them perceive, that it ,vas heartily wished they,vere gone; ,vhich they were resolved to take no notice of. The secre- In the end, one lllorning, the secretary of state tary of state . brings a came to them from the kIng; and told theIn, " that : : af. e "they had been no,,, above a year in that court, k s in O t f " where the y had been ,veIl treated, llotwithstand- pam 0 the ambas- "iug some llliscarriages, which ll1ight very justly sadors, to . . desire them " bave incensed his catholic lllajesty," (111entlon1ng to be gone. A h h d . the death of scham ;) "t at t ey were extraor 1- " nary alnbassadors, and so needed not any letters OF THE REBELLION. 459 " of revocation; that they had received ans\vers to BOO K . d XIII. " all they had proposed, and were at hberty to e- " part; which his catholic majesty desired they ] 650. " would do, since their presence in the court would "be very prejudicial to his affairs." This unex- pected and unusual nlessage, delivered ungracefully enough by an old l11an, who, not\vithstanding Ilis office, ,vas looked upon with little reverence to his 1)arts, made thelll believe" that he had mistaken .. " his l11essage, at least that he had delivered it \vith " less courtly circumstances than he ought to have "done." And therefore they returned no other an- s\ver, than " that they would attend don Le\vis de " Haro, and understand fron1 hhn the king's plea- "sure." The next day, they sent for an audience They apply to don Lewis; \vho111 they found \vith a less open ;: countenance than he used to have; nor did he ap- pear any thing 1110re courtly than the secretary had done; but told them, that there \vere orders sent to such a person (whom he named) to prepare their present; \vhich should be ready \vithin very few days; and pressed thenl very plainly, and \vithout any'regard to the season of the year, it being then towards the end of January, to use all possible ex- pedition for their departure, as a thing that, even in that respect, did exceedingly concern the service of the king. This made the ambassadors imagine, \vhich was like\vise reported, t}lat there was a forlnal alnhassador upon his way frolll England, and that the court ,, ould be no lllore liable to the like acci- dents. But the y knew afterwards that the cause The r ason , of their of aU this haste ,vas, that the){ lni g ht bring into the being press- ed to rle- to,vn as ßlany pictures, and other choice and rich !)art Madrid Ii . cl . d 1 d · h ] } . I 111 such .urnlture, as ] 03 elg teen mu es; \V lIC 1, as haste. 460 'rHE HIS'rORY ] 650. was said before, don Alonzo had bought of the king's goods, and then sent to the Groyne, and ,vhich they did not then think could be decently brought to the palace, \vhilst the ambassadors should continue and ren1ai n in the to\vn. This injunction to leave l\iadrid, in so unseason- able a tin1e of the year, was very severe to the an1- bassadors Y. The lord Cottington was at this time seventy-six years of age, once or t\vice in a year troubled with the gout, in other respects of great vigour of body and mind; nor did there appear in his natural parts any kind of decay. He had re- solved, ,vhen he first proposed this embassy to the king, and, it may be, it was the chief reason of pro- posing it, that, if there should be no door open to let hin1 return into England, by the time that his embassy should expire, he \vould remain and die in Spain. But he did then believe that he should have found another kind of entertainment there than he had done. He had, ,vithout doubt, deserved very well frotH that nation, having ahvays performed those offices to,vards them, which 111ade him looked upon at home as too well affected to that people, which, together ,vith his constant opposition of the French, had rendered him very ungracious to the queen: yet there were some seasons, in which his credit and authority ,vas not great enough to ob- tain all things for then1 which they desired, and ex- pected; as ,vhen their fleet, under the command of Oquendo, about the year 1639 z , had heen assaulted in the Downs, and defeated by the Dutch fleet, for want of that protection which they thought the BOOK XIII. } ambassadors] A1S. adds,' who knew not whither to g 7. ] 639] 1635 or 1636 OF 'rI-IE RE BEIJL ION. 4ül king Inight have given to them. And it is probable their ambassadors, who ,vere then in England, ,vhereof don Alonzo ,vas one, did not find that rea- diness and alacrity in him to appear in their service, as they had fornlerly done; he very \vell knowing, that the being solicitous for thenl, in that conjunc- ture, might do hituself harnl, and could do t11elTI no good. But these oIl1issions ,vere no",? relnembered, and all his services forgotten: so that (as hath been touched before) his reception, frOln the first hour of his coming last thither, was very cold both froln the king and the court. And though he was now will- ing to resume his former resolution of staying there; yet the treatment he had received, and this last fare- well, lnade hiln doubt, very reasonably, whether he should be permitted to stay there or not. There was another circunlstance, \vhich \vas ne- cessary to his residing in Spain, in which he nlet ,vith some difficulties that he had not foreseen, and which did exceedingly perplex hiIn; and which he plainly enough discerned, and kne,v to be the true cause of all the discountenance he had Inet with in that court, (though he ,vas ,villing the other anl bas- sador, ,vho kne\v nothing of it, should believe that it proceeded fronl what had passed in England,) ,vhich \\ as then renlenlbered in the discourse of the court, and ,vas the true cause of the general preju- dice to hÜn there. lIe had been formerly recon- ciled in that kingdolu to the church of ROlne, and had constantly gone to the 111ass there; and declar- ing hirnself afterwards in England to be of the reli- gion of the church of England, he \vas apostatized fron1 the other; \"hich, in that country, is looked upon as such a brand, as the infall1Y of it can never BOOK XIII. 1650. 462 r.!.'HE HISTORY ] 650. be wiped out; and this indeed was the reason of that king's so notable aversion from hÏ111. The truth is, he had never made any inquiry into religion to inforn1 hhnself, but had cOnfOrll1ed to that 'v hich the province he held obliged hin1 to; and though he could never get the reputation in England of being well affected to that church, and ,vas ahvays looked upon as 1110St inclined to the ROlnan, yet he convinced those ,vho would have taken advantage of that guilt, by being present at prayers and ser- mons, and sOlnetill1es receiving the sacrament, as he did the very last Sunday he stayed in the Hague before he begun his journey towards Spain; and, even after his arrival there, was constant at the .... reading the C0111mOn prayers both Inorning and evening, by their o,vn chaplain, in their house, as long as the chaplain lived: and many, w-ho kne,v him very well, did believe that if he had died in England, he would have died in the COllll11union of that church. But there is no doubt, he did resolve, from the time that he nlcant to renlain and die in Spain, that he would beco111e a ROlnan catholic again, which he thought to be a much easier thing than it was; and that he might have been recon- ciled by any priest in as private a 111anner as he could desire. But when he consulted that affair ,vith a Jesuit, who frequently caIne to the house, he found, that after an apostasy, as ther terlned it,a it was not in the po,ver of any priest to reconcile hiIn, but that it ,vas reserved to the pope hi111self; ,vho l arely gives the faculty to any but to his o\vn nuncios. This obliged him to resort thither; \\Thich BOOK XIII. a as they termed it,) Not in ]18. OF THE REBELLION. 463 he could not easily do without communicating it to the other ambassador; towards whom this ,vas the only secret he reserved. And he found a ,yay, as he thought, to elude hin1 in this particular. He told hÏln, several days, that the nuncio had sent hin1 such and such messages by that Jesuit concerning those gentlelnen \vho \vere in prison, the substance whereof did not differ frOl1l \V hat the Venetian a111- bassador had forlllerly delivered from hÌln: at last, he told hin1, "that he found the nuncio had some- "what to say in that affair which he ,,'ould not "columunicate by ll1essage, but ,vished to speak " with him in private; for publicly he TI1Ust not be " kno\vn to have any conference \vith hinl; and that " hereupon he resolved to go incognito in sir Bel1- " jamin "\Vright's coach to him:" which he did, and \vas then reconciled; and returned home, making such a relation of their conference to his companion as he thought fit; and delivered the nuncio's saluta- tion to hin1. But \vithin two or three days he kne\v \vhat the affair was: for, besides that the nuncio could not perform the office alone, but ,vas to have the as istance of t\yO or three so qualified, there ,vas really care taken that the other an1bas ador n1Ïgl)t know it. And, before that time, when they both visited the president de la Hazienda, who carried them into his library, whilst the other an1bassador was casting his eyes upon SOlne buoks, (it being the best private library in l\tIadrid,) the lord Cottington told the pre ident, "that he was hÍlnself catholic, " but that his companion \vas an obstinate 11cretic :" of ,vhich the president sent l1iln inforu1ation the next day. But since hin1sclf forbore ever to cOl1ununi- cate this secret to him, out of an opinion, it is very BOOK XIII. 1650. 464 1." If E II IS rr 0 It Y BOOK probable, that he nlight give SOlne disturbance to his XIII. resolution, he like, vise took no manner of notice of 1650. it to hill1 to the ll1inute of their parting h. he .lord This difficulty being over, there relnained yet an- Cotbngton . .. . . . resoh'es to other; whIch was, Ins havIng pernussion to stay In ; a : an that country; for which he addressed himself to don in Spain. Lewis; Inentioned "his age; his infirnlity of the " gout; which would infallibly seize upon him, if, " in that season of the year, he should provoke it " by an extraordinary motion; in a word, that it ",vas impossible for him to n1ake the journey." Don Lewis told hin1, " he could answer hin1 to part " of what he said ,vithout speaking to the king; " that he must not think of staying with the cha- " racter of an ambassador, nor of residing in 1\1adrid, "in ho,v private a condition soever: if he desired "any thing with these two restraints, he would " move the king in it." The other told hinl, " that " he submitted to both these conditions; and only " desired licence to reside in Valladolid, where he " had lived many years, when the court ren1ained " there, in the time of king Philip the Third." This place was not disliked; and within few days don Lewis sent him word, " that the king approved " it; and that he should have a letter to the chief "lllagistrate there, to treat him ,vith all respect; "and that his majesty would take care that he " should not undergo any distress, hut would sup- " ply hin1 as his necessities required." And, shortly after, a message was sent to the ambassadors to let then1 kno,v, that the king had appointed such a day for to give them an audience to take their leave. The am- bassadors have au- dience of leave. h parting] departure from each other OF THE REBELLION. 465 This new importunity was as extraordinary as the BOOK XIII. former; C however, they perforlned their ceremonies; and about the beginJ!ing of March, after they had 1650. been in that court near fifteen months, they both left 1\1adrid in the sanle hour: the lord Cottington The lord k . h o .l!. V 11 d l . d h h } d h Cottington ta Ing IS course lor a a 0 I ; were e la t e lives at Val- sanle house provided, and made ready for him by : i .till the care of the English Jesuits there, in which he had d,velt at the tÌlne of his agency, when the court resided there; where he died ,vithin one year after, in the 77th year of his age. He was a very wise n1an, by the great and long His charac- experience he had in business of an kinds; and by ter. his natural telnper, which ,vas not liable to any transport of anger, or any other passion, but could bear contradiction, and even reproach, without being moved, or put out of his ,vay: for he was very steady in pursuing what he proposed to himselt and had a courage not to be frighted d with any opposition. It is true he was illiterate as to the grammar of any language, or the principles of any science; but by his perfectly understanding the Spanish, (which he spoke as a Spaniard,) the French, and Italian lan- c This new importunity was as e"Xtraordinary as the former ;] Thus in 111 S.: This new inl- portunity was as extraordinary as the former; which was not at all grievuus to the lord Cot- tington: who having obtained all he desired, was willing to be in his new habitation, which he had :sent to be made ready for him; but the other much de- sired that the winter might be a little more over, which con- tinued yet \'ery sharp; and was resolvcd not to obl'v the SUlll- YOL.YI. mons, till the weather mended; and likewise, out of indignation for their treatment, he very heartily resolved to refuse the present for the smallness of it, it being less than had been used to be given to any single ordi- nary ambassador. But the lord Cottington, with great impor- tunity, prenliled with him to decline both these contests, lest it might pro\Te prejudicial to him; and so they performed their ccremonie--, &c. d frio-hterl J fi.ilThtcd or amazed ð r") IIh 466 'rIIE HISTOltY 1650. guages, and having read very much in all, he could not be said to be ignorant in any part of learning, divinity only excepted. He had a very fine and extraordinary understanding in the nature of beasts and birds, and above all in all kind of plantations and arts of husbandry. He \vas born a gentleman both by father and mother, his father having a pretty entire seat near Bruton in Sonlersetshire, worth above two hundred pounds a year, which had descended from father to son for many hundred years, and is still in the possession of his elder brother's children, the fan1ily having been always Ronlan catholic. His n10ther was a Stafford, nearly allied to sir Edward Stafford; who was vice-chan1berlain to queen Eliza- beth, and had been an1bassador in France; by whon1 this gentlen1an was brought up, and ,vas gentleman of his horse, and left one of his executors of his ,viII, and by hin1 recon1111ended to sir Robert Cecil, then principal secretary of state; \vho preferred him to sir Charles Con,vallis, when he went a111bassador into Spain, in the beginning of the reign of king James; where he reillained, for the space of eleven or twelve years, in the condition of secretary or agent, without ever returning into England in all that tilne. He raised by his own virtue and industry a very fair estate, of ,vhich though the revenue did not exceed above four thousand pounds by the year; yet he had four very good houses, and three parks, the value whereof was not reckoned into that computation. He lived very nobly, well served and attended in his house; had a better stable of horses, better pro- vision for sports, (especially of hawks, in which he took great delight,) than n10st of his quality, and lived always with great splendour; for though he BOOl{ XIII. OF 'l"HE REBELLIO:S. 467 loved Inoney very well, and lid not \varily enough BOO K consider the circumstances of getting it, he spent it XIII. ,veIl all ","ays but in giving, \vhich he did not affect. 1650. He ,vas of an excellent hunlour, and very easy to live \vith; and, under a grave countenance, covered the most of mirth, and caused more, than any man of the most pleasant disposition. He never used any body ill, but used lTIany very wen for whonl he had no regard: his greatest fault \vas, that he could dissemble, and make men believe that he loved thenl very wen, when he cared not for them. He had not very tender affections, nor bO\\Tels apt to yearn at all objects which deserved c0111passion: he was heartily weary of the world, and no man \vas lTIOre willing to die; which is an argun1ent that he had peace of conscience. He left behind hin1 a greater esteenl of his parts, than Jove to his person. The other ambassador was dis111issed \vith much The other . . ambassador InOre courtesy: for when they heard that hIS famIly dismissed ren1ained at Ant\verp in Flanders, and that he in- ;: s ;:lr- tended to go thither, and stay there till he received other orders from the king his master, they gave him all despatches thither which n1ight be of use to him in those parts. The king of Spain hÌ1nself used many gracious expressions to him at his last au- dience, and sent after\vards to him a letter for the archduke Leopold; in \vbich he expressed the good opinion he had of the anlbassador; and commanded, " that, whilst he should choose to reside in thosp "parts, under his governll1ent <', he should receive " all respect, and enjoy all privileges as an anlhas- " sador:" and ùon Le\vis de Haro writ likewise to e go\'crnment] command II h 2 4()8 'rHE I-IIS'TORY BOO K the archduke, and the count of Fuensaldagna, "to XIII. I k .. --" 00 upon hin1 as hIS partIcular friend:" all which 1650. cerelnonies, though they cost then1 nothing, were of real benefit and advantage to the alnbassador: for besides the treatment he received froll1 the archduke himself in Brussels, as ambassador, such directions, or recomnlendations, were sent to the 11lagistrates at Antwerp, that he enjoyed the privilege of his chapel, and all the English, who vere numerous then in that city, repaired thither with all freedom for their devotion, and the exercise of their religion: which liberty had never been before granted to any man there, and which the English, and Irish priests, and the Roman catholics of those nations, exceedingly murmured at, and used all the endeavours they could to have taken away, though in vain. In his In his passage through France he waited upon passage . d . . through the queen n10ther, who receIve hIm very gracious- }'rance he I d h .r: d h h h h . h waits on the y; an e loun t ere, t at t e success W IC queen lllO- Cron1,vell had obtained in Scotland ( thou g h the there kjng was still there, and in a better condition than before) had the sallIe effect in the court of France as it had in the court of Spain; it gave over all thoughts of the king, as in a condition not only de- plorable, but as absolutely desperate. The death of There had, a little before, fallen out an accident the prince of Orange. that troubled France very much, and no less pleased Spain; ,vhich was the death of the prince of Orange ; a young prince of great hope and expectation, and of a spirit that desired to be in action. He had found, that the peace between Spain and the Low Countries, which his father had been so solicitous to make, even at his expiration, was not like to pre- serve him in equal lustre to what the three former OF 'rHE REBELLION. 4GÐ princes had enjoyed; and therefore he wished no- thing more, than that an opportunity Inight be offered to enter upon the war. He complained loudly, that the court of Spain had not observed, nor performed, many of those conditions which it was obliged to do for the particular benefit of hin1 and his fanlily: ,vhereby he continued involved in many debts, ,vhich were uneasy to hilll; and so, upon all occasion which fell out, he adhered to that party in the States \vhich were known 1110st to favour the in- terest of France; which inclination f the cardinal, and the other Ininisters of that crown, used all pos- sible care and endeavour to cultivate; and Spain was so ll1uch affected with the apprehension of the consequence of that alteration, and with the con- science of their o\vn having pronloted it, by not having complied with their obligations, that they resolved to redeem their error, and to reconcile hinl again, if possible, to then1. To this purpose, a very great present was prepared at Madrid to be sent to hÏln, ten brave Spanish horses, the worst of which cost there three hundred pounds sterling, with many other rarities of great value, and like\vise a present of plate, jewels, and perfun1ed leather, to the princess royal his ,vife; and a full assurance, "that they " would forth \vith begin to perform all the articles " which were to be done by then1, and finish all " within a short time." 'fhe express, who was appointed to accolnpany the present, and to perfornl the other functions, \\raS to begin his journey within two days, \\rhen the news arrived, by an express frolH Brussels, who BOOK XIII. I G50. f inclination] good inclination HhS 470 "I'HE HISTORY BOOR. came In as short a time as could be imagined, that x III. the prince of Orange \vas dead of the smallpox, 1650. and had left the princess with child, and very near His princess her time; \vho was brought to bed of a son \vithin deli\'ered of. . asonshortIy few days after hIS decease. The court at MadrId nfter. could not conceal its joy, nor dissemb]e their opi- nion, that the enenlY whose influence they Inost ap- prehended was fortunately taken out of the way. On the other hand, France owned a great sorrow and grief for the loss of a man WhOlTI they believed to be more than ordinarily affected to them; and who, by a conjunction with their friends in Hol- land, might, in a short time, be much superior to that party in the States which adhered to the Span- ish interest. The king But nobody received so insupportable prejudice lost a sure friend in and damage, by this fatal blo\v, as the king of Great the prince. Britain did; towards whom that brave prince gave all the testimony and lnanifestation of the most en- tire, fast, and unshaken affection and friendship, that hath ever been perforn1ed towards any person under any signal Dlisfortune. Besides the assisting him, upon several enlergent occasions, with greater sunlS of nloney than were easy to his incumbered fortune, his reputation, and his declared resolution, " that he " \vould venture all he had in that quarrel," disposed many to be more concerned for his lnajesty. Though he could not prevail over that faction in Holland, \vhich \vere kno\vn to favour CrOlll\Vell, (and the lnore out of their aversion to hÍ111, and to his power and greatness,) to induce thenl to serve the king, yet he kept the tates General froln consenting to that infamous alliance and conjunction, which, short- ly after his death, they entered into with the new OF THE REBELLION. 471 re p ublic; and which they would never have yielded BOO K XIII. to, if he had lived. And, no doubt, the respect both France and Spain had for hiln, and his interposition, I ô50. had prevailed ,vith both to be lllore restrained g than theyafter\vards appeared to be, in a total declining all consideration of the king, and rejecting all thoughts of his restoration. It contributed very much to the negligent farewell the ambassadors had received in Spain; for the news of the prince's death had arrived there some time h before their departure: and it did not only extinguish all imaginations in France of any possible hope for our king, but very much lessened the respect and civility ,vhich that court had al\vays shc\ved to the queen herself, as a daughter of France; towards whom they expressed not that regard they had formerly done. But there was another accident, which, at this titne, gave the queen lllore trouble than this; and of ,vhich her nlajesty 111ade great complaint to the chancellor of the exchequer at his return from Spain. Upon the interview which had been bet\veen the king and the queen at Beauvais, when the king went for Holland, upon the foresight, if not the re- solution, that it ,vould b fit for him to adventure his o\vn person into Scotland, he had left his hrotherTouching th d k f Y k . h } . h d . . the duke e u e 0 or ,vIt t Ie queen, 'VIt Irectlon, of York left " h 1 h ld .!'. h . If . ] J with the t at Ie s ou conlorn1 llllse entIre y to t le queen. " ,vill and pleasure of the queen his nlother, matters " of religion only excepted." And there w'as the less doubt of his conformity to her cOlllmands, be- cause, besides his piety and duty, which was very entire towards her, he was to depend wholly upon g luore restrained] less impudent h ome time] some 1l1onths ]1 h 4 47 TI-IE IIISTORY J 650. her bounty for his support; the court of France not taking any notice of this increase of her expense i, nor paying her o,vn narrow assignation with any punctuality; so that she ,vas not able, besides the reservedness in her nature, so to suppJy hiln as to nlake his condition pleasant to him; but exercised the sanle austere carriage to,vards him, which she had done to the prince his brother, and as unsuc- cessfully. The duke was very young, with a nume- rous family of his own, not ,veIl enough inclined to be contented, and consisting of persons "rho loved not one another, nor their l11aster well enough to consider hitn before themselves: which wrought that effect upon him, that none of theln had that credit ,,'ith him, that, at such an age, some good men ought to have had: ,vhich proceeded from want of reasonable providence and circulnspection. For when he Inade his escape out of England, as is lnentioned before, he had only one person attending him, (,vho had, before, no relation or pretence to his service,) whose merit might have been otherwise requited, than by giving hin1 a title and dependence upon him; and he quickly appeared to be so un,vorthy- of it, that he was ren10ved froln it. Then was the tilne that such persons should have been placed about him, as Inigbt have both discovered such in- firmities, as his nature might incline him to, and have infused those principles of virtue k and honour, as he was lnost capable of, and disposed to; and which had been as proper for his present misfortune, as for his highest dignity. But that province was wholly committed to the queen his mother by the nOOK XllI. I of this increase of her expense] of the change k virtue] piety OF THE REBELLION. 473 late king, who was then in prison; and her majesty being then at Paris, when the duke landed in Hol- land, she could not deliberate so long upon it as such a subject required; and so was persuaded by others to consider them more than her son; and made haste to put such a fan1ily about him, with reference to the nUlnber, and to the offices which they were designed to serve in, as was above the greatness to \vhich the younger son of the cro,vn of England could pretend, by the usage and custom of that kingdom, when it was in the greatest splen- dour; and all this, when there was not in view the least revenue to support it, but that the whole charge and burden of it must inevitably fall upon her; of ,vhich her ll1ajesty was quickly sensible, and paid the penalty at least in the peace and quiet of her mind. The duke ,vas full of spirit and courage, and na- turally loved designs, and desired to engage himself in some action that Inight in1prove and ad vance the low condition of the king his brother; towards vihom he had an inviolable affection and fidelity, superior to any temptation. He ,vas not pleased with the treatment he received in France, nor had confidence enough in any of his servants, to be advised by them towards the contriving any expedient that he might reasonably dispose himself to, or to be dissuaded from any enterprise which his own passion might suggest to hÍIn; though too many had too much credit with him in contributing to his discontents, and in representing the uncomfortableness of his o,vn condition to him; "the little regard the queen ap- " peared to have of him, the lustre that some of her " servants lived in, and those who depended upon BOOK XIII. 1650. 474 'rHE HISTORY BOOK "theIn, whilst his royal highness wanted all that XIII. " ,vas necessary, and his servants 'v ere exposed to ] 650. "the most scandalous necessities and contempt;" which suggestions, by degrees, began to abate I that reverence in hitn to the queen his 1110ther, to ", hich he was very dutifully inclined. There were at that tÍlne two persons, who, though without any relation to the court, very much fre- quented the duke's lodgings, and had frequent dis- Sir Edward courses with hiIn, sir Ed \vard Herbert, the late Herbert and sir G. king's attorney general, (of ,,,horn lnuch is said be- :: l eat fore,) and sir George Ratcliff, who had been de... : est in signed by that king to attend upon the duke of York into Ireland, when he once thought of send- ing hÏ1n thither. But that design being quickly laid aside, there was no nlore thought of using his ser- vice there. The duke looked upon them both as wise tnen, and fit to give him advice; and finding that they hoth applied thelllselves to him with dili- gence and address, he comulunicated his thoughts more freely to then1 than to any others. And they took pains to persuade hiln to dislike the condition he was in, and that he might spend his time more to his advantage in SOBle other place than in France. They re- They spoke often to him of the duke of Lorrain, commend to him the "as a pattern and exalnple for all unfortunate pattern of". [' II h 1 b . 1, tl the duke of prInCeS to 10 OW: t at Ie eJng, uy le po\ver Lorrain. "and injustice of the king of France, driven out of " his principality and dOlninions, had, by his own " virtue and activity, put hÏ1nself in the head of an " army; by which he made himself so considerable, " that he was courted by both the crowns of France I which suggestions, by de- endeavoured to abate grees, began to abate] and so OF THE REBELLION. 475 " and Spain, and might make his conditions \vith BOO K XIII. " either according to his own election; and in the "mean time Jived \vith great reputation, and in 1650. " great plenty, esteemed by all the world for his " courage and conduct." 'Vith these, and the like discourses, the duke ,vas much pleased and an1used, and wished in himself that he could be put into such a condition, \vhen in truth there could not a nlore improper exaulple have been proposed to him, \vhose condition was more unlike his, or \vhose for- tune and manners he was less to "rish to follow, or less able to inlitate. For the duke of Lorrain had, The duke of .!'. . . .(' h d Lorrain's lor 111any years before hIS nlIslortunes, a great character. name in ,val', and was looked upon as one of the greatest captains of Christendom; and had drawn the arlns and po\ver of France upon hinl, by his in- constancy, and adhering to Spain, contrary to his treaty and obligation with the other crown; and \vhen he was driven out of his own country, and not able to defend it, he was in the head of a very good arlny, and possessed of great wealth, which he carried with him, and could not but be very ,vel-' COlne, as he well kne\v, into Flanders, both as his lllisfortune proceeded from his affection to their king, and as his forces were necessary for their de- fence. And so he made such conditions \vith thenl, as were most beneficial to hÏInself, and yet, in the consequence, so unsuccessful, as might ,veIl terrify all other princes froln treading in the same foot- steps. "lith the report of the defeat of that arnlY by Cromwell in Scotland, (\vhich "ras the first good for- tune to the king,) or shortly after, some letters fron1 England bI'ought intelligence, without any ground, 476 'I'HE HISTORY BOO K that the king \vas dangerously sick; and shortly XIII. after, that he \vas dead; which was believed in TI 16 k O. England, and froln thence transmitted into France. le mg . believed in ThIS gave a new alarm to those two gentlemen France to · d b .L' · d . ..L' · be dead. mentlone elOre, wI10 reCeIVe thIS Iniormatlon from such friends in England, that they did really believe it to be true; and thereupon concluded, that both the place and the C0111pany would not be fit for the new king to be found in; and therefore that it wO'uld be necessary for him to remove froin thence, before the report should be confirnled and believed. \Vhether they imparted this nice consideration to the duke or not, his highness, without any preface The duke of the Inotives, told the q ueen, "he \vas resolved to of York ac- quaints his " 111ake a journey to Brussels;" \vho, being exceed- mother that · I . d . h d he will go Ing y SUrprISe , asked 111m t e reason; an " how : l :r ili_ "he could be able to make such a journey?" which ther he she in truth believed impossible for hhn, since she goes. knew he had no money. His answer in short \vas, " that he would visit the duke of Lorrain, \vho had "been always a friend to his father, and continued " his affection to the king his brother; and he had " some reason to believe, that duke would enable " him to appear in action, that might be for his n1a- " jesty's service; and that he was resolved to begin " his journey the next day;" from \vhich neither the queen's advice nor authority could divert hÍJn. Her majesty quickly discerned, that neither the lord Byron, nor sir John Berkeley, nor l\lr. Bennet, his secretary, knew any thing of it; and therefore easily concluded who the counsellors \vere; who were both very ungracious to her, and she had long done all she could to lessen the duke's esteem of theI11. They ,veIl foresaw that the want of money would be of OF TI-IE ItEBELLION. 477 that force, that, without any other difficulty, the journey would be rendered impossible. They had therefore, upon their o\vn credit, or out of their own store, procured as n1uch as would defray the jour- ney to Brussels; which, by the duke's directions, was put into the hands of sir George Ratcliff, and to be managed by his providence and discretion. And then he publicly declared his resolution to be- gin his journey the next day for Brussels, leaving his servants to make \vhat shift they could to stay there m, or follow him. Since there was no remedy, the queen thought it necessary that his chief servants should \vait on him, that she lnight receive an account n what progress he made, and what his design could be: so the lord Byron and Mr. Bennet made themselves ready for the journey; sir John Berkeley choosing to stay be- hind, that he might not appear inferior where he had exercised the supreme charge. And so, with the other t\VO counsellors, and lTIany of the inferior servants, the duke, according to his resolution, left the queen; and, when he came to Brussels, he lodg- ed at the house of sir Henry de Vic, the king's resi- dent, without being taken notice of by any of that court. rrhere the two counsellors begun to form his family, and to confer offices upon those who were most acceptable to them; presuming that they should shortly receive ne\vs from England, which \vould confirm all that they had done under other titles. In the mean time the government of the house, and ordering the expense, was comlnitted wholly to sir George Ratcliff, whilst the other contented hinlse]f m to stay there] to attend n an account] advertisement BOOK XIII. 1 G50. 478 THE HIsrrORY BOO K with presiding in the councils, and directin g all the XIII. politic designs. The duke of Lorrain had visited 1650. the duke upon his first arrival, and, being inforn1ed of the straits his royal highness \vas in, presented him \vith one thousand pistoles. But now the se- cret ground of all their counsels ,vas found to be without any reality: the king was not only alive, and in good health, but known to be in the head of an arlny that looked Cromwell in the face; ,vhich destroyed all the machine they had raised: yet, being too far en1barked to retire ,vith any grace, and being encouraged by the civility the duke of Lorrain had shewed towards the duke, they had the His two presumption to propose that there mi g ht be a mar- counsellors propose a riage between the duke of York and the daughter m h 9 him with of the duke of Lorraln by the countess of Canteeroy ; the duke of h h I d bI " I . d b h . h . Lorrain's W 0111 e 1a pU IC Y marrIe, u t w IC marrIage ð b s h r t d \vas declared at ROine to be void, by reason that his aUt) er. forlner ,vife was still alive. 'Vhen the duke of Lorrain sa\v how the affairs of this young prince were conducted, and that the lord Byron and Mr. Bennet, who were men ,veIl bred, and able to have discoursed any business to hitn, one whereof was his governor and the other his se- cretary, ,,,ho by their offices ought to be more trusted in an affair of that Inonlent, ,vere not at all acquaint- ed with it, and that the other two persons, who were men of a very unusual l11ien, appeared in it, and that only sir George Ratcliff undertook to speak to hin1 about it, \vho could only make hÎ1nself understood in Latin, \vhich the duke cared not to speak in, he declined entertaining the motion, till he n1Ïght know that it \vas made with the king's approbation; \vhich the other did not pretend it to be, but, " that he did OF T HE REBELLION. 479 " not doubt it \vould be after\vards approved by his BOO K XUI. "lnajesty." Thus they were at the end of their projects: and there being no means to stay longer ] 650. at Brussels, they persuaded the duke to visit his ' h,e du e VISitS Ius sister at the Hague, and there to consider and ad- sister at vise \vhat was next to be done. the Hague. Of an these particulars the queen complained to the chancellor of the exchequer, with great bitter- ness against the folly and pres.umption of those two gentlelnen, ,vhose fidelity to the king she did not suspect; nor could she imagine the motive that had engaged them in such a bold undertaking; but she required hinl, "that, as soon as he should COlne into " Flanders, he \vouJd lnake a journey to the Hague, " and prevail ,vith the duke" (to \Vh0111 she ,vrit to the same purpose) " to return again to Paris ;" ,vhich the chancellor pronlised to endeavour heartily to do, being exceedingly troubled at the general discourse, which that sally had administered, as if there 'v ere a schism in the royal family in a season ,vhen so llluch union 0 ,vas requisite. There ,vas another instance of the king's extreme lo\v condition, and of the highest disrespect the court of "rance could express to\vards hÍIn, and of \vhich all the protestant party of the queen's falnily com- plained very vehemently. From the tinle of the queen's being in France, the late king had appointed a chaplain of his o,vn, Dr. Cosins, ,vho \vas after- wards bishop of Durham, to attend upon her 11la- jesty for the constant service of that part of her household, the nlunber of her prote tant servants heing much superior to those who \vere ROlnan ca- o union] unity 480 THE HISTORY B I I tholics. And the queen had ahvays punctually com- plied with the king's directions, and used the chap- 1650. . laIn very graciously, and assigned him a competent support with the rest of her servants. An under roon1 in the Louvre, out of any COlnmon passage, had been assigned for their morning and evening devo- tions; the key whereof was c0111mitted to the chap- lain; who caused the rooln to be decently furnished, and kept; being made use of to no other purpose. Here, when the prince first came thither, and after- wards, whilst he stayed, he perforn1ed his devotions all the week, but went Sundays still to the resident's Dr. osins house to hear sermons. At this tÍlne an order was forbId to officiate to sent from the queen regent, " that that room should the protest- . ants in the " be no more applIed to that purpose, and that the queen'sfa- F h k . ld . h . f mily at Pa-" renc Ing wou not permIt t e exercIse 0 any rise " other religion in any of his houses than the Ro- " man catholic:" and the queen gave notice to the chaplain, "that she was no longer able to continue "the payment of the exhibition she had forlnerly " assigned to him." The protestants, 'v hereof many were of the best quality, lan1ented this alteration to the chancellor of the exchequer; and desired hÏ1n to intercede with the queen, which he had the n10re title to do, because, at his going into Spain, she had vouchsafed to prol11ise him, (upon some run10urs, of which he took notice,) "that the same privilege " which had been, should still be continued, and en- "joyed by the protestants of her household; and "that she would provide for the chaplain's sub- The chan "sistence." He presumed therefore to speak with cellor . h h . d speaks with her Inajesty upon It; and besoug t er to consl er, the queen h e n · . } · d ld k about it. "w at I InlpresSlon t us new or er WOll D1a e " upon the protestants of all the king's dOlninions; OF THE REBELLION. 481 " upon whom he was chiefly to depend for his re- BOOK XIII. " storation; and how much prejudice it might be to " herself, to be looked upon as a great.er enemy to 1650. " protestants, than she had been taken notice of to " he; and likewise, whether this order, which had "been given since the departure of the duke of " York, might not he made use of as an excuse for " his not returning, or indeed for his going away at , first P, since the precise time \vhen it issued would " not be generally understood." The queen heard him very graciously, and acknowledged, "that whatThequeen's "he said had reason in it; but protested that she answer. " knew not what remedy to apply to it; that she "had been herself surprised \vith that order, and " was troubled at it; but that the queen regent was " positive in it, and blamed her for want of zeal in " her religion; and that she cared not to advance it, " or to convert any of her children." She wished him "to confer \vith 1\11'. Montague upon it;" and implied, " that his bigotry in his new religion had "contributed nluch to the procuring that order." He had ne\vly taken orders, and was become priest in that church, and had great power with the queen regent, as well for his animosity against that religion he had professed, as for his vehement zeal for the church of which he no\v \vas. Upon this occasion, her majesty expressed a great sense of the loss she had sustained by the death of her old confessor, fa- ther Phillips; who, she said, "was a prudent and "discreet man; and would never suffer her to be " pressed to any passionate undertakings, under pre- P his going away at first] his remove YOL. VI. I i 48fl 1.'HE HIS TOllY H 0 0 K "tence of doing good for catholics; and always told XIII. " her, that, as she ought to continue firm and con- I G50. "stant to her ù,vn religion, so she was to live well "towards the protestants, who deserved well from " her, and to whom she was beholding." She said, " it would not be possible to have the same or any " other room set aside, or allowed to be used as a " chapel; but that she would take such course, that " the family lnight meet for the exercise of their de- " votion in some private room that belonged to their " lodgings: and that though her own exhibition " was so ill paid, that she was indebted to all her " servants, yet she would give order that Dr. Cosins " (against \vhom she had some personal exceptions) " should receive his salary, in proportion \vith the " rest of her servants." She bid him "assure the " duke of York, that he should have a free exercise " of his religion, as he had before, though it must " not be in the same place." Ti l l I e chan- ':rhe chancellor conferred with Mr. 1\1onta g ue ce or con- fers with upon the subject; and offered the saIne reasons Mr. Mon- tague about which he had done to the queen; ,vhich he looked it. upon as of no llloment; but said, " that the king of " France was master in his own house, and he " was resolved, though the king of England himself " should COllie thither again, never to pernlit any " solenln exercise of the protestant religion in any " house of his." rrhe consideration of what the pro- testants in England lllight think on this occasion was of least moment to him; and it was indeed the conUIlon discourse there, "that the protestants of " the church of England could never do the king " service, but that all his hopes must be in the Ro- OF THE REBELLION. 83 "man catholics, and the presbyterians; and that BOO K XIII. " he ought to give all satisfaction to both those " parties." \Vhen the chancellor of the exchequer came to Antwerp, with a purpose to 111ake a journey speedily to the IIague, he was informed, "that the States "were nluch offended that the duke of York re- "ß1ained there; and therefore that the princess " royal" (\"ho now more depended upon their favour than ever; her o\vn jointure, as ,veIl as the fortune of her son, being to be settled q in their judicatory) " could no longer entertain him, but that he \vould " be the next day at Breda." Thither the chancel- lor inll11ediately went; and found the duke there The chan- · h e. . 1 . II h fì .. · bl . cellor finds \VIt a lamI Y In ate con USIon ImagIna e, In pre- the duke of f I · d k · h York at sent ,vant 0 every t lIng, an not no,vIng "r at Breda; and was to be done next. 'fhe y all censured and re- the factions of the proached the counsel by which they had been d ke's fa- . . nuly there. gUIded, and the counsellors as bItterly inveighed against each other, for undertaking many things ,vhich had no foundation in truth. They \"ho con- curred in nothing else \vere equally severe against the attorney, as a man of that intolerable pride r, that it was not possible for any man to converse \vith hÍ1n. lIe as frankly reproached theln all ,vith being 111en of no parts, of no understanding, nor lcarning, no principles, and no resolution, and \vas so just to thelll all, as to contemn every 111an of thClll alike. In truth he had rendered himself so grievous to them all, that there was no lTIan ,vho desired to be in his company; yet, hy the knack of his talk, \vhich was the ll10St like reason without be- 165'0. q settled] resolved pride] as a madman, and of that r as a man of that intolerable intoleraùle pride Ii 2 4B! THE HIS"rORY nno King it, he retained still too ll1uch credit with the XIII. duke; who, being alnused and confounded with his 1650. positive discourse, thought him to be wiser than those w.ho were more easily understood; and was himself so young, that he was rather delighted with the journeys he had made, than sensible that he had not entered upon them with reason enough; and was fortified with a firm resolution never to acknow- ledge that he had committed any error. However, he was very glad to receive the queen's letter, which the chancellor delivered to him; heard his advice very willingly, and resolved to begin his journey to Paris without any delay; and looked upon the oc- casion, as a very seasonable redemption. The next The duke day he went to Antwerp; and from thence, with returns to h · h h d · d · h h . I Paris to the t e same retInue e a carrIe WIt 1m, mae e queen. haste to Paris, and was received by the queen his mother without those expostulations and reprehen- sions which he might reasonably have expected; though her severity ,vas the same towards all those, who, she thought, had had the credit and po,ver to seduce hilll; and they \vere not solicitous, by any apologies or confession, to recover her favour: for the true reason that had s\vayed theln being not to be avowed, any other that they could devise and suggest would have rendered them more inex- cusable. The king's During this time, the king underwent all kind of affairs in Scotland. mortifications in Scotland. But after the defeat of the Scottish arlllY in September, with which the king and Cromwell were equally delighted, as hath been said before, the marquis of Argyle's empire seemed not to be so absolute. A new army was ap- pointed to be raised; the king himself interposed OE"t "rHE REBELLION. 485 nlore than he had done; and the noblemen and offi- cers came to him with more confidence: and his ll1ajesty took upon him to conlplain and expostulate, ,\Then those things were done ,,-hich he did not like: yet the power was still in Argyle's hands; \\Tho, un- der all the professions of hun1ility, exercised still the saIne tyranny; insoilluch as the king grew \\Teary of his o\vn patience, and resolved to nlake some at- tempt to free himself s . Dr. Frazier, \vho had been the king's physician many years before, and had constantly attended upon bis person, and very ll1uch contributed to the king's journey into Scotland, was, shortly after his coming thither, disliked by Argyle; who knc\v that he was a creature of the Hamilto- nians, and found hitn to be of an unquiet and over- active spirit; and thereupon sequestered him from his attendance. There were nlany officers who had served in duke Hamilton's engagement, as l\liddle- ton, and others, who had very entire affections for the king; and many of then1 had corresponded with l\lountrose, and resolved to have joined with him; and finding themselves excluded, as all of them w re, from any employment by the pO\\Ter of Ar- gyle, had retired into the Highlands, and ren1ained there concealed in expectation of some good season, in which they might avowedly appear. 'Vith SOlne of these Dr. Frazier had held correspondence whilst he ,vas in the court, and had often spoken to the king of their affection, and readiness to serve hillI, and of their power to do it, and had returned his majesty's gracious acceptation of their service, and his resolution to employ then1. And now, not being BOOI{ Xlli. 1650. II to free himself] in his own vindication Ii 3 486 ' eHE HISTORY BOOK himself suffered to come to the court, he found XIII. means to meet and confer ,vith many of them; and 1650. held intelligence with the lord Lautherdale, who had al ways great confidence in hin1; and the officers un- dertaking to do more than they could, or the doctor understanding them to undertake more than they did, (for his fidelity was never suspected,) he gave the king such an account of their numbers, as well as resolutions, that his majesty appointed a day for their rendezvous, and promised to be present with theIn, and then to publish a declaration (which was likewise prepared) of the ill treatnlent he had en- dured, and against the person of Argyle; to whom the duke of Buckingham t gave himself wholly up, and imparted to him all this correspondence, having found SOlne of the letters which had passed, by the king's having left his cabinet open; for he was not at all trusted in it. The king But Argyle did not think the time so near; so withdraws .. . towards the that the kIng dId prosecute thIS purpose so far, that Highlands; h .. d d · h d h . which was e 10 e one ay, WIt a ozen or twenty orse, Into :t the the Highlands, and lodged there one night; neither the marquis of Argyle, nor any body else, knowing what was become of him; which put them all into great distraction. It was indeed a very empty and unprepared design, contrived and conducted by Dr. Frazier, ,vithout any foundation to build upon; and l1light ,veIl have ruined the king. It was after- ,vards called the Start; yet it proved, contrary to the expectation of wi e Iuen, very much to his llla.. But is per- jesty's adNantage. For though he ,vas compelled suaded to . . return the the next day to return, \vlth a CIrcumstance that next day. t duke of Buckingham] ft-IS. former professions adds: notwithstanding all his OF TI-IE REBELLION. 4S7 seemed to have some\vhat of force in it, (for as the BOO K XIII. company he looked for failed to appear, so there was a troop of horse, which he looked not for, sent ] 650. by Argyle, who used very effectual instance with him to return,) yet notwithstanding, this declara- tion of his majesty's resentment, together with the observation of what the people generally spoke upon it, "that the king was not treated as he ought to The king . better used " be," made the marquis of Argyle change hIs coun- afterwards I d b I " " . f h k . A by Ar " the house of an honest gentlen1an, one 1\11'. Lane, " a person of an excellent reputation for his fidelity " to the king, but of so universal and general a good " name, that, though he had a son, who had been a " colonel in the king's service, during the late ,val", " and ,vas then upon his ,yay ,vith men to \V orces- " tel' the very day of the defeat, men of all affections " in the country, and of all opinions, paid the old " 1113n a very great respect: that he had been very " civilly treated there, and that the old gentleman " had used SOUle diligence to find out where the king " ,vas, that he 11light get him to his house; where, " he was sure, he could conceal hiln till he Inight " contrive a full deJiverance." I-Ie told hilll, "he " had ,vithdra,vn from that house, in hope b that he " might, in SOllIe other place, C discover where his " Inajesty ,vas, and having now happily found him, " advised hÏ1n to repair to that house, ,vhich stood " 110t near any other." The king inquired of the lllonk of the reputation of this gentleillan; ,vho told hinI, "that he had a "fair estate; \vas exceedingly beloved; and the " eldest justice of peace of that county of Stafford; " and though he ,vas a very zealous protestant, yet " he lived \vith 80 llluch civility and candour to,vards " the catholics, that they \\Tould all trust hiln, as h ill hope] aud put himself c in some uther place,] lVot III amongst. the catholics in hope 11] 8. BOOK XIII. 165] . 526 T'IIE HIS'I'ORY BOOK "lnuch as they,vould do any of their own profes- XIII, " sion; and that he could not think of any place of ] 65]. "so good repose and security for his lnajesty's repair "to." The king d liked the proposition, yet thought not fit to surprise the gentleman; but sent "'ihnot thither again, to assure hirnself that he Blight be re- ceived there; and was willing that he should kno\v ,vhat guest he received; ,vhich hitherto ,vas so 111uch concealed, that none of the houses, where he had yet been, knew, or seelned to suspect more than that he ,vas one of the king's party that fled from 'V orces- ter. The monk carried him to a house at a reason- able distance, \vhere he ,vas to expect an account from the lord Wihuot; \vho returned very punctu- ally, with as nluch assurance of ,velcolne as he could The king ,vish. And so they t\VO went together to 1\11'. Lane's brought h h h k . .l.'. d h I d by him to ouse; 'V ere t e lng loun e \vas we cOlne, an l\ b :1r. Lane's con venien tI y acconlnlodated in such P laces, as in a ouse. large house had been provided to conceal the persons of malign ants, or to preserve goods of value from being plundered. Here he lodged, and eat very well ; and begun to hope that he ,vas in present safety. \Vilmot returned under the care of the monk, and expected sumnlons, ,yhen any farther Illotion should be thought to be necessary. In this station the king remained in quiet and blessed security many days, receiving every day in- forlnation of the general consternation the kingdom was in, out of the apprehension that his person nlight fall into the hands of his enemies, and of the great diligence they used to inquire for hinl. He saw the d The king] The king, who mind to eat well as to sleep, by this time had as good a OF 1."'HE REHELLIO . 527 proclalnation that ,vas issued out and printed; in ß 0 0 K XIII. which a thousand pounds were promised to any man ,vho \vould deliver and discover the person of Charles _ ) fi51. Stuart, and the penalty of high treason declared against those ,vho preSl1l11ed to harbour or conceal hiln: by \vhich he sa,v ho,v llluch he ,vas beholding to all those ,vho were faithful to hin1. It ,vas no," tÎlne to consider how he might get e near the sea, frolll ,vhence he might find SOU1e U1eans to transport hi mself : and he ,vas no,v near the middle of the kingdom, saving that it was a little more northward, where he ,vas utterly unacquainted ,vith all the ports, and with that coast. In the west he was best acquainted, and that coast "ras most proper to trans- port hÍln into France; to ,vhich he was inclined f. Upon this Blatter he communicated ,vith those of this family to ,vhom he was known, that is, ,,,ith the old gentlenlan the father, a very grave and venerable person; the colonel his eldest son, a very plain man in his discourse and behaviour, but of a fearless cou- rage, and an integrity superior to any teillptation; and a daughter of the house, of a very good 'v it and discretion, and very fit to bear any part in such a trust. It was a benefit, as ,veIl as an inconvenience, in those unhappy tilnes, that the affections of all 11len 'v ere alUlost as ,veIl kno,vn as their faces, by the discoyery they had made of thelnselves, in those sad seasons, in many trials and persecutions: so that nlen knew not only the minds of their next neigh- hours, and those ,vho inhabited near them, but, upon conference ,vith their friends, could choose fit houses, at any distance, to repose thelnselves in security, t' get.] find himself f inclined] most inclined 528 'rHE HISTORY BOOK from one end of the kingdom to another, without XIII. trusting the hospitality of a COlllnon inn: and Inen 1651. ,vere very rarely deceived in their confidence upon such occasions, but the persons with ,vhom they 'v ere at any time, could conduct them to another house of the same affection. 1\1:1'. Lane had a niece, or very near kinswo111an, ,vho \vas married to a gentlelnan, one 1\1:1'. Norton, a person of eight or nine hundred pounds jJer anll'll11l, who lived within four or five IniIes of Bristol, which was at least four or five days' journey fronl the place w here the king then ,vas, bu t a place most to be ,vished for the king to be in, because he did not only kno\v all that country very ,veIl, but knew Hlany persons also, to whon1, in an extraordinary case, he Here it was durst make himself kno\vn. It was hereupon re- ; :o : solved, that 1\1:1'8. Lane should visit this cousin, "rho t:I should go ,vas known to be of g ood affections. and that she to Mr. ' Norton's; should ride behind the king, ,vho ,vas fitted \vith riding be- . fore l\Irs. clothes and boots for such a servIce; and that a ser- Lane. f h .c. h ' . h . I . h Id . vant 0 er 1at er s, In IS Ivery, s ou ,valt upon her. A good house ,vas easily pitched upon for the first night's lodging; where 'Viln10t had notice given him to lneet. And in this equipage the king begun his journey; the colonel keeping him cOlnpany at a distance, ,vith a hawk upon his fist, and t\VO or three spaniels; which, ,vhere there \vere any fields at hand, \varranted him to ride out of the way, keeping his con1pany still in his eye, and not seenling to be of it. In this D1anner they caine to their first night's lodging; and they. need not now contrive to come to their journey's end about the close of the evening, for it was in the month of October far advanced, that the long journeys they made could not be de- OF THE REBELLION. 5 9 patched sooner. Here the lord Wilmot found them; and their journeys being then adjusted, he was in- structed where he should be every night: so they were seldom seen together in the journey, and rarely lodged in the saine house at night. In this manner the colonel hawked two or three days, till he had brought them within less than a day's journey of !\tIr. Norton's house; and then he gave his hawk to the lord Wilmot; \vho continued the journey in the same exerCIse. There ,vas great care taken when they came to any house, that the king might be presently carried into some chamber; Mrs. Lane declaring, " that he " was a neighbour's son \vhom his father had lent " her to ride before her, in hope that he would the " sooner recover from a quartan ague, with which " he had been miserably afflicted, and was not yet "free." And by this artifice she caused a good bed to be still provided for hÍln, and the best meat to be sent; which she often carried hersel:t to hinder others from doing it. There was no resting in any place till they came to l\lr. Norton's, nor any thing extraordinary that happened in the ,vay, save that they met many people every day in the ,yay, who were very well known to the king; and the day that they went to Mr. Norton's, they were necessarily to ride quite through the city of Bristol; a place, and people, the king had been so ,veIl acquainted with, that he could not but send his eyes ahroad to view the great alterations which had been made there, after his departure from thence: and when he rode near the place where the great fort had stood, he could not forbear putting his horse out of the VOL. VI. M m HOOK XIII. 1651. 530 TI-IE HIS".I:'ORY BOOK way, and rode with his mistress behind him round XIII. about it. Tl 165 1. They came to Mr. Norton's house sooner than )ey carne safe to Mr. usual, and it bein g on a hol y da y , the y saw man y P eo- Norton's tb ough pIe about a bowling-green that ,vas before the door; Bn8tol. d h fi h k . h I . f } . an t erst man t e lng saw ,vas a c ap aln 0 lIS own, who was allied to the gentlelllan of the house, and was sitting upon the rails to see how the bowlers played. 'Villiam, by which nan1e the king went, walked with his horse into the stable, until his mis- tress could provide for his retreat. Mrs. Lane was very ,velcome to her cousin, and was presently con- ducted to her chamber; ,vhere she no sooner was, than she lamented the condition of" a good youth, " who came with her, and Wh0111 she had borrowed " of his tàther to ride before her, 'v ho was very sick, " being newly recovered of an ague ;" and desired her cousin, " that a chamber might be provided for him, " and a good fire made: for that he would go early " to bed, and was not fit to be belo\v stairs." A pretty little chamber ,vas presently made ready, and a fire prepared, and a boy sent into the stable to call 'Villialn, and to shew him his chaIn bel'; who ,vas very glad to be there, freed from so much C0111pany as was below. Mrs. Lane was put to find some ex- cuse for making a visit at that til11e of the year, and so many days' journey fron1 her father, and ,vhere she had never been before, though the 111istress of the house and she had been bred together, and friends as \vell as kindred. She pretended, " that " she was, after a little rest, to go into Dorsetshire " to another friend." 'Vhen it ,vas supper-titne, there being broth brought to the table, Mrs. Lane filled a OF THE REBELLION. 531 little dish, and desired the butler, who waited at the BOOK table, "to carry that dish of porridge to 'Villiam, .. XIII. " and to tell hÏ1n that ]le should have SOlne meat 1651. " sent to him presently." The butler carried the porridge into the chalnber, with a napkin, and spoon, and bread, and spoke kindly to the young ll1an; who was willing to be eating. The butler, looking narro\vly upon hhn, fell upon !he king his knees, and with tears told hitn, "he was glad to wn " h . . " Th k . . fi . I butler of see IS maJesty. e Ing was In nlte y sur- the house. prised, yet recollected himself enough to laugh at the man, and to ask him, "what he meant?" The luan had been falconer to sir Thomas J erlnyn, and made it appear that he kne,v ,vell enough to whonl he spoke, repeating some particulars, which the king had not forgot. \Vhereupon the king conjured him " not to speak of what he kne,v, so much as to his "master, though he believed hitn a very honest "man." The fellow promised, and kept g his word; and the king was the better ,vaited upon during the tilne of his abode there. Dr. Gorges, the king's chaplain, being a gentleman of a good falnil y near that place, and allied to 1\11'. N or- ton, supped with them; and, being a man of a cheer- ful conversation, asked Mrs. Lane Inany questions concerning'Villialn, of whOln he sa,v she ,vas so careful by sending up meat to him, " ho,v long his " ague had been gone? and ,vhether he had purged " since it left hitn ?" and the like; to which she gave such ans,vers as occurred. The doctor, from the final prevalence of the parliament, had, as lnany others of that function had done, declined his pro, g kept] faithfully kept .:\1 In 2 BOOK XIII. 165 1. 53 '.f HE HISTOH.Y fession, and pretended to study physic. As soon as supper was done, out of good nature, and without telling any body, he went to see William. The king saw him coming into the chamber, and withdrew to the inside of the bed, that he might be farthest from the candle; and the doctor came, and sat down by hÎ1n, felt his pulse, and asked him many questions, which he answered in as few words as was possible, and expressing great inclination to go to his bed; to which the doctor left him, and went to Mrs. Lane, and told her, " that he had been with William, and " that he would do well;" and advised her what she should do if his ague returned. The next morning the doctor went away, so that the king saw him no more h . The next day the Lord Wilmot came to the house with his hawk, to see l\irs. Lane, and so con- ferred with 'Villiam; who was to consider what he ,vas to do. They thought it necessary to rest some days, till they were inforn1ed what port lay most convenient for them, and what person lived nearest to it, upon whose fidelity they might rely: and the king gave him directions to inquire after some per- sons, and some other particulars, of which when he should be fully instructed, he should return again to him. In the mean time Wilmot lodged at a house not far from l\1r. Norton's, to which he had been re- commended. After some days' stay here, and communication between the king and the lord 'Vilmot by letters, the king caIne to know that colonel Francis 'Vind- hain lived within little more than a day's journey of the place where he was; of which he was very glad; b sa\v him no more] MS. adds.' of wbicb be was right glad. OF THE ItEBELLIO . 5g3 for besides the inclination he had to his eldest bro- BOO K XIII. ther, whose wife had been his nurse, this gentleman had behaved himself very ,veIl during the war, and 1651. had been governor of Dunstar castle, where the king had lodged when he ,vas in the west. After the end of the war, and when all other places were surrendered in that county, he likewise surrendered that, upon fair conditions, and made his peace, and af- terwards married a ,vife with a competent fortune, and lived quietly, ,vithout any suspicion of having lessened his affection towards the king. The king sent 'Vilmot to him, and acquainted him where he was, and " that he ,vould gladly speak " with him." I t was not hard for him to choose a good place where to meet, and tbereupon the day was appointed. After the king had taken his leave of Mrs. Lane, ,vho remained ,vith her cousin Norton, the king, and the lord 'Vihnot, lnet the colonel; and, in the way, he met i in a town, through which they passed, Mr. Kirton, a servant of the king's, who well knew the lord Wilmot, who had no other disguise than the hawk, but took no notice of him, nor sus- pected the king to be there; yet that day made the king more wary of having him in his company upon the way. At the place of meeting they rested only The king one night, and then the king went to the colonel's ::::n house; \vhere he rested man y da y s, ,vhilst the colonel F nc l is \\ I nð lam's projected at what place the king might embark, and house. ho\v they might procure a vessel to be ready there; which ,vas not easy to find; there being so great a fear k possessing those ,vho were honest, tbat it was i met] encountered there being so great caution in k there being so great a fear] all the ports, and so great a fear 1\1 ß1 3 BOOK XIII. 1651. 534 THE HISTORY hard to procure any vessel that was outward bound to take in any passenger. There was a gentleman, one Mr. Ellison, who lived near Lyme in Dorsetshire, and was wen known to Colonel \Vindham, having been a captain in the king's army, and was still looked upon as a very ho- nest man. With hin1 the colonel consulted, how they might get a vessel to be ready to take in a couple of gentlemen, friends of his, who were in dan- ger to be arrested, and transport them into France. Though no man would ask who the persons \vere, yet it could not but be suspected 1 who they were; at least they concluded, that it was some of W or- cester party. Lyme was generally as ll1alicious and disaffected a town to the king's interest, as any town in England could be: yet there was in it a master of a bark, of whose honesty this captain was very confident. This man was lately returned from France, and had unladen his vessel, \vhen ElJison asked him, " when he would n1ake another. voyage ?" And he answered, " as soon as he could get lading " for his ship." The other asked, " whether he would "undertake tó carryover a couple of gentlemen, " and land theln in France, if he might be as well " paid for his voyage as he used to be when he was "freighted by the merchants." In conclusion, he told him, "he should receive fifty pounds for his "fare." The large recompense had that effect, that the man undertook it; though he said" he 111ust " Inake his provision very secretly; for that he might " be ,veIl suspected for going to sea again "\vithout c' being freighted, after he was so newly returned." J yet it could not but be suspected] et every man suspected , OF THE REBELLION. 535 Colonel \Vindham, being advertised of this, came to- BOOK XIII. gether with the lord Wilmot to the captain's house, from whence the lord and the captain rid to a house I ô51. near Lyme; where the Inaster of the bark met them; and the lord \Vilmot being satisfied with the dis- course of the lllan, and his wariness in foreseeing suspicions which would arise, it was resolved, that on such a night, which, upon consideration of the tides, was agreed upon, the man should draw out his vessel from the pier, and, being at sea, should come to such a point about a mile from the town, where his ship should remain upon the beach ,vhen the water was gone; which would take it off again about break of day the next morning. There was very near that point, even in the view of it, a small inn, kept by a man who was reputed honest, to which the cavaliers of the country often resorted; and London road passed that way; so that it was seldom without company . Into that inn the two gentlemen were to come in the beginning of the night, that they might put themselves on board. All things being thus concerted, and good earnest given to the n1aster, the 10rd'Vilmot and the colonel re- turned to the colonel's house, above a day's journey from the place, the captain undertaking every day to look that the master should provide, and, if any thing fell out contrary to expectation, to give the colonel notice at such a place, where they intended the king should he the day before he was to embark. 'rhe king, being satisfied with these preparations, Thence he CaIne, at the time appointed, to that house ,vhcre he : l ::t was to hear that all went as it ought to do; of which neßr Lyme; rn company] resort 1\1 m 4 536 THE HIS".rOR Y BOOK he received assurance from the captain; who found XIII. that the man had honestly put his provisions on board, d ] 65 h ): and had his conlpany ready, which were but four an 8 S Ip hired by men; and that the vessel should be drawn out that captain EI- . lison. nIght: so that it \vas fit for the two persons to come to the aforesaid inn, and the captain conducted them within sight of it; and then went to his own house, not distant a mile from it; the colonel remaining still at the house where they had lodged the night before, till he might hear the news of their being embarked. They found many passengers in the inn; and so \vere to be contented with an ordinary chamber, The sbip which they did not intend to sleep long in. But as failed by an accident; soon as there appeared any light, 'Vilmot \vent out : t t to discover the bark, of which there was no appear- the inDo ance. In a word, the sun arose, and nothing like a ship in view. They sent to the captain, who was as much amazed; and he sent to the town; and his servant could not find the master of the bark, which was still in the pier. ,They suspected the captain, and the captain suspected the master. However, it being past ten of the clock, they concluded it was not fit for them to stay longer there, and so they mounted their horses again to return to the house where they bad left the colonel, ,vho, they kne,v, re- solved to stay there till he were assured that they were gone. The truth of the disappointn1ent ,vas this; the man n1eant honestly, and made all things ready for his departure; and the night he was to go out with his vessel, he had stayed in his own house, and slept two or three hours; and the time of the tide being come, that it was necessary to be on board, he took OF 'rHE REBELLION. 537 out of a cupboard some linen, and other things, which he used to carry with him to sea. His wife had ob- served, that he had been for SODle days fuller of thoughts than he used to be, and that he had been speaking with seamen, who used to go with him, and that sonle of them had carried provisions on board the bark; of which she had asked her hus- band the reason; who had told her, "that he was " prolnised freight speedily, and therefore he would " make all things ready." She was sure that there was yet no lading in the ship, and therefore, \vhen she saw her husband take all those materials with him, which was a sure sign that he n1eant to go to sea, and it being late in the night, she shut the door, and swore he shou]d not go out of his house. He told her, "he must go, and was engaged to go to " sea that night; for \v hich he should be ,veIl paid." I-lis wife told him, " she was sure he was doing " somewhat that would undo him, and she was re- " solved he should not go out of his house; and if "he should persist in it, she would tell the neigh- " bours, and carry him before the mayor to be exa- " mined, that the truth D1ight be found out." The poor man, thus mastered by the passion and vio- lence of his wife, was forced to yield to her, that there might be no farther noise; and so ,vent into his bed. And it ,vas very happy that the king's jealousy hastened him from that inn. It was the solemn fast day, \vhich ,vas observed in those tinles principally to inflame the people against the king, and all those who were loyal to him; and there ,vas a chapel in that village over against that inn, where a weaver, BOOK XIII. 1651. BOOK XIII. 1651. Like to be disconred by a smith shoeing tbeir horses. The king goes back to the colonel's house. 558 THE HIS'TORY who had been a soldier, used to preach, and utter all the villainy imaginable against the old order of government: and he was then in the chapel preach- ing to his congregation, when the king went from thence, and telling the people, "that Charles Stuart " was lurking sOlnewhere in that country, and that "they would merit from God Almighty, if they "could find hhn out." The passengers, who had lodged in the inn that night, had, as soon as they were up, sent for a slnith to visit their horses, it be- ing a hard frost. The smith, when he had done what he was sent for, according to the custom of that people, examined the feet of the other two horses to find ll10re work. When he had observed then1, he told the host of the house, " that one of " those horses had travelled far; and that he was " sure that his four shoes had been made in four " several counties;" which, whether his skill was able to discover or no, ,vas very true. The slnith going to the sermon told this story to some of his neigh- bours; and so it came to the ears of the IJreacher, when his sermon was done. Immediately he sent for an officer, and searched the inn, and inquired for those horses; and being inforlned that they were gone, he caused horses to be sent to follow thelll, and to make inquiry after the two men who rid those horses, and positively declared, "that one of " them was Charles Stuart." 'Vhen they caIne again to the colonel, they pre- sently concluded that they were to make no longer stay in those parts, nor any more to endeavour to find a ship upon that coast; and, without any far- ther delay, they rode back to the colonel's house ; OF THE REBELLION. 589 where they arrived in the night. Then they re- BOOK XIII. solved to make their next attempt n in Hampshire and Sussex, where colonel 'Vindham had no in- 1651. terest. They must pass through all Wiltshire be- fore they came thither; which would require many days' journey: and they ,vere first to consider what honest houses there were in or near the way, where they might securely repose; and it was thought very dangerous for the king to ride through any great town, as Salisbury, or 'Vinchester, which might probably lie in their way. There was between that and Salisbury a very ho- nest gentleman, colonel Robert Philips, a younger brother of a very good family, which had always been very loyal; and he had served the king during the war. The king was resolved to trust him; and The king . sends 'Vil- SO sent the lord 'VIlmot to a place from whence he mot for · h d M Ph ' l . h . d h Robert IllIg t sen to r. I IpS to come to 1m, an w en Philips. he had spoken with him, 1.\11". Philips should come to the king, and Wilmot was to stay in such a place as they two should agree. Mr. Philips accordingly came to the colonel's house; which he could do without suspicion, they being nearly allied. The ways were very full of soldiers; which were sent now from the army to their quarters, and lTIany re- giments of horse and foot were assigned for the west; of which division Desborough was conunander in chief o . These lllarches were like to last for nlany days, and it would not be fit for the king to stay so long in that place. Thereupon, he resorted to his old security of taking a ,voman behind hinl, a kins- wOlnan of colonel \Vindhaln, ,vhom he carried in n attempt] MS. adds: more 0 commanùcr in chief] mé or southward general 540 'rHE HIS'l'ORY BOO K that manner to a place not far from Salisbury; to XIII. which colonel Philips conducted him. In this jour- 165 I. ney he passed through the middle of a regiment of horse; and, presently after, ßlet Desborough walk- ing down a hill ", ith three or four men with him; who had lodged in Salisbury the night before; all that road being full of soldiers. Dr. Hinch- The next da y , U p on the P lains, Dr. Hinchman, man meets the kin.g on one of the prebends of Salisbury, met the king, the the plams; I d ' xr' l d P · · .. and con- or 't'l mot an hlhps then leavIng hIm to go to ducts him h fi d · I d d . to Heale, t e sea-coast to n a vesse , the octOI' con uctIng Mrs. Hyde's the kin g to a P lace called Heale three miles frolll house. ' Salisbury, belonging then to sergeant Hyde, who was afterwards chief justice of the King's Bench, and then in the possession of the widow of his elder bro- ther; a house that stood alone from neighbours, and from any high,vay; where coming in late in the evening, he supped with some gentlemen who acci- dentally were in the house; which could not well be avoided. But, the next morning, he went early from thence, as if he had continued his journey; and the widow, being trusted ,vith the knowledge of her guest, sent her servants out of the way; and, at an hour appointed, received him again, and accom- modated him in a little room, which had been nlade since the beginning of the troubles for the conceal- ment of delinquents, the seat al,vays belonging to a malignant family. Here he lay concealed, withol!t the kno,vledge of some gentlemen, who lived in the house, and of others who daily resorted thither, for many days, the widow herself only attending hitn with such things as were necessary, and bringing him such let- ters as the doctor received froln the lord Wilmot Who con- ducts him to a place near Salis- bury. OF THE REBELLION. 541 and colonel Philips. A vessel being at last pro- BOOK XIII. vided upon the coast of Sussex, and notice thereof sent to Dr. Hinchman, he sent to the king to nleet 165 J. hinl at Stonehenge upon the plains three miles from Heale; whither the widow took care to direct him; and being there met, he attended hin} to the place where colonel Philips received hirn. He, the next Thence to a d d . d . h ] d ' xr. l h bouse in ay, ehvere hIm to t e or It I mot; w 0 went Sussex near . h h . h · S d d b Bright- WIt 1m to a ouse In ussex, recommen e y co- helmstone ; lonel Gunter, a g entleman of that countr y , who had W b he k re a ar was served the kin g in the ,val'; who met him there; provided by colonel and had provided a little bark at Brighthelmstone, a Gunter. small fisher-to\vn; where he went early on board, e; ves and, by God's blessing, arrived safely in Normandy. :: rlin The earl of Southampton, who was then at his creek, in .. No,'ember. house at Titchfield In HampshIre, had been adv'er- tised of the king's being in the west, and of his missing his passage at Lyme, and sent a trusty gen- tleman to those faithful persons in the country, who, he thought, were most like to be employed for his escape if he came into those parts, to let them kno\v, " that he had a ship ready, and if the king " came to him, he should be safe;" which advertise- ment came to the king the night before he em- barked, and \vhen his vessel \vas ready. But his majesty ever acknowledged the obligation with great kindness, he being the only person of that condition, \vho had the courage to solicit such danger, though all good men heartily wished his deliverance. It ,vas in p November, that the king landed in N orillandy, in a small creek; froln ,vhence he got to Rouen, and then gave notice to the queen of his arrival, p in] about the end of 542 THE HISTORY B IS and freed his loyal subjects q in all places from their dismal apprehensions. 1651. Though this wonderful deliverance and preserva- tion of the person of the king was an argument of general joy and comfort to all his good subje ts, and a new seed of hope for future blessings, yet his pre- sent condition ,vas very deplorable. France was not at all pleased with his being come thither, nor did quickly take notice of his being there. The queen his mother was very glad of his escape, but in no degree able to contribute towards his support; they who had interest ,vith her finding all she had, or could get, too little for their own unlimited expense. Besides, the distraction that court had been lately in, and was not yet free from the effects of, made her pension to be paid with less punctuality than it had used to be; so that she was forced to be in debt both to her servants, and for the very provisions of her house; nor had the king one shilling towards the support of himself and his family. As soon as his majesty canle to Paris, and kne,v that the chancellor of the exchequer was at Ant- The king werp, he commanded Seymour, who was of his bed- sends to the h b d h . · h . h h . h chancellor C am er, to sen to Inl to repaIr t It er; w IC of the ex- h . l h . d . d M L h k . , chequer to W I st e was provl lng to 0, r. ong, t e lng s r h pair t to secretar y , who was at Amsterdam, and had been re- lID a Paris. moved fronl his attendance in Scotland by the mar- quis of Argyle, writ to the chancellor, " that he had " received a letter fronl the king, by which he was " required to let all his majesty's servants ,vho \vere " in those parts, kno\v, it was his pleasure that none " of them should repair to him to Paris, until they q his loyal subjects] hi8 subjects OF THE REBELLION. 543 " should receive farther order, since his majestý BOOK XIII. " could not yet resolve how long he should stay " there: of which," Mr. Long said, " he thought it 1 ô5l. " his duty to give hiIn notice; with this, that the " lord Colepepper and hiulself, who had resolved to "have made haste thither, had in obedience to this " con1mand laid aside that purpose." The chancellor concluded that this inhibition concerned not him, since he had received a con1mand from the king to wait upon him. Besides, he had still the character of ambassador upon hhn, ,vhich he could not lay down till he had kissed his majesty's hand. So he The cban- d h . .c. d P . · cellor of the pursue IS lormer purpose, an came to arls In exchequer the Christmas, and found that the command to 1\11'. :ei to Lon g had been P rocured r ,vith an e y e P rinci p all y Christ nas at Pans. upon the chancellor, there being some there who had no mind he S should be with the king; though, when there ,vas no remedy, the queen received him graciously. But the king was very well pleased with his being come; and, for the first four or five days, he spent many hours with him in private, and informed him of very many particulars, of the harsh t treatment he had received in Scotland, the "There he reason of his march into England, the confusion at ; :v:l e 'V orcester and all the circumstances of his ha ppy king this , account of escape and deliverance; many parts whereof are lis ma- d . . . Jesty's e- cOlllprehended In thIS relatIon, and are exactly true.li,'erance. For besides all those particulars which the king hÏ1nself was pleased to comillunicate to hil11, so soon after the transactions of them, ,vhen they had ll1adc so lively an ilnpression in his meDlor)", and of ,yhich r procured] procured by the t}ucen ti there being some there who had no mind he] who she 'md no mind t harsh] barbarous BOOK XIII. 165 I . 544 '"THE HISTOltY the chancellor at that time kept a very punctual memorial; he had, at the same tin1e, the daily con- versation of the lord 'Viln10t; who informed him of all he could remen1ber: and sometimes the king and he recollected n1any particulars in the discourse together, in which the king's memory was much better than the other's. And after the king's blessed return into England, he had frequent conferences ,vith many of those who had acted several parts to- wards the escape; whereof some U were of the chan- cellor's nearest alliance, and others his most inti- mate friends; towards whom his Inajesty always made many gracious expressions of his acknowledg- ment: so that there is nothing in this short relation the verity whereof can justly be suspected, though, as is said before, it is great pity, that there could be no diary made, indeed no exact account of every hour's adventure from the coming out of 'V ore ester, in that dismal confusion, to the hour of his embark- ation at Brighthelmstone; in which there was such a concurrence of good nature, charity, and generosity, in persons of the meanest and lo\\rest extraction and condition, who did not know the value of the pre- cious jewel that was in their custody, yet all knew him to be escaped from such an action as would make the discovery and delivery of him to those who governed over and amongst them, of great be- nefit, and present advantage to them; and in those who did kno\v him, of such courage, loyalty, and activity, that all may reasonably look upon the whole, as the inspiration and conduct of God Al- mighty, as a manifestation of his power and glory, u some] many OF THE REBELLION. 545 and for the conviction of the ,vhole party x, which BOOK · d . f . h XIII. had sinned so grIevously; an I It ath not wrought that effect in theIn, it hath rendered then1 the nlore 1651. inexcusable. As the greatest brunt of the danger ,vas diverted by these poor people, in his night-marches on foot, ,vith so nluch pain and torment, that he often thought that he paid too dear a price for his life, before he fell into the hands of persons of better quality, and }Jlaces of lnore conveniency, so he owed very Inuch to the diligence and fidelity of S0111e ecclesiastical persons of the Romish persuasion; especially to thos of the order of St. Bennet; which was the reason that he expressed Inore favours, after his restoration, to that order than to any other, and granted thenl some extraordinary privileges about the service of the queen, not concealing the reason ,vhy he did so; ,vhich ought to have satisfied all nlen, that his majesty's indulgence to,vards all of that profession, by restrain- iug the severity and rigour of the la,vs ,vhich had been formerly 111ade against them, had its rise fronl a fountain of princely justice and gratitude, and of royal bounty and clemency. \Vhilst the counsels and enterprises in Scotland The affairs of Ireland and England had this woful issue, Ireland had no a.t this b .. d k . C II h I tIme. etter success In Its un erta Ings. romwe a{ made so great a progress in his conquests, before he It. ft that kingdom to visit Scotland Y, that he was be- come, upon the matter, entirely possessed of the t"ro most valuable and best inhabited provinces, Lemster and 1\lunster; and plainly discerned, that ,vhat rc- x of the whole party] of that .Y to visit cotlancl] that he whole nation might visit Scotland VOL. VI. N n 546 'rHE HIS'rOR Y BOO K ßlained to be done, if dexterously conducted, would XIII. be with IllOst ease brought to pass by the folly and 1651. perfidiousness of the Irish thelllseives; who would save their enenlies a labour, in contributing to and hastening their own destruction. He had made the bridge fair, easy, and safe for thenl to pass over into foreign countries, by levies and transportations; ,vhich liberty they eillbraced, as hath been said be- fore, with all itllaginable greediness: and he had en- tertained agents, and spies, as lvell friars as others anlongst the Irish, lvho did not only give hinl tinlely advertisements of what was concluded to be done, but had interest and power enough to interrupt and disturb the consultations, and to obstruct the execu- tion thereof: and having put all things in this hope- ful method of proceeding, in ,vhich there was like to be lllore use of the halter than the sword, he com- mitted the managing of the rest, and the govern- Ireton ment of the kingdom, to his son-in-law Ireton; whom : :t O he made deputy under him of Ireland: a Illan, lvho Cromwell. knew the bottolu of all his counsels and purposes, and was of the same, or a greater pride and fierce- ness in his nature, and most inclined to pursue those rules, in the forming whereof he had had the chief influence. And he, without fighting a battle, though he lived not Illany months after, reduced most of the rest that Crom well left unfinished. The mar- The Inarquis of Ormond knew and understood quis of Or- II I d d . · d t t h · mon(\'s we t 1e esperate con Itlon an s a e e was In, : ion ,vhen he had no other strength and power to depend upon, than that of the Irish, for the support of the king's authority: yet there were IDany of the nohi- lity and principal gentry of the Irish, in ,vhose loy- aliý towards the king, and affection and friendship OF 1.'HE ItEBELLION. 547 towards his o,vn person, he had justly all confidence; BOOK XIII. and there ,vere amongst the Romish clergy Z some Inoderate men, ,vho did detest the savage ignorance 1651. of the rest: so that he entertained still SOine hope, that the ", iser would by degrees convert the weaker, and that they ,vould all understand how inseparable their own preservation and interest ,vas froln the support of the king's dignity and authority, and that the ,vonderful j udgnlents of God, which ,vere every day executed by Ireton upon the principal and nlost obstinate contrivers of their odious rebellion, and who perversely and peevishly opposed their return to their obedience to the king, as often as they fell into his power, would a\vaken thenl out of their sot- tish lethargy, and unite theln in the defence of their nation. For there \vas scarce a nlan, ,vhose bloody and brutish behaviour in the beginning of the rebel- lion, or whose barbarous violation of the peace that · had been consented to, had exen1pted them frolll the king's Inercy, and left thelTI only subjects of his jus- tice, as soon as they could he apprehended, ,vho was not taken by Ireton, and hanged with all the cir- cumstances of severity that ,vas due to their ,vicked- ness; of which innumerable examples might be gIven. There yet rell1ained free fronl Crom\vell's yoke, the two lai'ge provinces of Connaught and of Ulster, and the t\VO a strong cities of Linlerick and of Gal- lo\vay, both garrisoned ,,,ith Irish, and excellently supplied \\Tith all thing necessary for their ùcfence, anù Jnany other good port to\vns, and other strong '/ amongst the Homish clcrg ] amongst the clergy fa and the two J in whieh ar the two n2 548 THE HISTORY nOOK places; all which pretended and professed to be for XIII. the king, and to yield obedience to the marquis of ) 65 I. Ormond, his 111ajesty's lieutenant. And there lvere stillinany good regÏlllents of horse and foot together under Preston, ,vho seen1ed to be ready to perforn1 any service the n1arquis should require: so that he did reasonably hope, that by con1plying with son1e of their humours, by sacrificing sOlne,vhat of his ho- nour, and much of his authority, to their jealousy and peevishness, he should be able to dra\v such a strength together, as would give a stop to Ireton's career. O'N eile at this time, after he had been so baffled and affronted by the parliament, and after he had seen his hoson1 friend, and sole counsellor, the bishop of Clogher, (who had n1anaged the treaty ,vith l\tlonk, and was taken prisoner upon the defeat of his forces,) hanged h, drawn, and quartered as a traitor, sent" to offer his service to the marquis of " Ormond \vith the arlny under his cOlnmand, upon " such conditions as the marquis thought fit to send " to him c;" and it was reasonably believed that he did intend very sincerely, and would have done very good service; for he was the best soldier of the na- tion, and had the most command over his men, and ,vas best obeyed by them. But, as he was upon his march towards a conjunction with the lord lieute- Owen Row nant, he fell sick; and, in a few days, died: so that O'Neile h .e. h f died, as he t at treaty produced no effect; lor thoug many 0 ;:a;of i th his army pro ecuted his resolution, and joined with the marquis the mar q uis of Ormond, Y et their officers had little of Ormond. power over their soldiers; who, being all of the old b upon the defeat of his forces, hanged] upon the defeat of a party of horse, carried before Ireton, and by his order hanged C to senrl to him] to consent to OF 'rIlE ItEllELLION. 54!) Irish 8epts of Ulster, \vere entirely governed by the BOOK XIII. friars, and were shortly after prevailed upon, either to transport themselves, or to retire to their bogs, 1651. and prey for theillseives upon all they 11let, without distinction of persons or interest. The marquis's orders for dra\ving the troops to- gether to any rendezvous were totally neglected and disobeyed; and the comnlissioners' orders for the collection of 1110ney, and contribution in such pro- portions as had been settled and agreed unto, were as much contemned: so that such regiments, as \vith great difficulty were brought together, were as soon dissolved for want of pay, order, and accommo- dation; or else dispersed by the power of the friars; as in the city of Limerick, when the marquis was there, and had appointed several cOlnpanies to be drawn into the market-place, to he employed upon a present expedition, an officer of good affections, and thought to have much credit with his soldiers, hrought with him two hundred very likely soldiers ,veIl arilled, and disciplined, and having received his orders fr0111 the 111arquis, \vho \vas upon the place, be- gun to 111 arch ; \vhen a Franciscan friar in his habit, and \vith a crucifix in his hand, came to the head of the cOlllpany, and commanded them all, "upon pain " of daulnation, that they should not march:" lIT)on \vhich they all thre\v down their arl11S, and did as the friar directed them; \vho put the \vhole city into a lllutiny: inSOllluch as the lord lieutenant \vas COlll- A mutiny ill II d f . d · } d . ffi It Limerich pc e to go out 0 It, an not WIt lout sOlne ] ell y whence tile escaped; thou g h Inost of the ll1a g istrates of the city marquis of Ormond did all that \vas in thcir po\ver to suppress the dis- escaped. order, and to reduce the people to obcdience; and SOUle of thelu were killed, and n1any \voundcd in the NnS 550 'rHE HI 8"1'011 Y H 0 0 h attcln})t. As an instance of those judglnents fronl XIII. heaven \vhich we lately mentioned in general, Pa- 1651. trick Fanning, who ,vith the friar had the principal part in that sedition, the very next night after Ire- ton ,vas possessed ofd that strong city, was appre- hended, and the next day hanged, drawn, and quar- tered. Such of the commissioners who adhered firl11ly to the lord lieutenant, in using all their power to advance the king's service, and to reduce their miserable countrymen frOln effecting and con- triving their Olvn destruction, were without any credit, and all their warrants and sunl1110ns neg- lected; when the others, \vho declined the service, and desired to obstruct it, had all respect and suL- Inission paid to them. They who appeared, after the first Inisfortune be- fore Dublin, to corrupt, and Inislead, and disheartcn the people, were the friars, and SOlne of their infe- rior clergy. But now the titular bishops, who had been all made at ROlne since the beginning of the he popish rebellion, appeared more active than the other. They bishops . malie an called an assembly of the bishops, (everyone of 'VhlCh assembly, h d . d h · I f h ) d h and publish a sIgne t e artlc es 0 t e peace, an c ose some declar - of their cler gy e as a re p resentative of their church hon agal nst the English. to meet f at J anles Town g; where, under the pre- tence of providing for the security of religion, they exalnined the ,vhole proceedings of the ,val', and how the Inonies \vhich had been collected had been issued out. They called the giving up the towns in .l\lunster by the lord Inchiquin's officers, "the COl1- Ù was pusscs eù of] was with- uut a blow possessed of e chose some of their clergy] l.:hosen clergy f to lueet] to meet \vith all formality g Jaz;les Town] Lçft blank in 1Y18. OF THE REBELl ION. :551 " spiracy and treachery of all the English, out of BOOK XIII. " their malice to catholic religion;" and thereupon pressed the lord lieutenant to dislniss all the English 16.3 1. gentlemen ,vho yet l'elnained ,vith hÏ111. They called every unprosperous accident that had fallen out, " a " foullniscarriage;" and published a declaration full of libellous invectives against the English, without paring the person of the lord lieutenant; who, they said, "being of a contrary religion, and a kno\vn in- " veterate enen1Y to the catholic, ,vas not fit to be "intrusted \vith the conduct of a war that \vas " raised for the support and preservation of it;" and shortly after sent an address to the lord lieutenant himself, in \vhich they told hinl, "that the people " were so far unsatisfied with his conduct, especially " for his aversion froin the catholic religion, and his "favouring heretics, that they were unanÍlnously " resolved, as one man, not to submit any longer to They de- h o d . clare to " IS COlnnlan , nor to raIse any more money, or the 10rd "men to be a pI )lied to the kin g 's service under his lieuten nt , they wIll "authorit y ." But on the other side the y assured no longer , , submit to him, "that their duty and zeal was so entire and him; and I s.'.. . . 1 require him "rea lor the kIng, and theIr resolutIon so abso ute to commit " never to withdraw thenlselves from his obedience, :n Ot:er: "that if he would de p art the kin g dolll and cOlllmit ROIl al1 ca- , , tho he. " the comllland thereof into the hands of any person " of honour of the catliolic religion, he would there- " by unite the whole nation to the king; and the) ",vould ilnnlediatcly raise an arlny that should " drive Ireton quickly again into Duhlin;" and, that the lord lieutenant 111ight kno,v that they ,vould not depart fro In this deterlnination, they published soon after an excol1ununication against all persons ,vho Nn4 55 THE HISTORY BOO K should obey any of the lieutenant's orders, or raise XIII. b . f h . h . __ money or men y vIrtue 0 IS aut OfIty. 1651. During all these agitations, many of the ROlDan catholic nobility, and other persons of the best qua.. lity, ren1ained very faithful to the lord lieutenant; and cordially interposed \vith the popish h bishops to prevent their violent proceedings; but had not po,ver either to persuade or restrain them. The lord lieu- tenant had no reason to be delighted ,vith his empty title to command a people ,vho would not obey, and knew the daily danger he ,vas in, of being betrayed, and delivered into the hands of Ireton, or being as- sassinated in his o,vn quarters. And though he did not believe that the Irish would behave themselves ,vith n10re fidelity and courage for the king's in- terest, ,vhen he should be gone; wen knowing that their bishops and clergy designed nothing but to put thelnsel ves under the governlnent of some popish pI ince, and had at that time sent agents into foreign parts for that purpose; yet he kne,v like,vise that there were in truth men enough, and arlDS, and all provisions for the carrying on the ,val', ,vho, if they were united, and heartily resolved to preserve them- selves, would be much superior in nun1ber to any power Ireton could bring against them. He knew like,vise, that he could safely deposit the king's au- thority in the hands of a person of unquestionable fidelity, whon1 the king ,yould, ,vithout any scruple, trust, and ,vhorn the Irish could not except against, being of their own nation, of the greatest fortune and interest amongst them, and of the Illost en1inent con- h popish] Not ill JUS. OF THE REBELLION. 558 stancy to the Roman catholic religion of any Inan in BOO K · h h · f XIII. the three kIngdoms; and t at was t e marquIs 0 Clanrickard. And therefore, since it was to no pur- 1651. pose to stay longer there himself, and it ,vas in his power safely to make the experiment, whether the Irish ,vouid in truth perform what was in their }Jo,ver to perform, and which they so solemnly pro- n1ised to do, he thought he should be inexcusable to the king, if he should not consent to that expedient. The great difficulty ,vas to persuade the lllarquis of Clanrickard to accept the trust, who ,vas a man, though of an unquestionable courage, yet, of an in- 1Ìrlll health; and loved and enjoyed great ease throughout his whole life; and of a constitution not equal to the fatigue and distresses, that the conduct- ing such a ,val' must subject him to. He knew ,veIl, and exceedingly i detested, the levity, inconstancy, and infidelity of his countrymen: nor did he in any degree like the presumption of the popish bishops and clergy, and the exorbitant power which they had assumed, and usurped to themselves; and there- fore he had no mind to engage himself in such a com- mand. But by the extraordinary importunity of the nlarquis of Ornlond, \vith WhOlll he had preserved a fast and unshaken friendship, and his pressing hilll to preserve Ireland to the king, ,vithout ,vhich it would thro,v itself into the arlllS of a foreigner; and then the same Ílnportunity from all the Irish nohi- lity, bishops, and clergy, (after the lord lieutenant had inforilled them of his purpose,) "that he would " preserve his nation, which, without his acceptance " of thcir protection, would infallibly be extirpated," i exceedingly] Inollstrously f554 THE HISTORY ß 0 0 h. and their joint promise, "that they would absolutely XIII. b . " su lTIIt to all his comnlands, and hold no assen1bIy 1651. "or lneeting alllongst thelnselves, without his per- "mission and cOlnmission," together with his un- questionable desire to do any thing, how contrary so- ever to his o,vn inclination and benefit, that ,vould be acceptable to the king, and might possibly bring SOlne advantage to his nlajesty's service, he was in The mar- the end prevailed upon to receive a cOlnmission fronl :f Or- the lord lieutenant to be deputy of Ireland, and un- makes the dertook that char g e. marquis of Clan- How well they complied after,vards with their rickard his deputy. prolnises and protestations, and ho,v much better subjects they proved to he under their catholic go- vernor, than they had been under their protestant, will be related at large hereafter. In the mean time the marquis of Ormond would not receive a pass from Ireton, who ,vould ,villingly have granted it, as he did to all the English officers that desired it; The mar- but embarked hin1self, with some few gentlemen be- quis of Or- P d h . . II fj . d mond em- 81 es IS o\vn servants, In a sma rJgate, an ar- barks for rived safel y in Norlnand y . and so went to Caen. France, ' , and waits \vhere his wife and family had remained from the on the kmg .. . at Paris tune of hIS departure thence. ThIs was shortly after after his . . majesty's the klng's defeat at 'V orcester, and, as soon as hIS ;l : or- Inajesty arrived at Paris, he forth,vith attended hiln, cester and ,vas nlost ,velcolne to him. Scotland being subdued k, and Ireland reduced to. that obedience as the parliament could wish, nothing could, be expected to be done in England for the king's advantage. From the time that Cron1well was chosen general in the place of Fairfax, he took k subdued] thus subdued - OF THE REBELI..ION. 555 all occasions to discountenance the presbyterians, and nOOK XIII. to I)ut theln out of all trust and employnlent, as ,veIl in the country as in the arnlY; and, whilst he was 1651. in Scotland, he had intercepted sonle letters frolll one Love, a presbyterian lninister in London, (a fel- low ,vho hath been nle tioned before, in the tinle the treaty was at Uxbridge, for preaching against peace,) to a leading preacher in Scotland; and sent such an inforlnation against hinl, with so many suc- cessive instances that justice might be exenlplarily done upon hiIn, that, in spite of all the opposition which the presbyterians could n1ake, \vho appeared publicly ,vith their utlnost power, the man was COTI- Love, a d d d . 11 A d presby- emne an executed upon Tower-hI. 11, to she,v teriau mi- their ilnpartiality, about the saIne time I they exc- :,r: exe- cuted Bro,vn Bushel, who had forlnerly served the parliament in the beginning of the rebellion, and shortly after served the king to the end of the ,val', and had lived some years in England after the war expired, un taken notice of but, upon this occasion, III was enviously discovered, and put to death. It is a wonderful thing what operation this pres- hyterian spirit had upon the minds of those who were possessed by it. This poor 11lan Love, ,vho had been guilty of as 111uch treason against the king, fronl the beginning of the rebellion, as the pulpit could con- tain, 'vas so lIluch ,,'ithout relllorse for any \vicked- HCSS of that kind that he had cOl1nuitted, that he "ras jealous of uothing so nluch, as of being suspected to repent, or that he was brought to suffer for his af- I about thc same time] at the j:UlIC timc and place 1lI out, UpOll this uccasion,] j J8. adds ,. and to accompany this prcachl'r, 556 THE HISTORY BOOK fection to the king. And therefore, when he ,vas XIII. upon the scaffold, where he appeared with a mar- ] 65]. vellous undauntedness, he seemed so much delighted ,vith the n1emory of all tbat he had done against the late king, and against the bishops, that he could not even then forbear to speak n lvith animosity and bit- terness against both, and expressed great satisfaction in mind for what he had done against thein, and ,vas as Inuch transported ,vith the. in\vard joy of mind, that he felt in being brought thither to die as a l11a1'- tyr, and to give testimony for the covenant; "what- " soever he had done being in the pursuit of the " ends," he said, "of that sanctified obligation, to " which he was in and by his conscience engaged." And in this raving fit, without so much as praying for the king, other\vise than that he might propagate the covenant, he laid his head upon the block with as much courage as the bravest and honestest n1an could do in the most pious occasion. Cromwell \Vhen Cromwell returned to London, he caused causes se- . veral high several high courts of justice to be erected, by whIch j : many gentlelnen of quality \vere condemned, and be erected. executed in many parts of the kingdom, as ,veIl as . in London, who had been taken prisoners at \V 01'- cester, or discovered to have been there. And, that the terror ll1ight be universal, SOine suffered 0 for loose discourses in taverns, "That they "Tould do to- warð.s restoring the king, and others for having blank comll1issions found in their hands signed by the king, though they had never attcnlptcd to do any thing thereupon, nor, for ought appeared, intended to do. n that he could not e\ en then 10rbear to speak] that he was cven then transported to speak o suffered] were put to death OF THE REBELLION. 557 And under these desolate apprehensions all the royal BOO K and loyal party lay groveling, and prostrate, after the XIII. defeat of \V orcester. There was at this tÏ1ne ,vith the king the marquis 1652. of Ormond; who caIne thither before the chancellor of the exchequer. Though his n1ajesty ,vas no,v in The ]iÏng's · bl .L'. I . d .. I necessities unquestlona e Sa1ety, t 1e straIts an necessItIes Ie at Paris. ,vas in were as unquestionable; ,vhich exposed hinl to all the troubles and uneasiness that the lnasters of very indigent families are subjected to; and the Inore, because all n1en considered only his dignity P, and not his fortune: so that I11en had the same en1U- lations and alnbitions, as if the king had all to give \vhich was taken froln hin1, and thought it a good argument for them to ask, because he had nothing to give; and asked very iInproper reversions, because he could not grant the possession; and were soli- citous for honours, which he had power to grant, be- cause he had not fortunes to give theln q. There had been a great acquaintance between the The friend- . . ship be- marquIs of Orn10nd, when he was lord Thurles, In tween the the life of his grandfather, and the chanceHor of the ' 1ll1 exche q uer which ,vas renewed b y a n1utual corre- and the , , chancel lor spondencc, when they both can1C to have shares in of the ex- chequer. the public business, the one in Ireland, and the other in England: so that when they no\v n1et at Paris, they Inet as old friends, and quickly understood each other so \vell, that there could not be a more entire confidence bet,veen 111en. The nlarquis consulted ,vith him in his nearest concernments, and the chün- celIoI' esteenled and cultivated the friendship ,vith all p dignity] quality q had not fortunes to gIVe them] had no fortunes which he could give them BOOK XIII. 1652. The neces- sities and factions of the duke of York's faris when his highness visited Flanders and Holland. Now he took advantage of the activity of the duke's spirit, and infused into hinl, "that it \vould be for " his honour to put himself into action, and not to " be learning his exercises in Paris whilst the arlny " was in the field:" a proposition first intimated by the cardinal, "that the duke ,vas no\v of years to " learn his 1Jlétier, and had no\v the opportunity to " illl'prove himself, by being in the care of a general " reputed equal to any captain in Christendolu, ,vith " ,vholn he nlight learn that experience, and 111akc " those observations, as might enable hitu to serve " the king his brother, who nlust hope to recover his " right only by the sword." 'I'his the cardinal had said both to the queen and to the lord J erlnyn, whilst the king ,vas in Scotland, ,vhen no ll1an had HOOK XIII. IG52. BOOK XIII. 1652. 560 'rHE HISTORY the hardiness to advise it in that conjuncture. But, after the king's return fron1 England, there wanted nothing hut the approbation of his majesty; and no 111an more desired it than the lord Byron, ,vho had had good connnand, and preferred that kind of life before that which he was obliged to live in at Paris. There ,vas no need of spurs to be nlploJ'ed to in- cite the duke; who was Inost ilnpatient to he in th(' arlny. And therefore sir John Berkley could not any other way l11ake hinlself so grateful to hinl, as by appearing to be of that mind, and by telling the duke, "that whosoever opposed it, and dissuaded " the king from giving his consent, was an enelllY " t.o his highness's glory, and desired that he should " live always in pupilage;" not omitting to put hin1 in mind, "that his very entrance into the arlny " set him at liberty, and put hin1 into his o\vn dis- " posal; since no man went into the field under the " direction of a governor;" still endeavouring to inl- prove his prejudice against those who should either dissuade hin1 from pursuing that resolution, or en- deavour to persuade the king not to approve it; "which," he told hiln, "could proceed froB1 no- " thing but want of affection to his person." By this means he hoped to raise a notable dislike in him of the chancellor of the exchequer, ,vho, he be- lieved, did not like the design, because he having -spoken to him of it, the other had not enlarged upon it as an argument that pleased him. The duke pressed it ,vith earnestness and passion, in which he dissembled not; and found the queen, as well as the king, very reserved in the point; \vhich proceeded from their tenderness towards him, and lest they might be thought to be less concerned for OF THE REBELLION. 56] his safety U than they ought to be. His highness BOO K XlII. then conferred with those, who, he thought, were most like to be consulted \vith by the king, amongst 1652. whom he knew the chancellor ,vas one; and finding him to speak with less warmth than the rest, as if he thought it a matter worthy of great deliberation, his highness was confirmed in the jealousy which sir John Berkley had kindled in him, that he was the principal person who obstructed the king's con... descension. There was at that time no man \vith the king who had been a counsellor to his father, or sworn to himself, but the chancellor of the exche- quer. The marquis of Ormond, though he had ad- ministered the affairs in Ireland, was never sworn a counsellor in England; yet his majesty looked upon him in all respects most fit to ad vise hiIn; and thought it necessary to form such a body, as should he esteemed by all nlen as his privy council, ,vithout whose advice he would take no resolutions. The king knew the queen would not be well pleased, if the lord Jermyn were not one; who in all other re- spects ,vas necessary to that trust, since x all ad- dresses to the court of France were to be made by him: and the lord \Vilmot, who had cultivated the king's affection during the time of their peregrina... tion, and drawn Inany proll1ises froln hinI, and was full of projects for his service, could not be left out. The king therefore called the nlarquis of Orlnond, The l\ing th I d J d h I d " " I t t h appoints a e 01 eI myn, an t e 01 1 mo, 0 t e coun- new COllll- cil board; and declared, "that they three, together ('il. "with the chancellor of the exchequer, should he " consulted \vith in all his affairs." 'fhe queen v(\ry II concerned for his safety] since] in respect tender of his safety VOL. VI. 0 0 56Q 'rIIE HISTORY BOOK earnestly pressed the king, " that sir John Berkley XIII. "n1ight like\vise be 111ade a counsellor;" which hi ] ô52. majesty would not consent to; and thought he could not refuse the same honour to the lord 'Ventworth, the lord Byron, or any other person Y who should \vait upon hinl, if he granted it to sir John Berkley, \vho had no Inanner of pretence. Berkley took this refusal very heavily, and thought his great parts, and the services he had performed, which were known to very few, might \vell enough SirJohn distinguish him from other men. But, because he Berkley pretends to \vould not be thought \vithout some just pretence the master- h " h h h fid I " " d ship of the W IC ot ers ad not, he very con ent y InsIste wards. upon a right he had, by a promise of the late king, to be master of the wards; and that officer had usually been of the privy council. The evidence he had of that promise was an intercepted letter from the late king to the queen, \vhich the parliament had caused to be printed. I n that letter the king an- swered a letter he had received from her majesty, in which she put hiln in mind, " that he had promised " her to make Jack Berkley" (which \vas the style in the letter) " master of the wards;" which, the king said, " he wondered at, since he could not re- " member that she had ever spoken to him to that " purpose;" inlplying likewise "that he was not " fit for it." He pressed the chancellor of the ex- chequer " to urge this matter of right to the king," (and said, " the queen would declare the king had " promised it to her,) and to prevail with his ma- " jesty to make hiln presently lnaster of the wards; " which would give him such a title to the board, } any other per on] any other person of honour OF TIlE R EBEJ-A LION. 5û3 " that others could not take his being called thither " as a prejudice to thenl." , The chancellor had at that time much kindness for hiln, and did really desire to oblige hinl, but he durst not urge that for a rpason to the king, ,vhich could be none, and \\That he knew, as ,veIl as a ne- gative could be known, had no foundation of truth. For besides that he very ,veIl knew the late king had not so good an opinion of sir John Berkley, as he himself did at that time heartily wish, and endea- vour to infuse into him, the king had, after that pro- mise ,vas pretended to be made, granted that office at ()xford to the lord Cottington; who executed it as long as offices were executed under the grant of the cro\vn, and was possessed of the title to his death. The chancellor did therefore very earnestly endeavour to dissuade him fl'ODl lnaking that pre- tence and denland to the king; and told him, " the " king could not at this tin1e do a more ungracious " thing, that z would lose him more the hearts and " affections of the nobility and gentry of England, " than in making a nlaster of the ,yards, in a tiulC " \vhen it would not he the least advantage to his " nlajesty or tht:' officer, to declare that he resolved " to insist upon that part of his prerogative which " his father had consented to part \vith; the reSUll1- " iug 'v hereof in the full rigour, which he Inight "lawfully do, \voltld ruin most of the estates of " England, as ,yell of his friends as enelnies, in r( - " garò of the vast arrears incurred in so many rears ; " and therefore ,vhatever his Inajcsty luight think to " rt."solve hereafter, \vhcn it should please God to that] and thaT 002 nOOK XIII. 1652. 564 THE HISTORY 1652. "restore him, for the present there must be no " thought of such an officer." Sir John Berkley ,vas not satisfied at all ,vith the reason that was alleged; and very unsatisfied with the unkindness (as he called it) of the refusal to in- terpose in it; and said, " since his friends ,vould not, " he would hitnself l'equire justice of the king;" and immediately, hearing that the king ,vas in the next room, went to him; and in the ,varmth he had con- tracted by the chancellor's contradiction, pressed his nlajesty " to lllake good the promise his father had " m"ade;" and magnified the services he had done; which he did really believe to have been very great, and, by the custom of making frequent relations of his own actions, grew in very good earnest to think he had done many things ,vhich nobody else ever heard of. The king, who knew him very well, and believed little of his history, and less of his father's pronlise, was ,villing rather to reclaÏIn him fr0111 his importunity, than to give hÍIn a positive denial, (which in his nature his ll1ajesty affected not,) lest it ll1ight indispose his mother or his brother: and so, to every part of his request concerning the being of the council, and concerning the office, gave hhl1 such reasons against-the gratifying him for the pre- sent, that he could not but plainly discern that his majesty ,vas very averse from it. But that con- sideration prevailed not ,vith hin1; he used so great importunity, notwithstanding all the reasons which had been alleged, that at the last the king prevailed with himself, which he used not to do in such cases, to give him a positive denial, and reprehension, at once; and so left him. All this he in1puted to the chanceHor of the ex- BOOK XIII. The king denies it bim. OF THE REBELLION. 565 chequeI'; and though he knew \vell he had not, nor BOO K XIII. could have spoken with the king from the time they had spoken together, before himself had that audi- ] 652. ence from his majesty, he declared, " that he knew " all that indisposition had been infused by hinl; "because many of tIle reasons, \vhich his majesty " had given against his doing what he desired, ,vere "the very same that the chancellor ]lad urged to " him;" though they could not but have occurred to any reasonable man, who had been called to con- sult upon that subject. This passion prevailed so far upon him, that, notwithstanding the advice of some of his bpst friends to the contrary, he took an oppor- tunity to walk a with the chancellor shortly after: and, in a very calm, though a very confused dis- course, told him, "that, since he was resolved to "break all friendship with him, which had con- "tinued now near twenty years, he thought it but " just to give hin1 notice of it, that from hencefor- ",vard he Inight not expect any friendship fron1 " him, but that they might live towards each other " \vith that civility only that strangers use to do." The chancellor told hiln, "that the same justice that " disposed hiIn to give this notice, should likewise " oblige hitn to declare the reason of this resolu- " tion;" and asked him, "\V hether lIe had ever " broken his \vord to hiIn? or promised to do ,vhat " he had not done?" lIe ans\vered, " his exception " was, that he could not be brought to make any " pronlise; and that their judglnents were so differ- \ lJel'{'upon , h h ld rl d I . " sir John , ent, t at e \VOlt no nlore epen upon lUn: breaks witb d 1 d . h .c 1 . tht' chan- an so t ley parte , 'VIt out ever alter lavIng con- ccllor. a to walk] to walk into the long gallery of the Louvre 003 56ß 'rHE II IS'rO]{ y BOO K versation with each other whilst they relnained In XIH. France. The spring was no\v advanced, and the duke of York continued his importunity with the king, "that he nlight have his leave to repair to the eJi} era- "arnlY." And thereupon his lnaiesty called his tlOn In the (J council, council together, the queen his mother and his bro- whether the h b . 1 0 k 0 T oo d duke of t er elng I ewlse present. here Ins majesty e- York should I d " h t h . I I h d I d o d f I . go into the care w a IS )1"ot ler a ong eSlre 0 nnl ; }'rencb " to which he had hitherto O'iven no other answer army. b' "than that he would think of it; and before he " could give any other, he thought it necessary to " receive their advice:" nor did his nlajesty in the least discover what he hilllself was inclined to. The duke then repeated what he had desired of the king; and said, "he thought he asked nothing but " ,,,hat becanle hinl; if he did not, he hoped the " king would not deny it to hinl, and that nobody " ,vould advise he should." The queen spoke not a ,vord; and the king desired b the lords to deli vel' their opinion; ,vho all sat silent, expecting who ,voulò begin; there being no fixed rule of the board, but sOlnetillles, according to the nature of the busi- ness, he ,vho was first in place beg 'pn, at other tilues he ,,,ho ,vas last in quality; and ,vhen it required SOllle debate uefore any opinion should be delivered, any rnan was at liherty to offer ,,,hat he would. But after a long silence, the king conuuanded the chan- cellor of the exchequer to speak first. He said, "it " could not IJC expectcd, that he ,vould deliver his " opinion in a luatter that ,vas so much too hard for " hiln, till he heard what others thought; at least, 16520 b desired] required OF rrHE REBELLION. 567 " till the question ,vas otherwise stated than it yet B 0 () K XIII. " seelned to him to be." He said, " he thought the " council would not be willing to take it upon them 1652. " to advise that the duke of York, the next heir to " the cro,vn, should go a volunteer into the French " army, and that the exposing himself to so n1uch " danger, should be the effect of their counsel who " ought to have all possible tenderness for the safety " of every branch of the royal family; but if the " duke of York, out of his own princely courage, "and to attain experience in the art of war, of " which there was like to be so great use, had taken " a resolution to visit the army, and to spend that " campaign in it, and that the questíon only was, " whether the king should restrain him from that " expedition, he was ready to declare his opinion, " that his majesty should not; there being great " difference between the king's advising him to go, " which implies an approbation, and barely suffering " hinl to do what his own genius inclined hinl to." The king and queen liked the stating of the question, as suiting best with the tenderness they ought to have; and the duke was as well pleased ,vith it, since it left hin1 at the liùerty he desire.d; and the lords thought it safest for them: and so all ,vere pleased; and n1uch of the prejudice \vhich the duke had en- tertained towards the chancellor ,vas abated: and his royal highness, with the good liking of the } rcnch court, went to the arn1Y; \vhere he ,vas re- The duke . I J f T . . goes to the CelVe( JY the marshal 0 urenne, wIth all possIble auu)'. deß10nstration of respect; where, in a short tilllC, he got the reputation of a prince of very signal courage, and to be universally beloved of the 'v hole army by his affable behaviour. 004 568 THE HISTORY BOO K The insupportable necessities of the king were XIII. now gro\vn so notorious, that the French court was J 652. c0111pelled to take notice of then1; and thereupon, ,vith some dry cOlnpliments for the sInallness of the assignation in respect of the ill condition of their af- fairs, which indeed were not in any good posture, The aS5ig- they settled an assignation C of six thousand livres nation of six thou- by the month upon the king, payable out of such a sand lines by the gabel; which, being to begin d six months after the :: p t- king caIne thither, found too great a debt con.. t h he k h -ing tracted to be easily satisfied out of such a monthl y _y t e eI I,'rench receipt, though it had been punctually conlplicd court... . . h . T . wIth; WhlC It never ,vas. he queen, at Ius ma- jesty's first arrival, had declared, "that she was not " able to bear the charge of the king's diet, but that " he TIlust pay one half of the expense of her table, " where both their lllajesties eat, ,vith the duke of " York, and the princess Henrietta," (which two ,vcre at the queen's charge till the king caIne thi- ther, but from that time, the duke of York was upon the king's account,) and the very first night's supper which the king eat \vith the queen, begun the account; and a moiety thereof ,vas charged to . the king: so that the first money that was received for the king upon his grant, was entirely stopped by sir Harry \V ood, the queen's treasurer, for the dis- charge of his majesty's part of the queen's table, (\vhich expense ,vas first satisfied, as often as 1110ney could be procured,) and the rest for the payment of other debts contracted, at his first corning, for clothes and other necessaries, there being great care taken that nothing should be left to be distributed c an assignation] Originally, a grant d being to begin] beginning OF THE REBELLION. 569 amongst his servants; the marquis of Ormond hiln- BOOK XIII. self being compelled to put himself in pension, "\vith other gentlemen e, at a pistole a week for his diet, 1652. and to walk the streets on foot, which was no ho- nourable custom in Paris; whilst the lord Jermyn kept an excellent table for those who courted hilll, and had a coach of his o,vn, and all other aCC0J111TIO- dations incident to the most full fortune; and if the king had tIle most urgent occasion for the use but of twenty pistoles, as sometimes he had, he could not find credit to borro\v it; ,vhich he often had ex- periment of. Yet if there had not been as much care to take that from him which was his o\vn, as to llinder }1ÍlTI from receiving the supply assigned by the king of France, his necessities would not have been so extraordinary. For ,vhen the king went to Jersey in order to his journey into Ireland, and at the same time that he sent the chancellor of the ex- chequer into Spain, he sent likewise the lord Cole- pepper into l\losco\v, to borrow money of that duke; and into Poland he sent 1\11'. Crofts upon the same errand. The fornler returned whilst the king was in Scotland; and the latter about the time that his majesty lllade his escape from 'V orcester. And both of them succeeded so ,veIl in their journey, that he who recei ved least for his majesty's service had above ten thousand pounds over and above the ex- pense of their journeys. But, as if the king had been out of all possible How the d h I d J money was anger to ,,-ant money, t e or ernlyn had sent an disposed . S 1 d h k h that was express Into cot an , as soon as e new w at suc- sent the hing from . Moscow e with other gentlemen] with woman the wIfe of one of the and Po. the chancellor and some other king's servants land. gentlemen, with a poor English 570 "rIlE 1-1 I S'l'OR Y 1052. cess the lord Colepepper had at Moscow, and found there were no less hopes from Mr. Crofts, and pro- cured from the king (who could with n10re ease grant, than deny) \varrants under his hand to both those envoys f, to pay the n10nies they had received to several persons; whereof a considerable sum was made a present to the queen, lnore to the lord J er- myn, upon pretence of debts due to hilTI, which ,vere not dilninished by that receipt, and all dis- posed of according to the modesty of the askers; whereof Dr. Goffe had eight hundred pounds for ser- vices he had performed, and, within few days after the receipt of it, changed his religion, and became one of the fathers of the oratory: so that, when the king returned in all that distress to Paris, he never received five hundred pistoles fron1 the proceed of both those elnbassies; nor did any of those ,vho were supplied by his bounty seem sensible of the obligation, or the more disposed to do hiln any ser- vice upon their own expense; of which the king was seI1sible enough, but resolved to hear that and more, rather than, by entering into any expostula- tion \vith those ,vho were faulty, to give any trouble to the queen. The lord Jerlnyn, ,vho, in his own judgment, ,vas very indifferent in all ll1atters relating to religion, was always of SOl1le faction that regarded it. lIe had been 111uch addicted to the presbyterians fronl the tiIne that there had been any treaties with the Scots, in which he had too n1uch privity. And no\v, upon the king's return into France, he had a great design to persuade his majesty to go to the ROOK XIII. f en voys] ambassadors OF 'rHE REBELI..ION. 571 congregation at Charenton, to the end that he might keep up his interest in the presbyterian party; \vhich he had no reason to believe would ever be able to do the king service, or ,villing, if they ,vere able, without such odious conditions as they had hitherto insisted upon in all their overtures. The queen did not, in the least degree, oppose this, but rather seenled to countenance it, as the best expedient that might incline hÜn, by degrees, to prefer the religion of the church of Ronle. For though the queen had never, to this time, by herself, or by others with her advice, used the least Ineans to persuade the king to change his religion, as well out of observation of the injunction laid upon her by the deceased king, as out of the conformity of her own judglnent, ,vhich could not but persuade her that the change of his religion would infallibly make all his hopes of reco- vering England desperate; yet it is as true, that, from the king's return from \\r orcester, she did really despair of his being restored by the affections of his o\vn subjects; and believed that it could never be brought to pass without a conjunction of catholic In-inces on his behalf, and by an united force to re- store him; and that such a conjunction ,vould never be entered into, except the king himself bccaInc Ro- man catholic. Therefore fro III this tilue she \vas very ,veIl content that any attempts should be nlade upon hÏ111 to that purpose; and, in that regard, wished that he \vould go to Charenton; which she well knew ,vas not the religion he affected, but would be a little discountenance to the church in which he had been bred; and frolll which as soon as h(\ could he persuaded in any degree to s\verve, BOOK XIII. 1652. 57 THE HISTORY nOOK he ,vould be lTIOre ex p osed to any other temptation. XIII. The king had not positively refused to gratify the 1652. · The mini- Inlnisters of that congregation; ,vho, ,vith great pro- r ton fessions of duty, had besought hin1 to do then1 that })ress the honour, before the chancellor of the exchequer came king to come to to hin1; in which it ,vas believed, that they were their church; the ITIOre 1ike to prevail by t11e death of Dr. Steward; : d: e ;- for whose judgment in Inatters of religion the king the lord had reverence, by the earnest recommendation of Jermyn. Dr. Steward his father: and he died after the king's return with- dies pre · fi d · h bi h . sently after In ourteen ays, WIt sonle trou e upon t elm- tb t e kin 's t P ortunit y and artifice he saw used to P revail with re urn In 0 France. the king to go to Charenton, though he saw no dis- position in his majesty to yield to it. The lord Jermyn still pressed it, "as a thing that " ought in policy and discretion to be done, to re- " concile that people, 'v hich was a great body in " France, to the king's service, which ,vould draw " to him all the foreign churches, and thereby he " might receive considerable assistance." He won- dered, he said, "why it should be opposed by any " man; since he did not \vish that his lTIajesty would "discontinue his own devotions, according to the " course he had always observed; nor propose that " he should often repair thither, but only son1etimes, " at least once, to shew that he did look upon them "as of the same religion with him; which the "church of England had always ackno"rledged; " and that it had been an instruction to the Eng- "lish ambassadors, that they should keep a good " correspondence with those of the religion, ând fre- "quently resort to divine service at Charenton; " where they had always a pew kept for' them." OF THE REBELLION. 573 The chancellor of the exchequer dissuaded his BOO K , · Ii · . h . h I XIII. InaJesty rom gOIng thlt er 'VIt equa earnestness b; told him, "that, \vhatcver countenance or favour Th ] 65 h 2. e c an- " the cro\vn or church of England had heretofore cellor of the exche- " shewed to those congregations, it was in a time quer dis- . · d suaded him "when they carrIed themselves wIth modesty an from it. " duty to\vards both, and when they professed great "duty to the king, and much reverence to that " church; lamenting themselves, that it ,vas not in "their po\ver, by the opposition of the state, to " Inake their reformation so perfect as it ,vas in "England. And by this kind of behaviour they "had indeed received the protection and counte- " nance froln England as if they were of the san1e " religion, though, it may be, the original of that "countenance and protection proceeded froln an- " other less warrantable foundation; \vhich he ,vas "sure ,vould never find credit from his 111ajesty. " But, "rhatever it was, that people no\v had unde- " served it froBl the king; for, as soon as the trou- " bles begun, the Hugonots of France had generally " expressed great Blalice to the late king, and very " many of their preachers and 111inisters had pub- " licly and industriously justified the rebellion, and " prayed for the good success of it; aud their synod " itself had in such a 111anner inveighed ngainst the "church of England, that they, upon 'the lllatter, " professed theITISclves to hc of another religion; and " inveighed against episcopacy, as if it \\'ere incon- " si tent \vith the protestant religion. That onc of " thcir great professors at thcir universityofSaulour h , g earnestness 1 passion 11 That one of their great pro- fessors at their university ofSau- Blur] That their great professor at their university of Saumur, monsieur Amirant" 574 r.L'HE HIS'rOR Y 1652. " \vho ,vas looked upon as a man of the most 1110- "derate spirit alTIOngst their ministers, had pub- "lished an apology for the general inclination of " that party to the proceedings of the parliament of " England, lest it lnight give SOine jealousy to their "own king of their inclination to rebellion, and of "their opinion that it was la\vful for subjects to " take up arms against their prince; ,vhich, he said, "could not be done in France \vithout manifest re- " bellion, and incurring the displeasure of God for "the nlanifest breach of his C01111nandments; be- " cause the king of "'rance is an absolute king, in- "dependent upon any other authority. But that " the constitu tion of the kingdonl of England ,vas " of another nature; because the king there is sub- " ordinate to the parlia111ent, \vhich hath authority " to raise arlns for the reformation of religion, or " for the executing the public justice of the king- " dom against all those who violate the laws of the " nation, so that the war nlight be just there, \vhich " in no case could be warrantable in France." The chancellor told the king, "that, after such " an indignity offered to him, and to his crown, anq " since they had no\v made such a distinction be- " tween the episcopal and the presbyterian govern- " ment, that they thought the professors were not " of the saIne religion, his going to Charenton could " not be without this effect, that it ,vould be COIl- " cluded every where, that his majesty thought the "one or the other profession to be indifferent i ; BOOK XIII. i that his m jesty thought the of England, and betal\en him- one or the other profession to self to that of Charenton, at be indifferent] that his ma- least that h thought the one jesty had renounccd the church and the 01 her to Ùe' indifferent OF THE REnELl,ION. 575 " which would be one of the most deadly \vounds to H () () K " the church of England that it had yet ever suffered." x J J I. These reasons prevailed so far with the king's o\vn 1 G52. natural a version from what had been proposed, that he declared positi ve]y, " he \vould never go to Cha- The king " " h . h d .. d h ..c declared renton; W lC etern11natlon ease 101 lrom any he wunlll farther application of that people. The reproach of not go. this resolution was \vholly charged upon the chan- cellor of the exchequer, as the implacable enemy of all presbyterians, and as the only man who diverted the king from having a good opinion of thelTI: whereas in truth, the daily inforInation he received from the king hÍJnse]f of their barbarous behaviour in Scotland to,vards him, and of their insupportable pride and pedantry in their Inanners, did confirn1 hin1 in the judgn1ent he had ahvays made of their profession k; and he ,vas the more grievous to those of that profession, because they could not, as they used to do aU 1 those who opposed and crossed them in that manner, accuse him of being popishly af- fccted, and governed by the papists; to WhOlll they kne\v he ,vas equally odious; and the queen's kno\v- ing him to be most disaffected to her religion, lnade her ,villing to appear most displeased for his hinder- ing the king froin going to Charenton. There was another accident, which feU out at this tinIe, and ,vhich the chanceUor of the exchequer foresaw ,vould exceedingly increase the queen's pre- judice to him; \vhich he did very heartily desire to avoid, and to recover her nlnjesty's favour hy all the \vays he could pursue ,,,ith his duty; and, in con- sistence \vith that, m did never, in the least dcgrce't k profession] religion I do all] do to all m in C'onsistence wi. It that,] Not in J1S. 576 'l"HE 11 I STORY ] 652. dispose his l11ajesty to deny any thing to her \vhich she o,vned the desire of. Lieutenant general Mid- dleton, 'v ho had been taken prisoner after 'V orcester fight, after he was recovered of his wounds ,vas sent prisoner to the Tower of London; where ,vere like- wise nlany noble persons of that nation, as the earl of Crawford, the earl of Lautherdale, and Hlany others. But as they of the parliament had a greater regard n for l\liddleton than for any other of that country 0, knowing him to be a man of great honour and courage, and much the best officer the Scots had, so they had a hatred of hinl proportionable; and they thought they had him at their mercy, and 111ight proceed against him more warrantably for his life, than against their other prisoners; because he had heretofore, in the beginning of the war, served them; and though he had quitted their service at the same tinle when they cashiered the earl of Es- sex, and nlade their new model, and ,vas at liberty to do what he thought best for himselt Jet they resolved to free themselves frol11 any farther appre- hensions and fear of hÌIll: to that purpose ther erected a new high court of justice, for the trial of some persons ,vho had been troublesolne to them, and especially Middleton and IVlassey. This last, after he had escaped from 'V orcester, and travelled two or three days, found hÏl11self so tormented and weakened by his ,vounds, that heing near the seat of the earl of Stanlford, \vhose lieute- nant colonel he had heen in the beginning of the war, and being "Tell kno,vn to his lady, he chose to commit himself to her rather than to her husband; BOOK XIII. n regard] reverence o country] nation OF THE REBELLION. 577 hoping, that in honour she \vould have found some BOOK XIII. means to preserve hiln. But the lady had only cha- rity to cure his wounds, not courage to conceal his 1652. person; and such advertisements were given of him, that, as soon as he was fit to be removed, he was likewise sent to the Tower, and destined to be sa- l\IiddJeton . fi d 1 h . h f .. h . h and l\IasSf'Y, crl ce )y the Jg court 0 JustIce toget er WIt prisoners l\iiddleton, for the future security of the common- ;o :, de- wealth. signe.d to be tned by But now the presbyterian interest shewed itselt a h.igh .court . of J usbce. and doubtless, in enterprises of thIS nature, was very powerful; having in all places persons devoted to them, who were ready to obey their orders, though they did not pretend to be of their paI"ty. And the tin-Ie approaching that they were sure Middleton was to be tried, that is, to be executed, they gave hilU so good and particular advertisement, that he took his leave of his friends in the Tower, and Inadc his escape; and having friends enough to shelter Middleton h . · L d .c h h d I d h . If I makes his Inl In on on, alter e a concea e Imse t lere escape into a fortnight or three ,veeks, that the diligence of the France. first exan1ination and inquiry ,vas over, he \vas safely transported into France. And ,vithin few days after, And l\fas- Massey had the saine good fortune, to the grief and sey escapes. vexation of the very soul of CroI11,vell; who thirsted for the blood of those two persons. 'Vhen Middleton caine to the king to Paris, he An account b h · h I . 1 . I S · h . h of ScotJalld roug t 'VIt urn a Itt e cottiS VIcar, ,v 0 was brought to known to the king, one 1\11'. Knox, 'v ho brought h c I Y letters of credit to his Inaiest y and SOlnc P ro } )osi- Yi ar that ' 1\1 rddJeton tions fr0111 his friends in Scotland, and other de- hrought with him. spatches fronl the lords in the To\ver, with \VhOlU he had conferred after 1\liddleton had escaped frOI1I thence. He brought the relation of the terror that VOL. VI. P P 578 TI-IE HISTORY BOOK was struck into the hearts of that "'hole nation by XIII. the severe proceedings of general Monk, to whose ] 652. care Croln\vell had con1n1itted the reduction of that kingdom, upon the taking of Dundee, 'v here persons of all degrees and qualities ,vere put to the s\vord after the town P was entered, and all left to plunder; upon which all other places rendered. All n1en cOD1plained of the marquis of Argyle, who prose- cuted the king's friends with the utmost n1alice, and protected and preserved the rest according to his desire. He gave the king assurance from the most considerable persons, \v ho had retired into the High- lands, "that they would never swerve from their " duty; and that they \vould be able, during the "\vinter, to infest the enemy by incursions into " their quarters; and that, if l\1iddleton n1ight be "sent to them with SOine supply of arms, they ",vould have an arlny ready against the spring, "strong enough to l11eet \vith Monk." He said, " he ,vas addressed fron1 Scotland to the lords in " the To\ver, \vho did not then know that l\'liddle- "ton had arrived in safety ,vith the king; and "therefore they had cOlnn1anded hitn, if neither " Middleton nor the lord N ewburgh \vere about his " majesty, that then he should repair to the mar- " quis of Oro10nd, and desire him to present him to " the king; but that, having found both those lords " there, he had made no farther application than to The re- " them, \v ho had brought hiIn to his majesty." He quests to. . the king of told the kIng, "that both those In Scotland, and his friends h · h T d · h . I bI there. "t ose In t e ower, ma e It ten" lUln e re- " quest, or rather a condition to his majesty; that, P after the town] for many hours after the town OF 'l"HE REBELLION. 579 " except it "'ere granted, they would no more think ROOK XIJL. " of serving his ll1ajesty: the condition ,vas, that " whatever should have relation to his service ill ) ô52. " Scotland, and to their persons ,vho were to ven- " ture their lives in it, might not be communicated "to the queen, the duke of Buckingham, the lord " J erlnyn, or the lord "\Vilmot. They professed all " duty to the queen, but they knew she had too " good an opinion of the marquis of Argyle; \vho "\vould infallibly COlne to know \vhatever ,vas " kno\vn to either of the other." The king did not expect that any notable service could be perfornled by his friends in Scotland for his ad vantage, or their own redemption; yet did not think it fit to seelll to undervalue the professions and overtures of those ,vho had, during his being an10ngst then1, made all possible demonstration of affection and duty to him; and therefore resolved to grant any thing they desired; and so pronlised not to communicate any thing of what they pro- posed to the queen, or the other three lords. But since they proposed present despatches to be lnade of cOlnnlissions and letters, he \yished theln to con- sider, ,vhom they ,vould be "Tilling to trust in the performing that service. 'I'he next day they at- tended his majesty again, and desired, "that all " matters relating to Scotland lnight be consulted " by his majesty with the nlarquis of Ormond, the " lord N ewburgh, and the chancellor of the exche- The .king " d h II d h . } b d JlppOlnts quer; an t at a the espatc es ffi1g 1t e nla e the c1ldn- " I t} h ]1 " h ' ] h k . 1 ceJ]orof )y JC C ance or; 'v IC 1 t e -lng consente( to; tllt exche- and hid the lord N ewburgh go ,vith them to hiln, e:e t ll and let him kno,v his Inajesty's pleasure. And despatc:bes for Scot- thereupon the lord N ewburgh brought liddleton land. pp2 580 THE HISTORY HOOK to the chancellor; who had never seen bis face XIII. before. The marquis of Ormond and the chancellor of the The mar- quis of Or- exchequer believed that the king had nothing at mond's h -. d b b - d fì - d and the t IS tIme to 0 ut to e qUIet, an care ully aVOi chancel- d - h . h . h d h . h d lor's opi. oing any t Ing q t at mlg t 0 un urt, an to nion. con- expect SOIne blessed conjuncture from the amity of cermng the king's af- Christian princes, or some such revolution of affairs fairs at that. . _ . . time. In England by theIr own dIscontents, and dIvisIons amongst themselves, as might make it seasonable for his majesty again to shew hinlself. And there. fore they proposec:I nothing to themselves but pa- tiently to expect one of those conjunctures, and, in the mean time, so to behave themselves to the queen, that without being received into her trust and confidence, which they did not affect, they might enjoy her grace and good acceptation. But the designation of then1 to this Scottish intrigue, crossed all t.his imagination, and shook that founda- tion of peace and tranquillity, upon which they had raised their present hopes r. The cban- The chancellor therefore ,vent presently to the cellor of the . . exchequer king, and besought hIm wIth earnestness, "that he desires the 1 b d · king not "would not lay t 1at ur en upon hInl, or engage t ell!ploy "him in an y P art of the counsels of that P eo p le." He bun III the Sco!tisb P ut his nla 1 est y in n1ind of " the continued avo\vcd affairs. " jealousy and displeasure which that whole party " in that nation had ever had against him; and that " his majesty very well knew, that those nohle pel'- 1652. q and carefully avoid doing any thing] and that all his ac- tivity was to consist in care- fully avoiding to do any thing. T raised their present hopes] Thus continuecl in MS.: be- sides that the chancellor was not without some natural pre- judice to the ingenuity and sin- cerity of that nation, and there- fore he went presently to the king, &c. OF 'l"HE REBELLION. 581 " sons who served him best \vhen he \vas in Scot- nOOK XIII. " land, and in whose affection and fidelity he had all " possible satisfaction, had some prejudice S against 1652. "him, and would be troubled when they should " hear that all their secrets were cOlnmitted to him." He told his majesty, " this trust would for ever de- " prive hinI of all hope of the queen's favour; \vho " could not but discern it within three or four days, " and, by the frequent resort of the Scottish vicar t " to him," (\vho had the vanity to desire long con- ferences with him,) " that there was some secret u in " hand which was kept fron1 her; and she would " as easily discover, that the chancellor was privy to " it, by his reading papers to his majesty, and his " signing them; and \vould from thence conclude, " that he had persuaded him to exclude her majesty " froln that trust; which she would never forgive." Upon the whole, he renewed his iInportunity, "that " he might be excused from this confidence." The king heard hitn with patience and attention The king's "('pI)' to enough; and confessed, " that he had reason not to him. " be solicitous for that employn1ent; but he wished " hin1 to consider withal, that he must either under- " take it, or that his nlajesty nIust in plain ternIS "reject the correspondence x; \vhich, he said, he " thought he would not advise him to do. If his " majesty entertained it, it could not be ÍIllngincd " that all those transactions could pass through his "own hand, or, if they could, his being shut up "so long alone would make the sanIe discovery. s some prejudice] all imagin- able prejudice t vicar] Levitc u secret] secret affair x reject the correspondence] lS. adds: and Lv it declare that he would no. further con- sider Scotland as his kingdom. and the people as his suLjects p p j 58Q 'rHE HIsrrOn,Y :H U () K "'Vholn then should he trust? The lord New- XIII. " burgh, it was very true, ,vas a very honest Ulan, 1652. "and worthy of any trust; but he ,vas not a coun- " sellor, and nothing could be so much wondered at, " as his frequent being shut up ,vith him; and more, " his bringing any papers to him to he signed. As " to the general prejudice which he conceived was " against hit11 by that party Y," his majesty told hioI, " the nation ,vas o1uch altered since he had to do " with thenl, and that no men were better loved by " them now than they who had from the beginning " ueen faithful to his father and hÌ1nself." To \vhich he added, " that Middleton had the least in him, of " any infirnlities l110st incident to that party z, that " he knew: and that he \vould find him a man of " great honour and ingenuity, ,vith whom he would "be \vell pleased." His majesty said, "he would " frankly declare to his mother, that he had received " some intelligence out of Scotland, and that he ,vas " obliged, and had given his \vord to those whose " lives would be forfeited if knol\rn, that he would " not comlllunicate it \vith any but those who \vere "chosen by thelllseives; and, after this, she could " not he offended with his reservation:" and con- c1uded with a gracious conjuration and COlTIllland to the chancellor, "that he should cheerfuIy suhnlit, " and undergo that enlployment; which, he assured " him, should never be attended with prejudice or The c1mn- "inconvenience to hinl." I n this manner he sub- celJor sub- mits; and mitted himself to the king's disposal, and was was accord- . . ingly trusted throughout that affaIr; whIch had several trusted in . I .!' II . d d . d I h these af- stages In t IC years 10 O\Vlng, an I pro( uce t e fairs. y party] nation z party] nation OF THE REBELl,ION. 583 inconveniencies he had foreseen. and rendered hÍ1n BOO K XIII. so unacceptable to the queen, that she easily enter- tained those prejudices against hiln, ,vhich those she 1652. D10st trusted \vere ahvays ready to infuse into her, and under which he ,vas conlpelled to bear 111any hardships. This uncomfortahle condition of the king was The trou- . hies of the rendered yet ll10re desperate, by the straIts and ne- French ... h . I h F I b court about cessities Into w IC 1 t e renc 1 court \vas a out this time. this tinle plunged: so that they who hitherto had shewed no very good will to assist the king, were now hecome really unahle to do it. The parliament of Paris had hehaved themselves so refractorily to all their king's comnlands, pressed so importunately for the liberty of the princes, and so impatiently for the remove of the cardinal, that the cardinal ,vas at last compelled to persuade the queen to consent to both: and so himself rid to Havre de Grace, and delivered the queen's warrant to set them at liberty, and after a short conference with the prince of Condé, he continued his own journey towards Ger- many, and passed in disguise, with two or three ser- vants, till he carne near Cologne, and there he re- mained at a house belonging to that elector. "Then the princes carne to Paris, they had rc- ceived great welcome from the parliament and the city; and instead of closing with the court, \vhich it ,vas thought they ,vould have done, the \vound ,vas ,vidcned ,vithout any hope of I'cconciliation: so that the king and queen regent withdre\v froin thence; the to\vn was in arms; and fire and s\vord de- nounced against the cardinal; his goods sold at an outcry; and a price set upon his head; and all per- sons ,vho professed any duty to thcir king, found ]) p 4 584 THE HISTORY 1652. themselves very unsafe in Paris. During all this time the queen of England and the king, with their fanlilies, remained in the Louvre, not knowing whi- ther to go, nor well able to stay there; the assign- Dlents, which had been made for their subsistence, not being paid them: and the loose people of the town begun to talk of the duke of York's being in arms against them. But the duke of Orleans, under whose nanle all the disorders were conlmitted, and the prince of Condé, visited our king and queen \vith many professions of civility; but those were shortly abated likewise, when the French king's army came upon one side of the town, and the Spa- nish, with the duke of Lorrain's, upon the other. The French army thought they had the enemy upon an advantage, and desired to have a battle with theu1; \vhich the other declined; all which time, the court had an underhand treaty with the duke of Lorrain; and, upon a day appointed, the French king sent to the king of England, to desire hin1 to confer with the duke of Lorrain; who lay then \vith his arnlY within a Inile of the town. There was no reason vi8ible for that desire, nor could it be conceived, that his majesty's interposi- tion could be of 1110ment: yet his majesty knew not how to refuse it; but inlmediately went to the place assigned; \vhere he found both armies drawn up in battalia within cannon shot of each other. Upon his majesty's cOll1ing to the duke of Lorrain, the treaty \vas again revived, and messages sent between the duke and marshal Turenne. In fine, the night ap.. proaching, both armies drew off from their ground, and his majesty returned to the Louvre; and before the next lnorning, the treaty was finished between BOOK XIII. OF THE REBELLION. 585 the court ànd the duke of Lorrain; and he marched a\vay with his whole army towards Flanders, and left the Spaniards to support the parliament against the power of the French army; which advanced upon them with that resolution, that, though they defended thelnselves very bravely, and the prince of Condé did the office of a bra ve general in the Fauxbourg St. Marceaux, and at the port St. An- toine, in which places many gallant persons of both sides were slain, they had been all cut off, if the city had not been prevailed with to suffer then1 to retire into it; which they had no mind to do. And thereupon the king's army retired to their o]d post, four leagues o and attended future advan- tages: the king having a very great party in the }Jarliament and the cit.y, which abhorred the re- ceiving and entertaining the Spaniards into their bo\vels 8. This retreat of the duke of Lorrain broke the neck of the prince of Condé's design. He knew well he should not be long able to retain the duke of Orleans fron1 treating with the court, or keep the Parisians at his devotion; and that the duke de Beaufort, whom they had made governor of Paris, \vould be weary of the contention. For the present, they \vere all incensed against the duke of Lorrain ; and were well enough contented that the people should believe, that this defection in the duke was \vrought hy the activity and interposition of the king of England; and they who did know tllat his interest could not have produced that effect, could not tell how to interpret his 111ajesty's journey to a bowels] Originally, bosom. BOOK XIII. 1652. 586 rrHE HISTORY BOOK speak ,vith the duke in so unseasonable a conjunc- XIII. ture: so that, as the people expressed, and used all 1652. the insolent reproaches against the English court at the Louvre, and loudly threatened to be revenged, so neither the duke of Orleans, nor the prince of Condé, Inarle any visit there, or expressed the least civility towards it. In truth, our king and queen did not think thelnselves out of danger, nor stirred out of the Louvre for many days, until the French court thought theillseives obliged to provide for tlleir security, by ad vising the king and queen to remove, and assigned St. Gern1ain's to then1 for their re- The king treat. Then his majesty sent to the duke of 01'- of England and his leans, and prince of Condé, "that their purpose was mother re- . d move to St. " to leave the to,vn:" upon whIch there was a gual' Germain's. that attended then1 out of the to,vn in the evening; ,vhich could not be got to be in readiness till then; and they ,vere shortly after met by some troops of horse sent by the French king, which conducted them by torch-light to St. Germain's; ,vhere they arrived ahout midnight; and remained there with- out any disturbance, till Paris ,vas reduced to that king's obedience. It is a very hard thing for people ,vho have no- thing to do, to forbear 'doing something which they ought not to do; and the king ll1ight ,veIl hope that, since he had nothing else left to enjoy, he might have enjoyed quiet and repose; and that a court ,vhich had nothing to give, might have ùeen fl"ee from faction and alnbition; whilst every man had cOIDl10sed hhnself to hear the ill fortune he was rc- duced to for conscience sak(l, ,vhich every man pre- tended to be his case, ,vith :sublnission and content, till it should please God to buoy up the king froll1 O -, 'rl-IE I{EBELLIO . 587 the lowness he ,vas in; ,vho in truth suffered 11luch nOOK lllore than any body else. But \vhilst there are XIII. courts in the world, elnulation and an1bition will be 1652. inseparable frOlTI theln; and kings ,vho have nothing to give, shall be pressed to promise; which of ten- tinles proves more inconvenient and mischievous than any present gifts could be, because they al- ,yays dra 'v on more of the same title and presence; and as they ,vho receive the favours, are not the 1110re satisfied, so they who are not paid in the same kind, or "rho, out of modesty and discretion, forbear to nlake such suits, are grieved and offended to see the vanity and presumption of bold men so unsea- sonably gratified and encouraged. The king found no benefit of this kind b in being Solicita- . d f II h . d ,. d II I . tions for strlppe 0 a IS offilnlons, an a lIS pO\\Ter. places in 1\1en \vere as importunate, as hath been said before, r :ng's for honours, and offices, and revenues, as if they could have taken possession of thenl as soon as they had been granted, though but by prolnise: and Inen \vho would not have had the presunlption to have asked the same thing, if the king had been in Eng- land, thought it very justifiable to demand it, be- cause he was not there; since there \vere so many hazards that they should never live to enjoy \vhat he promised. The vexations he under\vent of this kind cannot be expressed; and whosoever succeeded not in his unreasonable desires, in1puted it only to the ill nature of the chancellor of the exchequer; and concluded, that he alone obstructed it, because they ah,rays received very gracious ans'\'crs from his 111ajesty: so that though his wants \vcre as visible h of this kind] Not in J1S. 588 THE HISTORY BOOK and notorious as any man's, and it appeared he got XIII. nothing for himself, he paid very dear in his peace 1652. and quiet for the credit and interest he was thought to have with his l11aster. The 10rd'Vilmot had, by the opportunity of his late conversation \vith the king in his escape, drawn ll1any kind expressions froln his majesty; and he thought he could not be too solicitous to procure such a testilnony of his grace and favour, as nlight distinguish him from other men, and publish the esteeul the king had of hin1. Therefore he impor- tuned his majesty that he would make hÍ1n an ear], referring the time of his creation to his Inajesty's own choice: and the modesty of this reference pre- vailed; the king well kno\ving, that the same ho- nour would be desired on the behalf of another, by one whom he should be unwilling to deny. But since it was not asked for the present, he promised to do it in a time that should appear to be conve- nient for his service. There were projects of another kind, which were much more troublesolne; in which the projectors still considered themselves in the first place, and what their condition nlight prove to be by the suc- cess. The duke of York was so \vell pleased \vith the fatigue of the war, that he thoug}1t his condition very agreeable; but his servants did not like that course of life so well, at least desired so far to iU1- prove it, that they might reap SOlne advantages to The lord themselves out of his appointments ('. Sir John Bcrk- Eyron, the dulie's go- Icy was now, upon the death of the lord Byron, by : or, ,vhich the duke \vas deprived of a very good ser- C appointments] overplus OF THE REBELLION. 589 vant, become the superior of his fatuily, and cal1ed nOOK XIII. hin1selt \vithout any authority for it, Intellllant lIes njfaires lIe son altesse 'royale; had the manage- 1652. ment of all his receipts and disbursements; and all the rest depended upon hÍIn. He desired, by all ways, to get a better revenue for his master, than the slnall pension he received from France; and thought no expedient so proper for him, as a wife of a great and noble fortune; which he presumed he should have the managing of. There was then a lady in the town, mademoiselle de Longueville, the daughter of the duke de Longue- ville by his first \vife, by w honl she was to in- herit a very fair revenue, and had title to a very considerable sun1 of nloney, which her father was ohliged to account for: so that she ,vas looked upon as one of the greatest and richest luarriages in France, in respect of her fortune; in respect of her person not at all attractive, being a lady of a very lo\v stature, and that stature s0111e\\.hat deforllled d. This Sir John .. Berkley de- lady SIr John desIgned for the duke; and treated signs ma- · h } I d . h h d h d del1loisel1e WIt t lOSe a les ,v 0 ,vere nearest to er, an a de Longue- been trusted \vith the education of her before he viJIe for , the duke's 111entioned it to his royal highness. Then he per- wife. suaded hinl," that all hopes in England ,vere des- " perate: that the governn1ent ,vas so settled there, " that it could never be shaken; so that his high- "ness must think of no other fortune than ,vhat " he should l11ake by his s".ord: that he ,vas no\v " upon the stage where he llluSt act out his life, and ,: that he should do \vell to think of providing a civil " fortune for hin1self, as ,veIl as a martial; ,vhich d somewhat deformed] no degree straight 90 TIlE HISTORY , 1652. " could only be by Inarriage:" and then spoke of llladenloiselle de Longueville, and lllade her fortune at least equal to what it ,vas; ",vhich," he said, " \vhen once his highness ,vas possessed of, he might " seH; and thereby raise money to pay an army to " invade England, and so might becolne the restorer " of the king his brother: this he thought very prac- " ticable, if his highness seriously and heartily ,vould " endeavour it." The duke himself had no aversion from e Inarriage, and the consideration of the for- tune, and the circunlstances \vhich lTIight attend it, Inade it not the less acceptable; yet he made no other answer to it, "than that he Inust first kno\v "the king's and queen's judgment of it, before he "could take any resolution ,vhat to do." Upon ,vhich sir John undertook, "rith his highness's ap- probation, to propose it to their 111ajesties hiIllself, and accordingly first spoke ,vith the queen, enlarg- ing on all the benefit which probably 111ight attend it. It ,vas believed f, that the first overture and at.. tenlpt had not been Inade ,vithout her lllajesty's pri- vity and approbation; for the lord Jerlnyn had beel) no less active in the contrivance than sir John Berk- ley: yet her nlajesty refused to deliver any opinion in it, till she knew the king's: and so at la t, after the young lady herself had been spoken to, his Ina- jesty was inforuled of it, and his approbation de- sired; \vith ,vhich he was not well pleased; and yet ,vas un\villing to use his authority to ohstruct ,vhat was looked upon as so great a benefit and advantage HOOK XIII. e The duke himself had no aversion from] The duke \Vas not so far broken with age as to have au atrersion from f believed] generally beliered O -, 'f'HE REBELLION. 591 to his brother; though he did not dissemble his rc- no 0 K Xill. sentment g of their presu111ption who undertook to enter upon treaties of that nature, with the san1e li- I G52. herty as if it concerned only their own kindred and allies: ho,vever, he was very reserved in saying ,vhat he thought of it. \Vhilst his Inajesty \vas in delibe- ration, all the ways were taken to discover ,vhat the chancellor of the exchequer's judgment ,vas; and the lord J ertnyn spoke to him of it, as a matter that ,vollld not adnlit any dou bt on the king's part, other- wise than fron1 the difficulty of bringing it to pass, in regard the lady's friends would not easily h be in- duced to give their consent. But the chancellor could not be drawn to make any other ans,ver, than, " that it ,vas a subject so 1l1uch above his com pre- " hension, and the consequences 111ight be SUC]l, that " he had not the atnhition to desire to be consulted " with upon it; and that less than the king's or " queen's i cOlnnland should not induce hiln to enter " upon the discourse of it." I t ,vas not long before the queen sent for hinl ; The queen d . I . f I . . h . h consults the an seenllng to COlllp aill 0 t Ie llnportunIty, "r IC chancellor was used to\vards her in that affair, and as if it : l:e X- were not g rateful to her, asked hÍ1n 'v hat his O p i- ahou the , marrIage. nion of it ,vas? To which he ans\vered, "that he " did not understand the convenience of it so \\Tell, " as to judge whether it were like to be of benefit " to the duke of York: hut he thought, that neither " the king, nor her nlajesty, should he ,villing that " the heir k of the cro\vn should be 111arried before " the king hilllself; or that it should be in any \"0- g resentment] opinion h would not easily] ,,'ould not without great difficulty i or quccn's] "l!-lot in MS. k heir] heir apparent 592 TI-IE HISTORY BOO K "l1lan's power to say, that, if there were but one XIII. " person dead, she should be a queen:" with which 1652. her majesty, who no doubt did love the king with all possible tenderness, seemed to be lTIoved, as if it had been a consideration she had not thought of be- fore; and said, with SOlne warnlth, "that she would " never give her consent that it should be so." I-Io,v- ever, this argument was quickly nlade known to the duke of York, and several glosses 111ade upon it, to the reproach of the chancellor: yet it made such an impression, that there were then as active endea- vours to find a convenient wife for the king hhnself, l el : and l1ladelnoiselle, the daughter of the duke of Or- wise leans, by his first wife, who, in the right of her 1110- thoug11t on for the ther, was already possessed of the fair inheritance king. of the duchy of MOlnpensier, was thought of. To this the queen was Inuch inclined, and the king hinl- self not averse; both looking too 111uch upon the re- lief it might give to his present necessities, and the convenience of having a place to repose in, as long as the storln should continue. The chancellor of the exchequer had no thought, by the conclusion he had l1lade in the other overture, to have drawn on this proposition; and the l1larquis of Ormond and he were no less troubled with this, than with the for- nler; which made thelll be looked upon as filen of con tradiction. rr e mar- They represented to the king, " that, as it could . mond's and" administer only SOlne competency towards hIS pre- the chan- b ... h d " I " d . cellor of "sent su slstence, so It mJg t excee lng y preJu Ice :r : - "his future hopes, and alienate the affections of his cep!ions . "friends in England: that the lady ,vas elder than agamst thIs. " he by SOlne years; \v hich was an exception al110ngst " private persons; and had been observed not to be OF TIlE REBELLION. 593 " prosperous to kings: that his n1ajesty ll1ust expect " to be pressed to those things in point of religion "\vhich he could never consent to; and yet he " should undergo the same disadvantage as if he " had consented, by many men's believing he had " done so." They besought hin1 "to set his heart " entirely upon the recovery of England, and to in- " dulge to nothing that n1ight reasonably obstruct " that, either by making hin1 less intent upon it, or " by creating new difficulties in the pursuing it." His Inajesty assured them, "that his heart was set " upon nothing else; and, if he had inclination to "this lnarriage, it was because he believed .it l11ight " luuch facilitate the other: that he looked not upon " her fortune, which ,vas very gre t, as an annual " support to him, but as a stock that should be at his " disposal; by sale whereof he n1ight raise money " enough to raise a good arn1Y to attempt the reco- " very of his kingdon1s: and .that he would be well " assured, that it should be in his power to n1ake " that use of it, before he \vould be engaged in the " treaty: that he had no apprehension of the pres- " sures \v hich \vould be n1ade in matters of religion; " because, if the lady did once consent to the l11ar- "riage, she would affect nothing but \v hat n1ight " advance the recovery of his don1inions; which she " \vould quickly understand any unreasonable con- " cessions in religion could never do." I n a word, his Inajesty discovered enough to let thell1 see that he stood "Tcll enough 1 inclined to the overture it- self; \vhich gave then1 trouble, as a thing ,vhich, in l11any respects, was like to prove very inconvenient. VOL. VI. I weB enough] very well Qq BOOK XIII. 1652. 594 THE HISTORY BOOK But they were quickly freed from that apprehen- XIII. sion. The lady carried herself in that manner, on 165:2. the behalf of the prince of Condé, and so offensively to the French court, having given fire herself to the cannon in the Bastile upon the king at the port St. Antoine, and done so lilany blalueable m things against the French king and queen, that they no sooner heard of this discourse, but they quickly put an end to it; the cardinal, who was nu\v returned again, n having long resolved, that our king should never owe any part of his restitution to any counte- nance or assistance he should receive from France; and, from the same conclusion, the like end ,vas put Both these to al] overtures which had concerned the duke of designs come to York and the other lady. nothing. Th h I .c d . d ere was, sort y aJ.ter, an unexpecte aCCI ent, that seemed to make some alteration in the affairs of Christendom; \vhich many very reasonably be- lieved, lnight have proved advantågeous to the king. The parliament, as soon as they had settled their commonwealth, and had no enelny they feared, had The paTlia- sent ambassadors to their sister republic, the States ment sent . P . .. h ambassa- of the UnIted rovlnces, to InvIte t em to enter dors to. · n . . h h d th Holland to Into a strIcter a lance WIt t em, an , upon e invite t lell1 luatter to be as one commonwealth and to have to a &tnct ' , union, one interest. They ,vere received in Holland with Saint-John be ng the all imaginable respect, and as great expressions duef. rnade, as could be, of an equal desire that a firm union might be estahlished between the two com- monwealths: and, for the forming thereof, persons were appointed to treat with the alubassadors; which was looked upon as a 11latter that \volIld "m blameable] reproof-full again,] Not in lS. n who was now returned OF 'rHE REBEL1 ION. 595 easily succeed, since the prince of Orange, ,vho could have given powerful obstructions in such cases, ,vas now dead, and all those who adhered to him dis- countenanced, and reilloved from places of trust and po\ver in all the provinces, and his son, an infant, horn after the death of his father, at the l11ercy of the States even for his support; the two do,vagers, his mother and grandlllother, having great jointures out of the estate, and the rest being liable to the payo1ent of vast debts. In the treaty, Saint-John, who had the whole trust of the embassy, being very . po,verful in the parlialuent, and the kno\vn confi- dent of Croln,vell, pressed such a kind of union as n1ust disunite them from all their other allies: so that, for the friendship of England, they lnust lose the friendship of other 0 princes, and yet lose many other advantages in trade, \vhich they enjoyed, and \vhich they sa,v the younger and more powerful cOlnn10nwealth would in a short time deprive then1 of. This the States could not digest, and used aU the ,yays they could to divert them fron1 insisting upon so unreasonable conditions; and nlade n1a y large overtures and concessions, which had never he en granted hy then1 to the greatest kings, and ,vere ,villing to quit SOJnc advantages they had en- joyed by all the treaties ,vith the cro,vn of England, and to yield other considerable benefits 'v hich they always before denied to grant. But this would not satisfy, nor \\-ould the ambas- sadors recede frotH any particular they had pro- posed: so that, after some 1110nths' stay, during ,vhich tilne they received lllany affronts frOll1 SOlne BOOK XIII. 1652. o other] all other Qq2 59ü THE HISTORY 1652. 'fhey ft!. turn with- out any effect. BOO K English, and froll1 others, they returned with great X 11 I. presents from the States, but without any effect by the treaty, or entering into any terms of aUiance, and with the extreme indignation of Saint-John; "\vhich he manifested as soon as he returned to the parliament; who, disdaining likewise to find then1- selves undervalued, (that is, not valued above all the ,vorld besides,) presently entered upon counsels ho\v they might discountenance and control the trade of Holland, and increase their o,vn. The parlia- Hereu p on the y made that act p that" inhibits all ment there- ' upon make " foreign ships from bringing in any merchandise or the act of .. . navigation, " CommodItIes Into England, but such as were the " proceed or 'growth of their own country, upon the " penalty of forfeiture of all such ships." This in- deed concerned all other countries; but it did, upon the matter, totally suppress all trade with Holland, which had very little merchandise of t.he growth of their own country, but had used to bring in their ships the growth of all other kingdoms in the world; ,vine from France and Spain, spices from the Indies, and all con1modities frOlTI all ot.her countries; which they Inust now do no more. The Dutch anlbassador expostulated this matter very \varmly, " as a breach " of conUl1erce and anlity, which could not consist " with the peace bet\veen the t\VO nations; and that " his lllasters could not look upon it otherwise than " as a declaration of war." "rhe parliament answered him superciliously, "that his l11asters might take it " in what manner they pleased; but they knew what "was best for their own state, and would not re- " peal laws to gratify their neighbours;" and caused P act] ordinance O .. TIlE REllELl..IUS. 597 the act to be executed with the utmost rigour and BOOK XIII. severity. The United Provinces now discerned, that they 1652. had helped to raise q an enemy that was too power- ful for them, and that ,vould not he treated as the crown had been. However, they could not believe it p0ssible, that in the infancy of their republic, and ,vhen their government ,vas manifestly odious to all the nobility and gentry of the kingdom, and the people generally ,veary of the taxes and iInpositions upon the nation for the support of their land-arnlies, the parliament would venture to increase those taxes and impositions proportionably to maintain a new war at sea, at so vast an expense, as could not ùe avoided; and therefore believed r that they only nlade sho\v of this courage to amuse and terrify them. However, at the spring, they set o t a fleet stronger than of course they used to do; which made no inlpression upon the English; who never suspected that the Dutch durst enter into a war with them. Besides that they were confident no such counsel and resolution could be taken on a sudden, and ,vithout their having first notice of it, they having several of the States General, and Inore of the States of Holland, very devoted to then1. And therefore they increased not their expense, but sent out their usual fleet for the guard of the coast at their season, and with no other instructions than they had been accustonled to. "rhe council of the adlniralty of HoUand, \v hich Orders . . .. . from the governed the nlarltlme affaIrs, wIthout COlnnlunlca- admiralty . · h h S G I . . . in Holland tlon WIt t e tates enera , gave theIr InstructIons to their q helped to raise] raised 1 believed] Not in l IS. (-l (J :3 598 r.!'HE HISTORY BOOK to the adlniral Van Trump, "that when he met any XIII. " of the English ships of ,val', he should not strike fle t ? ot "to them, nor shew then1 any other respect than " to strike" ,vhat they received from then1; and if the En g - " to the " English."" lish expostulated the nlatter, they should ans\ver " frankly, that the respect they had formerly shewed " upon those encounters, ,vas because the ships ,vere " the king's, and for the good intelligence they had " ,vith the cro,vn; but they had no reason to COll- " tinue the saIne in this alteration of government, " except there were some stipulation bet,veen thenl " to that purpose: and if this ans,ver did not satisfy, " but that force ,vas used towards them, they should " defend themselves with their utnlost vigour." These instructions 'v ere very secret, and never suspected by the English commanders; ,vho had their old in- structions to oblige all foreign vessels to strike sail to thenl; which had never been refused bv any na- of ., tion. It ,vas about the beginning of l\lay in the year 1652, that the Dutch fleet, consisting of above forty sail, under the cOlnmand of Van 'I'rump, rode at anchor in Dover road, being driven by a strong wind; as they pretended, from the Flanders coast, ,vhen the English fleet, under the conl11land of Blake, of a 111uch less nlunber, appeared in vie,v; upon ,vhich the Dutch weighed anchor, and put out to sea, ,vithout striking their flag; \\rhich Blake ob- serving, caused three guns to be fired ,vithout any 'The war ball. I t ,vas then observed that there \\'?as an ex- begun upon ' this account P ress ketch canle at the ver y tillle froll1 Holland fu ' , , Dutch. on board their admiral; and it ,vas then conceived, that he had, by that express, received more positive orders to fight; for, upon the arrival of that express, .. OF THE REBELLIO . 599 he tacked about, and bore directly towards the Eng- BOOK XIII. lish fleet; and the three guns ,vere no sooner fired, but, in contempt of the advertisement, he discharged ] 652. one single gun from his poop, and hung out a red flag; and came up to the English admiral, and gave him a broadside; with which he killed n13ny of his men, and damaged S his ship. \Vhereupon t, though Blake was surprised, as not expecting such an as- sault, he deferred not to give hÍ1n the saIne rude sa- lutation; and so both fleets ,vere forthwith engaged in a very fierce encounter; which continued for the space of four hours, till the night parted them, after the loss of much blood on both sides. On the part of the Dutch, they lost, t\VO ships, whereof one \vas sunk, and the other taken, ,vith both the captains, and near t,,-o hundred prisoners. On the English side there ,vere nlany slain, and more ,vounded, but no ship lost, nor officer of name. "Then the nlorn- ing appeared, the Dutch \vere gone to their coast. And thus the ,val' was entered into, before it ,vas suspected in England. "Tith ,vhat consideration soever the Dutch had embarked themselves in this sudden enterprise, it quickly appeared they had take very ill lneasures of the people's affections. For the news of this con- flict ,vas U no sooner arrived in Holland, but there ,vas the most general consternation, anlongst all sorts of tnen, that can be Ï1nagined; and the States themselves were so Bluch troubled at it, that, \vith great x expedition, the y des l )atched two extraordi- The State!! send two nary llnhassadors into England; by 'VhOl1l they pro- amb ssa- tlors mto tested, "that the late unhappy cngagclllcnt bct,vecn England about it. damaged] hurt 11 was] }{ol in 118. t \Vhercupon] \Yith which ... . great] man"cllous (l q 4 600 THE HIS l'OI-tY 1652. "the fleets of the t\\'o commonwealths had hap- " pened without their knowledge, and contrary to " the intention Y of the lords the States General: " that they had received the fatal tidings of so rash " an attempt and action, "rith amazement and asto- " nishment; and that they had immediately entered " into consultation, how they might best close this " fresh bleeding ,vound, and to avoid the farther ef- "fusion of Christian blood, so 111uch desired by the " enemies of both states: and therefore they most " earnestly desired them, by their nlutual concur- "l ence in religion, and by their mutual love of li- " berty, that nothing might be done with passion " and heat; which would Z widen the breach; but " that they might speedily receive such an answer, " that there might be no farther obstruction to the " trade of both cOlnmonwealths." To which this ans,ver was presently returned to them, "that the civility which they had always " shewed towards the States of the United Provinces " ,vas so notorious, that nothing was more strange " than the ill return they had made to them: that "the extraordinary preparations which they had "luade, of a hundred and fifty ships, without any " apparent necessity, and the instructions ,vhich had " been given to their sea-officers a, had administered "too much cause to believe, that the lords the "States General of the United Provinces had a " purpose to usurp the kno\vn right which the Eng- " lish have to the seas, and to destroy their fleets; " \vhich, under the protection of the Ahuighty, are " their walls and bulwarks; that so they ßlight be BOOK XIII. The par- liament's answer to them. Y intention J desire z would] might it sea-officers] seamen OF 'rHE REBELl ION. 601 " exposed to the invasion of any powerful enen1Y: BOO K " therefore they thought themselves ob1iged to en- XIII. " deavour, by God's assistance, to seek reparation 1652. "for the injuries and danlage they had already re- "ceived, and to prevent the like for the future: " ho\vever, they should never be ,vithout an inten- "tion and desire, that some effectual means lHight "he found to establish a good peace, union, and " right understanding between the t\VO nations." 'Vith this haughty answer they vigorously prose- cuted their revenge, and cOlnmanded Blake pre- sently to sail to the north,vard; it being then the season of the year for the great fisheries of the Dutch upon the coasts of Scotland, and the isles of Orkney, (by the benefit whereof they drive a great part of their trade over Europe;) \vhere he now found their multitude of fishing boats, guarded by Blake takes I h . f . f h . h b . h h fi I their fish- twe ve SIpS 0 war; most 0 ,v JC , WIt t e Sling busses, the y had Inade read y he brou g ht awa y "\vith hinI as and their , . uard- good prize. ships. 'Vhen Blake was sent to the north, sir George Ayscue, being just returned from the 'Vest Indies, C ,vas sent with another part of the fleet to the south; who, at his very going out, met with thirty sail of Sir G. Ays- h . h b D d C . d cue takes t ell merc ants etween over an alals; a goo or sinhs part whereof he took or sunk; and forced the rest I;i;:) i ail to run on shore U p on the French coast. which is merchants: , fights the very little better than being taken. Frolll thence Dutch fleet near Ply- he stood west\vard; and near Plyn10uth, d '" ith mouth. thirty sail of n1en of 'val', he engaged the ,,,hole Dutch fleet, consisting of sixty ships of "Tar, and b most of which] all which (" being ju t returned from the 'Vest Indies,] Not ill l}/S. cI near Ph-mouth,] "us. adds: in the midd"le of August, BOOK XIH. 1652. 60 'l"HE HIS I'OR Y thirty merchants. I t ,vas near four of the clock in the afternoon when both fleets begun to engage, so that the night quickly parted then1; yet not before t\VO of the Holland ships of war \vere sunk, and most of the men lost; the Dutch in that action ap- plying thenlselves most to spoil the tackling and sails of the English; in \vhich they had so good success, that the next morning they were not able to give them farther chase, till their sails and rig- ging could be repaired. But no day passed without the taking and bringing in nlany and valuable Dutch ships into the ports of England, which, having be- gun their voyages before any notice given to them of the war, were making haste home withoÙt any fear of their security: so that, there being no\v no hope of a peace by the mediation of their ambassa- dors) who could not prevail in any thing they pro- posed, they returned; and the war was proclaimed on either side, as well as prosecuted. The king thought he might very reasonably hope to reap sonle benefit and advantage from this ,va-r, so briskly entered upon on both sides; and \vhen he had sat still till the return of the Dutch ambassadors from London, and that all treaties were given over, he believed it nlight contribute to his ends, if he made a journey into Holland, and made such propo- sitions upon the place as he might be advised to: but when his majesty inlparted this design to his friends there, who did really desire to serve hilu, he ,vas very ,varmly dissuaded from coming thither; and assured, " that it was so far from being yet sea- " sonable, that it ,vould more advance a peace than " any thing else that could he proposed; and would, " for the present, bring the greatest prejudice to his OF THE REBELLION. 603 " sister, and to the affairs of his nephew the prInce BOO K XIII. " of Orange, that could be imagined." The king hereupon took a resolution to make an ] G52. attempt ,vhich could do hiln no harJ11, if it did not produce the good he desired. The Dutch ambaSSa-The king . d P · · B I h at Paris dOl' then reSl ent at arlS, monSIeur orre, ,v 0 proposes to had been pensioner of Anlsterdam, ,vas very nluch :il:u )e devoted to the kin g 's service, having been forll1erly D b utc1 d l am- ass a or, ambassador in England, and had al,vays dependence that h . would Jom upon the princes of Orange successively. He conl- hi,s inter st · d . II I . . h f d . h h with theIrs. munlcate In a t lIngs WIt great ree om "VIt t e chancellor of the exchequer; ,vho visited him con- stantly once a week, and received advertiselnents and advices from hint, and the ambassador fre- quently canle to his lodging. The king, upon con- ference only with the marquis of Ormond and the chancellor, and enjoining them secrecy, caused a paper to he drawn up; in \vhich he declared, " that "he had very good reason to believe, that there " \vere many officers and sean1en engaged in the ser- " vice of th English fleet, who undertook that ser- " vice in hope to find a good opportunity to serve " his rnajesty; and that, if the Dutch 'v ere "villing " to receive him, he would iInmediately put hinlself " on board their fleet, without requiring any com- " nland, except of such ships only, as, upon their " notice of his being there, should repair to him out " of the rebels' fleet: by this 111eanS," he preslll11ed, "he should be able llluch to ,veaken their naval " po\vcr, aud to raise divisions in thc kingrlo]n, by " ,,,hich the Dutch ,volIld receive benefit and arlvan- "tage." IIaving signed thi paper, he sent the chancellor ,vith it open, to she\v to the ])utch a111- bassador, and to desire hiln to send it enclosed in 604 THE HIS'fORY 1652. his letter to the States. The ambassador was very much surprised with it, and made SOllle scruple of sending it, lest he might be suspected to have ad- vised it. For they were extrelnely jealous of him for his affection to the king, and for his dependence upon the house of Orange. In the end, he desired " the king would enclose it in a letter to hÍlll, and " oblige him to send it to the States General:" which was done accordingly; and he sent it by the post to the States. The war had already made the councils of the States less united than they had been, and the party that ,vas kno,vn to' be inclined to t e prince of Orange recovered courage, and joined with those ,vho were no friends to the \\'ar; and, when this message from the king ,vas read, magnified the king's spirit in making this overture, and wished that an answèr of very humble thanks and acknow- ledgment lnight be returned to his Dlajesty. They said, "no means ,ought to be neglected that lnight " abate the pride and po\ver of the enemy:" and as soon as the people heard of it, they thought it rea- sonable to accept the king's offer. De 'Vit, who was pensioner of Holland, and had the greatest influence upon their counsels, had no mind to have any con- junction with the king; which, he foresa,v, must necessarily introduce the pretences of the prince of Orange, to whOln e he was an avo,ved and declared enemy. He told them, " indeed it was a very gene- " rOllS offer of the king; but if they should accept "it, they could never recede frolll his interest; " which, instead of putting an end to the war, of BOOK XIII. e to whom] to which OF TIlE REBELI..ION. 605 "which they were already weary, would lllake it HOOK XIII. " \vithout end, and would be the ruin of their state: " that, whilst they were free froln being engaged in 1652. " any interest but their own, they l11ight reasonably " hope that both sides would be equally weary of "the \var, and then a peace ,vould easily ensue; " which they should other,vise put out of their o\vn " po\ver;" so that thanks were returned to the king Thanks re- Ii h . d . 11 d h d h . turned to or IS goo 'VI ; an t ey pursue tell' o,vn me- the king thod in their counsels, and \vere m ch superior to ia :, but those ,vho \vere of another O p inion, desirin g nothin g his l ' P o d Po- sa 1m so much, as to make a peace upon any conditions. aside. Nor can it appear very wonderfuJ, that the Dutch made sho\v of 80 Inuch phlegnl in this affair, when the very choler and pride of the French ,vas, about the same time, so humbled by the spirit of the Eng- lish, that, though they took their ships every day, and nlade them prize, and had now seized upon he E.ng- h . h I fl h · I . f f Iish seize t eIr \V 0 e eet t at \vas gOIng to the re Ie '0 on a French Dunkirk, (that \vas then closely besieged by the ; th o: _g Spaniard, and, by the taking that fleet, ,vas de- :h f Dun- livered into their hands,) yet the French ,vould not be provoked to be angry with thenl, or to express any inclination to the king; but sent an anlbassa- The French . send an dOl', \\rhIch they had not before done, to expostulate ambassador very civilly \vith the parliament for having been so :: .Eng- unneighbourly, but in truth to desire their friend- sl1ip upon what terlllS they pleased; the cardinal fearing nothing so llluch, as that the Spaniard \vould Dlake such a conjunction with the ne\v common- wealth, as should disappoint and break all his " '\ /" I .. ", . - , --- . . ) . ..... \ " \ , \ , .. \. \ . IÞ .r-"' / ..... ,,, \ ' \. DA 400 . C4 2' v.6 . ..... . .., , ........... .. \ , , ,. - . . ( , , ø . " ) Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st earl of, 1609-1674 The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England : t --r : ! i I I I